Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

NE-1442 Annual Meeting:

Poultry Production Systems and Well-being: Sustainability for Tomorrow

August 6-August 7, 2018

Purdue University

West Lafayette, IN

Monday, August 6, 2018

The meeting was called to order by Dr. Kelley Wamsley at 8:40 am.

Introduction of Participants:

• Kelley Wamsley - Miss State - nutrition
• Janice Siegford - Michigan State – laying hen non-cage; behavior, welfare, monitoring
• Prafulla Regmi – NC State - laying hen welfare and behavior
• Rajesh Jha – U Hawaii – poultry nutrition and gut health (absent)
• Birendra Mishra- U Hawaii- Poultry reproduction
• John Linhoss – Miss State - Biosystems engineering
• Tayo Adedokun - U Kentucky - poultry nutrition
• Lizza Macalintal – U Kentucky – poultry nutrition
• Darrin Karcher – Purdue - laying hens
• Sally Noll – Minnesota - turkey nutrition and management
• Ken Koelkebeck U of Illinois – since 1987, laying hens, broilers turkeys, 4-H
• Tony Pescatore – U Kentucky - Nutrition and Mgmt, Extension
• Pratima Adhikari – Miss State - Nutrition
• Rich Gates – U Illinois - Ag Engineering
• Brett Ramirez – Iowa State - Biosystems Engineering
• Shawna Weimer – Purdue – PostDoc, broiler welfare and management
• Dianna Bourassa – Auburn – Processing food safety and welfare
• Ken Macklin – Auburn - disease and management
• Marissa Erasmus – Purdue
• Heng Wei Cheng – USDA ARS

Welcome from Purdue Administrators

Alan Mathew (Purdue - Chair of Animal Science) emphasized importance of multistate projects and the rewrite.

Start of Business

Kelley called meeting to order, Ken M. second.

Cameron Faustman referred us to Richard Rhodes who suggested we remain a NE project.

Through retirements there has been a loss of ties in the North East, so the question was raised previously about moving the project to another region. Kumar Venkitanarayanan is the new administrative contact for our project. Richard Rhodes recommended staying in the North East region. Although the rewrite document would be similar to a new project, concern was expressed regarding initiating a new project in a new region. Darrin moved to stay in the North East, Ken K. seconded. Tony contacted Kumar regarding intent to submit a rewrite. Kumar is an Associate Dean at U Connecticut and is a food safety microbiologist working with plant extracts. He indicated he would attend the next meeting.

Approval of Meeting Minutes

John asked for a motion to approve the minutes of the 2017 annual meeting in Athens, GA. Ken M. seconded.  John asked for a motion to approve the minutes of the midyear meeting in Atlanta, GA. Ken K seconded. Minutes were approved by unanimous vote.

Industry Participants

Alex Corzo from Aviagen has been added to our industry contact list. Kelley asked for additional suggestions.

      Current

      Neil O’Sullivan - Hy-Line (director of research and development)

      Kevin Roberson – Michael Foods (layer nutrition)

      Curtis Novak – Purina Mills (nutrition)

      Suggestions

      Josh Payne – Jones Hamilton - suggested by Tony, Ken K. will contact

      Ryn Divine - Kelley will contact

      Roddy Sanders – Peco Foods - suggested by Ken M.

      Rocky Latham – Tyson - suggested by Kelley

      Karen Christianson – Tyson - suggested by Kelley, Ken K. will contact

      Jennie O - Sally Noll to check with potential people

      Wisconsin Energy – suggested by Rich

Equipment manufacturer – suggested by Brett/Darrin, concern raised about finding the right person with interest in the poultry commodity

Lisa Bielke – Ohio State

Joe Moritz – West Virginia

Dan Donahue – Arkansas

Annie Donahue – USDA-ARS

Christine Alvarado – Texas A&M

Anne Fanatico – Appalachian State

Greg Archer (Texas A&M): garcher@poultry.tamu.edu (broilers, animal behavior & welfare)

Zac Williams (Michigan State University): will3343@msu.edu (broilers, litter management)

Leonie Jacobs (VA Tech): jacobsl@vt.edu (broilers depopulation, laying hens red mites, animal behavior & welfare)

Kelley will reach out to current and new industry participants.

John will be the new senior executive for 2019. A nominating committee is needed to nominate a new Jr. Executive.

The nominating committee was appointed by Kelley - Ken K., Ken M., Sally, and John

Meeting location for 2019

Chonqing, China – In conjunction with the International Symposium on Animal Environment and Welfare meeting on Oct 21-23. Paul Patterson suggested presenting at the China meeting. Rich described the potential to be an invited speaker and the interest of the location including potential for international ties and the opportunity to tour some facilities. Mid semester timing is an issue for some participants.

Honolulu, Hawaii – Rajesh to host – Good place for a meeting but not much in the way of animal facilities. Flights are estimated at $1,200 from the East coast. On campus housing ($70ish) would be available and less expensive than hotel ($200ish). The meeting time could be scheduled before the semester starts. Potential dates were discussed.

Other meeting location ideas

Norway ISAE

Meat & Egg Turkey

Poultry Health Management – May Iowa State

PAACO NC State August

Ken K suggested we meet where someone can coordinate the details

Location vote tabled until next day.

Break at 10:00

Ken K will submit the station report to NIMMS site due around Oct 7. Kelley will email the group with a last-minute opportunity to add to the report. The suggested format is a paragraph of 500 words plus a list of publications (not included in the 500 words). Kelley, John, and Ken K. will go over the report to format and put together a full report.

Station Reports

Auburn University – Change in multistate programs. Now encouraging everyone to have a separate Hatch project which will lead to less participation in the multistate. Auburn has moved away from FFA to invest more time in 4-H. Jeremiah Davis (Ag Eng), Joe Hess (Nutrition), Wilmer Pacheco (Feed Milling), Dianna Bourassa (Processing). All have 50-75% extension appointments. Joe and Ken – phytogenetics, probiotics, necrotic enteritis modeling, Salmonella routes of contamination, microbiome. Wilmer – Salmonella survival during pelleting, amino acids during pelleting. Jeremiah – NPTC, brooders, fans, engineering. Dianna – primary processing food safety, semicarbazides, stunning animal welfare.

University of Hawaii – Honolulu – Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Science. Two people working on poultry. Rajesh – Poultry nutrition and gut health. Mishra –genes for egg formation, heat stress on egg production, antioxidants.

University of Illinois – Ken K and Carl Parsons, Rich and Angela Green, Hybrid turkeys poults impact of carbon dioxide during growout. They are looking for collaboration for using environmental chambers. New clinical extension professor (non tenure track). N Dennis – mortality composting with spent hens and biochar using tracer virus. Extension schools for composting. Gas sampling – effects of ammonia on poultry (laying hens). Hen aversion to ammonia work – hens lack aversion.

Purdue – Marissa – Turkey, broiler, duck, and laying hen work. Laying hen bed bugs. Darrin – Food safety implications of fowl mites working with USDA-ARS Richard Gast. Keel bone project – nutritional implications, management strategies. Turkey gait project with Sally Noll. Orange corn carotenoid deposition, egg yolk, cocci challenge.

Iowa State – Dong Ahn – Dust mitigation, heat stress, electrolyzed water spraying, air filtration, feeding space and behavior. Brett - Management strategies for cage free, deterring floor eggs, heat exchange manure belt drying. Iowa State building new poultry farm with 30-35K sqft. Multiple layer system types, broiler rooms, pedigree research, multi-use space.

University of Kentucky - Tayo - Laying hens feeding supplements, metabolizable energy after challenge, heat stress on broiler genes, heat shock proteins. Tony - DHA supplementation for broiler breeders, pasture raised meat bird sensory evaluation. Lizza – In ovo administration of probiotics for intestinal colonization. Student - microstructure of eggshell. Finishing up work on impact of shade on bird movement. CAST report - Impact of Free-range Poultry Production Systems on Animal Health, Human Health, Productivity, Environment, Food Safety, and Animal Welfare Issues. http://www.cast-science.org/file.cfm/media/products/digitalproducts/CAST_IP61_Freerange_Poultry_7ED476A8DE169.pdf

Michigan State – Janice - Layer bird behavior for alternative housing systems, sensing technologies. Janice Swanson now on faculty, CAST report ag animal teaching and research programs. Zac Williams joined in June, working on managing disease transmission through litter.. Mick Fulton finishing up coalition sustainable egg supply work related to disease/pathology of hens in different housing systems.

Minnesota – Sally and Anup Kollanoor Johny – Partial slotted flooring system presented at PSA, impact on breast blisters, decrease amount of litter maintenance, no differences in systems through the plant. Density vs floor space requirement for these flooring systems. Collaborative project with Darrin and Mike Hullet. Johny – Challenge model for Salmonella in turkeys. Work with Tim Johnson on gut health and microbiome in turkeys. Biosecurity work, amino acid work.

Mississippi State – Pratima – Laying hen production tibia ash, carotenoids, design for laying hen housing types, hen and egg microbial profiles, keel bone assessment, parasitic profiles, optimal levels of calcium and impact on gene expression. Yang Zhao – robotics in the broiler industry. John –Characterization of light intensity, fan shades work will without restricting air flow, biochar as a litter amendment improved footpad scores, bleed off valves on evaporative pads to reduce mineral buildup. Daniel Chesser – precision ag, insulation in poultry houses. Kelley – Cobb new cross 500xNB digestible lysine, energy levels, performance, economic analyses, antibiotic alternatives, optimal particle size for feed quality during feed phases on performance metrics, values for digestibility diet calculations, enzyme inclusion rates, phytase enzymes and matrix values.

NC State – Ken Anderson – Layer performance and management test including animal welfare, ventilation shutdown, aviary molting. Prafula – Keel study omega fatty acids and vit D with lighting, keel fractures and foot pad dermatitis relation to mortality, turkey aggression microbiome.

New Project Objectives

Discussion on changes to objectives. Expand on bullet points. Potential to have one objective remain the same with the remaining being new. Guidance from administration would be helpful for formatting the rewrite. Clear concise objectives with justification that shows collaboration.

Old titles for the project

1042-Optimization of poultry welfare and production systems for the 21^st century

1442-Poultry production systems and well-being: Sustainability for tomorrow

Potential titles

• Impact of poultry production systems on productivity, environment, food safety, sustainability, and animal welfare issues
• Poultry production systems: Impact of technology, management decisions on the environment
• Enhancing poultry production systems through emerging technologies and husbandry practices

New title for the project

NE-1942- Enhancing poultry production systems through emerging technologies and husbandry practices

Group Discussion

Objective 1 – Technology

Equipment Efficiency, Facility Design, and Energy Use Modeling for Sustainability

            Resource allocation

            Precision livestock farming

                        Sensors (biosensors, environmental sensors, RFID)

                        Automation/Robotics

Production Systems and Management (Waste management)

Objective 2 – Husbandry – Systems evaluations (extensive/intensive)

Identification and Alteration of Nutritional and Physiological Mechanisms

            Strains

            Welfare/Behavior

            Environment

            Economics

            Animal Health

            Waste Management?

            Nutrition and Feeding

Poultry Products, Food Safety and Processing

Breakout Session – Objective 1

Group 1

Integrating technological advances in poultry production

The collaborative efforts will further expand the concept of precision livestock farming. This will include the use of automation and robotics, equipment efficiency, facility design, energy and resource allocation and various sensors throughout the poultry supply chain

Group 2

Develop and evaluate technology as related to poultry production and processing design

Group 3

Integrating technology

This will include joint collaborative efforts on resource allocation, which includes optimization of nutrition feeding strategies; automation and robotics; monitoring and control of poultry environments and well-being; and waste management

Group 4

Incorporation of engineering and technology to enhance production efficiency and environmental sustainability through infrastructure development for block-chain production that would lead to sustained profitability and traceability of the final products

Follow up discussion

Integrating technological advances into the poultry supply chain

Incorporation of engineering and technology to enhance system efficiency and sustainability through infrastructure development of block-chain production to provide poultry products for a diverse and changing demographic population.

Add to rewrite text - Adapting precision livestock farming techniques to poultry production systems. The collaborative research efforts will further expand the concept of precision livestock farming for poultry. This will include the use of automation and robotics, equipment efficiency, facility design, energy and resource allocation.

Nominating Report

John will move up to Sr. Exec in 2019

Dianna will continue as secretary in 2019

Tayo nominated for Jr. Exec in 2019

Breakout Session – Objective 2

Group 1

Establishing and adapting husbandry practices to a changing industry landscape

The joint research effort will evaluate husbandry practices on a holistic approach of system evaluation, animal health and welfare, nutrition and feeding, food safety, waste management, and economics.

