Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

1) Officers. The business meeting was moderated by Lisa Tewksbury, 2017 Chair of NE1332. John Losey volunteered to serve as Incoming Chair for 2018.

2) Venue for next meeting. The next meeting of NE1332 will be held in conjunction with the Entomological Society of America Eastern Branch - 2018 Meeting held from March 17-19, 2018 in Annapolis, MD at the Westin Annapolis.  NE1332 is planning to sponsor a symposium for that meeting entitled, Biocontrol of Introduced and Invasive Insect and Weed Pests of Forests/Woody Plants. Lisa Tewksbury will be organizing the symposium

3) Funding opportunities for biological control. Bob Nowierski, National Program Leader for
Bio-Based Pest Management, USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA),
updated the group on funding opportunities that impact biological control at the national and regional levels. He gave a background of the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI).  And discussed availability  of funding through Plant Health and Production and Plant Products.  One area of focus is on Pests and Beneficial Species in Ag Production Systems.

Symposium Program

As part of the XXVIII USDA Interagency Research Forum on Invasive Species in Annapolis, MD,  the regional project ran a symposium on Honoring 27 Years of Leadership by Dick Reardon in Research and Implementation of Biological Control of Forest Pests. 

Eight presentations were given by NE1332 members and other invited speakers:

1. Over 20 years of biological control for hemlock woolly adelgid: Not a very predictable case study.    Scott Salom, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

2. Biological control of winter moth in the Northeastern US. Joe Elkinton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA

3. The long-term perspective of emerald ash borer biocontrol: can introduced natural enemies protect North American ash in the aftermath forests of invasion? Jian Duan, USDA, ARS, Newark, DE

4. Native Sirex-Amylostereum-Deladenus meet Invasive Sirex noctilio; Ann Hajek, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

5. Global progress in the biological control of weeds. Mark Schwarzländer, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID

6. Biological control for invasive knotweeds (Fallopia ) in North America. Fritzi Grevstad, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR

7. A decade of using Verticillium nonalfalfae as a biocontrol of the invasive Ailanthus altissima in the eastern U.S. Matt Kasson, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

8. Outrunning the invasive species treadmill: integrating biological control and other management techniques to restore invaded sites. Ellen Lake USDA/ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory in Fort Lauderdale and Judy Hough-Goldstein, University of Delaware

Goal 1 (Conservation of existing natural enemies)

No reports for this goal included.

Goal 2 (Augmentation programs)

Objective 1. To release and evaluate augmentative biological control agents and educate the public about their role in pest management. (Mark Mayer, NJ Dept of Agriculture; M. Hoffmann, Cornell University)

Phillip Alampi Beneficial Insect Laboratory (PABIL).  A total of 30,700 Rhinoncomimus latipes weevils were shipped to cooperators in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York City, Virginia, and North Carolina under the terms of a USDA/APHIS/PPQ rearing agreement. In addition, 7,700 were purchased by private property owners and 5,500 adults were released on mile-a-minute in New Jersey to augment existing populations.

Mexican bean beetle populations were low but there were some problems on organic farms and in community gardens.  A total of 226,500 Pediobius foveolatus adults were released during the 2016 field season in soybean fields, in community gardens and on organic farms.  There were some rearing issues with the Mexican bean beetle colony due to pesticide contaminated seed that was used early on to rear them.  The first instar larvae dropped off the plants and did not survive.  Once this was discovered the rearing staff switched to the old seed and there were no further problems although the parasite production was affected.   Some P. foveolatus were also provided to out-of-state organic farmers.

Surveys for Laricobius nigrinus beetles on hemlock woolly adelgid have shown that they have dispersed 33 miles into Pennsylvania, are throughout the Delaware Water Gap NRA, a length of 34 miles, wherever there are adelgids present.   The beetles have been recovered twelve miles into NJ and were recovered in five new sites in 2016.  L. nigrinus has been recovered in a total of 193 sites in New Jersey and Northwestern Pennsylvania as of 2016.

Overall this season, a total of 6,250 Cybocephalus nipponicus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) have been released on elongate hemlock scale and 4,700 beetles were released on euonymus scale.

A total of 2,875 Peristenus relictus were released in NJ with 3,300 shipped to cooperators.  Additionally, 2,050 Peristenus digoneutis were shipped to cooperators.  The parasitoids are parasitic on Lygus sp.

