Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Day-1: 2^nd December 2017

Meeting called to order by Dr.  Lin (Chair, NC1202) at 8:15 am

• Lin welcomed all NC1202 participants.
  • Welcomed new participants and introduced new NC1202 members.
  • Budget update. Approx. $1,400 in balance from 2016 and more funds will be added in 2017 mainly from the registration fees. Enough funds for poster and oral presentation awards.
  • Requested nomination for the new secretary (nomination/interest). Explained duties of the secretary (primarily to compile annual reports for the 2018 and 2019). The secretory will be the chair of the NC1202 by default.
  • The format of annual report is work in progress. The idea is to make progress report format more user friendly and easier for the secretary to compile report in most efficient way. Comments to improve the report format are welcome. Generally, the new format was well received by NC1202 participants.
• Frank Blecha provided information on feedback from USDA on the submission of NC1202 renewal. Generally, the project was well received and positively reviewed.
• Margaret Holland provided updates from NIFA.
  • AFRI foundational RFA release expected in Feb, may be in March-2018.
  • There may be only one AFRI challenge (Feb-March-2018) Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CAPs)-2 million/year x 5 years = 10 million
  • There will be AFRI RFA for post-docs/graduate student recruitment.
  • Encouraged participants to carefully review the upcoming Animal Health RFA
  • Invited NC1202 participants to provide stakeholder input (deadline is Dec. 1^st 2017). Link to questions: http://www.surveymonkey.com/r/Q6HDGC3
  • for which input is needed: what’s your top priority in food and agricultural research, extension and education and what are the most promising science opportunities for advancement of food and agricultural sciences.
  • Outcomes for 2016 cycle: There were changes in priority areas. Success rate for immune reagents category was 50%. Every category was awarded. However, if there are immune reagents that still needs attention, please let USDA-AFRI know. For 2016: Approx. 26 standard research grants, 3 conference grants and 6 seed grants were awarded.
  • Titles of projects are listed on CREES system (diarrhea in pigs to gut injuries etc. majority of the commodity groups were awarded). The CREES system has all of the updates on prior funding (by topic area, not by year)
  • For 2017-AFRI animal health well-being program is undergoing review. No one has been notified, if you submitted and do not hear either by phone or email by January 30^th, email Peter and Margo.
  • US-Ireland research and development program (tripartite) will continue and had 3 awards for 2017.
  • Critical Agricultural Research and Extension (CARE) program is a good opportunity for those engaged in translational research (max of $300,000) for 1 to 3 years. Goal is to develop an implement immediate solution for producers.
  • AFRI foundational (exploratory) grant program will continue. Max $100,000 (1 to 2 year) for proof of concept type of research. Application of new knowledge, new approaches for unsolved problems, paradigm shift, high risk idea etc.
  • Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases. NIFA increased contribution to $ 5 million/year through 2020.
  • Dual Purpose with Dual benefit research ($5 million). NIFA awards 1 to 2 million. Restriction-similarity of problems between animal health and human health. Have to use agricultural animals as a model. Justification in both animal and human health is required. The program will be closing at 5 years (deadline Sept 27, 2018). NC1202 members shared concerns regarding ending of such a unique program that allows overlap between NIH, NIFA and NSF.
  • SBIR (small business innovation research) supports Animal production and Protection area. Phase-1 (100k/8 months), phase-II ($650k/2years). Eligibility limited to businesses with 500/less employees.

Discussion:

Meeting called to order at 4:03 pm

1. New proposal (NC1202) has been approved until 2022.
2. Currently there are members from 17 institutions. This year, two additional institutions (Oklahoma State and Tennessee State) joined NC1202.
3. The new multistate group on AMR is in works. Need to find more information about overlap between AMR group and NC1202.
4. Called for election of new chair. Dr. Isaacson called for motion to elect Dr. Shah as new chair of NC1202, Dr. Rajashekara seconded the motion. Motion was carried unanimously by NC1202 members to elect Dr. Shah as new chair for the next two-year term (2018-19).
5. Secretary: Does secretory need to be a station representative? Someone mid-career? Dr. Lin proposed Dr. Qiuhong Wang (Ohio State University) as secretory. Dr. Mansfield called for motion, Dr. Linda Saif seconded the motion. Dr. Wang was elected unanimously as new secretary of NC1202 for the two-year term (2018-19).
6. Topic for next symposium: Gut microbiome. Dr. Saif proposed gut microbiome as a next topic and in general there was strong support by NC1202 members. Need to decide on venue, details of topics etc. The organizing committee was created (Dr. Isaacson as chair of the committee and Drs. Scaria, Saif, and Shahas members of the committee) Following questions were raised as points for further discussion by the committee members.
   1. Do we target people who generally come to CRWAD?
   2. Do we organize with CRWAD as we did for antimicrobial resistance symposium in 2016?
   3. Timing?
   4. Need to communicate with Dr. Banfield (CRWAD) if Sunday for next year has been committed?
   5. Funding? Need to talk with Peter Johnson about funding for meeting not as NC group but as a separate group. What funding opportunities are out there? Conference grant?
   6. Need to also contact industry for sponsorship?
   7. Timeline: The committee needs to decide details of topics, speakers, financial support etc and send out email to our group by early March-2018.

1. Committee will discuss the overall plan and decide on mini-symposium or stand-alone etc.

7. Oral and poster presentations:
   1. In 2017, there are total of 24 abstracts, 4 posters and 7 oral presentations. Judges for oral: Dr. Shah, Rajashekara and Scaria. Judges for poster: Dr. Zhang, Wang and Isaccson.
   2. Awards: Oral (two awards- $250-1^st and $150-2^nd) and poster (one award-$200). We have $1100 registration fees for 2017 and $1400 from the balance.
   3. Should we have new names for the award. The group unanimously agreed to maintain award names.

Collaboration: Dr. Linda Siaf - we should be prepared to respond to USDA call for collaborative proposal. What if USDA requires matching funds? Dr. Isaccson-USDA may be investing in microbiome research as a topic as there has been some lobbying. We need to wait for the RFA to come out. Dr. Mo Saif- FFAR Foundation for agricultural research may support funding for meetings and can dedicate money to support gap areas. Need to talk to the foundation managers to find out more about how it can support.

Nine (9) Progress Reports were presented from 10:00 am to 5:30 pm on Dec 2, 2017.

Meeting adjourned at 5:30 pm

Day-2: 3^rd December 2017

Meeting called to an order at 8:00 am by Dr. Jun Lin, Chair of NC1202.  NC1202 members discussed following issues:

• Six (6) Progress Reports were presented from 8:00 am to 10:30 am on Dec 3, 2017.

11.00 am discussion:

• Lin shared information from CRWAD council regarding new programing and meeting management, particularly forming a new Program Committee. Dr. Lin encouraged NC1202 members to join the new CRWAD Program Committee.

Objective 1. Focus on emerging diseases: We will identify, characterize and develop improved detection and prevention methods related to newly recognized, novel or emerging causes of zoonotic enteric disease and enteric pathogens of food animals.

Salmonella

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

• Kansas

We fractionated ETEC supernatants using FPLC and determined that ETEC flagellin protects IB from degradation in response to TNF stimulation.

We found that EHEC NleB1 glycosylates two GAPDH arginine residues, and that these two residues are essential for GAPDH-mediated activation of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 ubiquitination.

2. Nebraska

A study comparing enriched culture, NeoSEEK^TM STEC Detection and Identification test (NS), and multiplex quantitative PCR on cattle fecal and hide samples indicated no gold-standard method for the detection of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) exists.

A study testing a repository of STEC strains (n = 70) for resistance to potassium tellurite in broth cultures found the geometric mean MIC for serogroups (n = 10 per serogroup) from highest to lowest to be O111 > O26 > O145 > O157 > O103 > O121 = O45. The MICs for serogroups O45 and O121 were significantly lower than that of O26, O111, and O145, which may explain the relatively low prevalence of these serogroups in studies involving culture-dependent methods.

3. Washington

We completed characterization of KsgA (dimethyladenosine trasferase) mutant of Salmonella Enteritidis. We found that KsgA contributes to the cell-envelope integrity of the Salmonella and could be an important target for the development of new antimicrobials and/or immunoprophylactics.

Campylobacter jejuni

1. Michigan:

We show that a number of C. jejuni isolates from human enteritis patients colonize and induce colitis in the C57BL/6 IL-10-/- mouse model whereas isolates from human GBS patients colonize with little or no colitis. We have identified the C. jejuni strain dependent immunological mechanisms behind induction of colitis by a gastroenteritis patient derived strain versus induction of an asymptomatic colonization by the GBS patient derived strains. We show that infection of mice with C. jejuni strains from GBS patients, but not from colitis patients, elicits autoantibody production that react against several nerve gangliosides consistent with those seen in human GBS cases.

Brachyspira hampsonii and Lawsonii intracellularis

1. Minnesota

RNAseq was used to determine genes expressed in the ilea of pigs challenged with L. intracellularis. Genes associated with cell proliferation and inflammation were the most commonly detected genes with altered expression profiles.

Coronavirus

1. Illinios:

We have developed a cell model for PEDV infection and replication. The cells retain the genotypes and characteristics of swine intestinal epithelial cells and support PEDV infection. These cells will be useful to isolate PEDV from clinical specimens including stools and intestinal tissues and also for isolation of other swine enteric viruses such as swine delta-coronavirus for which no suitable cell lines exist.