Group 2

Enhancing extensive and intensive poultry production systems through research in nutrition, behavior, health, food safety, manure management and breeding

Group 3

Maximizing poultry husbandry practices

Identification and alteration of nutritional, environmental, physiological, and behavioral responses to conventional/alternative production systems in order to improve poultry production, welfare, and profitability

Group 4

A multi-disciplinary approach to create a vibrant poultry production system through the optimal use of inputs and management of outputs in an ethically responsible manner that strengthens birds’ health, welfare, and productivity

Follow up discussion

Establishing and adapting husbandry practices to a changing industry landscape

A multi-disciplinary approach to create a vibrant poultry production system through the optimal use of inputs and management of outputs in an ethically responsible manner

Guest Speaker - Dean Karen Plaut – Was chair of Animal Science Department at Michigan State. Purdue Animal Science Department is in a brand new building named for Creighton Brothers. First endowed chair in animal sciences working on ducks. Purdue is a comprehensive university with #9 ranked college of agriculture 2800 undergrads 700 grad students. Strongly Indiana based students. Animal Science has about 700 students. Building $65 mil, $50 mil from the state. Excellent relationship with stakeholders. Indiana is #1 in duck production, top 5 for egg production. Forestry is the #1 ag industry.

Farm tour moved to Monday evening due to people needing to leave Tuesday.

Meeting adjourned at 5:00 pm.

Tuesday, August 7, 2018

The meeting was called to order by Kelley Wamsley at 8:30 am.

Ken K – Most station reports are in. September 28 is the submission deadline. Please include publications with your reports.

Also need to put together a full report. Kelley will send out a deadline.

Revisit Objectives for Rewrite

Objective 1

Integrating technological advances into poultry systems

Incorporate engineering and technology to enhance system efficiency and sustainability through infrastructure development of blockchain production.

Save for rewrite text - to provide poultry products for a diverse and changing demographic population.

Objective 2

Establishing and adapting husbandry practices to a changing industry landscape

A multi-disciplinary approach to create a resilient poultry production system through optimal management of inputs and outputs in an ethically responsible manner

Darrin moved to accept objectives, Ken K seconded.

Guest Speaker - Dan Krouse Midwest Poultry Services, General Manager

Egg Farming in 2018, a Not So Cage Free Future

Family business, started with laying hens in 1960’s, 9^th largest egg producer in 2018 with 9 mil layers with both conventional (80%) and cage-free eggs (20%). Eggs are produced close to cheap grain. In 1970s 10,000 egg farms, 2016 150 egg farms (99% of eggs). Egg consumption is increasing. Retail at 53%, further process 32%. Market prices are very volatile. Cage-free commitments are not realistic. Today at 17% cage-free, commitments at 74% in 7 years, actual trend estimated to be 26% in 7 years. Retailers predicted to back out of commitments. California does its own thing. 2008 Prop 2 (116 sqin/bird Jan 2015). 2018 AB-3021 (144 sqin/bird Jan 2020), Prop 12 for (100% cage free Jan 2022). California will be 7.5 mil hens short in 2020, 30 mil hens short by 2022. Cage free designs are developing rapidly (floor, aviary, combination). Choosing requires lots of trial and error. Rely on Big Dutchman for design. Combination systems have lots of issues are not particularly popular. Increases in cage free drives research needs including system design based on bird behavior, ventilation and dust control, environmental sustainability, and probiotics and other antibiotic replacements. Dust is big problem due to respiratory issues. Cage free is the opposite of sustainable.

Q/A

Cage free only 15-20% white eggs

Vaccinating for cocci

Implement worming treatments based on mortality surveys- safeguard

Fair price for cage free costs, long term contracts needed

Aviary ventilation – lower density helps with heat stress, misting systems helpful in conventional systems, in winter close to needing to supplemental heat

Floor eggs about 1%, bird training

Mortality about 12% in cage free (double conventional)

Light intensity between systems about the same

Dust control – about 1 inch of litter helps

Nutrition – cage free all veggie based on Kroger request, cage free consume more

Manure management – manure belts, floor - shovel every 3-4 weeks or shovel a little every day, scraper system working well

2019 Location Discussion

Chongqing, China - October 21-23, 2019

            Votes - 3

Honolulu, Hawaii – July 29 – Aug 2, 2019

            Votes – 10 + 3 remote

John motioned to hold the meeting in Hawaii, Heng Wei Cheng seconded.

Dates will be finalized in the future, either at the beginning or the end of the week.

Guest Speaker – Zach Tucker Maple Leaf Farms Live Production Audit and Research Project Manager

Duck production started 1873 Long Island, 17% remain in New York, 68% in IN and WI, 25-30 mil head in North America, MLF >40% market share and larger than next 4 companies combined

Founded by Donald Wentzel in 1958 in Milford, IN, produced 280,000 ducks in first year, passed to Wentzel’s son-in-law Terry Tucker in 1968

Moving towards the idea of integration

Started Serenade Foods in 1976 to market fully cooked duck

Built feed mill and hatchery in late 70s

Became #1 producer in North America in 1981

Formed Down Inc. for feather/down bedding products in 1984

Constructed biosecure hatchery and breeding farm in 1990s

Formed MLF Biotech in 2004

Formed international division, joint venture in China 2010, world headquarters in Leesburg in 2011

Welcomed fourth generation in 2013

Launched The DuckMobile sampling kitchen in 2015

10-15 mil White Pekin annually, IN, WI, CA, Mich, Mexico, China

150+ family farms, open barns, plastic floors due to liquid manure, moving to covered lagoons

Fed corn, soy, wheat with no animal proteins, hormones, antibiotics

Given probiotics, antibiotics only to treat illness, minimal vaccination due to management and biosecurity

Farms audited through Trident Stewardship Program

Duck Facts – not fatty/greasy cooking can eliminate up to 70% of fat, low calorie compared to beef pork chicken, red meat still pink on the inside, low in saturated fats with similar properties to olive oil

Eurasia Feather Co. sells feathers for clothing products, Dow Inc. manufactures high quality bedding products, 1/5 lb feathers per duck

Milford Valley Chicken – chicken entrees to help get plant going, stuffed chicken breast, patties strips and nuggets, chicken strips and sticks

MLF Biotech – general lab services for safety testing, Liv-Pro probiotics

International Division – based in China and Bulgaria, looking to move to Germany

Employment – about 1000

Farms Production – 150 family farms, make own feed

Charitable Giving

IN poultry industry – 5.7 bil economic impact, 28,400 jobs

Breeds – Pekin most widely used in the world mild tasting and white feathers, Mallard small specialty sometimes used in crosses, Muscovy widely used in Europe gamey, Moulard Muscovy x Pekin used for foie gras

North America 25 mil ducks, Europe 300 mil, China 3 bil

Joint Ventures – YHML, INDUX

Shandong Province in China, agriculture is the largest industry

Peking/Beijing Roast Duck best known duck dish

First MLF ducks in Europe Jan 2016 – AI was an issue, move from Bulgaria to Germany

Q/A

Current Chinese production – MLF 250 mil

Do not do duck egg production

Impact of synthetic down – Patagonia decided to recycle down from old products

Chinese live production – some farms taken by the government, little meat duck production, mostly parent/gp flocks

Promoting eating duck – DuckMobile, product locator, USPEEC promoting duck

Guest Speaker – Duane Murphy Farbest Farms, Inc. veterinarian turkey production and health Worked at Purdue, diagnostic lab, then Farbest

IN 22 mil turkeys per year, IN #3 in production, 900 mil lbs meat per year, 385 family farms, 2100 processing employees, 22 mil bushels corn 300K ton soybean meal

Farbest 4^th in turkey production

Turkey production – Brooder farm 5 wks, Growout farm

Heavy toms 20 weeks 43 lbs, Light hens (whole birds) and heavy hens, heavy for cutup

Both conventional and ABF (industry is 10% ABF)

Since VFD average mortality up 2% to 15%, main causes coccidiosis (no vaccines available), respiratory disease (ORT – needs research, bordatella avium, Newcastle, avian metanual virus) always leads to E. coli, clostridial dermatitis, reovirus

US Animal Health Association – Turkey report of most important diseases

Histomoniasis is a big research need. No legal drug available >50% mortality. Connection between farms located close to broiler farms. Hetarakis galinarum not a big issue for turkeys. What are other carriers that might be causing disease? Flies? Darkling beetles?

Early detection of blackhead disease crucial, cull any sick birds, top dress to cover droppings

Farbest doesn’t has its own product line, sells to Boars Head with their judicious use of antibiotics

One Health Certification – Mountaire Farms heading trying to develop a label to balance welfare and ABF concerns

CO2 is not much of an issue, but ammonia may or may not impact turkey production depending who you talk to

Project Rewrite

Kelley will email everyone a request for your vision for next 5 years, where you fit into the objectives, brief literature review, methodology, and research objectives.

Motion to adjourn the meeting 11:46 am by Janice, seconded by Tayo.

Tour of new Purdue Animal Science building.

Objective 1. Energy/resource efficiency. This will include collaborative efforts on feed and fuel energy sources for poultry and facilities by geographical region; facility design, equipment efficiency, management, and modeling energy use in poultry systems.

Environmental Lighting.

IA - Examination of the behavioral response of W-36 chicks to supplementary UVA light was conducted. They found that supplementation of LED light with 15% UVA was found to have attractive effect on chicks, as evidenced by more time spent and feed intake under the lighting regimen.

Management.

IA - The impact of partial full litter access (with or without experienced hens) in aviary housing on floor eggs, hen welfare and environment was conducted. Compared to full (continuous) litter access, partial litter access (5 hours after lights on) was shown to have no adverse effect on hen welfare or body weight uniformity, but significantly reduced floor egg incidences, litter accumulation on floor or litter caking, and ammonia levels in winter.

MS - A stationary vision-based mortality identification system was validated in Dr. Yang Zhao’s lab. With image processing algorithm, this system was able to identify the dead birds from the flock and outputted the relative coordination in the image. The current accuracy of this system is high for broilers younger than 5 weeks of age. The Zhao’s team is still working on improving the accuracy for identifying mortality of older broilers.

PA - Documentation of vegetative buffers on poultry farms were used for 5 conservation practices 1. Landscaping, 2. Poultry Environment Modifier (windbreak, snow fence and shade), 3. Water Quality, 4. Air Quality and 5. Biomass Production. Recent/current biomass projects evaluated switchgrass, Miscanthus and biomass sorghum and willows as bedding for broilers and pullets with best results with shorter particle sizes less than 2cm for breast and paw quality and litter parameters. Some bedding was tested in conjunction with litter biomass incineration and gasification as field demonstration/research sites.

Facility Design.

IA - Particulate matter (PM) suppression and heat stress relief in cage-free hen housing was examined. The spraying of water on open litter of aviary house, once a day, was shown to reduce PM generation by 37-51% in wintertime without causing increase in ammonia generation. The same system was shown to reduce surface temperature of hens by 6-7°C immediately after spray when the inside temperature was 35°C and RH was 32%. They also examined particulate matter (PM) filtration of inlet air in a commercial laying hen house. The low-grade air filter coupled with an EPI system showed PM removal efficiency of 29% (PM1) – 68% (PM10 and TSP). Removal efficiency became unstable when the EPI system was inactive. In addition ventilation performance and flock production traits of a wide cage-free layer facility was examined. Data collection is ongoing that characterizes ventilation system performance and flock production traits of a large-scale cage-free henhouse.

MS - They recently completed two studies investigating the use of biochar as a potential beneficial litter amendment for broiler production. Results from the first study indicated that biochar as a litter amendment does not significantly affect performance or final litter nutrient content. Footpad scores were better in the biochar amended litter, which may be a result of improved litter quality due to biochar’s ability to absorb water. The second study showed that the water-holding capacity (WHC) of biochar is higher than that of pine shavings (5.8 g H₂O/g dry matter vs 2.7 g H₂O/g dry matter) and that a 20% addition of biochar by weight to pine shavings can increase WHC by 38%.

MS - They also completed a study that evaluated the performance of high-efficiency fan shades in reducing light leakage and spatial variation of light intensity in commercial broiler houses. Non-uniform light intensities can impair the ability to control photoperiod, introduce variations in feed and water consumption, and decrease carcass quality. Fan shades significantly reduced mean illuminance (P ≤ 0.05) when compared to houses without fan shades. Maximum illuminance was 168.9 lx in houses without fan shades and 12.3 lx in house with fan shades. Houses with and without fan shades experienced light intensities higher than the 2.5 lx grow out setpoint.