PABIL reared and supplied federal and state investigators with Halyomorpha halys adults, nymphs, and egg masses for ongoing laboratory and field studies.  Trissolcus japonicus was recovered at two sites in NJ.

Objective 2. To investigate potential new biological control projects for the northeast. (John Losey, Cornell University)

OUTPUTS

Working in conjunction with the citizen science program, the Lost Ladybug Project (www.lostladybug.org), substantial progress has been made in determining the causes and consequences of the decline of several native coccinellid species in North America especially in regards to their interaction with invasive species.  In Roy et. al. (2016) we worked with a large international team to investigate and report on the biology of the coccinellid species that has risen to unprecedented global dominance, Harmonia axyridis.  Drilling down into a specific aspect of H. axyridis biology, we reported on the susceptibility of this species to parasites (Halewaters et al. 2016).  This research has important implications as any factor leading to a decline for the dominant species could cause a substantial decrease in pest suppression.  In Dienbrock et al. (2016), we examine specific impacts of introduced coccinellids on native species.  Finally, in Ditommaso et al. (2016) we go beyond documenting composition shifts and investigation of causes to present a broad management strategy for weeds that could greatly facilitate the services insects provide including biological control.

OUTCOMES

Based primarily on data from the Lost Ladybug Project, the North American native coccinellid species, Coccinella novemnotata was listed as endangered at a national scale in Canada and we consulted directly on the development of a conservation plan for the Province of Ontario.  As the invasive coccinellid, Harmonia axyridis continues to increase its density and dominance and susceptibility to parasites has been demonstrated, conservation of other species is vital if we do not want a gap in biological control services placing food production at risk.  This is a global issue for biological control with potentially profound implications for our region.  To organize at a larger scale, I submitted a proposal to the IUCN to form a specialist group to evaluate native coccinellid species and to coordinate conservation efforts.

Objective 3.  To examine the effects of exotic species on ecosystem function and conserve existing natural enemies (Ann Hajek, Cornell University)

The Hajek laboratory has been studying how the invasive Eurasian woodwasp, Sirex noctilio and its associated fungal symbionts and parasitic nematodes are impacting native siricid communities. We found that when it occurs in the same trees as the native wood boring beetle Serropalpus substriatus, the parasitic nematodes thought to have been introduced with S. noctilio were parasitizing this native beetle, but at very low levels. Parasitism levels were too low to evaluate potential impacts on the biology and ecology of this beetle. To further evaluate the potential for non-target impacts of this S. noctilio-parasitic nematode (Deladenus siricidicola, non-sterilizing strain), studies were conducted to demonstrate that it would use the same fungus (when in its mycophagous phase) as the strain of D. siricidicola sold for biological control (Kamona). We think this indicates that non-targets also associated with these fungi would have the greatest chance for contacting this nematode. 

We also tested whether the gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga would have the side-effect of infecting nun moth (Lymantria monacha) larvae in Europe. If there was infection in this non-target, this could provide control of a pest both in Europe and if this species invaded North America. With optimal conditions during laboratory and field studies, we found minimal levels of infection.

Objective 4.  To release and evaluate augmentative biological control agents (Ann Hajek, Cornell University)

The Hajek laboratory conducted trials with microsclerotia of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum F52, against adults of the invasive Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis. We found that 3 carriers that could be used to formulate this fungus did not change the impact of the fungus. When microsclerotia were formulated with hydromulch and a sticker and applied to forest trees, we found that 4 weeks were required before conidial production peaked. Periods with greater rainfall had greater conidial production and infection of Asian longhorned beetles. We also studied whether mating and aging impacted susceptibility of Asian longhorned beetle adults to M. brunneum. There was increased susceptibility of mature male beetles that were mated versus unmated (compared with young or old). Young unmated male beetles were more susceptible than mature or unmated old beetles. Basically, we did not see a strong pattern of immunosenescence that we had predicted for these beetles with long-lived adults. Joanna Fisher also investigated the impacts of imidacloprid and starvation on immune responses to M. brunneum in Asian longhorned beetle adults. There was synergy between the fungus and pesticide that was not completely due to starvation, as the immune response was depressed when beetles were treated with imidacloprid but not when they were starved.  

The Sirex-parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola Kamona strain, sold for biological control, was tested in experimental trials against Sirex noctilio in northeastern North America.

Goal 3 (Classical Biological Control)

Objective 5. To catalogue of pathogens and nematodes introduced for classical biological control around the world (Ann Hajek, Cornell Univ.)

