SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: NC_old1186 : Water Management and Quality for Ornamental Crop Production and Health
- Period Covered: 10/01/2016 to 09/30/2017
- Date of Report: 11/17/2017
- Annual Meeting Dates: 06/14/2017 to 06/16/2017
Participants
Anthony LeBude NC State University James Altland USDA-ARS Jim Own Virginia Tech John Lea-Cox University of Maryland John Majsztrik Clemson University Lloyd Nackley Oregon State University Loren Oki UC Davis Mandy Bayer UMass Amherst Paul Fisher University of Florida Raul Cabrera Rutgers University Sarah White Clemson University Tom Fernandez Michigan State University Win Dunwell University of Kentucky Yan Chen Louisiana State University Laura Barth Virginia Tech Damon Abdi Michigan State University Megan Chase Clemson University Natasha Bell Clemson University Lauren Garcia Chance Clemson University
Accomplishments
Outputs:
The University of Tennessee has shown that sensor-based irrigation scheduling reduces water use for a range of trees and shrubs when compared with the common irrigation practices of commercial nurseries. Plants grown in the sensor-based irrigation had no reduction in growth compared to those irrigated with the standard cyclic irrigation.
University of California is developing manuscripts reporting a case study on the installation and operation of facilities to capture, process, and reuse surface runoff. The cost of water in some areas of southern California are extremely high and the nursery of interest has paid $912 per ac-ft for water from a single municipal source and has paid a total of $1.6 million in the 2013-14 water year for water. To protect itself from unexpected interruptions in supply and reduce purchases, they looked to capturing surface runoff with aid from NRCS and local water districts. The total cost of the system was $930,000 but this was offset by $653,000 in grants and rebates from NRCS and water agencies. The benefits were immediate in just the reductions in purchased water with combined savings of $809,200 in water years 2015 and 2016.
Virginia Tech has modeled and identified the importance of hydraulic conductivity in soilless substrates. This data has been used to engineer soilless substrates with improved hydrological properties to potentially reduce crop water stress and shorten production time.
Michigan State University completed construction of their SCRI WateR3 experimental nursery. This will allow us to track runoff and percolation water, treat nursery waste water through various technologies and compare clean (virgin from well source) to recycled to recycled and remediated irrigation water.
Activities:
In Alabama, the First Annual Alabama Stormwater Symposium was developed at and hosted by Auburn University. This was a two-day conference presenting research results on current stormwater management policies in the southeastern U.S. Attendees and participants included faculty researchers, undergraduate and graduate students, industry professionals, municipal practitioners, and stat e and local government employees.
In North Carolina, a presentation titled ‘Budgeting water use effectively’ was delivered to the North Carolina Nursery and Landscape Association Trade Show, Nursery track, Greensboro, NC, on Jan. 14. It was also presented at the Johnson County Nurserymen’s Association monthly meeting. Benson, NC March 28.
Michigan State University completed consumer surveys on the perceptions of water use related to landscape plants. They identified two group types: actively interested in water conservation and inactively disinterested in water conservation. The actively interested group was younger with more adults and children in the household, higher education and income, spent more on plants and were more racially diverse (fewer %Caucasian). The inactively interested group was older, had fewer adults and children in the household, were less educated and lower income, spent less on plants, and were primarily Caucasian.
Texas A&M Researchers have determined salt tolerance of additional 25 popular ornamental species by categorizing them into sensitive to tolerant groups. This information would guide the green industry professionals in plant selection when dealing with low quality irrigation water.
Clemson University scientists used floating treatment wetlands to reduce nutrient levels in ponds to control algae. Plants in the floating wetlands absorbed 17-291 g of N per m2 and 1.0 to 48 g of P per m2. Floating wetlands absorbed nutrients, limiting nutrients available to algae and improving water quality.
Louisiana State University scientists have initiated a tea germplasm garden that has been collecting named cultivars and numbered selections from domestic growers and seedlings from seeds purchased abroad.
During 2016-2017, a nursery irrigation practice survey was completed by Louisiana State University at nurseries in north and southeast Louisiana. The survey compared growers’ perceived water output (volume) to actual output measured as inches of water per hour, and water delivery uniformity. It was thought that growers may overwater, but results indicated that actual water output was about 50% of what growers perceived to be, and all nurseries were under-watering. Up to 200% variation (within replication) was observed with water distribution uniformity, caused by uneven spacing of risers, clogged nuzzles due to algae or debris, different types of tips used, and wind, etc. Commonly grown nursery plants were divided into group with ‘low’ or ‘high’ irrigation demands, using lantanas (low) and coleus (high) as indicator plants, and substrate properties (water holding capacities and air space) for each group were characterized.
The University of Connecticut directly trained a total 1232 individual growers on topics relating nutrient and water management.
The University of Connecticut installed two growth rooms with 48 ft2 growing area each with tight environmental control. The growth chambers will be used to conduct experiments to research algae control and use of reclaimed water for irrigation.
Rutgers University has found that container-grown ornamental plants irrigated (short-term) with laundry graywater irrigation are similar in growth and quality to those irrigated with good quality water sources (municipal tap and well-water), except when containing bleaching agents (i.e. Clorox). An initial landscape irrigation study with graywater has also shown that the presence of bleach leads to reduced soil biological biomass and diversity compared to control plants irrigated with well water. Graywater without bleach produces similar results to those observed in plants irrigated with well water.
NC State has determined that more than 50% of growers in eastern North Carolina have poor quality source water that is used for irrigation as recommended by best management practices guide for producing container plants.
