Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

WERA 102

Climate Data and Analyses for Applications in Agriculture and Natural Resources

^{Date of Annual Report: October 1, 2017 – September 30, 2018}

^{Accomplishments}

Objective 1.  Collaborate with federal agency climate hubs and centers to highlight their unique roles and leverage limited resources for research activities related to agriculture and resource management in the western U.S.

Arizona: Working with USDA SW Climate Hub on developing rangeland precipitation monitoring best practices and decision support tools including https://myraingelog.arizona.edu/. Several workshops have been held to deliver these tools to ranchers and land managers. M. Crimmins

California: This year California through the Office of the State Climatologist has worked with the US Drought Monitor, the National Weather Service, the California Nevada Applications Program RISA, the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, the NASA Jet Propulsion Lab, United States Geological Survey California Water Science Center, Western Region Climate Center and the National Interagency Drought Information System on a number of projects related to information support to drought/flood emergency response/planning in a warming world.   Projects like the Airborne Snow Observatory leverage funds from federal, state, and local entities to improve the quantification of snow water equivalent and its spring runoff for resources management.  The State Climatologist also participated in the Research Work Group and Coastal/Oceans Work Group of the Climate Action Team.  The Climate Action Team is a State-level multi-agency collaborative effort to organize state agency response to climate change.  The State Climatologist oversees the Atmospheric River Research Program for California and manages the University of California Climate Services Agreement which is used to collaborate on research projects with University of California campuses.

Colorado: The primary activities related to these objectives involved an expansion of the Colorado Agricultural Meteorological Network (CoAgMET).  This expansion touches on all four of the listed WERA-102 objectives. It was listed under Objective 1 for ease of reporting. This year the CoAgMET network expanded by 10 stations in Western Colorado thanks to a collaboration with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.  The stations, supplied by the USBR’s AgriMet network, were installed and will be maintained by CoAgMET with support from USBR. The purpose for this expansion is to assist in the assessment of agricultural consumptive use in the Upper Colorado River Basin led by the USBR and Upper Colorado River Commission.  The CoAgMET data are being used by USBR and the contractors as point data to go along with remotely sensed satellite data and Eddy Covariance Towers to assess the impact of agriculture on the Colorado River.  This study includes Wyoming, Utah and New Mexico as well. This project fits in with one of the missions of CoAgMET, to measure accurate weather data to calculate and report reference evapotranspiration data throughout Colorado.  These 10 new stations bring the CoAgMET network to 85 stations and all data are freely available for use by anyone to use.  Further, the data will help support the objectives of WERA-102 to monitor agriculture and resource management in the western US.

New Mexico:  This year the NM Climate Center collaborated with the USDA Southwest Climate Hub in holding several drought and CoCoRaHS workshops across New Mexico. During the process we coordinated the workshops with county Farm Service Administration staff and invitations were send through their office. This effort was tied to the tribal outreach collaboration with Southwest Hub and included a drought workshop in Ft. Defiance, Arizona during the summer of 2018. During the summer our office was contacted by the Southwest, Midwest, and Southern Plains Hubs to conduct an air quality and agriculture synthesis project. The output of this project is to synthesize the national state of knowledge on integrated air quality and production agricultural impacts, with emphasis on regionally relevant issues in the Midwest-Northern Plains and Southern Plains-Southwest. The synthesis will focus on dust, chemical drift, ozone, ammonia and odors. As part of the project we will also convene a Southern Plains-Southwest air quality and production agriculture science and applications workshop.

Nevada: The Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC), in Reno, Nevada, has worked with a number of federal agencies and climate groups this year including the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS), the National Weather Service, the U.S. Drought Monitor, the California-Nevada Climate Applications Program RISA, NOAA’s Physical Science Division, and NOAA’s National Center for Environmental Information. Development of the Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI; https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/eddi/) from research to operations has leveraged funds from several of the groups listed above. EDDI is used weekly as an input to the U.S. Drought Monitor and is also used to detect early warning of agricultural flash drought. This year coincides with year 2 of funding from NIDIS to develop the Nevada portion of the California-Nevada Drought Early Warning System with main priorities including developing drought monitoring metrics and research, developing forecast and decision support tools for resource managers, and improving drought early warning communication and outreach. 