2. North Dakota:

A colorimetric method for the quantification of PEDV virus and neutralizing antibodies against PEDV was developed to facilitate high throughput testing in diagnostic laboratories.

3. Ohio

We evaluated the Fecal shedding of the virus (porcine, PDCoV), seroconversion, and histopathology in 3-7-old gnotobiotic calves orally inoculated with PDCoV or PEDV. In PDCoV-inoculated calves, acute but persisting fecal viral RNA shedding and PDCoV-specific serum IgG antibody responses were observed, but with a lack of lesions and clinical disease. However, no fecal shedding, seroconversion, histological lesions, and clinical disease were detected in PEDV-inoculated calves.

We investigated the prevalence of DCoVs in different populations of wild waterfowl in Ohio, Mississippi, Indiana and Arizona (Mississippi flyway). Five thousand avian cloacal swabs were collected during 2015-2016 to survey for avian influenza virus. To date 500 avian cloacal swab RNA samples were tested for DCoV. Seven of 500 avian samples were positive for DCoVs, Our studies show that DCoVs circulate in wild birds in the US, demonstrating the importance of waterfowl as a reservoir of avian DCoVs.

Partial N gene sequence analysis revealed that the newly identified AvDCoVs are most closely related to common-moorhen coronavirus HKU21 (strain HKU21-8295) identified in Hong Kong, China in 2012. This finding suggests that AvDCoVs could have been introduced into the US from China as also suggested for PEDV and PDCoV strains.

We have detected the S1 NTD-del type of PEDV for the first time from US swine, indicating that PEDV continues to evolve in pigs and this may be responsible for disease pattern changes.

Calicivirus

1. Ohio

We found that human norovirus (HuNoVs) utilizes the same capsid sites to bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) in humans and HBGA-like carbohydrates in lettuce. HuNoVs can be internalized and distributed to edible leaves of lettuce and spinach via contaminated irrigation water from roots.

Rotavirus

Cryptosporidium

1. Illinios:

We mined the C. parvum genome and identified genes that encode for rhoptry neck proteins which are known to play a key role in invasion and host-pathogen interactions in other related parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

1. Kansas

We employed WGS to detect AMR genes present among Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from swine and cattle probiotics.

We identified probiotic products, frequently used in the swine industry, that carry or do not carry AMR.

Most E. coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated from fecal samples of piglets fed diets with probiotics alone or in combination with chlortetracycline were multidrug resistant.

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) were covalently conjugated to gentamicin and used to target infected cells to kill multiple intracellular Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, including E.coli K1, S. Typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri.

The critical surface characteristics conducive to reducing E. coli adherence to polymeric surfaces were determined.

2. Michigan

Infection with antibiotic resistant C. jejuni strains from GBS patients produced both severe Type 1/17 colitis responses when C57BL/6 IL-10^-/- mice were treated with a broad spectrum antibiotic that decreased complexity and abundance of the gut microbiota. Antibiotic depletion of microbiota was the main factor in inducing enhanced enteric disease and GBS associated phenotypes although the degree of severity was also dependent on the C. jejuni strain. Antibiotic treated infected mice had high numbers of C. jejuni in the apical, basolateral and paracellular junctions of gut epithelium and within cells of the lamina propria, submucosa and lymph nodes indicating increased invasion and translocation from the gut. These results indicate that antibiotic depletion of gut microbiota alters immune responses to C. jejuni in a manner that exacerbates colitis with C. jejuni strains previously shown to promote predominantly Type 2 responses.

3. South Dakota

We sequenced the whole genomes of 103 isolates sampled between 1988 and 2003 from wildlife and exotic pets in the United States. 50.48% isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance against the aminoglycoside streptomycin was most common.

We performed metagenome sequencing of microbiome of antibiotic treated and untreated beef cattle. We found that in the treated animals, the abundance of Ruminococcus, Erysipelotrichaceae and Lachnospiraceae which provides colonization resistance to enteric pathogens was reduced.

4. Tennessee

We observed that C. jejuni LT inhibitor bulgecin A inhibited the activity of the C. jejuni LT and significantly potentiated β-lactam antibiotic against resistant C. jejuni.   The complex structure of the C. jejuni LT with bulgecin A was also obtained, which will facilitate us to identify new lead compounds inhibiting LT using computational docking.

5. Wyoming

We conducted surveillance study of E. coli among 1477 European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) from concentrated animal feeding operations in Colorado (4 farms), Iowa (1 farm), Kansas (6 farms), Missouri (2 farms), and Texas (5 farms). The resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials was common among both MAC-CTX or MAC-CIP isolates tested (as high as 78% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin), we screened for genetic determinants of β-lactam resistance, focusing on predominant class A ß-lactamase genes bla_CTX-M, bla_SHV, bla_TEM and CIT-type AmpCs. CIT-type AmpCs mediated resistance to all β-lactams tested except imipenem (penicillins, β-lactam/β-lactam inhibitors, monobactams, cephalosporins), while bla_CTX-M and bla_TEM were also identified in multiple isolates, primarily mediating resistance to third generation cephalosporins and penicillins, respectively.

6. Washington

We have completed a study on surveillance of ESBL producing Gram negative bacteria in backyard poultry in WA State. Our results show that MDR Gram negative bacteria are common in backyard poultry flock environment even in the absence of prior use of antibiotics.

We have tested 265 isolates of antibiotic susceptible and resistant Salmonella strains belonging to twelve most-prevalent poultry associated serotypes for inter- and intra-serotype diversity in biofilm formation using 4 different biofilm testing methods. MPPSTs show inter- and intra-serotype differences in the type and amount of biofilm production. Combination of colorimetric microtiter plate assay and congo-red tests significantly improves the detection sensitivity of biofilm in field isolates of MPPSTs. The information will be useful in assessing the role of biofilms in antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella.

We have completed an epidemiological investigation on prevalence of invasive and non-invasive Salmonella Typhimurium in Brazil. Our study shows that genotypically distinct lineages of Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 and ST19 are circulating in Brazil. This study should serve as a baseline in studying genetic evolution of S. Typhimurium ST19 in Brazil as well as globally.

Objective 2. Focus on preventions and interventions: We will develop and improve preventative measures and interventions to reduce the incidence and prevalence of infections of food animals with enteric and foodborne and waterborne pathogens.

Salmonella

1. Minnesota

We confirmed that vaccination of pigs against L. intracellularis reduced shedding of Salmonella enterica in pigs. Further there were associated modification in the composition of the fecal microbiome of these pigs.

2. Ohio

We identified four novel small molecule inhibitors of Salmonella serotypes and with restricted effects on other prokaryotes. The antimicrobial efficacy of these compounds was not altered in biofilm-protected Salmonella and the compounds enhanced the in vitro efficacy of existing antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, meromycin, and cefeprim) used to treat Salmonella in poultry and humans. The compounds also reduced Salmonella burden in broiler chicken’s ceca when treated for 5 days. Two compounds that reduced Salmonella load in chickens also had minimal impact on the cecal microbiota.  

We compared the genomic composition of S. Heidelberg isolated from environmental samples of different breeder farms in the Midwest, US. Whole genome data showed differences in specific metabolic pathways between poultry production system related to horizontal gene transfer (type IV secretion system, conjugative transfer, and phage proteins).

3. South Dakota

We developed a gut microbiota culture library from Salmonella free chicken and identified 27 species that inhibit Salmonella. A multi-strain blend from these species were able suppress Salmonella colonization when tested in a germfree chicken model.

4. Washington

We have identified new CpG oligodeoxytnucleotide motifs that induce protective innate immune response in day-old chickens against multiple Salmonella serotypes.  

We completed testing of antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine against twelve most-prevalent poultry associated Salmonella serotypes. We found that different serovars may vary in their susceptibility to chlorine.

STEC and ETEC

1. Minnesota

We collaborated with KSU on studies to show that multiepitope vaccines protected pigs against disease after challenge with ETEC and that there were coordinate changes in the ileal microbiome composition in challenged and vaccinated pigs.

2. Nebraska

Serogroup O26, O101, O103, O109, O121, O145, O157, and O177 EHEC organisms were detected in recto-anal mucosal swab samples from feedlot steers with all except O121 quantifiable. High concentrations of EHEC were detected in eleven (5.5%) of the steers at least once. These results indicate that in addition to O157, non-O157 EHEC are transiently present in high concentrations in the rectoanal mucosal region of cattle.

Hides (n = 800) of market beef cows from two geographically distinct beef packing plants, representing northern or southern regions, were tested for EHEC using the NeoSEEK^TM STEC Detection and Identification test during four seasons of 2015. Detection of EHEC O26 and EHEC O121 was associated with season. Season and region were associated with detecting EHEC O45 and EHEC O157. Season-by-region interactions were associated with the outcome of detecting EHEC O103, EHEC O111, and EHEC O145. Season, region of origin, and the interaction of these factors affect hide contamination of market beef cattle at slaughter by EHEC, and each serogroup responds to these factors uniquely.

3. Ohio

We have identified 11 novel bactericidal compounds against APEC. These compounds were effective against biofilm protected APEC and also on multi-antibiotic resistant APEC strains. The compounds had synergetic effect with antibiotic such as colistin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin for APEC. They displayed restricted toxicity on other prokaryotes and to eukaryotic cells. The compounds reduced APEC O78 burden in Caco-2, HD11, human macrophage (THP-1) and Galleria wax moth larvae.