A catalogue of pathogens and nematodes introduced for classical biological control around the world was updated and republished.

With a group of authors from many countries summarized current knowledge about the environmental safety of classical biological control, both synthesizing the past literature and discussing the present practices that ensure environmental safety of this practice.

Objective 6.  Impact assessment of Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a predator of hemlock woolly adelgid (Scott Salom, Virginia Tech and Joe Elkinton, Univ. Massachussetts)

Relevance:  Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) is a predator of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). We are currently trying to control HWA through several different methods including through the use of predators such as L. nigrinus. Releases of this predator began in 2003, now since over a decade has passed since these initial releases, it has allowed for sufficient time for Ln to establish at these field sites and to assess their efficacy as a predator.

Response:  We set up nine field sites in six different states, from far north as New Jersey and as far south as Georgia.  This spans plant hardiness zones 6a – 7a. The field sites were chosen based on high densities of HWA, recovery of Ln, and Ln releases at least four years prior to the start of the study.  Exclusion cages studies were set up to assess the impact Ln was having on sistens and their progrediens eggs.

Emerging Results 2014-2016: This is the first large scale effort carried out to assess the potential efficacy of L. nigrinus on HWA populations. After two years, we have shown that there is significant disturbance to HWA ovisacs, containing adults and eggs on branches exposed to predators compared to branches where cages excluded the predators. At some sites the impact was > 80 %, at others it was significant but at a lower level, and at a few there was no impact.  There was also a relationship between presence of L. nigrinus collected off of the branches and disruption of ovisacs which equates with HWA mortality.  This is the first large-scale effort to quantify the impact of this predator on the winter generation of HWA.  Work will continue for the next 2 years to try to quantify the impact on a 2^nd spring/summer generation of HWA.

Objective 7.  Release and colonization of Laricobius osakensis, a predator of hemlock woolly adelgid     (Scott Salom, Virginia Tech.)

In 2010, following four years in quarantine, USDA, APHIS PPQ found that Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a biological control agent for the hemlock woolly adelgid, was not a significant risk to the environment, and was removed from quarantine.  After rearing at Virginia Tech lead to the production of a sufficient number of adults, release of the northern strain began in 2012.  Rearing of the southern strain at the University of Tennessee lead to its release beginning in 2013.   By 2015, a total of 9,528 northern strain adult beetles were released at 12 locations (mostly VA, but also in WV, MD, PA, and OH) and 1,973 southern strain adult beetles have been released at three locations (all in TN).  Additionally, eggs/larvae were released at a few locations during the spring of 2013 and 2014.

The 2015- 2016 field season yielded 5 adult recoveries, 4 from Hungry Mother State Park, and 1 from the Cherokee National Forest in TN. Spring larval collections yielded 88 larvae from several sites. After running a genetic analysis on the larvae recovered, it was found that 14 were L. osakensis, 22 were L. nigrinus, 41 were L. rubidus, and 11 were undetermined.  That means a total of 19 L. osakensis were collected in the 2015-2016 field season. Such low recovery numbers can be attributed to the extremely low winter temperatures in the January 2014 and February 2015, which resulted in a decrease in adelgid density. Low adelgid numbers make it difficult for L. osakensis to colonize, and resulted in low recovery numbers. It is expected that as the winter temperatures become closer to the long-term average, the HWA numbers will rebound, and as a result the numbers of L. osakensis recovered will increase. Also, some of the 2015.

Objective 8.  Biological studies and evaluation of Scymnus coniferarum, a predator of hemlock woolly adelgid from western North America (Scott Salom, Virginia Tech.)

A small, native lady beetle, Scymnus (Pullus) coniferarum, (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) that was found on hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) in the western United States is known to prey on adelgids on pine and hemlock, but no other insect groups.  In the 125 years since the discovery of S. coniferarum in the western United States, there have been no reports of it causing harmful effects to plants, animals or humans, other than adelgids. Currently, no predators of consequence are effectively impacting the HWA progrediens generation.  The presence of S. coniferarum in the spring when progrediens are present motivated a group of researchers to pursue further study of this insect.  Subsequently, an Environmental Assessment was submitted to USDA, APHIS to consider issuing permits for interstate movement of this insect and provide a “Categorical Exclusion” to allow for its release in eastern U.S. states impacted by hemlock woolly adelgid. 