US Bureau of Reclamation - AgriMet

• Calibration and maintenance of sensors was performed at AgriMet stations during the spring in preparation for the growing season.
• Remedial maintenance visits were made as needed to weather stations in order to maintain operational status and data quality standards.
• The Metric ET Remote Sensing model utilizes AgriMet data as “ground truths” for calibration of the model.  Data collection methods and computations are done in conjunction with Dr. Rick Allen, University of Idaho, Kimberly (developer of Metric) to optimize data accuracy.
• Reclamation continues to cooperate with the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory to transfer information from eleven existing stations to Reclamation’s computer system for use in crop   water modeling.
• Reclamation ingests data from over 60 weather stations managed by Utah Climate Center, Nevada Desert Research Institute and Colorado Climate Center.
• Enhancements continue to be made to Reclamation’s AgriMet Home Page on the World Wide Web to improve access to weather and crop water use information.
• Near-real time weather data from AgriMet stations continue to be incorporated into several other networks to improve the delivery of timely weather data to a variety of users: the Mesowest Network (sponsored by the University of Utah), the National Weather Service in Missoula, MT (Current surface observations in the Pacific Northwest), USDA World Agricultural Outlook Board, Oregon State University’s Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University’s Irrigation Water Management Online Program,  AWIS Weather Services, Inc., and Irrisoft’s Weather Reach irrigation water management system.
• Reclamation is participating in the Committee for Integrated Observing Systems (CIOS), an initiative by the Federal Government to integrate numerous weather networks.

Objective 2.  Evaluate monitoring network capabilities to facilitate regional comparison of data to address critical issues in agriculture and natural resources management.

Arizona:  Working with B. McMahan (UofA CLIMAS) to develop a precipitation monitoring network intercomparison project for areas in and around Tucson. This includes using the UofA Rainlog.org network which has recently developed an application programming interface to more readily access network data. This project will establish a high resolution combined network database to improve drought and flood risk monitoring and to help with water conservation efforts tied to water harvesting and irrigation control.  M. Crimmins

California: This year, California is working within the Department of Water Resources to organize its monitoring programs and develop a strategic plan to obtain sufficient funding and personnel to effectively manage the networks for water resources management.  The networks benefit agriculture through their informing agencies of water conditions that help set priorities for water allocations to multiple sectors including agriculture.  As part of this effort, the Hydrology and Flood Operations Office is working to rehabilitate its upper watershed weather monitoring network to provide consistent, high-quality data, while minimizing the operations and maintenance time and costs.  In addition, the Office of the State Climatologist produces an annual report called the Hydroclimate Report that examines precipitation, temperature, snowpack, runoff, and sea level rise with respect to a warming world and discusses the extremes and events of note from the water year.

Kentucky:  The overall goal of the Ren research group is to understand, assess and predict natural processes and human-caused changes in Earth’s ecosystems and climate by using an integrated systems approach employing a combination of numerical models, remote sensing and GIS, and field observations and measurements. The recent research focus of the lab is therefore driven by the key scientific question: how can we identify climate smart agricultural practices at plot and field scales to regional and watershed scales that are effective at mitigating climate change, protecting soil health, and sustaining land and aquatic systems while enhancing food production? Our lab conducts an integrated system approach to support my research programs, including 1) agroecosystem model improvement; 2) multi-source data collection and analysis, 3) model input data development and 4) data-model integration and model simulations for specific research questions.

       Collected multi-site data to calibrate and evaluate model results

• Data-model integration for regional and global simulations
• Improved algorithms to regenerate fine-resolution climate data (precipitation and radiation)

New Mexico:  The New Mexico Climate Center continued operation of the ZiaMet agricultural climate network to support the Agricultural Science Centers, student lead experiments, and the local agricultural community. Through funding from the National Mesonet, US Bureau of Reclamation, and maintenance arrangements with the Agricultural Science Centers, we were able to sustain ten stations throughout the year. We operate all of our stations with 5-minute interval and make it available to the public through Mesowest, http://mesowest.utah.edu and through our website. The Climate Center has continued the operation of the NWS Cooperative station on the NMSU campus (Coop Number 290131) extending the period of record to 123 years.  This NWS Cooperative station in one of 6 Agricultural Science Centers across the state collects air and soil temperatures, daily and 15-minute precipitation, and daily pan evaporation measurements by NMSU staff. Our office also maintains the Regional Climate Reference Network (USRCRN) stations in New Mexico. This is a collaboration between our university, the US Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, the National Park Service and local municipalities.