We identified 10 compounds that inhibited quorum sensing AI-2 activity of APEC O78 and other APEC serotypes. The compounds showed minimal toxicity and hemolytic activity to chickens red blood cells (RBCs), and significantly affected the survival of APEC O78, O1 and O2 strains in HD-11/ THP-1 macrophages and Caco-2 cells. Most of the compounds significantly reduced biofilm formation and motility of APEC O78. The expression of several QS-regulated, and virulence associated genes of APEC O78 was also differentially affected by these compounds. The compounds also demonstrated good efficacy against APEC infections in vivo in wax moth larvae.

4. Wyoming

We have developed transparency-based electrochemical and paper-based colorimetric analytic detection platforms for food and waterborne bacteria detection from a single assay. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., both indicators of fecal contamination, were detected using substrates specific to enzymes produced by each species. Electrochemical detection using stencil-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) was found to provide optimal performance on inexpensive and disposable transparency film platforms. Using SPCEs, detection limits for electrochemically active substrates, PNP, ONP, and PAP were determined to be 1.1, 2.8, and 0.5 μM, respectively. Low concentrations (10¹ CFU/mL) of pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. coli isolates and (10⁰ CFU/mL) E. faecalis and E. faecium strains were detected within 4 and 8 h of pre-enrichment.

Campylobacter jejuni

1. Iowa

We have completed a longitudinal study on 15 commercial broiler farms (as part of the same integrated production system) including 461 flocks reared in 53 houses for up to 10 consecutive production cycles for Campylobacter presence. The Campylobacter prevalence varied remarkably among farms, houses and flocks examined, with some houses/farms testing consistently negative while others being always positive over the entire sampling period. A risk factor analysis found that Campylobacter positivity/high prevalence was associated with increased feed conversion, increased adjusted prime cost, and decreased paw quality/increased percent hock burnt. Conversely, the variables of increasing average weight, increasing average daily gain, increasing feed conversion adjustment factor values, practice of litter treatment with different chemicals, increasing house temperature, increasing air litter temperature, the condition of air ammonia level (being less than 25 ppm) and litter amendment being used at proper rate were all associated with Campylobacter negativity/low prevalence.

We investigated whether the intestinal microbiota composition correlated with the observed Campylobacter colonization status between the aforementioned broiler farms using a fecal transplantation-in vivo challenge study and 16S rRNA gene-based microbiota analysis. Analysis of Campylobacter-positive (n= 90) vs. –negative (n= 90) intestinal contents revealed differences in the microbiome compositions.

2. Michigan

BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice given C. jejuni displayed evidence of GBS autoimmunity, with varied immune responses and disease outcomes BALB/c IL-10^-/- mice infected with C. jejuni 11168 exhibited the lowest survivorship, the most severe gross pathology at necropsy and highest grade histopathologic lesions in the ileocecocolic junction, and the highest mean plasma concentrations of anti-C. jejuni IgG1, IgG3, IgG2b, and IgG2a/c antibodies. Significant increases in GM1 and GD1a anti-ganglioside antibody isotypes varied between treatment groups, although no significant differences in macrophage infiltration into lumbar dorsal root ganglia were seen. Immunohistochemical assessment of C. jejuni abundance and localization in the ileocecocolic junction and evaluation of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 cytokine production in colon tissue reflecting the local adaptive immune response are underway. These findings provide a new murine model of GBS following C. jejuni infection designed to examine differences in pathogenesis based on host genotype and infecting C. jejuni strain.

3. Ohio

We found that pre-treatment of HT-29 human colonic cells with the probiotic EcN significantly affect C. jejuni invasion (~ 2.5 log reduction) and no intracellular C. jejuni were recovered. EcN positively affected the expression of genes that are involved in enhanced intestinal barrier function, decreased cell permeability, and increased tight junction integrity, cell proliferation and cellular immunity.

We showed that C. jejuni exhibited enhanced chemoattraction to and respiration of formate in comparison to other organic acids. Formate also significantly increased C. jejuni’s growth, motility, and biofilm formation under microaerobic (5% O2) conditions. However, formate reduced oxidase stress under microaerobic conditions as well as aerotolerance and biofilm formation under ambient oxygen conditions. The expression of genes encoding the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) and proteins that facilitate the use of alternative electron acceptors were increased in the presence of formate.

4. Tennessee

We continued to develop and assess enterobactin (Ent) antibody-based immune intervention strategies. The Ent conjugate vaccine was used to immunize rabbits, successfully generating Ent specific antibodies.  We also immunized layers with the Ent conjugate vaccine, which triggered strong immune response and led to the production of hyperimmunized egg yolk powder. 

Brachyspira hampsonii and Lawsonii intracellularis

Coronavirus

1. Illinios:

For enteric viruses, type III interferons seem to play a major role to protect from infection in the early stage of infection. We have developed an assay system to monitor the production of type III interferon by PEDV in cells.

We have discovered het PEDV has the ability to counteract the host innate immune response by suppressing type III production such that PEDV is not readily eliminated and instead survive for an extended duration of infection. We have also identified viral protein responsible for this interferon antagonism.

2. North Dakota

A proprietary process for the development of safe and efficacious rapid-response vaccines against RNA viruses, such as PEDV, was developed and tested. The process is intended to be a hybrid between inactivated and attenuated vaccines, such that the safety and efficacy advantages are combined. Testing of the vaccine candidate in 3-4 week-old pigs showed that strong anti-spike protein specific antibodies were elicited by vaccination. Vaccinated pigs were completely protected against virulent challenge, while all unvaccinated controls showed signs of the disease. Hence, the developed method showed significant promise for rapid-response vaccine development and for improving the safety of current autogenous vaccines

3. Ohio

We tested the effects of VitA supplementation in gilts on mucosal immune responses and the gut-mammary-sIgA axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against PEDV challenge. The mortality rate of PEDV-challenged piglets of PEDV+VitA gilts was 6.25% compared with 33.3% and 94.3% for PEDV and Mock litters, respectively. Piglets born to PEDV+VitA gilts had lower diarrhea scores at multiple post-challenge days (PCD). PEDV-specific IgA ASC appeared earlier in peripheral blood [post-inoculation day (PID) 6-8] of PEDV+VitA gilts compared with PEDV gilts (PID 12-17) and PEDV+VitA gilts had higher frequencies of IgA⁺ and IgA⁺β7⁺ mononuclear cells in blood at PID 6-8. In colostrum, milk and serum, PEDV+VitA gilts had higher mean PEDV neutralizing antibody titers and milk PEDV-specific IgA ASC compared with PEDV gilts at various piglet PCDs.

We are identifying viral genes related to PEDV virulence in pigs and designing efficacious live attenuated PEDV vaccine candidates using Vero cell-adaptation method and reverse genetics technology.

Calicivirus

1. Kansas

We reported the structure-based design of dipeptidyl compounds against norovirus 3C-like proteases and demonstrated they are highly effective in vitro and in vivo.

Rotavirus

1. Ohio

We evaluated the effect of ciprofloxacin [alone or co-administered with the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN)] on intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) numbers and human rotavirus (HRV) infection in a germ-free (GF) or defined commensal microbiota (DM)-associated neonatal pig model. Irrespective of the microbiota status, the ciprofloxacin-treated, HRV infected group had more severe diarrhea, which unexpectedly, coincided with decreased HRV shedding. Interestingly, ciprofloxacin treatment significantly reduced numbers of SOX9+ on intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESC) and goblet cells in the ileum of DM-colonized or GF piglets on day 21 following treatment. In contrast, EcN treatment decreased HRV diarrhea and shedding which coincided with increased numbers of SOX9+ IESCs and goblet cells in piglets with or without ciprofloxacin treatment.

Using commensal microbiota (DM)-associated neonatal pig model, after six days of CIP treatment (DMF+CIP), significantly decreased aerobic and anaerobic bacteria counts especially in jejunum (P<0.001).  EcN treatment enhanced the bacterial diversity of DMF species and increased the proportion of B. longum especially in jejunum and mitigated adverse impacts of antibiotic use during acute-infectious diarrhea.

We evaluated the effects of childhood protein malnutrition on adaptive immunity and tryptophan metabolism. After HRV infection, protein-deficient pigs had decreased HRV antibody titers and total IgA concentrations, systemic T helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies, and serum tryptophan and angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2. Additionally, deficient-diet pigs had impaired tryptophan catabolism post infection compared with sufficient-diet pigs. Further, tryptophan supplementation increased the frequencies of regulatory T cells in pigs on both the sufficient and the deficient diets.

We have established porcine small intestinal (ileal) enteroids (IE) derived from neonatal piglets, and optimized culture media composition and IE propagation/differentiation regimens. We successfully infected IE cultures with HRV Wa strain resulting in increased infectious titers of at least 1 log.

Norovirus

Cryptosporidium

1. Illinios:

We have identified novel rhoptry neck proteins in Cryptosporidium parvum. We will use CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit the C. parvum genome to generate gene-tagging and gene-knockout transgenic strains. Super-resolution microscopy and functional assays will be performed on these transgenic parasites. Uncovering the function of these proteins will allow us to better understand parasite biology, and ultimately to develop novel therapeutics for disease intervention in agricultural animals.