MS - They also determined radiant flux ranges preferred by broiler chicks during the first eight days of brooding. Identifying the ranges of radiant flux that chicks prefer would allow for improved management of the thermal environment. Heat lamps were used to create radiant flux zones of 30, 70, 175, and 450 W·m^-2 in each pen. Chick location was recorded with a camera at 5 min intervals.  Chicks exhibited a preference for decreasing radiant flux with age. The mean maximum preferred radiant flux for all trials decreased from 409.4 W·m^-2 at 1 d to 304.4 W·m^-2at 8 d. The mean minimum preferred radiant flux for all trials decreased from 114.5 W·m^-2 at 1 d to 31.4 W·m^-2 at 8 d.

MS - Dr. Yang Zhao, investigated the interactions between poultry and robotic vehicles. The poultry-robot avoidance distance tests were performed at different running speeds of the robot, and was compared with poultry-human avoidance distance.

Density.

MS - This station has been collaborating with USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit and working on feeding and drinking behavioral monitoring of broilers as affected by the stocking density and antibiotic-free feed. To that end, a robust radio frequency identification (RFID) system has been developed and was used to register the behaviors of individual 2kg broilers at different treatments. A high definition video system was also used to identify the broiler frustration behaviors near the tube feeders, which could be a result of competitions among broilers at high stocking density. 

Antibiotics and Antimicrobials. 

AL - Auburn - Investigations by the poultry health and poultry management/nutrition specialists have been determining the role of probiotics and phytogenic products and their suitability as an alternative to antibiotics in both improving growth and in mitigating disease. To date several hundred candidate bacteria have been screened in the lab for efficacy against Salmonella, C. perfringens and Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC). The best candidates among those showing efficacy against the mentioned bacteria had been tested in birds that were challenged with these bacteria. Results to date have been promising, though none of the candidate isolates proved as effective as antibiotics or commercially available probiotics.  The phytogenic products that have been screened have shown promise in helping to stimulate improved growth and feed conversion. A third project these two investigators have been involved with is a novel method for sanitizing hatching eggs in storage as well as in the incubator. These results had shown that the technology used lowered bacteria and fungal counts significantly and had a positive effect on both the hatch and first ten days of growth.

Nutrition.  

AL A&M - This station evaluated the effect of feed restriction on the concentrations of ghrelin in turkeys and broilers. Full-fed turkeys (FF; n = 10), were fed ad libitum, while restricted birds (RES; n =11), were placed on a restricted diet. Initially, the restricted feeding regimen consisted of one-third of the quantity of feed per unit of body weight given to birds in the FF treatment. Subsequently, adjustments were made to allow for an average daily gain of 10.0 g per day from 4 to 12 weeks of age (WOA). Blood samples were obtained once a week beginning at 4 WOA until the end of the experiment (12 WOA). On average, concentration of ghrelin in FF birds (89.4 ± 2.6 pg/mL) was greater than that observed in RES animals (68.7 ± 2.7 pg/mL). A similar approach was used in broiler chickens. Blood samples were collected at 1h intervals for six consecutive hours from day 0 (D0) to D6. On D1, birds were feed restricted and remain on feed restriction until the end of the experiment (D6). The restricted feeding regimen used consisted of one-third of the quantity of feed consumed per day by birds during the week preceding cannulation. There was a significant increase in ghrelin concentrations starting 4 days after feed restriction. The differential effect of feed restriction on ghrelin concentrations in broilers and turkeys provides ideal models to assess the effect of ghrelin in feed intake and pulmonary hypertension 

AL - Auburn - The feed milling specialist has been determining if corn particle size has an influence on bird growth and what the economics of these differences would mean to an integrator. In addition his research program has looked at feed form and amino acid densities and how differences in these can lead to observed differences in the final processed product.

HI - Dr. Jha’s lab research emphasizes on “dietary manipulation to improve the gut health of monogastric animals,” and “evaluating novel feedstuffs for their nutritional value and functional properties in pigs and poultry” using both in vivo and in vitro digestion and fermenation models. Of particular interest is “early nutrition programming in broiler chickens” using an in ovo inoculation model.

IN - Two layer projects and one of two broiler projects have been conducted working with a company that markets an orange corn. The layer projects evaluated the inclusion of orange corn into the diet and impact on egg quality parameters and yolk color. The orange corn resulted in darker yolks when measured by the DSM yolk fan and colorimeter compared to yellow and white corn. The first of the broiler projects evaluated the impact of orange corn diet on a cocci challenge reporting an impact on the severity of the lesion score in certain segments of the small intestine. The final broiler project will be a grow-out study evaluating the impact of orange corn when broilers are in an environment that promotes poor footpad quality.

Feed Mill Management. 

AL - Auburn - Extension projects that the AU participants in NE 1442 include educating feed mill managers on the best management practices that should be in place for proper storage and manufacturing of feed in order to minimize any potential animal and human health issues that may arise. This is being coupled with on-site visits to further reinforce these concepts. One of the team members is involved with getting an article out every month in Feed Stuffs and another publishes a newsletter with topics pertinent to processing to an email list. This team has been involved with specialists spanning several disciplines and universities on speaking to consumer groups about GMO’s. Additionally this group has been active in educating backyard/small flock poultry producers on how to raise and manage their animals, proper handling, slaughter and meat/egg storage.

Objective 2. Evaluating commercial poultry production systems.  This will include collaborative efforts on the characterization of the performance of conventional, alternative, and organic poultry production systems relative to air and water quality, nutrient management, acoustic environment, and animal health and welfare.

Air Quality and NH₃ Emissions.

IL - This station subjected tom turkey poults (commercial Large White Hybrid Converters) to different constant levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) on their growth performance and behavior. In three consecutive replicate trials, a total of 552 poults were weighed post-hatch and randomly placed in three environmental control chambers, with 60 (Trial 1) and 62 (Trials 2 and 3) poults housed per chamber. They were reared with standard temperature and humidity levels for 3 weeks. The poults were exposed to three different fixed CO₂ concentrations of 2,000, 4,000, and 6,000 ppm that were kept constant throughout each trial. Following each trial, the CO₂ treatments were switched and assigned to a different chamber in order to expose each treatment to each chamber. At the end of each trial, all poults were sent to a local turkey producer to finish growout. For each trial, individual initial and weekly poult body weight, and weekly group feed intake were measured. Poult mortality and behavioral movement were also recorded. Variables were tested for difference using one-way ANOVA, Tukey mean separation, and linear contrast. Results of the analysis indicated that wk 3 and cumulative body weight gain of poults housed at 2,000 ppm CO₂ was greater (P<0.05) than those exposed to 4,000 and 6,000 ppm CO₂. Feed intake and feed conversion were unaffected by different CO₂ concentrations. No significant difference in poult mortality was found between treatments. In addition, no effect of CO₂ treatments was evident in the incidence of spontaneous turkey cardiomyopathy for turkeys processed at 19 wk of age. Poults housed at the 2,000 ppm CO₂ level demonstrated reduced activity and movement indices compared with those exposed to the two higher CO₂ concentrations.

Health and Welfare.

AR - This station evaluated the effects of weather and management practices on the thermal microenvironments during commercial transport of market broilers in the U.S. We monitored temperature (T), relative humidity, wind speed in gridded locations of 28 fully-loaded commercial live haul trailers over 2-year period. Transit time varied from 45 minutes to over two hours, with average length of loading, transit and holding period around three hours. Weather-dependent trailer mitigation measures employed by collaborators, including side boards screwed on modules in winter, fan trailers used during loading in summer, were analyzed for their effect on altering micro-environment of the trailers. In winter, on-board T ranged from -10˚C to 18˚C on 11 completely boarded trailers with recorded ambient T in the range of -16˚C and 11˚C. While complete boarding increased on-board T from ambient level, they remained low in extremely cold conditions, indicating a need for better heat retention measures. Spatially, interior portion were up to 4˚C warmer than exterior portion of the trailers with complete boarding, and top tiers were colder than the rest of loads on trailers. As completely boarded transporters traveled from farms to processing plants, on-board T at all locations decreased several degrees. In summer, trailer T ranged between 31˚C and 36˚C on eight transporters loaded with fan trailers providing convective cooling and misting on farms, during which the recorded ambient T were in the range of 29˚C to 36˚C, The heat mitigation measure maintained the trailer T within 4˚C of corresponding ambient T. A fraction of the load on trailers experienced lower-than-ambient T condition during the first 15 minutes in transit due to the retained water evaporating from farm loading. Spatially, the top of trailer modules were consistently 1˚C to 3˚C warmer than the rest of trailer loads. Trailer uniformly gained approximately 2˚C during 45-minute transit from farms to plants. For longer trips, current on-farm heat mitigation may not be sufficient to prevent T from rising above ambient level in the trailer, and could lead to dangerous thermal environment.

AR - They also developed a physical model to simulate the sensible heat loss of a live broiler. The simulated chicken (or E-chicken) is a self-contained, temperature-controlled heat source with a thermostatically controlled power source to maintain the internal T at 41 °C. The E-chicken can respond to varying thermal environments by changing its heat production, similar to what an actual chicken would do. We have the capability to measure and record the dynamic heat production of E-chickens during an event or heat stress scenario. Based on literature-reported sensible heat loss under thermoneutrality, it was determined that the measured air T inside the live-haul modules on the trailer in the range of 11°C - 25.1°C during transit (outdoor T range of 1.7°C – 22.2°C) would allow the live chickens to regulate heat by their metabolism and stay comfortable.

CA UC-Davis - Data was collected to evaluate the role of early experiences on subsequent space use and incidence of keel bone damage in laying hens. New funding was obtained to support further work in this area. The group obtained additional funding to validate the use of commercially available sensors for automated tracking of poultry. An assessment of the variation in housing and welfare related animal based measures was conducted for backyard hens in rural and urban environments. An online training tool was also developed to aid in training auditors (as well as producers and the general public) to assess animal based measures for laying hens. The biology and welfare effects of chicken red mites on laying hens has also been examined. The potential for using essential oils to combat northern fowl mite infestations was also evaluated.

CA UC-Davis - The development of keel bone fractures has been recognized as an important issue affecting hens in alternative housing systems. Cage-free housing, which is projected to be the primary housing type for laying hens by 2025, has been associated with high incidences of keel bone fractures. Information gained through the study of keel bone fracture risk factors will guide the industry’s transition to cage-free systems while reducing keel bone fracture risk.

CA UC-Davis - This station also looked at the problem of Chicken red mites that have been economically devastating for European egg production in the past couple of years, with the banning of conventional cage systems. As the US moves toward a majority of cage-free systems, red mites are likely to become a serious pest concern here as well. Understanding the basic biology of the mite, and host-interactions will be important in understanding appropriate control measures. Northern fowl mites are currently a main ectoparasite affecting laying hens in the US. Infestations pose a hen welfare and an economic concern as they have been associated with decreased egg production and weights. During the review period an in vitro study was completed, which identified thyme and cade essential oils as effective against norther fowl mites.

CA UC-Davis - Animal based measures of welfare are increasingly being adopted as a means for assessing the welfare of poultry on farm. These measures are often subjective and auditors can have poor reliability within and between assessments. The online training tool developed for laying hens allows trainees to learn how to assess these measures while testing their reliability. This tool can be accessed by anyone with an interest in this area. 

IN - There are several projects that this station has started in 2018 related to laying hen housing systems. The Northern Fowl Mite and Keel Bone studies are being conducted in cage-free housing. The laying hens for the NFM project are 21 weeks of age and will be exposed to mites at 23 weeks of age. The project will be evaluating behavior, performance, welfare and food safety measures over the course of the 85 week single cycle. The collaborators consist of Drs. Erasmus (Purdue University), Gast and Jones (USDA-ARS). The Keel Bone project has pullets at 12 weeks of age that will be evaluating nutritional strategies to mitigate keel bone fractures and breaks. The pullets were just placed onto the different diets and will have skeletal parameters measured through 52 weeks of age. The collaborators consist of Drs. Kim (University of Georgia) and Regmi (North Carolina State University).

IN - The turkey gait project is beginning to wrap up with on-farm data collection complete. Gait data is in the process of being analyzed while the litter samples and other tissue samples have been transferred to Dr. Noll (University of Minnesota). This project is part of a USDA funded project for Dr. Noll.

Management and Behavior.

IA - They looked at the effects of feeder space on feeding behavior and production performance of laying hens in enriched colony housing. Feeder space of 12.0, 9.5, and 8.5 cm/hen in enriched colony housing showed no difference in time spent at the feeder. A maximum of 59.0±1.4% hens fed simultaneously; and synchronous feeding did not increase with increasing feeder space. All the feeder spaces tested (12.0, 9.5, 8.5, and 6.5 cm/hen) showed no difference in production performance in this lab-scale study.