Nevada: Most of the stations included in the Nevada Integrated Climate and Evapotranspiration Network (NICE Net) were established around 2010 and now have several years of data to use for evaluations. This year the WRCC helped a University of Nevada Reno undergraduate student obtain a research scholarship to compare the NICE Net data to the National Weather Service Forecast Reference Evapotranspiration (FRET) product. The WRCC then served as the mentor to the student for the project. The FRET forecasts go from 1 to 7 days and can be used by farmers to plan for short-term water use and irrigation scheduling. The evaluations showed FRET does reasonably well and the next steps are to establish an end-user (farmers) specific set of tools that are easy to integrate into farming operations. We also plan to extend the research across CONUS to all agricultural weather station networks. 

US Bureau of Reclamation - AgriMet:

• The AgriMet program is currently providing technical assistance and data for the WWCRA climate change project affiliated with numerous regions and government entities.

 Objective 3.  Promote access to, use of, and further development of monitoring networks and associated value added products to meet the needs of agriculture and resource management in the West.

Arizona: Promoted access to and use of GHCN station temperature data with viticulturists in Arizona and New Mexico. The potential application of the data is in the context of late spring frosts, maximum temperatures during the ripening period, and early autumn frosts, all of which are critical for fruit yield and quality. J. Weiss

Continued promotion of the AZMet, RAWS, SNOTEL, CoCoRaHS, Flood Control District weather and precipitation networks to researchers, Master Gardeners, and community conservation groups.  Activities included presentations on Arizona climate and drought as well as responding to requests for weather and climate data for Arizona.  Discussions with Campbell Scientific, Inc. regarding opportunities to expand monitoring networks around the state. N. Selover

California:  In addition to the activities described in Objective 2, the Office of the State Climatologist is working with federal and local partners as well as the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes on the use of monitoring and forecast products to facilitate program efforts like the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations, Forecast Coordinated Operations, and the California Nevada Drought Early Warning System component of the National Interagency Drought Information System.  In addition, the State Climatologist is working with colleagues in the Department of Water Resources to improve water data service via implementation of the Open Water Data Initiative passed by the California State Legislature in Assembly Bill 1755. The State Climatologist also provides interviews, and public speaking engagements to meet this objective.

New Mexico: Our New Mexico Climate Center maintains a database that holds archives of daily and hourly weather data from multiple networks across New Mexico. The website http://weather.nmsu.edu is maintained at our office and serves as the portal for all web-based products. We continued to serve drought products on the NM Climate Center website to include county-wide drought monitor time series plots and the current US Drought Monitor map of the state. Climate related products have been promoted at most of the invited talks given by the State Climatologist. Between four to six speaking engagements were given per month related to drought, climate change, seasonal weather predictions, air quality, and climate monitoring. We continued to be offered opportunities to speak on climate on local TV and radio media this year with the drought as the main topic of interest.

Nevada:  The WRCC completed an upgrade to the California Climate Tracker (https://wrcc-dev.dri.edu/Tracker/CA/) which allows users to generate PRISM-based graphics and data for various regions in the state as well as statewide values. Current and archived temperature and precipitation data are available for the period spanning 1895-present. This upgrade was funded by the California Department of Water Resources who use the data and graphics in end of year climate reports. The WRCC, in collaboration with the University of Idaho, has continued to develop the Climate Engine (https://app.climateengine.org/). Climate Engine is a Google Earth Engine-based web application that allows users to access climate and satellite data easily. The Landsat data on Climate Engine allows for placed-based and field scale agricultural monitoring due to the 30-m pixel resolution.