Microbiome-Host Interactions

1. Kansas

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhanced intestinal IL-17 expression in the context of ETEC infection by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) signaling.

2. Michigan

We inoculated germ free C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice with a mixed human fecal slurry provided a murine model that stably passed its microbiota over > 20 generations. ^Humicrobiota conferred many changes upon the WT model in contrast to previous results, which showed only colonization with no disease after C. jejuni challenge. When compared to ^Convmicrobiota mice for susceptibility to C. jejuni enteric or GBS patient strains, infected ^Humicrobiota mice had 1) 10-100 fold increases in C. jejuni colonization of both strains, 2) pathologic change in draining lymph nodes but not colon or cecal lamina propria, 3) significantly lower Th1/Th17-dependent anti-C. jejuni responses, 4) significantly higher IL-4 responses at 5 but not 7 weeks post infection (PI), 5) significantly higher Th2-dependent anti-C. jejuni responses, and 6) significantly elevated antiganglioside autoantibodies after C. jejuni infection. These responses in ^Humicrobiota mice were correlated with a dominant Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes microbiota. These data demonstrate that microbiota composition is another factor controlling susceptibility to GBS.

3. Tennessee

Intestinal bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) is a promising microbiome target for developing novel alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs).  In the past years, we have identified potent BSH inhibitors with potential to replace AGP as non-antibiotic feed additives. The in vivo efficacy of three BSH inhibitors – caffeic acid phenethylester, riboflavin and carnosic acid - were evaluated using chicken model.  Dietary supplementation of the BSH inhibitors in broilers enhanced body weight gain/feed efficiency, and significantly changed host bile acid and transcriptome profiles at both local and systemic levels, which provided physiological, metabolomics, and molecular evidence demonstrating in vivo efficacy of the tested BSH inhibitors. 

Objective 3. Focus on disseminating knowledge: We will provide training or continuing education to disseminate new information to students, producers, veterinarians, diagnostic labs and others to implement interventions and preventative measures.

1. Oral and poster presentations were given at national scientific meetings.
2. Information shared in presentations to professional veterinary, graduate, and undergraduate students allowed them to gain knowledge important for development in careers pertaining to animal health and food safety.
3. Information shared in presentations to scientists in various disciplines allowed them to gain important knowledge and in some cases, continuing education credit.
4. At Iowa State. a website dedicated to Campylobacter in poultry has been designed and fully active (campypoultry.org). This website disseminates current information to consumers of poultry products, poultry producers, and poultry processors. Google Analytics has been used to track usage of the web site. Peer-reviewed papers published in refereed scientific journals are the source of all abstracts appearing on the Campylobacter website.
5. Iowa State University launched a consumer education program was launched to educate the consumers (parenting adults of children) on the topics of Campylobacter control in consumer kitchens, summer food selection, preparation and storage, and behavioral beliefs and belief evaluations of the parenting target population of this project.
6. Hardwidge from Kansas State served on the organizing committee and as section chair at the 8^th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses, May 7-10, Manhattan, KS.
7. Mansfield gave instructional programs to medical students, veterinary students and practicing veterinarians designed to enhance their knowledge of microbiology and foodborne illness.
8. Mansfield gave instructional programs to veterinary residents or assistant professors designed to improve their ability to conduct scientific research and progress in their careers.
9. Yoo (Illinios) traveled to Korea to give a seminar presentation at the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency on the prevention and control of porcine epidemic diarrhea on August 28, 2017. He also gave a lecture on the control of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus at the 33^rd World Veterinary Congress in Incheon Korea on August 30, 2017. The total number of participants in this Congress reached 5,117 from 79 countries.
10. Scaria, NC1202 PI at the South Dakota State University gave the keynote address for the South Dakota Food safety summit held at Brookings SD on October 12, 2017. The talk entitled “Emerging Pathogens and Antimicrobial Effectiveness for Pathogen Reduction in Beef Slaughter” discussed the use of whole genome sequencing as a means of tracking antimicrobial resistance in beef cattle. Members of the academic community, regulatory agencies and the processing industry were participants.
11. A national symposium on intervention of Campylobacter in poultry was held on Dec 3, 2017 in Chicago, in conjunction with the 98^th annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, which was organized by NC-1202 members (Drs. Qijing Zhang, Orhan Sahin, Iowa State University). We gave a talk focused on “Preharvest control of Campylobacter in poultry”.
12. Shah from Washington State University was invited by AmericanCollege of Poultry Veterinarians (ACPV) workshop held at Sacramento, CA to give a talk on “antimicrobial resistance in poultry-associated Salmonella: perspectives and unanswered questions”.

Objective 4. Group interaction: The group will interact in a variety of ways to facilitate progress including direct collaborations with joint publications, sharing of resources (pathogen strains, gene sequences, statistical analysis, bioinformatics information/expertise), and friendly feedback and facilitation for all research efforts at annual meetings.

1. Two extramural awards to NC-1202 members working together as teams and serving as PDs, Co-PDs, or collaborators on these projects are in progress:
2. Moxley RA, Thippareddi H, Phebus RK, Gallagher DL, Luchansky JB, Renter DG, Kastner CL, Sanderson MW, Thomson DU. Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in the Beef Chain: Assessing and Mitigating the Risk by Translational Science, Education and Outreach.  $24,808,592. USDA-NIFA-AFRI, Food Safety Challenge Area, NIFA Award No. 2012-68003-30155. 1/1/2012-12/31/2018. This USDA Coordinated Agricultural Project involves 52 collaborators (scientists and educators) at 18 institutions.  NC-1202 participants that are collaborators also includes Drs. T.G. Nagaraja and N. Cernicchiaro at Kansas State University.
3. Zhang W, Moxley RA, Cernicchiaro N. A Broadly Protective Vaccine against Post-Weaning Diarrhea (PWD). $460,000. USDA-NIFA-AFRI, Animal Health and Disease, Area A1221. Award No. 2017-67015-26632.  5/15/2017-5/14/2022.  Zhang and Cernicchiaro at Kansas State University and Dr. Moxley at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln are all NC-1202 participants.
4. Mansfield was a delegate to the he North Central Antibiotic ResistanceRoundtable, held at the Ohio Union, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH May 19-20. Discussions centered on discussions of a variety of means to control the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human and animal health.
5. Mansfield was a delegate to the AAVMC/APLU Meeting “Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance (CARB)”, Tuesday September 19, 2017 held at the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC), Washington D.C. Discussions centered on responses to antimicrobial resistance problems in food animals.
6. The University of Minnesota (Isaacson) collaborated with Kansas State University (Zhang) on testing the efficacy of a multi-epitope vaccine to protect against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and to determine whether the challenge of pigs with ETEC and vaccination alters the ileal microbiome. The work has shown both efficacy of the vaccines and alterations associated with challenge with ETEC of the microbiome. This work was presented: Leite, F., Nandre, R.M., Duan, Q., Zhang, W., and Isaacson, R.E. Microbiome changes in the small intestine of newborn piglets related to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge and gilt vaccination. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, 2017.
7. NC1202 group members Dr. Scaria (SDSU) and Dr. Orhan (Iowa state U) collaborated on a project to track antimicrobial resistance in food animals. Total funding $385,000, Agency - FDA, Project duration 10/01/2017 – 09/30/2022
8. We are having active collaboration with Iowa State University (Dr. Qijing Zhang) and Ohio State University (Drs. Rajashekara and Medeiros) for the ongoing NIFA Food Safety Challenge Grant (NIFA 2012-68003-19679. Novel approaches for mitigation of Campylobacter in poultry).

 Refereed Journal Articles

1. Sanjaya A, Elder JR, Shah DH. Identification of new CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs that induce expression of interleukin-1β and nitric oxide in avian macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2017 Oct;192:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.005. PubMed PMID: 29042009.
2. Paul NC, Sullivan TS, Shah DH. Differences in antimicrobial activity of chlorine against twelve most prevalent poultry-associated Salmonella serotypes. Food Microbiol. 2017 Jun;64:202-209. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.01.004. PubMed PMID: 28213027.

3. Shah DH, Paul NC, Sischo WC, Crespo R, Guard J. Population dynamics and antimicrobial resistance of the most prevalent poultry-associated Salmonella serotypes. Poult Sci. 2017 Mar 1;96(3):687-702. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew342. Review. PubMed PMID: 27665007.