MI - Janice Siegford’s group continues to explore the response of hens to aviaries, including assessing differences among strains, variation in how individual hens behave, the use of sensing technology to monitor hen behavior and welfare, and the influence of rearing environment on hens’ transition to aviaries. In the past year, her team characterized the amount of space needed by four common strains of laying hens (2 white and 2 brown), including descriptions of space used for perching (~18-22 cm), wing flapping (~2800-3450cm²) and dust bathing (1000-1190cm²). To our knowledge, these are the first direct characterizations of physical space needed for perching and dust bathing for any laying hen strain and the first kinematic assessment of several of the more popular commercial brown laying strains. Collaborations between Siegford’s team and the Center for Proper Housing of Poultry and Rabbits at the University of Bern are underway examining use of ramps in rearing and laying aviaries to reduce keel damage and preliminary results have found reductions in keel damage and improvements in bone strength for birds given ramps in both rearing and laying aviaries, with intermediate results for birds receiving ramps either at rear or at lay, and the poorest results for birds with no access to ramps in either phase.

MN - Partial slotted flooring system for market turkeys was examined by this station. Market turkey toms were reared on a partial slotted floor system from 5 to 18 wks age and compared to an all bedded system. Measurements included live performance, footpad and gait scores, feather dirtiness, breast defects (live and plant processing), and behavior (feeding, drinking, resting). Essentially no differences were noted among the flooring types and with an all bedded system.

MS - The determination of egg production, egg quality, tibia strength and tibia ash on hens at a later stage of production (53 to 74 weeks of age) was completed. The study was conducted in MS State University Poultry Research Farm Unit. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conventional cage (CC) and enriched colony cage (EC) systems over hen age on both external and internal egg quality parameters, hen-day egg production (HDEP), and tibia breaking strength in two commercial laying hen strains, Hyline Brown (HB) and White Leghorns (WL). Hens were sampled once in 4 weeks to determine the egg production, egg quality, immune status as well as bone health in two different cages. This study concluded that the egg production and egg size in hens housed in the CC system were greater than that of hens in the EC system. WL hens housed in CC had better production than the HB hens housed in either type. Tibia breaking strength did not differ between the house type or hen.

MS - They also are planning a a study to look at egg production, egg quality and bone quality (strength, ash, and dimensions) in White Leghorns W-36 and Hy-Line Brown housed in three housing types (conventional, enriched and floor pen with outdoor access). Egg production and egg quality will be determined once every 6 weeks. Feed intake and egg/dozen will be calculated once every 6 weeks. Microbiology of hens housed in three different cage types (culture and molecular) will be assessed. Welfare assessment of hens housed in three cage types will be performed.

Meat and Egg Quality.

MI - Janice Swanson completed work on the CAST report on farm animal welfare and co-authored a chapter on agricultural animals used in teaching and research programs. She continues to serve on the United Egg Producers’ Scientific Advisory Committee. Mick Fulton serves as an ex officio member of the board of the Michigan Allied Poultry Industries and is preparing publications on the health responses of hens as part of the Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply study comparing hens in conventional, furnished and aviary systems. Zac Williams joined the MSU Department of Animal Science as a poultry extension specialist in June and will be focused on management practices of poultry production to control diseases of both poultry and people. In particular, he is interested in exploring new pre-slaughter management techniques aimed at reducing the spread of disease causing agents and improving flock performance such as litter or bedding management to reduce pathogen transmission from one flock to the next.  

KY - This station examined the sensory evaluation of pasture raised meat birds and SEM evaluation of egg shell structure.

MN - Footpad dermatitis (NE 1442 collaborators Karcher, Hulet) was researched at this station. Factors influencing the prevalence of footpad dermatitis in field and research pen settings are being examined. Penn State conducted a pen trial using a model of bird density and bedding type which resulted in a large difference in foot pad scores. Samples are currently under analyses.

Nutrient Management.

PA - Current poultry production systems were recently evaluated for their nutrient concentration and production. Litter/manure N, P, K, moisture and kg/bird from commercial turkeys, broilers, pullets, hens, broiler & layer breeders in conventional & alternative production systems were sampled and results submitted to the Penn State Agronomy Guide and the Chesapeake Bay Litter Subcommittee.

Nutrition. 

VA - Dr. Mike Persia from Virginia Tech conducted an experiment to understand the effects of dietary ingredient selection on the performance and efficiency of egg production. In total three dietary treatments were formulated, mixed and offered to chickens in both the pullet and laying hen phases, including an animal product free corn-soybean meal diet, an animal product free corn-soybean meal diet that included an approximate 5% reduction in soybean meal replaced with a vegetable protein supplement and finally a diet that used animal products including replacement of approximately 5% soybean meal with a meat meal. During the pullet phase, there were no differences in body weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion, but the two all-vegetable diets resulted in a reduction in pullet performance variation in comparison to the diet that contained meat meal. These diets were feed over peak egg production and again resulted in no differences in egg production, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Overall it was concluded that all-vegetable diets either soy-based or reduced in soybean meal can result in performance similar to that of diets that contain animal-based products, although the inclusion of high concentrations of did increase the water content of excreta over laying hen phase and reduced the fat content of laying hens after researching peak egg production. Both of these observations are important when we consider the use of these diets in alternative production systems. The increased excreta water content of high soybean meal fed laying hens could increase the water content of litter content in cage-free egg production possibly resulting in reduced dustiness in these production systems, a potential benefit. Contrary to the potential benefit of increased litter moisture in certain production systems, the reduced fat content of laying hens fed high soybean meal diets suggest that the energy value used for formulation overestimated the energy the hens received from the soybean meal and could have ramifications in open systems where maintenance energy requirements could be increased due to increased activity.

Objective 3. Establishing parameters influenced by the production system and strains utilized within the poultry industry.  This collaborative research will encompass the areas of poultry nutrition, physiology, behavior, well-being, food safety and quality, and economic evaluation of poultry production systems.

Nutrition. 

KY - This station evaluated the effects of different feed enzymes on laying hens subjected to heat stress. Also, studies evaluating the effect of different feed enzymes on metabolizable energy (ME) values of different diets in broiler chickens was conducted. They also evaluated the effect of DHA from algae and organic zinc on broiler breeders and their progeny. Additionally, in ovo administration of pre and probiotics was investigated.

MN - Antimicrobial potential of a dairy-origin probiotic bacteria, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, against multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) in turkey poults was determined in the current study. Employing in vitro experiments, two strains (subsp.) of P. freudenreichii: P. freudenreichii freudenreichii B3523 (PF) and P. freudenreichii shermanii B4327 (PS) were tested for their ability to resist low pH (2.5) and bile salts (0.3%). In addition, the ability of the strains to adhere to and invade avian epithelial cells was determined after exposure to Propionibacterium strains followed by SH challenge. Results revealed that PF, a non-host gastrointestinal tract-derived probiotic, could be an antibiotic alternative to prevent the early colonization of SH in poults, improving the preharvest safety of turkeys.

MN - The evaluation examined the efficacy of pimenta (Pimenta officinalis Lindl.) leaf essential oil (PEO), and its nanoemulsion in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg attachment on to turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) skin during simulated scalding (65°C) and chilling (4°C) steps in poultry processing. Results showed that PEO and the nanoemulsion resulted in significant reduction of S. Heidelberg attachment on turkey skin. In addition, PEO and PNE were effective in reducing S. Heidelberg on skin during short-term storage at 4 and 10°C (temperature abuse) (n = 6; P < 0.05). PEO or PNE could be utilized as an effective antimicrobial agent to reduce S. Heidelberg attachment to turkey skin during poultry processing.

MS - The effect of a pronutrient (Alquernat Nebsui L) on feed consumption, egg production, egg quality and total carotenoids in laying hens supplemented via drinking water was examined by MS. The study was conducted in MS State University Poultry Research Farm Unit to determine the effects of drinking water application of a phytogenic compound on HDEP, egg quality, and egg carotenoids in laying hens. Hens were housed in conventional cage types. The two treatments consisted of either with or without a water additive, Alquernat Nebsui L provided via drinking water (0.5 mL/ liter). Hens were housed in conventional cage and fed ad libitum commercial layer feed and water. Egg weight, Haugh unit (HU), yolk%, yolk color score, albumin weight, albumin% were recorded. The results of the study suggest that Alquernat Nebsui L may be incorporated via water in laying hens without any negative effects on production and egg quality thus improving total yolk carotenoids.

MS - Evaluate of nutritional strategies to maximize the performance of Cobb 500 × MV broilers (a new commercial strain) was done. The results suggests that for BW and BWG, the dLys requirement for Cobb MV × Cobb 500 male broilers from D0-14 is approximately 1.28%. The dLys requirement for FCR was not met in the levels evaluated and could only be calculated to be approximately 1.48%. These results suggest that dLys requirement are higher than previously reported. In another experiment, the carryover effect of feeding varying levels of dLys from 0-14 d to these male broilers on growth performance and carcass yields during a 42 d grow-out was looked at. The results found that no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in BWG or carcass weight and yields at 41 days of age when birds were fed a minimum of 1.20% dLys from 0-14 d. Benefits in BW, BWG, and processing characteristics were found when birds were fed a minimum of 1.20% dLys during the starter period. In another trial the impact of feeding varying dLys and AME levels from 0 to 14 d on performance and processing yields of these broilers at 42 d was examined. The starter diet dLys was 1.18% or 1.28% and AME was 2,890; 2,980; 3,070; and 3,160 kcal/kg. The results showed that early performance differences were observed (0-14; 0-28); however, overall growth performance and processing data did not demonstrate any dLys x AME interactions, nor significance for the main effects.

MS - The potential for interactive effects of copper hydroxychoride (Cu-H) in conjunction with a commercially available probiotic on d 0-42 broiler performance was studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the individual/interactive effects of supplementing Cu-H at 0, 125, and 250 ppm with or without Bacillus licheniformis (1.6 million cfu/g) from 0-42 d of age on live production variables and Salmonella/E. Coli reduction using Ross x Ross 708 male broilers. They found that supplementing probiotics and Cu-H into diets can interactively effect performance. Feeding 250 ppm of Cu from Cu-H increased BWG during the finisher feeding phase. Inclusion of Cu-H reduced the presence of E. coli in cecal contents (d 42), but did not influence the presence of Salmonella.

MS - Determination of optimal starter particle size for improved starter and overall broiler performance was also researched. The objective was to determine the effects of feeding two broiler strains varied crumble particle size and intact pellets (d 0-18) on starter and overall (d 0-62) performance, d 63 processing, and gastrointestinal development. They found that feed form and FQ influenced d 0-18, BWG and FCR. Carryover effects due to d 0-18 FF and FQ influenced d 0-32 and 0-46 FCR; optimal FF/FQ from d 0-18 may vary depending upon grow-out, desired market, and GS implemented. Broilers of HY strains should be provided 2210 µm or 80% IP from d 0-18; FG broilers should be provided 40% IP from d 0-18.  Gastrointestinal development was influenced by FF and FQ; the majority of effects were demonstrated.

PA - Slow growing, single breasted turkeys were fed natural feedstuffs (black soldier fly larvae, earthworms, mushrooms, alfalfa, June berries, blue berries, Hazelnuts, chestnuts and acorns in addition to commercial feed and compared to birds fed only commercial feed. Body weight, feed conversion and processing yield of males and females were not affected by dietary regimen. These feedstuffs were also evaluated for their methionine concentration as possible substitutes for synthetic methionine for organic poultry. Corn particle size (PS) (600, 900 1200 and 1500 um) was evaluated in broilers, pullets and laying hens for feed intake, growth, digestibility, performance, mill costs and efficiency. Performance was improved when smaller PS was given to small birds and larger particles to larger birds. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, meal and oil was fed to laying hens and nutritional (methionine), feed intake, conversion, production and egg quality was evaluated. The hens ate the BSF products well and they supported normal performance, however yolk color was impacted by the dietary treatments.  Agaricus blazei mushroom extract was administered to broiler chickens as a water supplement and evaluated to 3-weeks of age at 3 dosage levels. No impact on water or feed consumption, feed conversion or livability was noted indicating neither a deleterious or favorable impact on the birds.

Food Safety and Quality. 