Without adequate knowledge of this insect in its native habitat, we studied the life history of S. coniferarum and associated adelgid prey species in the western U.S.  To relate seasonal abundance of S. coniferarum and HWA and other adelgid species, we sampled six sites near Tacoma, WA twice monthly, for one full year (Oct 2015 – Nov 2016).  These sites were a mixture of pure hemlock stands, pure conifer stands (most commonly including shore pine, Douglas-fir, and western white pine), and mixed stands of hemlock and other native conifers. 

In beat sheet sampling, S. coniferarum was collected from all P. contorta and P. monticola host trees. These results indicate that S. coniferarum is likely a predator of P. pini, P. strobi, and A. tsugae in the western United States. In the sampling that has occurred between October 24, 2015 and November 20, 2016, a total of 215 adult S. coniferarum were recovered.  119 S. coniferarum were collected from P. contorta, 54 from P. monticola, 42 from T. heterophylla and 0 S. coniferarum were collected from P. menziesii.  It seems that S. coniferarum feeds on multiple adelgid species throughout the year within its native range. High densities of adult S. coniferarum beetles were collected on adelgid-infested P. contorta and P. monticola between February and April 2016, and again in July and August. S. coniferarum were found feeding on adults and eggs of Pineus pini on P. contorta, and Pineus strobi on P. monticola for the first time in the western U.S.  These conifer sample trees are often nearby western hemlock stands, which suggests S. coniferarum feeds on a number of adelgid species for optimal fitness. Due to the behavior of these phylogenetically similar species, and because A. tsugae aestivates from June-October in the Pacific Northwest and southwest Virginia, we believe that S. coniferarum feeds on multiple adelgid species throughout the year within its native range.

Objective 9. To develop a biological control program for exotic Phragmites australis (R. Casagrande, L. Tewksbury, URI; B. Blossey, Cornell Univ.):

We have conducted additional host specificity testing at CABI Switzerland and assessed suitability of two biocontrol agents to survive under southern climates (Gulf Coast Region).  We have roughed-out a release petition for releasing two potential biological control agents against P. australis in the USA. The completion of this permit awaits confirmation of favorable preliminary results with Type I (Gulf Coast) plants and the resolution of the regulatory bottleneck in weed biocontrol. We conducted experiments in quarantine with host preferences of Type I and exotic P. australis and experimented with rearing techniques. 

 Objective 10. To develop a biological control program for swallowworts in North America (R. Casagrande, L. Tewksbury URI)

We continued to provide specimens and expertise to colleagues in Canada and at Cornell University for rearing and release (in Canada). A total of 491 Hypena opulenta were sent to Lindsey Milbrath at Cornell and 438 to Rob Bourchier in Canada.  In preparation for eventual release in the USA, we reared 4 generations of H. opulenta in our quarantine laboratory while experimenting with optimizing rearing conditions. 

Objective 11. To establish and evaluate biological control agents for garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) (B. Blossey, Cornell University)

No longer an active objective since garlic mustard is not the driver in ecosystem deterioration.  Deer are.

Objective 12. To establish and evaluate natural enemies of the winter moth (J. Elkinton, UMASS)

            No report submitted

Additional projects at URI (L. Tewksbury, R. Casagrande). We released over 2,000 Rhinoncomimus latipes weevils for mile-a-minute control in 7 new sites in RI in 2016.  We released 1,750 Larinus obtusus for control of black knapweed at 3 sites in RI.  All of these sites are monitored to evaluate the efficacy of the biocontrol agents.  We continued to monitor the establishment and spread of lily leaf beetle parasitoids.  We conducted preliminary experiments with Lilioceris cheni, the agent released against air potato in Florida to determine the possible impact of parasitoids released against L. lilii in the Northeast.  Preliminary tests with Tetrastichus setifer showed no attack of L. cheni, but this needs to be repeated with larger sample sizes.  We also collaborate with Joe Elkinton from the University of Massachusetts to release and monitor the establishment of Cyzenis albicans, the biocontrol agent for winter moth.

We also maintain a URI biological control website to provide information on our classical biological control projects, and R. Casagrande and L. Tewksbury give many presentations in RI and in the Northeast about classical biological control.

Goal 4 (Evaluation and Education)

Objective 13. To provide web-based information for growers, landscape managers, educators, and students on biological control programs (J. Losey, Cornell University)

OUTPUTS

Educational outreach includes our successful Lost Ladybug Project citizen science program, the public can gather information and participate via our project website (www.lostladybug.org), Facebook page activities, and other social media.  The public also receives notices and information surrounding educational offerings through public events and programming with school, youth and community groups.