4. Villa-Rojas R, Zhu MJ, Paul NC, Gray P, Xu J. Shah DH, Tang J. Biofilm forming Salmonella strains exhibit enhanced thermal resistance in wheat flour. Food Control. 73:689-695
5. Lin J. Antimicrobial resistance: from basic science to translational innovation. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2017. Dec; 18: (In press)
6. Zeng X, Lin J. The factors influencing horizontal gene transfer in the intestine. Animal Health Research Reviews. Dec;18: (In press)
7. Sun J, Zeng X, Li XP, Liao XP, Liu YH, Lin J. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in animals: current status and future directions. Animal Health Research Reviews. Dec; 18: (In press)
8. Langel, S.N., Paim, F.C., Lager, K.M., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J. (2016) Lactogenic immunity and vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): Historical and current concepts. Virus Res. 226:93-107
9. Jung, K., Hu, H., Saif, L.J. (2017). Calves are susceptible to infection with the newly emerged porcine deltacoronavirus, but not with the swine enteric alphacoronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Archives of Virology. 162(8):2357-2362.
10. Fischer, D.D., Kandasamy, S., Paim, F.C., Langel, S.N., Alhamo, M.A., Shao, L., Chepngeno, J., Miyazaki, A., Huang, H.C., Kumar, A., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J., Vlasova, A.N. (2017). Protein malnutrition alters tryptophan and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 homeostasis and adaptive immune responses in human rotavirus infected gnotobiotic pigs transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota. Clin Vaccine Immunol. pii: CVI.00172-17. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00172-17.
11. Annamalai T, Lin CM, Gao X, Liu X, Lu Z, Saif LJ, Wang Q (2017). Cross protective immune responses in nursing piglets infected with a US spike-insertion deletion porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain and challenged with an original US PEDV strain. Vet Res. 6;48(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s13567-017-0469-7. PubMed PMID: 28985754.
12. Hou Y, Lin CM, Yokoyama M, Yount BL, Marthaler D, Douglas AL, Ghimire S, Qin Y, Baric RS, Saif LJ, Wang Q (2017). Deletion of a 197-Amino-Acid Region in the N-Terminal Domain of Spike Protein Attenuates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Piglets. J Virol. 26;91(14). pii: e00227-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00227-17. Print 2017 Jul 15. PubMed PMID: 28490591.
13. Lin CM, Hou Y, Marthaler DG, Gao X, Liu X, Zheng L, Saif LJ, Wang Q (2017). Attenuation of an original US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain PC22A viaserial cell culture passage. Vet Microbiol. 62-71. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.015. PubMed PMID: 28284624.
14. Ohba M, Oka T, Ando T, Arahata S, Ikegaya A, Takagi H, Ogo N, Zhu C, Owada K, Kawamori F, Wang Q, Saif LJ, Asai A (2017). Antiviral effect of theaflavins against caliciviruses. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 70(4):443-447. doi: 10.1038/ja.2016.128. PubMed PMID: 27756911.
15. DeblaisL, LorentzB, ScariaJ, NagarajaKV, NisarM, and RajashekaraG (2017). Comparative genomic study of Salmonella Heidelberg from chicken and turkey poultry production systems (Submitted to Frontiers in Genetics).
16. Helmy YA., Kassem II, Kumar A and Rajashekara G (2017). In vitro evaluation of the impact of the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 on Campylobacter jejuni’s invasion and intracellular survival in human colonic cells. Frontiers in Food Microbiology. org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01588.
17. Issmat I. Kassem, R. Candelero-Rueda, K. Esseili, and G. Rajashekara. (2017). Formate simultaneously reduces oxidase activity and enhances respiration in Campylobacter jejuni. Scientific Reports. 7:40117.
18. Kassem II., Helmy YA., Kathayat D, Candelero-Rueda R, Kumar A, Deblais L, Huang H, Sahin O, Zhang Q, and Rajashekara G (2017). Nonculturability Might Underestimate the Occurrence of Campylobacter in Broiler Litter. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. org/10.1089/fpd.2017.2279
19. Amadi VA, Matthew-Belmar V, Subbarao C, Kashoma I, Rajashekara G, Sharma R, Hariharan H, Stone D (2017). Campylobacter Species Isolated from Pigs in Grenada Exhibited Novel Clones: Genotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Sequence Types. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2017 Jul;14(7):419-425. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2229.
20. Nisar M, Kassem II, Rajashekara G, Goyal SM, Lauer D, Voss S, Nagaraja KV (2017). Genotypic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from chickens and turkeys in the midwestern United States. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2017 May;29(3):370-375. doi: 10.1177/1040638717690784.
21. Stromberg ZR, Lewis GL, Schneider LG, Erickson GE, Patel IR, Smith DR, Moxley RA. Culture-based quantification with molecular characterization of non-O157 and O157 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli isolates from rectoanal mucosal swabs of feedlot cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2017 Oct 12. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2326. PubMed PMID: 29022742.
22. Schneider LG, Klopfenstein TJ, Stromberg ZR, Lewis GL, Erickson GE, Moxley RA, Smith DR. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of dietary fibre from distillers grains on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli detection from the rectoanal mucosa and hides of feedlot steers. Zoonoses Public Health. 2017 Jul 28. doi: 10.1111/zph.12379. PubMed PMID: 28755469.
23. Moxley RA, Francis DH, Tamura M, Marx DB, Santiago-Mateo K, Zhao M. Efficacy of urtoxazumab (TMA-15 humanized monoclonal antibody specific for Shiga toxin 2) against post-diarrheal neurological sequelae caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in the neonatal gnotobiotic piglet model. Toxins (Basel). 2017 Jan 26;9(2). pii: E49. doi: 10.3390/toxins9020049. PubMed PMID: 28134751; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5331429.
24. Patterson, S.K, Kim, H.B., Borewicz, K., and Isaacson, R.E. Towards an understanding of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium persistence in Swine. Animal Health Research Review, 17:159 (2017).
25. Kim, H.B. and Isaacson, R.E. Salmonella in Swine: Microbiota Interactions. Annual Reviews in Animal Biosciences. 5:43 (2017).
26. Kim, Bo-Ra, Shin, J., Guevarra, R. B., Lee, J. H., Kim, D. W., Seol,K. H., Lee, J., Kim, H. B., Isaacson, R. E. Deciphering diversity indices for better understanding of the microbial communities, Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1709.09027, 2017.
27. Sahin O, Yaeger M, Wu Z, Zhang Q. Campylobacter-Associated Diseases in Animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2017 Feb 8;5:21-42. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022826. Epub 2016 Nov 9. PubMed PMID: 27860495.
28. Sahin O, Shen Z, Zhang Q. Methods to Study Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1512:29-42. PubMed PMID: 27885596.
29. Cha W, Mosci R, Wengert SL, Singh P, Newton DW, Salimnia H, Lephart P, Khalife W, Mansfield LS, Rudrik JT, and Manning SD. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of human Campylobacter jejuni isolates in Michigan and the association with phylogenetic lineage and disease severity, Front Microbiol. 2016 Apr 26;7:589. doi: 10.3389/ fmicb.2016.00589.
30. Charles JL, Bell JA, Gadsden BJ, Malik A, Cook H, Van de Grift LK, Kim HY, Smith EJ, Mansfield LS. Guillain Barré Syndrome is induced in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice following Campylobacter jejuni infection and is exacerbated by antibiotics. Journal of Autoimmunity, Volume 77, February 2017, Pages 11–38, accepted 1/21/2016.
31. Brooks PT, Brakel KA, Bell JA, Bejcek CE, Gilpin T, Brudvig JM, Mansfield LS. Transplanted Human Fecal Microbiota Enhanced Guillain Barré Syndrome Autoantibody Responses after Campylobacter jejuni Infection in C57BL/6 mice. Microbiome (2017) 5:92, DOI 10.1186/s40168-017-0284-4.
32. Brooks PT, Bell JA, Bejcek CE, Malik A, and Mansfield LS. Antibiotic Depletion Drives Severe Campylobacter jejuni-Mediated Type 1/17 Colitis and Type 2 Autoimmunity. In Revision for PLOS One, 2017.
33. Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Kim Y, Rathnayake AD, Alliston KR, Butler MM, Cardinale SC, Bowlin TL, Groutas WC, Chang KO. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Prodrugs of Transition State Inhibitors of Norovirus 3CL Protease.  J Med Chem. 2017 Jul 27;60(14):6239-6248. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00497. PMID: 28671827
34. Damalanka VC, Kim Y, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Lushington GH, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel series of macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease. Eur J Med Chem. 2017 Feb 15;127:41-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech. PMID: 28038326.
35. Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Kim Y, Rathnayake AD, Damalanka VC, Weerawarna PM, Doyle ST, Alsoudi AF, Dissanayake DM, Lushington GH, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Structure-based exploration and exploitation of the S4 subsite of norovirus 3CL protease in the design of potent and permeable inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem. 2017 Jan 27;126:502-516. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.027. PubMed PMID: 27914364.
36. El Qaidi S, Chen K, Halim A, Siukstaite L, Rueter C, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Clausen H, Hardwidge PR. NleB/SseK effectors from Citrobacter rodentium, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica display distinct differences in host substrate specificity. J Biol Chem. 2017 Jul 7;292(27):11423-11430. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.790675. PMID: 28522607
37. Wang G, Geisbrecht BV, Rueter C, Hardwidge PR. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Flagellin Inhibits TNF-Induced NF-B Activation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Pathogens. 2017 May 17;6(2). pii: E18. doi: 10.3390/pathogens6020018. PMID: 28513540
38. Ren W, Yin J, Xiao H, Chen S, Liu G, Tan B, Li N, Peng Y, Li T, Zeng B, Li W, Wei H, Yin Z, Wu G, Hardwidge PR, Yin Y. Intestinal Microbiota-Derived GABA Medicates Interleukin-17 Expression during Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Front Immunol. 2017 Jan 16;7:685. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00685. PMID: 28138329
39. Gomarasca M, F C Martins T, Greune L, Hardwidge PR, Schmidt MA, Rüter C. Bacterium-Derived Cell-Penetrating Peptides Deliver Gentamicin To Kill Intracellular Pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Mar 24;61(4). pii: e02545-16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02545-16. PMID: 28096156
40. Yuan Y, Hays MP, Hardwidge PR, Kim J. Surface characteristics influencing bacterial adhesion to polymeric substrates, RSC Advances, 2017, 7, 14254-14261. DOI: 1039/C7RA01571B
41. Tang Y, Dai L, Sahin O, Wu Z, Liu M, and Zhang Q. Emergence of a plasmid-borne multidrug resistance gene cfr (C) in foodborne pathogen Campylobacter. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Jun 1;72(6):1581-1588. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkx023. PubMed PMID: 28186558.
42. Sahin O, Terhorst SA, Burrough ER, Shen Z, Wu Z, Dai L, Tang Y, Plummer PJ, Ji J, Yaeger MJ, Zhang Q. Key Role of Capsular Polysaccharide in the Induction of Systemic Infection and Abortion by Hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun. 2017 May 23;85(6). pii: e00001-17. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00001-17. PubMed PMID: 28373351; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5442617.
43. Tang Y, Sahin O, Pavlovic N, LeJeune J, Carlson J, Wu Z, Dai L, Zhang Q. Rising fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter isolated from feedlot cattle in the United States. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 29;7(1):494. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00584-z. PubMed PMID: 28356558.
44. Kassem II, Helmy YA, Kathayat D, Candelero-Rueda RA, Kumar A, Deblais L, Huang HC, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Rajashekara G. Nonculturability Might Underestimate the Occurrence of Campylobacter in Broiler Litter. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2017 Aug;14(8):472-477. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2279. PubMed PMID: 28622473.
45. Pawlowic MC, Vinayak S, Sateriale A, Brooks CF, Striepen B. Generating and Maintaining Transgenic Cryptosporidium parvum Parasites. Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2017 Aug1; 46: 20B.2.1-20B.2.32. doi: 10.1002/cpmc.33. PubMed PMID: 28800157.
46. Manjunatha UH, Vinayak S, Zambriski JA, Chao AT, Sy T, Noble CG, Bonamy GMC, Kondreddi RR, Zou B, Gedeck P, Brooks CF, Herbert GT, Sateriale A, Tandel J, Noh S, Lakshminarayana SB, Lim SH, Goodman LB, Bodenreider C, Feng G, Zhang L, Blasco F, Wagner J, Leong FJ, Striepen B, Diagana TT. A Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor is a drug candidate for cryptosporidiosis. Nature. 2017 Jun 15;546(7658):376-380. doi: 10.1038/nature22337. Epub 2017 May 31. PubMed PMID: 28562588; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5473467.
47. Arnold SLM, Choi R, Hulverson MA, Schaefer DA, Vinayak S, Vidadala RSR, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Huang W, Barrett LK, Ojo KK, Fan E, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Striepen B, Van Voorhis WC. Necessity of Bumped Kinase Inhibitor Gastrointestinal Exposure in Treating Cryptosporidium Infection. J Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 1;216(1):55-63. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix247. PubMed PMID: 28541457.
48. Hulverson MA, Vinayak S, Choi R, Schaefer DA, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Vidadala RSR, Brooks CF, Herbert GT, Betzer DP, Whitman GR, Sparks HN, Arnold SLM, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, White AC Jr, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Striepen B, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK. Bumped-Kinase Inhibitors for Cryptosporidiosis Therapy. J Infect Dis. 2017. Apr 15;215(8):1275-1284. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix120. PubMed PMID: 28329187.
49. Zhang, Q., Ke, H., Blikslagar, A., Fujita, T., & Yoo, D. Type III interferon restriction by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and the role of viral protein nsp1 in IRF1 signaling. J Virol 2017. (In Press)
50. ZhangQ, Ma J, Yoo Inhibition of NF-κB activity by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nonstructural protein 1 for innate immune evasion. Virology. 2017 Oct;510:111-126. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.009. Epub 2017 Jul 15. PMID: 28715653.
51. ZhangQ, Yoo Immune evasion of porcine enteric coronaviruses and viral modulation of antiviral innate signaling. Virus Res. 2016 Dec 2;226:128-141. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.015. Epub 2016 May 19. Review. PMID: 27212682.
52. ZhangQ, Shi K, Yoo Suppression of type I interferon production by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and degradation of CREB-binding protein by nsp1. Virology. 2016 Feb;489:252-68. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.12.010. Epub 2016 Jan 14. PMID: 26773386
53. Thomas M, Webb, MJ, Ghimire S, Blair AD, Olson KC, Fenske GJ, Fonder AT, Hennings J, Brake D, Scaria J. Metagenomic characterization of the effect of feed additives on the gut microbiome and antibiotic resistome of feedlot cattle. Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 25;7(1):12257. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12481-6. PMID:28947833
54. Thomas M, Fenske GJ, Ghimire S, Antony L, Welsch R, Ramachandran A, Scaria J. Whole genome sequencing-based detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from wildlife. Gut Pathogens 2017 (accepted)
55. Chandler JC, Schaeffer JW, Davidson M, Magzamen SL, Pérez-Méndez A, Reynolds SJ, Goodridge LD, Volckens J, Franklin AB, Shriner SA, Bisha B. A method for the improved detection of aerosolized influenza viruses and the male-specific (F+) RNA coliphage MS2. J Virol Methods. 2017 Aug;246:38-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.004.
56. Adkins JA, Boehle K, Friend C, Chamberlain B, Bisha B, Henry CS. Colorimetric and Electrochemical Bacteria Detection Using Printed Paper- and Transparency-Based Analytic Devices. Anal Chem. 2017 Mar 21;89(6):3613-3621. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05009.