MN - The study objective was to develop a S. Heidelberg challenge model to determine the cecal colonization, dissemination to internal organs, and the potential for skeletal muscle deposition of an MDR S. Heidelberg isolate from the 2011 ground turkey outbreak in the United States after the experimental oral challenge of poults (young turkeys) and adult turkey hens. The results indicated that, in turkey poults, the recovery of MDR S. Heidelberg was highest in the cecum followed by spleen, liver, thigh, drumstick, and breast. All tested inoculum levels resulted in more than 3.5 log10 CFU/g colonization in the poult cecum. The cecal colonization, dissemination to internal organs, and tissue deposition of MDR S. Heidelberg were high in poults.

CA - UC-Davis - At this station the meat program is evaluating the effect of chilling methods (water chilling vs. air chilling) on the shelf life of bone-in and boneless chicken breast. A novel microbiome tool will be developed to determine the shelf life of chicken product from this project.

AL - Auburn - The poultry processing specialists involved with this project has made contributions to poultry processing food safety and quality through assessment of sampling methodology and antimicrobial use both on farm and in the processing plant and the downstream impact on poultry product and food safety. Some of this research includes using neutralizing buffered peptone water for improved recovery of food borne pathogens at the processing plant, looking at broiler chicken respiratory tracts to determine if they are a potential source of food borne pathogen entry into the bird, and determining the role of organic acids in controlling S. Typhimurium in broilers.

CA - UC-Davis - A systematic evaluation of the two chilling methods will be provided to poultry industry. The evaluation will include shelf life of chicken, energy usage and economic impact. Industrial partners will have a better idea based on the scientific evidence provided from this project to make the decision if they want to shift the chilling method from one to another.

Laying Hen Performance. 

HI - Dr. Mishra’s lab is focused on improving the laying persistency and egg production traits. We identified the novel genes and biological pathways involved in the egg production in the oviduct of laying hens. Further, we delineated the mechanism by which environmental heat stress affects the egg production, and egg quality in the oviduct of laying hens.

NC - The major problem continues to be the rapid change in the egg industry towards extensive production systems to meet the desire of consumers. These changes do not necessarily improve welfare or safety of food produced by animals in production systems which are more humane. The problem is that the consumer is far removed from production agriculture and does not understand the inherent issues associated with animal production and the risks to the animal in more extensive systems. The North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test extension program has been on-going for 60 years in cooperation with the NC Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Primary Breeders of Commercial Egg Strains. The 40th NCLPMT First Cycle Report Vol 40 No. 3 was published April 2018 and the 40th NCLP&MT Single Cycle Report Vol. 40 No. 4 is in review. The purpose of the test is to provide strain evaluations in a multiple production systems to egg producers in North Carolina and throughout the world. The test provides support to the egg industry companies to understand common problems they experience related to the management of the different genetic strains of white and brown egg layers that are commercially available in production systems used in the US and Europe. The hens are being used in VSD+ Research at the close of the flock to help the egg industry in depopulation in disease outbreaks.  This research is being conducted by house and will provide valuable data related to viability of the process and data for the AVMA Mass Depopulation Committee. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Increased information to the International Breeder Companies and the producers located around the world. The increased electronic communications have enhanced the reach of the project and continues to expand. The reports are maintained on a web site and open to the regional, national, and international egg producers. The information is also used as the basis for training at regional and national meetings for the egg industry. What was accomplished under these goals? The 40th NCLP&MT just completed its 109th week of the production completing the second cycle. In the 40th NCLP&MT the non-feed-withdrawal program developed at the Piedmont Station, will be implemented in all production systems in Brown egg layers in the research project without the use of any light restriction. The hens experienced a respite from egg production with a 20% body weight loss. The NCLP&MT will examine and document the method for molting extensive production systems in Brown Egg Strains. The hen blood chemistry, stress physiology, livability and subsequent productivity of the hens having undergoing the non- anorexic molt are the key aspects along with taking into account the costs of feed and management. These costs may be more than compensated for by the expected reduction in mortality and increased salable eggs produced under the non-anorexic program which would provide additional monetary returns. A pilot Molting project was conducted in a small flock to evaluate blood chemistry from caged hens. The US practice remains to molt over a large percentage of the national flock in all production systems and the molting rate in alternative systems is growing rapidly. As such in the U.S.A. Molting remains a viable management tool used to extend the productive life of the hen and enhance the production planning needed by the producers.

Behavior, Health, and Welfare.

IN - Turkey research is being conducted in collaboration with Jiqin Ni (Purdue Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering) to validate the use of micro-data loggers (accelerometers) (TechnoSmArt, Italy) to measure activity levels of turkeys and to identify early indicators of stress in turkeys. We recently completed our first study, the objectives of which were to 1) determine the effects of accelerometers and habituation to accelerometers on turkey gait and welfare, 2) determine age-related changes in gait and welfare, and 3) assess the validity and reliability of the accelerometers. Welfare was assessed prior to video-recording birds as they walked across a Tekscan® pressure pad at 8, 12 and 16 wk to determine effects of habituation on step time, step length, step velocity, maximum force, impulse, and gait time. Results indicated that micro-data loggers are accurate and sensitive enough to detect turkeys’ activity levels, but turkeys need to be habituated to wearing the accelerometers. In addition, some aspects of accelerometer reliability and validity are affected by turkey age. Turkey welfare (body condition, feather condition, footpad condition and body weight) was not affected by the presence of the accelerometer. Data collection is ongoing to evaluate how turkeys’ activity levels and vocalizations change due to heat stress and an immune challenge.

IN - This station is also conducting several laying hen projects aimed at increasing our understanding of hen behavior in cage free systems, the influence of ectoparasites on hen behavior and productivity and differences in behavior among different genetic lines of laying hens. Research is currently underway to examine the influence of poultry bugs (bed bugs) on hen behavior, welfare and productivity. This research is being conducted in collaboration with Ameya Gondhalekar (Purdue Department of Entomology). We are also examining the effects of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis) on feather pecking and aggressive behavior in white and brown laying hens in collaboration with Heng-wei Cheng (Purdue Department of Animal Sciences).

IN - Duck research is also being done at this station. Research is being conducted on commercial duck farms to characterize feather picking in Pekin ducks and develop strategies to mitigate feather picking.

Behavior and Environmental Temperature.

IN - Broiler research in collaboration with Jay Johnson (USDA ARS) is being done to examine behavioral changes of broiler chickens in response to heat stress and to examine the relationship between infrared thermography and implanted data loggers to evaluate broiler chicken body temperature. Implanted data loggers were validated for measuring core body temperature in chickens. In addition, we determined that core body temperature measured with implanted data loggers is correlated with facial temperature measured on thermal images. Video analyses are underway to identify specific changes in behavior that are associated with changes in core body temperature.

Management and Economics.

NC - This station is looking at estimating effects of hatchery practices on early poult mortality using turkey industry field data. Early poult mortality is a widespread problem in the turkey industry resulting in potential loss of profits and animal welfare concerns. In this study, factors related to pre-placement mortality (PPM), first week mortality (FWM) and cumulative early mortality (CEM) were investigated. Field data collected from six US hatcheries over a 22-month period, were analyzed using the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis. PPM was found to be significantly related to a particular hatchery, season and distance traveled from hatchery to farm and FWM and CEM were found to be significantly related to hatchery, season, hatch day, gender, breeder age and distance traveled. Assuming the average truck delivery of 17,000 poults and the average poult cost of $2.00, the counterfactual cost analysis showed that the extra production costs from poult mortality due to young stage breeders ranged from $60 to $128 and each 500 miles of travel from hatchery to brooder farm costs an extra $170 per truck delivery. The results indicate that modifications in management practices coordinated between breeder farms, hatcheries and brooder farms could reduce early poult mortality, leading to cost savings and increased profitability.

NC - This station is also conducting a study to determine how to pay for animal welfare. In this project we rely on the precise and accurate company level data on unit prices and quantities of all fresh eggs sold in all company stores spread throughout the country of Croatia during one calendar year period. Since the European Union banned the use of barren-battery cage systems for the husbandry of laying hens for the purposes of table eggs production on January 1, 2012, Croatia who joined the EU in 2013 was also required to convert its predominantly conventional cage production systems into the enriched colony systems. So, most of the eggs currently sold in Croatia come from this new type of cage production systems, whereas cage-free, free-range and other animal friendlier productions systems are gaining steam but still exist on the fringes of the egg market. Reflective of this situation, we analyze price differentials between cage and cage-free eggs based on estimating the hedonic price equation. Our most trusted results showed that pure cage-free premium amounts US$ 0.25 per dozen eggs or 10.2%. Relying on several different model specifications we interpret the findings to imply that the estimated premium for cage-free versus cage eggs is unlikely to be caused by the presence of unmeasured brand-specific characteristics because the price premium for cage-free eggs over cage eggs survives in different model specifications, and in fact even increases, after the inclusion of brand specific dummy variables. However, the positive price premium effects of certain labels geared towards enhancing perceptions of a better tasting or a healthier products disintegrate after the inclusion of brand-specific dummy variables indicating possibly false marketing strategies on part of these producers.   

AL

Bourassa, D.V., J.L. Lapidus, A.E. Kennedy-Smith, and A. Morey. Efficacy of neutralizing buffered peptone water for recovery of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Enterobacteriaceae from broiler carcasses at various points along a commercial immersion chilling process with peroxyacetic acid. Accepted to Poult. Sci. 07/08/2018.

Harris, C.E., K.A. Gottilla, D.V. Bourassa, L.N. Bartenfeld, B.H. Kiepper, and R.J. Buhr. Impact of scalding duration and scalding water temperature on broiler processing wastewater loading. Accepted to JAPR 06/27/2018.

Bourassa, D.V., K.M. Wilson, B.D. Fairchild, M. Czarick, and R.J. Buhr. 2018. Microbiological status of broiler respiratory tracts before and during catching for transport to the processing plant. J. Appl. Poult. Res. Epub ahead of print. Pfy029.

Wilson, K.M., D.V. Bourassa, B. McLendon, J.L. Wilson, and R.J. Buhr. 2018 Impact of skip-a-day and every-day feeding programs for broiler breeder pullets on the recovery of Salmonella and Campylobacter following challenge. Poult. Sci. 97:2775-2784.

Bourassa, D.V., K.M. Wilson, C.R. Ritz, B.K. Kiepper, and R.J. Buhr. 2018. Evaluation of the addition of organic acids in the feed and/or water for broilers and the subsequent recovery of Salmonella Typhimurium from litter and ceca. Poult. Sci. 97:64-73.

Velasquez, C.G., K.S. Macklin, S. Kumar, M. Bailey, P.E. Ebner, H.F. Oliver, F.S. Martin-Gonzalez and M. Singh. 2018. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from poultry farms in southeastern United States. Poultry Science, 97 (6), 2144-2152.

Starkey, J., R. Shirley, A. Welsher, O. Tejeda, L. Spencer, D.V. Bourassa, and C. Starkey. 2018. Effect of dietary protein source and litter condition on growth performance and meat yield of broiler chickens reared to 46 days of age. PSA Annual Meeting, July 23-26, 2018. San Antonio, TX.

Linares, L., M. Rebollo, A. Fireman, D. Neves, A. Grove, D.V. Bourassa, J. Hess, and W. Pacheco 2018. Effect of digestible lysine levels and metal-amino acid complexes on performance and breast meat characteristics in broilers. PSA Annual Meeting, July 23-26, 2018. San Antonio, TX.

Buhr, R.J., D.V. Bourassa, and K.M. Wilson. 2018. Impact of egg holding temperatures on the recovery of inoculated Salmonella from eggshells and stainless steel coupons. PSA Annual Meeting, July 23-26, 2018. San Antonio, TX.

Bourassa, D.V., C.E. Harris, L.N. Bartenfeld, and R.J. Buhr. 2018. Assessment of stabilized hydrogen peroxide as an antimicrobial agent for use in reducing Campylobacter prevalence and levels on broiler chicken wings. PSA Annual Meeting, July 23-26, 2018. San Antonio, TX. (Oral/Poster).

Bourassa, D.V., I.B. Wise, J.L. Lapidus, M. Johnson, and A. Morey. 2018. Efficacy of neutralizing buffered peptone water on broiler whole carcass rinse Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Enterobacteriaceae following commercial treatment with peroxyacetic acid. International Poultry Scientific Forum, January 29-30, 2018. Atlanta, GA. (Oral)

Harris, C.E., M.L. Teo, L. Lu, C.T. Mou, K.A. Gotilla, L.N. Bartenfeld, D.V. Bourassa, B.D. Fairchild, B.H. Kiepper, and R.J. Buhr. 2018. Evaluation of water treatments during feed and water withdrawal on water usage and Salmonella prevalence in broilers. International Poultry Scientific Forum, January 29-30, 2018. Atlanta, GA.