A wide range of individuals have been trained and are developing their skills through participation in Lost Ladybug Project web-based outreach: undergraduate students, extension and teaching specialists, 4H youth educators, parents, classroom teachers, environmental educators, graduate students, and faculty members.

OUTCOMES

Our successful citizen science program has reached a total of over 1,350,00 (up from 1,200,000 in 2015, 1,000,000 in 2014, 700,000 in 2013 and 400,000 in 2012) people through our project website (www.lostladybug.org), Facebook page activities, and other social media; an estimated total of 65,000 (up from 58,000 in 2015, 50,000 in 2014, 40,000 in 2013 and 25,000 in 2012) people have participated in programs and event activities of the project; and over 13,200 (up from 12,500 in 2015, 11,500 in 2014,10,000 in 2013 and 8,000 in 2012) total people have submitted ladybug images, as individuals or in families or other groups.

Over 38,000 (up from 34,000 in 2015, 27,000 in 2014, and 22,000 in 2013) images of ladybugs have been submitted to the Lost Ladybug database by citizen scientists from every state. Participation also includes email questions and requests for materials, Lost Ladybug Project Facebook “Likes” at 8,660 (up from 8,078 in 2015, 7,800 in 2014 and 6,700 in 2013, and 1,000 in 2012) and Facebook conversation/question activity.  Because this is a public project with free materials on the internet, some people and organizations interact with us while others use our materials but have little or no contact.

In 2016, several targeted Facebook notices were used for public education and to invite LLP participation in new initiatives. The largest post:  23,410 people were reached, 122 people responded electronically, 66 people wrote comments and questions, 160 people messages for more information, and 295 people shared the post with others.

Bittner, T., Hajek, A.E., Liebherr, J.K. 2016. Associations among Serropalpus substriatus (Coleoptera: Melandryidae) and Sirex (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) communities. Grt. Lks. Entomol. 49 (1-2): 19-26 (plus cover).

Bittner, T.D., Hajek, A.E., Liebherr, J.K. 2016. Associations among Serropalpus substriatus (Coleoptera: Melandryidae) and Sirex (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) communities. USDA Forest Service, FHTET-2016-09: 49.

Blossey, B., 2016a. The future of biological control: a proposal for fundamental reform In: Van Driesche, R., Simberloff, D., Blossey, B., Causton, C., Hoddle, M., Marks, C., Heinz, K., Wagner, D., Wagner, K., Eds.), Integrating Biological Control into Conservation Practice. Wiley, Chichester, UK,  pp. 314-328.

Blossey, B., 2016b. Measuring and evaluating ecological outcomes of biological control introductions. In: Van Driesche, R., Simberloff, D., Blossey, B., Causton, C., Hoddle, M., Marks, C., Heinz, K., Wagner, D., Wagner, K., Eds.), Integrating Biological Control into Conservation Practice. Wiley, Chichester, UK,  pp. 161-188.

Blossey, B., Casagrande, R., 2016a. Biological control of invasive Phragmites may safeguard native Phragmites and increase wetland conservation values. Biological Invasions 18, 2753-2755.

Blossey, B., Casagrande, R.A., 2016b. Response to Bhattarai et al.: Trait differences between native and introduced genotypes results in subspecies level specificity in select Phragmites herbivores. Biological Invasions 18, 2759-2760.

Blossey, B., Randall, C.B., Schwarzländer, M., 2016. Biology and Biological Control of Purple Loosestrife, 2nd edition. USDA, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, FHTET-2015-3, Morgantown, WV.

Caetano, I.A.L., Morris, E.E., Hajek, A.E. 2016. Growth of the Sirex-parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola on the white rot fungus Amylostereum. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 134: 12-14.

Darr, M. N., T. J. McAvoy, C. C. Brewster, and S. M. Salom.  2016.  Field-Cage evaluation of survival, reproduction, and feeding behavior of adult Scymnus coniferarum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator of Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae).  Environ. Entomol. 45(6): 1527-1535.

Diepenbrock, L. M., Fothergill, K., Tindall, K. V., Losey, J. E., Smyth, R. R., & Finke, D. L. (2016). The Influence of Exotic Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Establishment on the Species Composition of the Native Lady Beetle Community in Missouri. Environmental Entomology. 45:855-864.

DiTommaso, A., Averill, K., Hoffmann, M., Fuchsberg, J. and Losey, J.  (2016). Integrating insect, resistance, and floral resource management in weed control decision-making. Weed Science 64:743-756.