 Book Chapters

1. Wang, Q., Feng, L., Saif, L.J. Chapter 68: Porcine epidemic diarrhea. In: Koos Coetzer (Chief Editor), Infectious Diseases of Livestock (http://demo.anipedia.org/)
2. Kassem II, Helmy YA, Kashoma IP, and Rajashekara G (Nov, 2016). The emergence of antibiotic resistance on poultry farms.In: Ricke, S., (ed.), Achieving sustainable production of poultry meat: Safety, quality and sustainability. Volume 1. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, UK. ISBN: 978-1-78676-064-7
3. Hennings J, Erickson G, Hesse R, Nelson EA, Rossow S, Scaria J, Slavic D. Diagnostic Tests, Test Performance, and Considerations for Interpretation. Diseases of Swine, 2017 11th Edition (vol2. Chapter 7). Wiley-Blackwell.

 Non-Refereed Articles

1. Bhandari M, Hoang H, Sun D, Shi K, Labios L, Madson DM, Magstadt D, Arruda PHE, Yoo D, Yoon, K-J. Characterization of humoral immune responses in sera and oral fluids of weaned pigs following experimental PEDV infection/reinfection.  2016. Proceedings, International Pig Veterinary Society Congress. 24^th Intl Pig Vet Society Congress. Dublin, Ireland, June 7-10.
2. Han M, Ke H, Yoo D. Suppression of host protein synthesis and regulation of interferon response by PRRS virus. 2016. Proceedings, International Pig Veterinary Society Congress. 24^th Intl Pig Vet Society Congress. Dublin, Ireland, June 7-10.

3. Zhang Q, Shi K, Yoo D. Interferon suppression and innate immune modulation by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. 2016. Proceedings, International Pig Veterinary Society Congress. 24^th Intl Pig Vet Society Congress. Dublin, Ireland, June 7-10.
4. Bisha B. Cutting-edge tech traces food contamination to its sources. Reflections Magazine (University of Wyoming College of Agriculture and Natural Resources). 2017.