Rubio, A. A., J. A. Lopez. J. B. Hess, W. D. Berry, W. A. Dozier III and W. J. Pacheco. 2018. Effects of feed form and amino acid densities on productive and processing performance of broilers. Poult. Sci. 107, E-Suppl. 1:16.

Rubio, A. A., J. A. Lopez. J. B. Hess, W. D. Berry, W. A. Dozier III and W. J. Pacheco. 2018. Effects of corn particle size during the finisher period on broiler growth performance. Poult. Sci. 107, E-Suppl. 1:499p.

Linares, L., M. Rebollo, A. Fireman, D. Neves, A. Grove, D. Bourassa, J. Hess, and W. Pacheco. 2018. Effect of digestible lysine levels and metal-amino acid complexes on performance and breast meat characteristics in broilers. Poult. Sci. 107, E-Suppl. 1:500p.

Rubio, A. A., J. C. Aranibar, H. Fuentes, and W. J. Pacheco. 2018. Feeding whole corn as an alternative to reduce electrical costs and improve growth rate and meat accretion of broilers. March 2018. Oral Presentation. This is Research Student Symposium, Auburn, AL

Rubio, A., J. Aranibar, H. Fuentes, and W. J. Pacheco. 2018. Effect of different inclusion levels of whole corn on productive and processing performance of broilers. Abstr. M79. Southern Poultry Science Society Meeting.

Bortoluzzi, C., A. Rubio, J. Aranibar, T. Applegate, and W. J. Pacheco. 2018. Effect of whole corn inclusion in the diets of broiler chickens on ileal and cecal microbiota. P189. Southern Poultry Science Society Meeting.

Berry, W.D., J.B. Hess and K.S. Macklin, 2018.  Novel method for sanitation of hatching eggs during egg storage and incubation. International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 29-30 (abstr.)

Bourassa, D.V. Salmonella prevalence and diversity are impacted by sampling methodology. Engormix Technical Articles. June 13, 2018. Accessible at https://en.engormix.com/poultry-industry/articles/salmonella-prevalence-diversity-are-t41730.htm?utm_source=notification&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=0-1-0

Bourassa, D.V. Broiler respiratory tracts: A route for Salmonella? WATT Poultry USA. May 2018.

Fahrenholz, A. C., W. J. Pacheco, and C. R. Stark. Controlling Pests (the small, furry, and flying kind). Feedstuffs, July 2018.

Stark, C. R., A. C. Fahrenholz, W. J. Pacheco. Implementing 5S or 6S housekeeping in mill. Feedstuffs, June 2018.

Pacheco, W. J., Fahrenholz, A. C., and C. R. Stark. Crumblers and crumble quality. Feedstuffs, May 2018.

Fahrenholz, A. C., W. J. Pacheco, and C. R. Stark. Contradicting decisions in feed manufacturing. Feedstuffs, April 2018.

Stark, C. R., A. C. Fahrenholz, W. J. Pacheco. Back to the basics. Feedstuffs, March 2018.

Pacheco, W. J., Fahrenholz, A. C., and C. R. Stark. What does larger/smaller particle size mean for feed mill managers? Feedstuffs, February 2018.

Hess, J.B., B. Gould, R. Hauck, J.J. Giambrone and W.D. Berry, 2011.  Managing Mortality in Breeder Flocks. Alabama Poultry 12 (6)24-26.

Bourassa, D.V. Optimizing Broiler Feed Withdrawal. WOGS Newsletter, June 2018.

Bourassa, D.V. Blockchain for Poultry and Food Processing. WOGS Newsletter, May 2018.

Bourassa, D.V. Options for Use of Woody Breast Fillets. WOGS Newsletter, March 2018.

Bourassa, D.V. Breast Muscle Myopathies – Spaghetti Breast. WOGS Newsletter, January 2018.

AR

Luthra, K., Y. Liang, J. R. Andress, T. A. Costello, S.E. Watkins, and D. Aldridge. 2018. Construction and performance of a self-contained, temperature-controlled heat source (electronic chicken) to quantify thermal load during live haul of broilers. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (accepted).

Heymsfield, C., Y. Liang and T.A. Costello. 2018. Computational fluid dynamics model for air velocity through a poultry transport trailer in a holding shed. Proceeding of 10^th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES X), Omaha, NE. ASABE, St. Joseph, Missouri.

Luthra, K., Y. Liang, J. R. Andress, T. A. Costello, and S.E. Watkins. 2018. Construction and performance of a self-contained, temperature-controlled heat source to quantify thermal load during live haul of broilers. Proceeding of 10^th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES X), Omaha, NE. ASABE, St. Joseph, Missouri.

Rajaei-Sharifabadi, H., Greene, E., Piekarski, A., Falcon, D., Nguyen, P., Ellestad, L., Donoghue, A., Bottje, W., Porter, T., Liang, Y., Dridi, S. 2017. Surface wetting strategy prevents acute heat exposure-induced alterations of hypothalamic stress- and metabolic-related genes in broiler chickens, J. of Animal Sci. Vol. 95(3), 1132-1143. doi:10.2527/jas2016.1290.

CA

Abdelfattah, E.M., G. Vezzoli, G. Buczkowski and M.M. Makagon. 2018. Essential oils: Effects of application rate and modality on their potential for combating Northern fowl mite infestations. Medical and Veterinary Parasitology. (https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12300)

Blatchford, RA. (2017). Poultry welfare assessments: Current use and limitations. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 1382-1387.

Chargo, N., C.I. Robison, H. Akaeze, S. Baker, M.J. Toscano, M.M. Makagon, D.K. Karcher. In Press. Keel bone differences in laying hens housed in enriched colony cages. Poult. Sci.

Chargo, N., C.I. Robison, S. Baker, M.J. Toscano, M.M. Makagon, D.K. Karcher. 2018. Keel bone damage assessment: Consistency in enriched colony laying hens. Poult. Sci. pey 373 (https://doi.org/10/3382/ps/pey373)

Blatchford, R.A. (2017) Emerging issues: Backyard flock production. In J.A. Mench (Ed.), Advances in poultry welfare (339-350). Elsevier, Duxford, UK.

Makagon, M.M., and R.A. Blatchford. (2017). Understanding poultry behavior. In Applegate, T. (ed.), Achieving sustainable production of poultry meat Volume 3: Health and welfare, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing , Cambridge, UK

Blatchford, R.A. (2017). Assessing hen welfare. World Agricultural Expo, Tulare, CA.

Blatchford, R.A. (2017). Assessing animal based measures for laying hens: An online training tool for auditors. American Humane Association’s Annual Scientific Advisory Committee Meeting, Beverly Hills, CA.

Blatchford, R.A. (2017) Identifying bird behaviors for welfare indicators. U.S. Poultry and Egg Association’s Live Production, Welfare, & Biosecurity Seminar, Nashville, TN.

Makagon, M.M. (2017) Keel bone damage in laying hens, California Egg Quality Assurance Program, General Meeting (Northern California), Modesto, CA

Makagon, M.M. (2017) Keel bone damagein laying hens, California Egg Quality Assurance Program, General Meeting (Southern California), Ontario, CA

Makagon, M.M. (2017) SmartFarm: Opportunities in Animal Agriculture, Silicone Valley Forum, Davis, CA

Blatchford, R.A. & De Luz, M. (2017). A survey of the housing and physical conditions of backyard flocks. International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA.

Murillo, A., Abdoli A., Blatchford, R.A. & Gerry, A. (2017) Using technology to assess ectoparasite effects on poultry behavior and welfare. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.

Makagon, M.M. (2017). Technologies in poultry research and production: Recent advances and future directions. Special Symposium, 106^th Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Orlando, FL.

Makagon, M.M., S.L. Baker, C.Robison, D.M., Karcher and M. Toscano. (2017). Keel bone damage; The role of behavior and impacts experienced at the keel. 106^th Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Orlando, FL.

Birakos, A.K., J.M. Tonooka, S.L. Baker, C.I Robison, N. Chargo, D.M. Karcher, M.J. Toscano and M.M. Makagon. (2017). Comparison of perching behavior and its effects on keel bone damage of laying hens in two types of enriched colony cages. 13^th North American Regional Meeting of the International Society for Applied Ethology. Ames, IA.

Baker, S.L., C.I. Robison, D.M. Karcher, M.J. Toscano and M.M. Makagon. (2017). Impacts experienced at the keel and development of keel bone damagein laying hens in enriched housing systems. 13^th North American Regional Meeting of the International Society for Applied Ethology, Ames, IA.

Hissen, K.L., S.L. Baker, N. Chargo, C.I Robison, D.M. Karcher, M. Toscano and M.M. Makagon. (2017). The use of CT scan technology to detect the prevelance and progression of keel bone damage in laying hens. Pacific Egg and Poultry Association, Maui, Hawaii

Tonooka, J.M., S.L. Baker, C.I Robison, D.M. Karcher, M. Toscano and M.M. Makagon. (2017). Keel bone deviations in laying hens: associations with duration of daily perching behavior in enriched colony cages. Pacific Egg and Poultry Association, Maui, Hawaii

Makagon, M.M. (2017) Variations in the rearing environment and the relationship with keel bone damage. COST KeelBoneDamage Management Committee and Research Coordination Meetings, Bratislava, Slovakia

HI

Nirvay Sah, Donna Kuehu, Vedbar Khadka, Rajesh Jha, and Birendra Mishra* (2018). Transcriptomic analysis of the shell gland in layers identifies novel genes in eggshell biomineralization. 2018 Poultry San Antonio, Texas.

Nirvay Sah, and Birendra Mishra* (2018). Regulation of egg formation in the oviduct of laying hen. World's Poultry Science Journal, 1-13.

Nirvay Sah, Donna Kuehu, Vedbar Khadka, Youping Deng, Karolina Peplowska, Rajesh Jha, and Birendra Mishra* (2018). RNA sequencing-based analysis of the laying hen uterus revealed the novel genes and biological pathways involved in the eggshell biomineralization. Nature Scientific Report (submitted after revision)

Donna Kuehu, Nirvay Sah, Chin Lee, Rajesh Jha, and Birendra Mishra* (2018). Effects of heat- stress on the egg production traits and oviductal gene expression (In preparation).

Linge Li, Amit Singh, Birendra Mishra, and Rajesh Jha*. Effect of in ovo injection of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens (Poster). PSA Annual Meeting (July 23-26, 2018), San Antonio, TX, USA.

Sudhir Yadav, Yong Li, Yong Soo Kim, Chin Lee and Rajesh Jha*. Effect of feeding lactic acid bacteria isolated from taro (Colocasia esculenta) skins on growth  performance, gut microbiota and muscle growth of broiler chickens (Poster). PSA Annual Meeting (July 23-26, 2018), San Antonio, TX, USA.

Julio Berrocoso, Sudhir Yadav, and Rajesh Jha* (2017). Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy value of macadamia nut cake for broiler chickens determined by difference and regression methods. Animal Feed Science Technology, 234:65-71.

Amit Singh, Julio Berrocoso, Yueming. Dersjant-Li, Ajay Awati, and Rajesh Jha* (2017). Effect of a combination of xylanase, amylase, and protease on growth performance of broilers fed low and high fiber diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 232:16-20.

D. Berrocoso, R. Kida, A. K. Singh, Y. S. Kim and R. Jha (2017). Effect of in ovo injection of raffinose on growth performance and gut health parameters of broiler chicken. Poultry Science, 96:1573–1580.

IL

Santos, T.C., R.S. Gates, I.F.F. Tinoco, S. Zolnier and F.C. Baeta. 2017. Behavior of Japanese quail in different air velocities and temperatures. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 52(5):344-354. (doi 10.1590/s0100-204x2017000500008)

Cândido, M.G.L., Y. Xiong, R.S. Gates, I.F.F. Tinôco and K.W. Koelkebeck. 2018. Effects of carbon dioxide on turkey poult performance and behavior. Poultry Science: (doi: 10.3382/ps/pey128).

Sama, M.P., G.B. Day V., L.M. Pepple and R.S. Gates. 2017. Fourth-generation Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS) design and performance specification. Transactions of the ASABE. 60(2):507-516. (doi 10.13031/trans.12119)

França, L.G.F.F., R.S. Gates, I.F.F. Tinôco, C.F. Souza and M.L. Cândido. 2018. Nitrogen excretion by laying hens fed with different energetic levels of rations and in controlled thermal environments (thermal stress). Paper No. 1801170, 29 July – 2 August. ASABE Intl Mtg, Detroit MI USA.