Fisher, J.J., Hajek, A.E. 2016. The role of starvation on the synergy between a fungal pathogen and a pesticide. USDA Forest Service, FHTET-2016-09: 55. 

Fisher, J.J., Hajek, A.E. 2016. Influence of mating and age on susceptibility of Asian longhorned beetle to a fungal pathogen. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 136: 142-148.

Goble, T.A., Gardescu, S., Jackson, M.A., Hajek, A.E. 2016. Evaluating different carriers of Metarhizium brunneum F52 microsclerotia for control of adult Asian longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 26: 1212-1229.

Goble, T.A., Gardescu, S., Jackson, M.A., Fisher, J.J., Hajek, A.E. 2016. Conidial production, persistence, and pathogenicity of hydromulch formulations of Metarhizium brunneum F52 microsclerotia under forest conditions. Biol. Control 95: 83-93.

Goble, T.A., Hajek, A.E., Gardescu, S., Jackson, M. 2016. Metarhizium F52 microsclerotia applied in hydromulch to control Asian longhorned beetles. USDA Forest Service, FHTET-2016-09: 57.

Haelewaters, D., Zhao, S.Y., Clusella-Trullas, S., Cottrell, T.E., De Kesel, A., Fiedler, L., Herz, A., Hesketh, H., Hui, C., Kleespies, R.G. and Losey, J.E., 2016. Parasites of Harmonia axyridis: current research and perspectives. BioControl.  1:1-17.

HE Roy, PMJ Brown, T Adriaens, N Berkvens, I Borges, S Clusella-Trullas, RF Comont, P De Clercq, R Eschen, A Estoup, EW Evans, B Facon, MM Gardiner, A Gil, AA Grez, T Guillemaud, D Haelewaters, A Herz, A Honek, AG Howe, C Hui, WD Hutchison, M Kenis, RL Koch, J Kulfan, LL Handley, E Lombaert, A Loomans, J Losey, AO Lukashuk, DMaes, A Magro, KM Murray, G San Martin, Z Martinkova, IA Minnaar, O Nedved, MJ Orlova-Bienkowskaja, N Osawa, W Rabitsch, HP Ravn, G Rondoni, SL Rorke, SK Ryndevich, M Saethre, JJ Sloggett, AO Soares, R Stals, MC Tinsley, A Vandereycken, P van Wielink, S Viglášová, P Zach, IA Zakharov, T Zaviezo, Z Zhao.  (2016).  The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: global perspectives on invasion history and ecology.  Biological Invasions (2016) 18: 997. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1077-6.

Hajek, A.E., Hurley, B.P., Kenis, M., Garnas, J.R., Bush, S.J., Wingfield, M.J., van Lenteren, J.C., Cock, M.J.W. 2016. Exotic biological control agents: a solution or contribution to arthropod invasions? Biol. Invasions 18: 953-969.

Hajek, A.E., Hurley, B.P., Kenis, M., Garnas, J.R., Bush, S.J., Wingfield, M.J., van Lenteren, J.C., Cock, M.J.W. 2016. Challenges facing biological control of invasive arthropods. USDA Forest Service, FHTET-2016-09: 39-40.

Hajek, A.E., Gardescu, S., Delalibera Jr., I. 2016. Classical Biological Control of Insects and Mites: A Worldwide Catalogue of Pathogen and Nematode Introductions. USDA Forest Service. FHTET-2016-06, 57 pp. [Catalogue] https://blogs.cornell.edu/hajek/files/2013/08/BiocontrolCatalog081516-DC-bookmarked-1m0vxoh.pdf

Mooneyham, Katlin L., Scott M. Salom, and Loke T. Kok. 2016.   Release and colonization of Laricobius osakensis (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a predator of the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae.  Northeastern Naturalist.  23: 141-150.

Pilarska, D., Hajek, A.E., Keena, M., Linde, A., Kereselidze, M., Georgiev, G., Georgieva, M., Mirchev, P., Takov, D., Draganova, S. 2016. Susceptibility of larvae of nun moth, Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera), to the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu and Soper (Entomophthorales) under laboratory and field conditions. Acta Zool. Bulg. 68: 117-126.

Van Driesche, R., Simberloff, D., Blossey, B., Causton, C., Hoddle, M., Wagner, D., Marks, C., Heinz, K., Warner, K. Eds.), 2016. Integrating Biological Control into Conservation Practice. Wiley, Chichester, UK.