US Bureau of Reclamation - AgriMet:

• Crop water use charts were generated for each station each day of the growing season, April through mid-October -- a total of almost 10,000 crop water use charts.  These charts are specifically tailored to 50 crops grown in the Pacific Northwest region.
• Crop water use charts, annual evapotranspiration summaries, and daily weather summaries were made available to thousands of users through a home page on the World Wide Web.  Much of this information is then re-disseminated by agricultural consultants, irrigation districts, and local newspapers.
• Numerous special data requests were filled, providing high-quality agricultural weather and crop water use data to a variety of users.
• Access to all historical weather and crop water use information is available on Reclamation’s AgriMet Home Page on the Internet.
• AgriMet weather data is utilized daily by the Oregon State University Integrated Plant Protection Center for degree day and pest management modeling.
• AgriMet soil temperature data is used by the USDA World Agricultural Outlook Board for assessing agricultural conditions in the Pacific Northwest.
• AgriMet crop consumptive water use information is used by Oregon State University’s Online Irrigation Scheduling Program.  This program assists irrigators in efficient irrigation scheduling practices.
• AgriMet is being used as the source of ET information for residential lawn “Smart Controllers” in several locations in the Northwest though Irrisoft’s “Weather Reach” program.
• Reclamation and Kootenai County Soil and Water Conservation District received funding from IDWR and other entities to perform a case study of scientific irrigation scheduling using AgriMet data.  This project will also integrate Lakeland School District’s K-12 STEM program.
• A network of six weather stations was installed for the Warm Springs Tribe to look at micro climates and frost pockets for future projects.
• A station was installed at the Entiat National Fish Hatchery to compliment Reclamation’s irrigation well installation throughout the watershed.
• Two stations were installed at the Boise and Twin Falls fairgrounds with a live data feed and display inside the Ag Pavilion during the fair.
• The AgriMet program coordinator made several presentations in 2013 to highlight the importance of agricultural weather data collection and ET modeling in the West.  These presentations include:
• October-December 2017: 22 sites were visited for maintenance. Two weather stations near Warm Springs, OR were damaged in wildfires, requiring extensive repair. The KFLO station was temporarily moved to allow the field to be laser leveled; it will return to the original location in the spring. Soil temp sensors were installed at all stations sponsored by Anheuser-Busch. The web platform upgrade to Linux was completed the end of December with transfer of Hydromet data. Prior to the upgrade, the two data sets were on different machines requiring support of two systems. Hosting on a single, more modern server will now allow for increased productivity and tools for data analysis.
• January-April 2018: 16 sites were visited for maintenance. The temporary move for the KFLO site became a permanent location, and the site was visited to make the installation permanent. Jama attended an irrigation and center pivot training for center pivot operation and irrigation management in Gooding, Idaho. Jama also met with the Upper Snake Field Office and NRCS to discuss a possible joint irrigation efficiency project. The daily data feed from the Linux back to the legacy system was discontinued and both AgrMet and Hydromet are now soley on the Linux system.
• April-June 2018: 15 sites were calibrated and 12 visited for maintenance. Jama assisted Colorado Climate Center installing 3 new stations funded by the Upper Colorado Region for a joint project with the Upper Colorado River Commission. Jama and Karl performed housekeeping and documentation on the AgriMet program in preparation for Karl’s departure from Reclamation.
• July-September 2018: 78 sites were calibrated and 10 visited for maintenance. Jama presented to the WERA 102 and WERA 1022 committees. Karl accepted a job with the USACE and relocated to Davis, CA, his position has not yet been filled. Jama has been working to replace funding after termination of this contract. This is the final report to be submitted to BPA, the AgriMet program would like to thank BPA for a successful 35-year partnership.

Objective 4.  Facilitate interagency coordination for data collection and maintenance of monitoring sites in the western U.S.