 Research Presentations with Published Abstracts

1. ChiokKL, Paul NC, Shah DH. KsgA contributes to structural and functional integrity of the cell envelope in Salmonella Enteritidis. WSU- NIH Biotechnology Symposium: Biotechnology of the Northwest. Washington State University. Pullman, WA. April 14, 2017. Poster presentation 
2. ChiokKL, Shah DH. KsgA contributes to structural and functional integrity of the cell envelope in Salmonella Enteritidis. GPSA Research Exposition. Pullman, WA. March 31, 2017. Poster presentation.
3. Paul NC, Shah DH. Inter- and intra-serotype diversity in biofilm formation by the most prevalent poultry-associated Salmonella Pathobiology of enteric and food-borne pathogens section, 98th CRWAD Meeting, Dec 1st-5th, 2017.
4. Panzenhagen PHN, Paul NC, Junior CAN, Costa RG, Rodrigues CD, Shah DH. Genotypically distinct lineage of SalmonellaTyphimurium ST313 and ST19 are circulating in Brazil. Ecology and management of food-borne agents, 98th CRWAD Meeting, Dec 1st-5th, 2017.
5. Shah DH, Paul NC, Clarridge AEM, Cook-Webb M, Crespo Rocio. Prevalence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases producing bacteria in backyard poultry flock environment in the Washington State. Ecology and management of food-borne agents, 98th CRWAD Meeting, Dec 1st-5th, 2017.
6. Zeng X., Huang C, Wang H, Lin J. Development of enterobactin antibody-based immune intervention strategies. 19^th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms. 2017. Sep 9-14, Nantes, France.
7. Lin J., van den Akker F, Zeng X, Vijayaraghavan J, Kaufhold R, Kumar V. Targeting Campylobacter jejuni lytic transglycosylase for drug discovery. 19^th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms. 2017. Sep 9-14, Nantes, France.
8. Lin J, Zeng X. Ecology and regulation of beta-lactamase genes. ASM Conference on Innovative Microbial Ecology for Mitigation of Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Diseases, 2017. March 22-25, 2017, Crystal City, VA
9. N. Langel, A.N. Vlasova, F. Chimelo Paim, M.A. Alhamo, K. Lager, L.J. Saif. Oral Vitamin A Supplementation of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)-Infected Gilts Enhances the Gut-Mammary-sIgA Axis and Passive Protection in Nursing Piglets. International Congress of Mucosal Immunology [Poster] July 2017
10. C. Paim, L.J. Saif, A. Bowman, H. Hu, A.N. Vlasova. 2017. Detection of Deltacoronavirus (δ-CoVs) in avian cloacal swabs from wild birds in the Mississipi flyway. Abstract. CRWAD 2017- The 98th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Dec 3-5, 2017; Chicago, Illinois
11. Yixuan Hou, Chun-Ming Lin, Masaru Yokoyama, Boyd L. Yount, Douglas Marthaler, Arianna L. Douglas, Shristi Ghimire, Yibin Qin, Ralph S. Baric, Linda J. Saif, and Qiuhong Wang. Deletion of a 197 amino acid-region in the N-terminal domain of spike protein attenuates PEDV. XIVth International Nidovirus Symposium. June 4th - 9th, 2017 in Kansas City, Missouri, USA.(Poster#S6P-7)
12. Esseili, M.A. Tegtmeier S, Saif LJ, Farkas T, and Wang Q. Differential Tissue Distribution of Internalized Human Norovirus, Porcine Sapovirus and Tulane Virus in Lettuce and Spinach Plants. IAFP 2017, July 9-12 in Tampa, Florida. (Oral T7-08)
13. Deblais L, Helmy YA, Kathayat D, Vrisman C, Candelero R, Huang HC, Miller SA, and Rajashekara G. A combined genomic and in vivo imaging platform to understanding Salmonella-tomato plant host interactions. NIFRA IAFP meeting (Tampa – USA – July 2017).
14. Deblais L, Helmy YA, Candelero-Rueda R, Kathayat D, Huang HC, Miller SA, and Rajashekara G. Reduction of Salmonella burden in poultry using new generation small molecules. OBASM (Columbus – USA – April 2017).
15. Deblais L, Lorentz B, Scaria J, Nagaraja KV, Nisar M, and Rajashekara G. Comparative genomic study of Salmonella Heidelberg from chicken and turkey poultry production systems. CWARD meeting (Chicago – USA – December 2017)
16. Helmy YA, Kassem II, Deblais L, and Rajashekara G (2017). Control of Avian Pathogenic coli (APEC) using Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Small Molecules. The American Association of Avian pathologist (AAAP), July 21-25, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
17. Helmy YA, Deblais L, Kassem II and Rajashekara G (2017) Discovery of Novel Antimicrobial Compounds For the Control of Avian Pathogenic coli(APEC). ASM Microbe 2017. June 1-5, New Orleans, USA.
18. Helmy YA, Kassem II, Kumar A, and Rajashekara G (2017) Probiotic  colistrain Nissle 1917 as antibiotic- alternative approach to
    control Campylobacter jejuni infection in poultry. OARDC Annual Research Conference. April 20, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio State, USA.
19. Kathayat D, Helmy YA, Deblais L, Huang-Chi H and Rajashekara G (2017). Identification of novel small molecule compounds with Antimicrobial Activities Specific to Avian Pathogenic  Coli. OARDC Annual Research Conference. April 20, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio State, USA.
20. Kathayat D., Helmy Y.H., Deblais L., Logue C.M., Nolan L.K., and Rajashekara G (2017). Novel small molecule compounds with antimicrobial activities against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. The 98th annual conference of research workers in animal Diseases (CRWAD). Dec 3rd- 5th. Chicago. IL. USA.
21. Moore R, Chopyk J, Harrison A, McAllister S, Renter D, Cernicchiaro N, Moxley R, Wommack KE. Analyzing connections between microbial community structure and pathogenic coli in cattle hide and feces. Proceedings of the 2017 STEC CAP Annual Conference, June 13-15, 2017, Lincoln, NE, poster, abstract.
22. Schneider LG, Stromberg ZR, Lewis G, Moxley RA, Smith DR. A study of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in beef cow-calf herds in Mississippi and Nebraska. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Omaha, NE, September 14-16, 2017.
23. Moxley RA, Yavelak M. 2017. Progress in risk communication and management of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) through the USDA-NIFA coordinated agricultural project. Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition Seminar Series, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, USDA NIFA, Nov. 14, 2017. https://nifa.usda.gov/resource/institute-food-safety-and-nutrition-ifsn-seminar-series.
24. Lu T, Zhang W, Moxley RA. Identifying immunodominant and neutralizing epitopes from K88 fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the 98th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, December 3-5, 2017, Abstract P056.
25. Schneider LG, Lewis GL, Nagaraja TG, Moxley RA, Smith DR. 2017. Comparison of three detection methods to identify enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in samples of bovine origin. Proceedings of the 98th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, December 3-5, 2017, Abstract 71.
26. Leite, F., Gebhart, C., Singer, R., Isaacson, R. Lawsonia intracellularis vaccination leads to decreased Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium shedding in co-infected pigs and is associated with changes in the gut microbiome. American Society for Microbiology General Meeting, New Orleans, LA, May 2017.
27. Leite, F., Gebhart, C., Singer, R., Isaacson, R. Vaccination Against Lawsonia intracellularis Decreases Shedding of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in Co-Infected Pigs and Changes the Host Gut Microbiome. Safe Pork 2017, Brazil, 2017.
28. Leite, F., Vasquez, E., Vannucci, F., Rendahl, A., Torrison, J., Mueller, A., Winkelman, N., Gebhart, C., Rambo, Z., and Isaacson, R. The effects of Availa Zn and Availa Zn LQ supplementation in pigs challenged with subclinical dose of Lawsonia intracellaris. Leman Conference, St. Paul, MN, 2017. (Top graduate student award/ribbon).
29. Leite, F., Nandre, R.M., Duan, Q., Zhang, W., and Isaacson, R.E. Microbiome changes in the small intestine of newborn piglets related to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge and gilt vaccination. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, 2017.
30. Leite, F., Vasquez, E., Vannucci, F., Abrahante, J.E., Rendhal, A., Torrison, J., Muellers, A., Winkelman, N., Gebhart, C., Rambo, Z., and Isaacson, R. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 and other molecules involved in cellular proliferation and inflammation are associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, 2017.
31. Sahin O, Pavlovic N, O’Connor A, Logue C, and Zhang Q. A longitudinal study on Campylobacter in commercial broiler flocks in the United States: Prevalence, genetic diversity, and associated risk factors. USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Project Directors Meeting, July 8, 2017, Tampa, FL. Oral presentation.
32. Sahin O, Looft T, Shen Z, Singh K, and Zhang Q. Effect of the Intestinal Microbiota on Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Broiler Chickens. Poster Presentation at ASM Microbe conference meeting, June 1-5, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
33. Brudvig J.M., Cluett M.M., Bell J.A., Mansfield L.S. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice given Campylobacter jejunidisplayed evidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome autoimmunity, with varied immune responses and disease outcomes. Conference of Research Workers on Animal Diseases, Chicago, December 2016.
34. Chen J., Bell J.A., and Mansfield L.S. Determining if Pain is Associated with Development of Spontaneous Autoimmune Peripheral Polyneuropathy in a Mouse Model, Phi Zeta Research Day Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, October 7, 2016.
35. Cluett M.M., Brudvig J.M., and Mansfield L.S. Autoantibody-dependent mechanisms alone are not sufficient to mediate Guillain-Barré syndrome lesions in a mouse model. Phi Zeta Research Day Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, October 7, 2016.
36. Johnson Z. and Mansfield L.S. Determining the Role of Giardia and the Gut Microbiome in Diarrheal Disease of Dogs. Phi Zeta Research Day Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, October 7, 2016.
37. Claiborne D., Mansfield L.S., Ewart S.L. Examining allergic responses in C57BL/6 mice with a humanized microbiome. Phi Zeta Research Day Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, October 7, 2016.
38. Brooks P.T., Bell J.A., Malik A., Mansfield L.S. Broad Spectrum Antibiotic Treatment Enhanced T Cell Mediated Inflammation and Guillain Barré-Associated Antibody Responses to Campylobacter jejuni in a Mouse Model, Society of Toxicology Meeting, March 13–17,2016, in New Orleans, Louisiana
39. Brudvig J.M., Cluett M.M., Bell J.A., Mansfield L.S. Immune response, disease outcome, and autoimmunity in Campylobacter jejuni-infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Phi Zeta Research Day Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, October 7, 2016.
40. Baker J.E., Brudvig J.M., Ethridge A., Bell J.A., and Mansfield L.S. Dendritic cell phagocytosis in C57BL/6 IL-10^-/- and C57BL/6 wild type mice and implications for Guillain-Barré syndrome pathology, John Wesley Powell Student Research Conference, Illinois Wesleyan University, April, 2016.
41. Brudvig J.M., Cluett M.M., Bell J.A., and Mansfield L.S. Immune response, disease outcome, and autoimmunity in Campylobacter jejuni-infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Phi Zeta Research Day Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, October 7, 2016.
42. Chen J., Bell J.A., and Mansfield L.S. Determining if Pain is Associated with Development of Spontaneous Autoimmune Peripheral Polyneuropathy in a Mouse Model, University Undergraduate Research and Arts Forum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, April, 2016.
43. Williams HE, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Amachawadi RG, Nagaraja TG. Determination of probiotic and or chlortetracycline inclusion effects on nursery pig growth performance. 2016. Swine Day: Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: 26.
44. Williams HE, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Amachawadi RG, Nagaraja TG. Effects of feeding probiotic or chlortetracycline or a combination on nursery pig growth performance. 2017. Midwest American Society of Animal Science Meeting, March 13-15, Omaha, NE.
45. Amachawadi RG, Soto J, Shi X, Giok F, Tokach MD, Narayanan SK, Pluske J, Nagaraja TG. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus faecium isolated from commercial probiotic products used in cattle and swine. 2017. ASM conference on Innovative Microbial Ecology for Mitigation of Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Diseases, March 22-25, Crystal City, VA.
46. Kim Y, Liu H, Pedersen NC, Kankanamalage ACG, Groutas WC, Chang KO. Title: A Novel Protease Inhibitor as a Potential Therapeutic for Feline Infectious Peritonitis. XIVth International Nidovirus Symposium, Kansas City, MO, June 4-9, 2017
47. Chang KO, Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting 3C-like Protease of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, 8^th International conference on Emerging Zoonoses, Manhattan, KS, May 7-10, 2017
48. Hardwidge, PR. Citrobacter rodentium NleB Protein Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor-Associated Factor 3 (TRAF3) Ubiquitination to Reduce Host Type I Interferon Production, Xian, China, April 2017
49. Hardwidge, PR. Bacterial glycosyltransferases that inhibit host innate immunity, 6^th Annual Conference on Microbiology, Baltimore, MD, October 2017
50. Zhang Q, Yoo D. Inhibition of type III interferons in the intestinal epithelial cells by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and innate immune evasion. 2017. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, Dec 3-5.
51. Zhang Q, Yoo D. Inhibition of type III interferons in the intestinal epithelial cells by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and innate immune evasion. 2017. North American PRRS Symposium 2017. Chicago, IL, Dec 1-2.
52. Zhang, Q, Yoo D. Interplay between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and anti-PEDV interferon responses of host. 2017. 33^rd World Vet Congress. Incheon, Korea. Aug 27-31.
53. Zhang Q, Fujita T, Yoo D. Inhibition of type III Interferons in the intestinal epithelial cells by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and innate immune evasion. 2017. XIV International Nidovirus Symposium (NIDO 2017). Kansas City, MO, June 4-8. 
54. Zhang Q, Ma J, Yoo D. Modulation of NF-kB activity for innate immune evasion by nonstructural protein 1 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. 2016. North American PRRS Symposium 2016. Dec. 3-4.
55. Zhang Q, Ma J, Yoo D. Modulation of NF-kB activity for innate immune evasion by nonstructural protein 1 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. 2016. 97^th Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Dec. 4-6.
56. Zhang Q, Shi K, Yoo D. CREB-binding protein degradation and NF-kB suppression by nonstructural protein 1 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus mediate innate immune modulation. 2016. 35^th Annual Meeting of American Society for Virology. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. June 18-22.
57. Zhang Q, Shi K, Yoo D. Interferon suppression and innate immune modulation by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. 2016. 24^th Intl Pig Vet Society Congress. Dublin, Ireland, June 7-10.
58. Bhandari M, Hoang H, Sun D, Shi K, Labios L, Madson D, Magstadt D, Arruda P, Yoo D, Yoon Characterization of humoral immune responses in sera and oral fluids of weaned pigs following experimental PEDV infection/reinfection. 2016. 24^th Intl Pig Vet Society Congress. Dublin, Ireland, June 7-10.
59. Zhang Q, Yoo D. Dual functions of the nonstructural protein 1 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus for degradation of CREB-binding protein and suppression of NF-kB activity for innate immune modulation. 2016. College of Veterinary Medicine Research Day, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL, Apr. 26.
60. J, Singh, P and Ramamoorthy, S. 7th Euro Global Summit on Clinical Microbiology, Quantification of the PEDV virus with a colorimetric assay. Amsterdam, Netherlands (2017). 27. Gagandeep Singh, Pankaj Singh, Angela Pillatzki, Eric Nelson, Brettt Webb, Steven Dillberger-Lawson and Sheela Ramamoorthy. PEDV: A Model for rapid response vaccines. North Dakota Academy of Sciences (2017), Grand Forks, ND. (2nd place award).
61. G., Zholobko. O., Pillatzki.A., Nelson. E., Webb. B., Voronov. A., and Ramamoorthy. S. Vaccination of Pigs with improved HA and M2e Epitope Based Amphiphilic Invertible Polymeric Peptide Vaccine against Swine Influenza Viruses (SIVs). NDSU-KU Joint Symposium on Biotechnology, Nanomaterials, and Polymers. Fargo, ND (2017).
62. G., Zholobko. O., Pillatzki.A., Nelson. E., Webb. B., Voronov. A., and Ramamoorthy. S. Enhancing Delivery and Immune Response of Peptide Vaccine by Polymer-Peptide Mixed Micellar Assemblies. 2nd International Symposium on Materials from Renewables (ISMR). Athens, GA (2017).
63. Gagandeep Singh, Pankaj Singh, Angela Pillatzki, Eric Nelson, Brett Webb, Steven Dillberger-Lawson and Sheela Ramamoorthy. 95th Annual Meeting of the Council of Research Workers in Animal Diseases Rapid response vaccine against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Chicago, IL. (2017).
64. Gagandeep Singh, Oksana Zholobko, Angela Pillatzki, Brett Webb, Eric Nelson, Andriy Voronov and SheelaRamamoorthy. 95th Annual Meeting of the Council of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Improved delivery of a HA and M2e-based peptide vaccine against swine influenza viruses. Chicago, IL. (2017).
65. Pankaj Singh, Gagandeep Singh, Jenna Karsky, Eric Nelson and Sheela Ramamoorthy. 95th Annual Meeting of the Council of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Quantifying porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-specific neutralizing antibodies with a rapid colorimetric assay. Chicago, IL. (2017).
66. Oleksandr Kolyvushko, Gagandeep Singh, Brett Webb, Angela Pillatzki, Diego Diel, Steven Dillberger-Lawson, Eric Nelson and Sheela Ramamoorthy. 95th Annual Meeting of the Council of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Efficacy of a commercial PCV2 vaccine against the contemporary PCV2d strain. Chicago, IL. (2017).
67. Chandler J, Schaeffer J, Davidson M, Magzamen S, Perez-Mendez A, Reynolds S, Goodridge L, Volckens J, Franklin A, Shriner S, Bisha B. A method for the improved detection of aerosolized influenza viruses using impingers that incorporate anion exchange resin. International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting. July 9- July 12, 2015, Tampa, FL.
68. Aljasir S, Chandler J, Hamidi A, Sylejmani D, Wang B, Schwam K, Bisha B. A survey of antimicrobial resistance among dairy cattle in Kosovo. International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting. July 9- July 12, 2015, Tampa, FL.