Santos, T.C., R.S. Gates, I.F.F. Tinôco, S. Zolnier, L.C.S.R. Freitas and M.G.L. Cândido. 2018. Effect of different levels of air velocity and heat stress on Japanese quail behavior at start of lay. Paper ILES18-151, 25-27 September. 10^th Intl. Livestock Env. Symp, Omaha NE USA.

Santos, T.C., R.S. Gates, I.F.F. Tinôco, S. Zolnier, R.R.Andrade, L.C.S.R. Freitas and M.G.L. Cândido. 2018. Effect of different levels of air velocity and heat stress on Japanese quail performance at start of lay. Paper ILES18-152, 25-27 September. 10^th Intl. Livestock Env. Symp, Omaha NE USA.

Cândido, M.G.L., I.F.F. Tinôco, R.S. Gates, R.R. Andrade and I.T.A. Martins. 2018. Evaluation of environmental temperature in pullet weight gain and uniformity. Paper ILES18-127, 25-27 September. 10^th Intl. Livestock Env. Symp, Omaha NE USA.

Freitas, L.C.S.R., I.F.F. Tinôco, R.S. Gates, T.C. dos Santos and M.G.L. Cândido. 2018. Light intensity, egg weight and egg size in a vertical aviary of naturally ventilated laying hens. Paper ILES18-149, 25-27 September. 10^th Intl. Livestock Env. Symp, Omaha NE USA.

Tucker, C., A.R. Green-Miller, R.S. Gates, S. Myint and J. Salak-Johnson. 2018. Behavioral responses of laying hens to atmospheric ammonia in an environmental preference chamber. Paper ILES18-106, 25-27 September. 10^th Intl. Livestock Env. Symp, Omaha NE USA.

Teles Junior, C.G.S., R.S. Gates, I.F.F. Tinôco, C.F. Souza and M.O. Vilela. 2018. Computational program to evaluate thermal comfort in animal production facilities. Paper ILES18-127, 25-27 September. 10^th Intl. Livestock Env. Symp, Omaha NE USA.

J.S. Neves, J.C. da Silva, M.F.A. Vieira, R.S. Gates and I.F.F. Tinôco. 2017. Desempenho zootécnico de galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Hy-Line W36 em condições de temperaturas elevadas no estado de Minas Gerais. Presented at XV Seminário Anual de Iniciação Científica da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia-Campus Paragominas. 4-7 December 2017.

IN

Regmi, P., N. Nelson, R. C. Haut, M. W. Orth, and D. M. Karcher. 2017. Influence of age and housing systems on properties of tibia and humerus of Lohmann White hens: Bone properties of laying hens in commercial housing systems. Poult. Sci. 96: 3755-3762.

Regmi, P., A. G. Cox, C. I. Robison, and D. M. Karcher. 2017. Correlation analysis of cortical geometry of tibia and humerus of white leghorns using clinical quantitative computed tomography and microcomputed tomography scans. Poult. Sci. 96:2950–2955.

Cloft, S. E., C. I. Robison and D.M. Karcher. 2018. Calcium and phosphorus loss from laying hen bones autoclaved for tissue removal. Poult. Sci. pey201, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey201

Chargo, N. J., C. I. Robison, S. L. Baker, M. J. Toscano, M. M. Makagon and D. M. Karcher. 2018. Keel bone damage assessment: Consistency in enriched colony laying hens. Poult. Sci. pey 373, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey373

Regmi, P., C. I. Robison, D. R. Jones, R. K. Gast, R. J. Tempelman and D. M. Karcher. 2018. Effects of different litter substrates and induced molt on production performance and welfare quality parameters of white Leghorn hens housed in multi-tiered aviary system. Poult. Sci. pey211, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey211

IA

Chai, L., Y. Zhao, H. Xin, T. Wang, and M.L. Soupir. 2018. Mitigating airborne bacterial emissions from litter of cage-free hen houses by spray of acidic electrolyzed water: A laboratory study. Biosystems Engineering, 170:61-71.

Chai, L., Y. Zhao, H. Xin, T. Wang, M. Soupir, and K. Liu. 2018. Mitigating ammonia and PM generations of cage-free henhouse litter with solid additive and liquid spray. Transactions of the ASABE 61(1): 287-294. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12481

Hui, X., B. Li, H. Xin, W. Zheng, Z. Shi, X. Yang, and S. Zhao. 2018. New control strategy against temperature sudden-drop in the initial stage of pad cooling process in poultry houses. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 11 (1): 66-73.

Liu, K., H. Xin, J. Sekhon, T. Wang. 2018. Effect of fluorescent vs. poultry-specific light-emitting diode lights on production performance and egg quality of W-36 laying hens. Poultry Science 97:834-844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex371

Liu, K., H. Xin, T.A. Shepherd, Y. Zhao. 2018. Perch-shape preference and perching behaviors of young laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 203(2018):34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.02.009

Liu, K. H. Xin, and P. Settar. 2018. Effects of light-emitting diode light v. fluorescent light on growing performance, activity levels and wellbeing of non-beak-trimmed W-36 pullets. Animal 12(1):106-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117001240

Oliveira, J.L., H. Xin, and H. Wu. 2018. Impact of feeder space on laying hen feeding behavior in enriched colony housing. Animal https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001106

Zhao, Y., L. Chai, B.J. Richardson, and H. Xin. 2018. Field Evaluation of an electrostatic air filtration system for reducing incoming particulate matter of a hen house. Transactions of the ASABE 61(1):295-304. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12533

Zhou, Y., H. Dong, H. Xin, Z. Zhu, W. Huang, and Y. Wang. 2018. Carbon footprint assessment of large-scale pig production systems in Northern China: A case study. Transactions of the ASABE 61(3):1121-1131. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12805

Chai^*, L., Y. Zhao, H. Xin, T. Wang, M. Soupir, and K. Liu. 2017. Reduction of particulate matter and ammonia by spraying acidic electrolyzed water onto litter of aviary hen houses – a lab-scale study. Transactions of the ASABE 60(2): 479-506. http://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12081   

Li, L., Y. Zhao, J. Oliveira, W. Verhoijsen, and H. Xin. 2017. A UHF RFID system for studying individual feeding and nesting behaviors of group-housed laying hens. Transactions of the ASABE 60(4): 1337-1347. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12202 (Superior Paper Award)

Lin, X., R. Zhang, S. Jiang, H. El-Mashad, and H. Xin. 2017. Emissions monitoring of ammonia, carbon dioxide and particulate matters in two Californian cage-free layer houses. Atmospheric Environment 152(2017):246-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.018 

Liu, K. and H. Xin. 2017. Effects of horizontal distance between perches on perching behavior of Lohmann hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 194(2017): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.05.001

Liu, K. H. Xin, and L. Chai. 2017. Choice between fluorescent and poultry-specific LED lights by pullets and laying hens. Transactions of the ASABE 60(6): 2185-2195. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12402

Ponciano, P.F., T. Yanagi, Jr., H. Xin. 2017. Performance of chicks subjected to thermal challenge. Pesq. agropec. bras. 52(2), doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000200005  

Shepherd, T.A., H. Xin, J.P. Stinn, M.D. Hayes, Y. Zhao, and H. Li. 2017. Ammonia and carbon dioxide emissions of three laying-hen housing systems as affected by manure accumulation time. Transactions of the ASABE 60(1):229-236. (doi: 10.13031/trans.11860)

Xin, H. and K. Liu. 2017. Precision livestock farming in egg production. Animal Frontier 7(1): 24-31.

Liu, K. 2017. Behavior and production responses of pullets and laying hens to enriched housing and lighting. A PhD Dissertation, Iowa State University Parks Library, Ames, IA.

KY

Ao*, L.M. Macalintal, M.A. Paul, A.J. Pescatore, R.M. Delles, A.H. Cantor, M.J. Ford and K.A. Dawson. 2017. Effects of dietary supplementation of organic minerals on the performance of broiler chicks fed oxidised soybean oil. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition, Vol. 5; e13; page 1 of 5.

Raab, D., S. Dasgupta, J. Kelso, A.D. Wright, R.C. Bryant, A. Pescatore and J. Jacob. 2017. Selling live heritage breed poultry to Hispanics, Journal of National Association of County Agricultural Agents. 10(1). online   www.nacaa.com/journal/index.php?jid=695 

Jacob, J.P. and A.J. Pescatore. 2017. Glucans and the poultry immune system. American Journal of Immunology. 13(1):45-49.

Mwangi, S., T. Ao, J. Timmons, M. A. Paul, L. Macalintal, A. Pescatore, A. Cantor, M.           Ford and K. A. Dawson. Effect of Zinc imprinting and replacing inorganic Zn with organic Zn on performance of broiler chicks. 2016. Poult. Sci. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew312

Ao, T., A. Connolly, M. A. Paul, A. J. Pescatore, L. M. Macalintal, M. J. Ford and K. A. Dawson. 2017. Using nutritional strategies to improve egg shell and bone quality of layers for a single lay cycle. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 322

Paul, M., A. J. Pescatore, T. Ao, M. J. Ford and K. A. Dawson. 2017. Effects of dietary microalgae and zinc source on the bone characteristics and uniformity of broiler breeder pullets. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 325

Pescatore, A., M. Bear, G. Rentfrow, J. Jacob, T. Fisher, M. Paul, and M. Ford. 2017. Sensory evaluation and cooking yields of chicken meat from heritage breeds or broilers reared on pasture or in floor pens. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 208

Jacob, J., A. Pescatore, M. Ford, T. Fisher, S. Adedokun and T. Ao. 2017. Nutrient content of breast meat from broilers and alternative breeds finished on the floor or on pasture. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 302.

Jacob, J., A. Pescatore, M. Ford, T. Fisher, S. Adedokun and T. Ao. 2017. Nutrient content of meat from broilers finished on the floor or on pasture. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1),300

Jacob, J., A. Pescatore, M. Ford, T. Fisher, S. Adedokun and T. Ao. 2017. Nutrient content of thigh meat from broilers and alternative breeds finished on the floor or on pasture. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 301

Pescatore, A., T. Fisher, J. Jacob, and M. Ford. 2017. The potential impact of replacing broilers with slower growing strains on industry resources and infrastructure. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 267

Macalintal, L. M., A. J. Pescatore, T. Ao, R. Xiao, M. J. Ford, R. Power and K. A. Dawson. 2017. Intra-amnion delivery of mannose or mannose-based oligosaccharides in fertile broiler eggs at 18d of incubation. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 327

Macalintal, L. M., A. J. Pescatore, T. Ao, P. Glenney, M. J. Ford and K. A. Dawson. 2017. Exploring the novel approach of probiotic delivery into the gut of pre-hatch chicks. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 328

Ao, A., A. Tsappis, L. M. Macalintal, A. J. Pescatore, S. Tozzi, P. Glenney, M. J. Ford, and K. A. Dawson. Effects of extrusion on the stability of DHA in microalgae. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 167.

Macalintal, L. M., A. J. Pescatore, T. Ao, M. J. Ford, and K. A. Dawson. 2017. Effect of dietary supplementation of Actigen on performance of broiler chicks injected with dexamethasone. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement. 1), 180.

Paul. M., A. J. Pescatore, T. Ao, M. J. Ford, and K. A. Dawson. 2017. Effects of broiler breeder dietary zinc source on the tibia characteristics and performance of broiler chick offspring. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Supplement 1), 188.

Olojede, O.C., M.J. Ford, J.P. Jacob, T. Ao, A.J. Pescatore, and S.A. Adedokun. 2018. The effect of drying method temperature, collection method, and marker type on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in 21-day-old broilers fed corn-soybean meal-barley based diet. Poultry Science. 97: 2106–2112. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey049

Dunaway, A. and S. A. Adedokun. 2018. Evaluating the effect of a wheat-corn-SBM-based diet and adaptation length on corn and wheat middling digestible energy in broiler chickens. Submitted to IFPS meeting held in Atlanta. Jan30 to Feb 2, 2018.

Bryson, B., A.J. Pescatore, M.D. Lindemann, and S.A. Adedokun. 2018. Phytase and a combination of xylanase-glucanase increased apparent metabolizable energy value of barley in 21-day old broiler chicken. Submitted to IFPS meeting held in Atlanta. Jan30 to Fe 2, 2018.

Olojede, O.C., A.J. Pescatore, T. Ao, and S.A. Adedokun. 2018. Effect of stress induced by dexamethasone and two sodium sources on biological functions in broilers. Submitted to IFPS meeting held in Atlanta. Jan30 to Fe 2, 2018.