Arizona:  Working through the Western Region Climate Center to make the Regional Climate Reference Network data available to all.  The 14 stations in Arizona are operated by National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring Division, USGS, SRP, ASU and the White Mountain Apache Tribe. N. Selover

California:  The Office of the State Climatologist provides technical support and interaction with the California Cooperative Snow Surveys Program and Forecast Coordinated Operations facilitating data use, sharing, and coordinated efforts for monitoring site installation, operations, and maintenance in the upper watersheds of the west slope Sierra Nevada in California.  In addition, the State Climatologist works with other local water agencies in the State on projects that include data collection.  The State Climatologist continues to interact with the Earth Systems Research Laboratory on work with the Hydrometeorological Testbed Extreme Precipitation Network including the installation of two new atmospheric river observatories in November 2017.  In addition, work continues on the Advanced Quantitative Precipitation Information Project, a $19 million grant to the 10 Bay Area Counties for improved precipitation observation, forecast, and decision support capabilities for water management.

New Mexico:  Through the WERA 102 project we are continuing to work with Jama Hamel of the US Bureau of Reclamation to share our agricultural weather station data and include it in their quality assurance process. The Reclamation has also provided funds for an additional station with annual maintenance in Aztec, New Mexico. This station will be installed in the fall of 2018. We continued work with the New Mexico Department of Transportation on dust hazards on highways focusing on Interstate 10 in southwest New Mexico. As part of project we have installed a weather station and dust sensors to monitor wind erosion at one particular spot where accidents have occurred. We continue to monitor the NMDOT RWIS weather station data and real-time roadway camera images during high wind events to assess dust source locations. We recently started a project to help the New Mexico Department of Transportation collect weather data for their regional offices. This will result in having 7 automated weather stations across NM with near real-time access to the data. The project also includes precipitation monitoring at 65 NMDOT yards using CoCoRaHS gauges. The Community Collaborative Rain Hail and Snow (CoCoRaHS) network in New Mexico continued to grow through the help of our regional coordinators at the National Weather Service and several recruitment efforts by county coordinators. In total there were 739 active observers in New Mexico with about 300 to 500 regularly taking measurements on a daily basis. Our office coordinated recruitment workshops this year in Las Cruces, Lordsburg, Silver City, Santa Rosa, and Roswell. Some observers are reaching the 13-year mark this year.

Nevada: The WRCC provides routine maintenance to weather stations all across the Western U.S. including the NICE Net (https://nicenet.dri.edu/), WRCC stations (https://wrcc.dri.edu/weather/index.html), Community Environmental Monitoring Program (https://cemp.dri.edu/), and stations spread across Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. These data are also housed on WRCC servers. WRCC also maintains the Remote Automated Weather Station (https://raws.dri.edu/) database which is heavily used for wildland fire management and operations.  

US Bureau of Reclamation - AgriMet:

• Graphical quality control procedures using Excel and Visual Basic continue to improve daily data quality control procedures.
• Reclamation and WSU received funding from Reclamation’s Science and Technology Research Program for converting WSU’s Irrigation Scheduler to a smartphone application and enhancing features.
• New CR1000 data loggers and Raven XT cellular modems were implemented for each site.  Programming and coordination with the Hydroment program is in operation for input of retrieved data with a database conversion underway.

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Mahmud S., N. Karle, R.M. Fitzgerald, S. Williams, A. Quevedo, D. DuBois, D. Lu, G. Morris, M. Deantonio, C. Valles, M. Medina (2018). Inter-Comparison of WRF Simulations, Radiosonde Meteorological Observations and Satellite Data for the Paso del Norte Region. Presented at the 20th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA, Austin, TX. 10 January 2018. https://ams.confex.com/ams/98Annual/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/332796

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Shukla, S., McEvoy, D. J., Hobbins, M., Husak, G., Huntington, J. L., Funk, C., Macharia, D., Verdin, J. (2017). Examining the value of global seasonal reference evapotranspiration forecasts to support FEWS NET's food insecurity outlooks, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 56, (11), 2941-2949, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0104.1

Spychala M.G., M. DeAntonio, D. DuBois, M. Medina, K. Minschwaner, G.A. Morris, P.J. Walter, C. Valles (2018). Investigating the Impact of the North American Summer Monsoon on Surface Ozone in El Paso, Texas. Presented at the 20th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA, Austin, TX. 10 January 2018. https://ams.confex.com/ams/98Annual/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/335293

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