 Research Presentations without Published Abstracts

1. Hardwidge, PR. Genetic exchange in bacteria, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, March 2017
2. Hardwidge, PR. Citrobacter rodentium NleB Protein Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor-Associated Factor 3 (TRAF3) Ubiquitination to Reduce Host Type I Interferon Production, Yangzhou, China, March 2017
3. Hardwidge, PR. Bacterial glycosyltransferases that inhibit host innate immunity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, July 2017
4. Hardwidge, PR. Bacterial glycosyltransferases that inhibit host innate immunity, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain, July 2017
5. Hardwidge, PR. Bacterial glycosyltransferases that inhibit host innate immunity, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea, September 2017
6. Linda S. Mansfield, Invited Speaker, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Meeting, “Developing transplanted human microbiota models to study the effects of the early microbiome on development of inflammation, autoimmunity and allergy”, International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, Detroit, MI, September 25, 2017.
7. Linda S. Mansfield, Invited Speaker, Twenty Fifth Anniversary of the David Hyde Allergy and Asthma Clinic, “The role of the gut microbiome in shaping susceptibility to allergies: Early life exposures” Isle of Wight, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, September 8, 2016.
8. Linda S. Mansfield, Invited Speaker, “The Science of Microbiomics: Progress in human microbiome studies” American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, June 9, 2016, Denver, Colorado.
9. Linda S. Mansfield, Invited Speaker, “Microbiomics in Veterinary Medicine” American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, June 9, 2016, Denver, Colorado.
10. Yoo D. Interplay between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and anti-PEDV interferon responses of host. 2017. Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency of Korea, Gimcheon, Korea. Aug 26-27.
11. Bisha B. Small Things Considered: From bioaerosols to microfluidics. Iowa State University, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Seminar Series, March 29, 2017 (invited talk).
12. Bisha B. Exploring alternative tools for diagnostics and characterization of foodborne pathogens. Colorado State University, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Seminar Series, November 9, 2017 (invited talk).