Adedokun, S. A., B. Bryson, and M. Bedford. 2018. An evaluation of the effect of two sources of sodium and exogenous phytase supplementation on diet acid binding capacity, digesta pH, and blood clinical chemistry in 22-day-old broiler chickens. Presented at PSA meeting held in San Antonio, TX. July 23-26, 2018.

MI

Riddle ER, Ali ABA, Campbell DLM, Siegford JM. 2018. Space use by 4 strains of laying hens to perch, wing flap, dust bathe, stand and lie down. PLoS ONE. 13(1): e0190532. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190532

Ali ABA, Siegford JM. 2018. An approach for tracking directional activity of individual laying hens within a multi-tier cage-free housing system (aviary) using accelerometers. Measuring Behavior 2018 Conference Proceedings: 11th Annual Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research. 11:178-180.

Campbell DLM, Ali ABA, Karcher DM, Siegford JM. 2017. Laying hens in aviaries with different litter substrates: behavior across the flock cycle and feather lipid content. Poultry Science. 96:3824-3835. doi: 10.3382/ps/pex204.

Croney C, Mench J, Muir W, Anthony R, Golab G, Hofacre C, Hulet M, Johnson AK, Lusk J, Olynk Widmar N, Schinkel A, Shearer J, Swanson J, Varner G, Vizzier Thaxton Y. 2018. Scientific ethical and economic aspects of farm animal welfare. CAST Report R143. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, IA.

Swanson JC, Chapin LT, Hankenson FC,. 2018. Agricultural animals. In: Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing. 2^nd Edition. Eds: Weichbrod RH, Thompson GA, Norton JN. CRC Press, New York, NY.

Stratmann A, Guggisberg D, Siegford J, Toscano M. Accepted. Providing ramps during rearing improves bone strength in laying hen pullets. XV European Poultry Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia, September 17-21, 2018. (talk)

Ali ABA, Toscano MJ, Siegford JM. 2018. Enriching floor pens mitigates the effects of extended pullet housing on subsequent resource use and activity of individual laying hens in an aviary system. Proceedings of the 52^nd Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology. 52:172. (talk)

MacLachlan SS, Ali AB, Toscano MJ, Siegford JM. 2018. Enriching floor pens mitigates effects of extended pullet housing on subsequent distribution of laying hens in an aviary. Proceedings of the 52^nd Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology. 52:171. (talk)

Ali AB, Campbell DLM, Karcher DM, Siegford JM. 2018. Health, production, and resource use by laying hens in an aviary: A risk assessment. Poultry Science 97(E-Supplement 1):74. (talk)

MacLachlan SS, Ali ABA, Stratmann A, Toscano MJ, Siegford JM. 2018. Prevalence of keel bone damage in laying hens can be influenced by using ramps in pullet rearing and laying hen aviaries. Poultry Science 97(E-Supplement 1):45. (talk)

MN

Divek V. T. Nair, Jijo Vazhakkattu Thomas, Sally Noll, Robert Porter Jr., Anup. Kollanoor Johny. 2018. Effect of various inoculum levels of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (2011 ground turkey outbreak isolate) on cecal colonization, dissemination to internal organs, and deposition in skeletal muscles in commercial turkeys after experimental oral challenge. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 2680.

Divek V. T. Nair and Anup Kollanoor Johny. 2018. Dairy-originated Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii reduces multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in turkey poults. Frontiers in Microbiology 9: 1475.

Divek V. T. Nair, and Anup Kollanoor Johny. 2017. Food Grade Pimenta Leaf Essential Oil reduces Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (2011 Ground Turkey Outbreak Isolate) Attachment on to Turkey Skin. Frontiers in Microbiology 28: 2328 IF 4.076 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02328

MS

Hirai, L. Mejia, C. Coto, J. Caldas, C. D. McDaniel, and K.G.S. Wamsley. Evaluating the response of Cobb MV × Cobb 500 broilers to varying amino acid density regimens for a small bird program. J. Appl. Poult. Res. Submitted.

Lemons, C. McDaniel, J.S. Moritz, and K.G.S. Wamsley. Effects of Crumble Particle Size on D0-14 Starter Growth Phase Performance. J. Appl. Poult. Res. In Revisions.

Lemons, C. McDaniel, J.S. Moritz, and K.G.S. Wamsley. Influence of feed form (FF) and diet phase effects on 0-46d broiler performance. J. Appl. Poult. Res. Submitted.

M.E. Lemons and K.G.S. Wamsley. 2018. Determining Optimal Broiler Starter Particle Size.  Proceedings of Advancing Poultry Production Massey Technical Update Conference, Monogastric Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Vol 20. p 88-101.

R.A. Hirai, L. Mejia, C. Coto, J. Caldas, C.D. McDaniel, and K.G.S. Wamsley. The impact of varying starter digestible lysine and energy levels on male Cobb 500 × MV broilers 0-42 d growth performance and 42 d processing. 2018. Poult. Sci. (E-Suppl. 1): Accepted.

E. Lemons, C. D. McDaniel, J. S. Moritz, and K .G. S. Wamsley. Determining the effects of feeding two broiler strains varied crumble size and intact pellets (d 0-18) on starter and overall (d 0-62) performance. 2018. Poult. Sci. (E-Suppl. 1): Accepted. quality of presentation at the Annual Poultry Science Association Meeting in San Antonio, TX.

E. Lemons, C. D. McDaniel, J. S. Moritz, and K .G. S. Wamsley. Determining the effects of feeding two broiler strains varied crumble size and intact pellet (d 0-18) on d 63 processing characteristics. 2018. Poult. Sci. (E-Suppl. 1): Accepted.

Ashley Ruzicka, Mark E. Lemons, Courtney E. Ennis, Christopher D. McDaniel, Joseph Moritz, and Kelley G.S. Wamsley. Determining the effects of feeding two broiler strains varied crumble size and intact pellets (d 0-18) on gastrointestinal measurements. 2018. Poult. Sci. (E-Suppl. 1): Accepted.

Brown, M. E. Lemons, K. Perryman^, A. Kiess, and K. G. S. Wamsley. Interactive effects of probiotics and copper inclusion on 42 d male broiler performance. 2018. Poult. Sci. (E-Suppl. 1): Accepted.

Andrew Brown, Omar Gutierrez, Mark Lemons, Staci Loop, and Kelley Wamsley.  Effects of nutrient density and enzyme inclusion strategy on 0-60d Ross x Ross 708 broiler performance, foot pad dermatitis, woody breast severity, and breast yield. 2018. Poult. Sci. (E-Suppl. 1): Accepted.

Rosana Hirai, Leonel Mejia, Ceasar Coto, Justina Caldas, Christopher McDaniel, and Kelley Wamsley. The impact of feeding varying starter digestible lysine levels to Cobb MV x Cobb 500 male broilers on growth performance and processing yields.  2018. Poult. Sci. (E-Suppl. 1): Accepted.

Rosana Hirai, Leonel Mejia, Ceasar Coto, Justina Caldas, Christopher McDaniel, and Kelley Wamsley. Determining the digestible lysine requirement of Cobb MV x Cobb 500 male broilers during the first fourteen days of age.  2018. Poult. Sci. (E-Suppl. 1): Accepted.

Courtney Ennis and Kelley Wamsley. Growth performance and amino acid digestibility coefficients of broilers fed vegetarian versus conventional diets reared in a commercial setting during a 62 day grow-out. 2018. Poult. Sci. (E-Suppl. 1): Accepted.

Mark Lemons, Christopher McDaniel, Joseph Moritz, and Kelley Wamsley. Effects of crumble particle size on d 0-14 Ross × Ross 708 male broiler performance. 2017. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Suppl. 1): 2

NC

Krista N Eberle-Krish, Michael P Martin, Ramon D Malheiros, Sanjay B Shah, Kimberly A Livingston, Kenneth E Anderson. 2018. Evaluation of Ventilation Shutdown in a Multi-level Caged System.  J Applied Poult. Res. 27: , pfy036, https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy036

Novoa-Rama, E., Bailey, M., Jones, D. R., Gast, R. K., Anderson, K., Jagpinder, B., Taylor, R., Oliver, H. F., and Singh, M. Prevalence, persistence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. from eggs and laying hens housed in five commercial housing systems. Foodborne Path. Dis. Accepted 03/23/2018.

Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki, Bakhshalinejad, Anderson, K.E. and Golian A. 2018. Effect of High and Low Stocking Density on Age of Maturity, Egg Production, Egg Size Distribution in White and Brown Layer Hens; A Meta-analysis. Poultry Sci. J 2018, 6(1): 71-87. DOI: 10.22069/psj.2018.14112.1292

Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki, Z. Mousavi & K. E. Anderson. 2018. An appraisal of moulting on post-moult egg production and egg weight distribution in white layer hens; meta-analysis, British Poultry Science 59 (3):278-285, DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1432032

Heflina, L. E., K. E. Anderson, L. K. Johnson, and S. K. Raatz. 2018. Mineral content of eggs differs with hen strain, age and rearing environment.  Poultry Science 96: 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey025

Eberle, K. N., M. P. Martin, S. Shah, R. D. Malheiros, K. A. Livingston, and K. E. Anderson. 2018. A novel non-invasive method for evaluating electroencephalograms on laying hens. Poultry Science 96:1–5 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex391

Braxton Whitaker, Lynn Worley-Davis, Sara Brierton, Jason Osborne, Kenneth Anderson, Kimberly Livingston. 2017. Evaluating the Poultry Science Summer Institute (PSSI) as a Recruitment Tool for High School Students from North Carolina Counties to Enter the Prestage Department of Poultry Science. NACTA Journal 61: (4) 279-283.

PA

Barkley, A. M. and P. H. Patterson, Vegetative Buffers for Biomass. 2017. Penn State Extension, University Park, PA.

Barkley, A. M. and P. H. Patterson, Alternative Broiler Bedding Materials Fact Sheet. 2017. Sustainable Agriculture Research Education (SARE).

Patterson P.H. and L.D. Kitto. 2018. Corn Milling And The Impact Of Corn Particle Size On Pullet Growth And Hen Performance. 6/26 /2108 FeedInfo News Service: https://www.feedinfo.com/pages/Corn_Milling_And_The_Impact_Of_Corn_Particle_Size_On_Pullet_Growth_And_Hen_Performance/5957964.

Ouyang, B., A. Demirci, and P. H. Patterson. 2018. Pulsed UV light inactivation of E. coli in liquid egg white. NABEC 2018, Northeast Agricultural Biological Engineering Conference, Morgantown, WV, USA. July 15- 18, 2018. An ASABE Meeting Presentation, Paper Number: 18-034. A poster presentation and 10 pp proceedings paper.

Fabian-Wheeler, E., L. Chen, D. Hofstetter, P. Patterson, and J. Cimbala. 2018. Modeling Hen House Ventilation Options for Cage-free Environment: Two-Dimensional Case. An ASABE Meeting Presentation DOI: https://doi.org/10.13031/iles. ILES18-145 Paper Number: ILES18-145. 10^th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES X), Sponsored by ASABE, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. September 25-27, 2018.

Gall, H.E., D. Schultz, T.L. Veith, S.C. Goslee, A. Mejia, C.J. Harman, C. Raj, and P.H. Patterson. 2018. The effects of disproportional load contributions on quantifying vegetated filter strip sediment trapping efficiencies. Stoch. Environ. Res. and Risk Assess. DOI 10.1007/s00477-017-1505-x.

Kitto, L.D., G. Roth, R.M. Hulet and P.H. Patterson, 2018. Corn particle size separation and hammer mill performance.  International Poultry Sci. Forum, Atlanta, GA.

Miller, K., L. Kitto, A. Barkley, D. Greenawalt and P.H. Patterson   2018.  Dietary prebiotics and probiotics to decrease manure moisture and ammonia emissions from broilers. International Poultry Sci. Forum, Atlanta, GA.

Ferguson, A.D., L.D. Kitto, E.M. Rogers, S. Bieber, H. Sciubba, C. Ruffin and P. H. Patterson  2018. Production of heirloom turkeys with native, natural feedstuffs.   International Poultry Sci. Forum, Atlanta, GA.

VA

Foltz, K., K. Karges, M. Hashim, and M. Persia. 2018. Effects of all-vegetable and animal protein supplements for Hy-Line W-36 pullet development and layer performance.  Presented July 22-26, 2018 at Poultry Science Association summer meeting, San Antonio, TX, USA.

Barrett, N., N. Lee, and M. Persia.  2018. Effects of various concentrations of phytase on the performance and bone ash, of 14-day old broilers. Presented July 22-26, 2018 at Poultry Science Association summer meeting, San Antonio, TX, USA.