Impacts
- Because of their showy, colorful flowers and sword-shaped leaves, tall bearded iris (Iris germanica) has potential as a specialty cut flower. A better understanding of nitrogen fertilization requirements will help commercial cut flower growers to optimize growth and flowering and improve nitrogen fertilizer management. Mississippi State University scientists determined that Iris ‘Immortality’ can utilize either ammonium or nitrate form of nitrogen in container production.
- Reblooming azaleas are additional crops that have gained popularity for landscape use. Mississippi State University scientists determined that a single irrigation of container-grown Encore® azalea ‘Chiffon’ resulted in more flowers and roots than multiple irrigations per day. Foliar urea application in late fall was effective in improving plant nitrogen status. This information will assist growers in establishing best management practices.
- NC State University scientists have determined that more than 50% of growers in eastern North Carolina have poor quality source water that is used for irrigation as recommended by best management practices guide for producing container plants. An integrated approach to reduce algae growth in surface waters as well as reduce irrigation water pH has the potential to increase plant growth by 10%.
- University of Maryland scientists use weather stations on farms that are connected to a number of environmental monitoring sensors; a radio datalogger connected to these sensors then relays the data to a “cloud” server though the cellular network every 15 minutes. This data is then automatically downloaded into AgZoom software, from which any farmer can access their specific data over the internet through a password-protected website. Although the data are useful to growers to precisely measure their microclimatic conditions on the farm, it is the additional capabilities that that this software has, which provides very powerful information and decision-making tools for farmers. For example, integrated data includes “Degree Days,” used for calculating insect emergence rates, allowing for precision timing and targeting of pesticide applications. Chilling hours (predicting bud and flower emergence for fruit growers) can also be easily tracked, enhancing pollination decisions. Leaf wetness, temperature and relative humidity measurements can be used to predict fungal disease outbreaks. This information, combined with real-time wind speed and direction data can significantly increase the timing and efficacy of agrochemical sprays, to help reduce costs and environmental impacts. Frost events can also be monitored by pushing temperature alerts to a farmer’s phone, helping them react in real-time to these crop-threatening events. The net effect of this technology is to greatly enhance a grower’s decision-making capabilities, increasing resource-use efficiency, crop yields and profitability.
- University of Maryland scientists continue to refine automated irrigation systems for horticultural crop producers. The automation and control of irrigation control in many nurseries can have a large impact not only on water, nutrient use and disease management, but for many larger nurseries, it is likely to reduce the fixed costs of at least 1-2 full-time irrigation managers. For many ornamental growers, this would amount to between $50,000 and $75,000 per year. It is unlikely that these jobs would be lost, since lower-skill jobs (opening and closing valves) would be replaced by higher-skill jobs (monitoring and maintenance, data interpretation) of computer-controlled irrigation systems. With better information provided by sensor networks, irrigation managers are likely to make much better and more timely irrigation decisions, and translate that knowledge into better nutrient management results (e.g. by reduced leaching events)
- The use of alternative irrigation water sources is imperative to the green industries (nursery, greenhouse landscape), as their dependence on high quality water sources is being challenged by climate change, competition and allocation to other priority uses. Studies on alternative irrigation water sources at Rutgers University are evaluating the short- and long-term effects of sources like reclaimed water for nursery and greenhouse uses, and residential graywater on landscape plants, in comparison to traditional, high-quality, water sources. Results to date suggest that systematic tracking of water quality parameters, and adjustments to irrigation management practices could allow for satisfactory use of these alternative water sources. The long-term effects of these water sources on the chemical, physical and biological properties of soils are currently being assessed.
- Fresh, quality water is a finite resource that needs to be utilized efficiently when producing specialty crops. Research at Virginia Tech has taken a unique approach of engineering soilless substrates using conventional, readily available components to increase substrate water availability to quickly produce marketable ornamental plants in conditions that were previously thought to be too dry for production.
- University of California scientists continue research on removal of plant pathogens from captured runoff using slow sand filters and have published a paper on its ability to remove tobacco mosaic virus. As part of the USDA WateR3 project, we are measuring nursery surface runoff and irrigation usage volumes and collecting water samples at two collaborating nurseries to determine nutrient and pathogen content to support the development of nursery hydrologic models.
- The University of Tennessee has shown that sensor-based irrigation scheduling reduces water use by 64% for junipers, 54% for oakleaf hydrangeas, and 15% for kousa dogwoods when compared with standard nursery irrigation practices.
- Use of alternative water resources (e.g., recycled, municipal reclaimed water, etc.) by greenhouse and nursery growers is critical for their continued economic sustainability. Water quality in alternative sources may be poor, reducing crop growth. Clemson University scientists are quantifying the quality of alternative water sources (in various regions within the US) and developing decision support tools to help growers make informed decisions about how to clean their water. Use of alternative water source will decrease grower demand for potable water sources, while maintaining access to viable water sources for crop production.
- Reducing nitrogen and phosphorus levels in surface waters help to limit algal blooms. For most growers, water treatment options are limited by economic and site-specific constraints. Clemson University scientists used floating treatment wetlands to reduce nutrient levels in ponds to control algae. Plants in the floating wetlands absorbed 17-291 g of N per m2 and 1.0 to 48 g of P per m2. Floating wetlands absorbed nutrients, limiting nutrients available to algae and improving water quality.
- Texas A&M Researchers have determined salt tolerance of additional 25 popular ornamental species by categorizing them into sensitive to tolerant groups. This information would guide the green industry professionals in plant selection when dealing with low quality irrigation water.
Publications
Abdi, D.E., B.M. Cregg, J.S. Owen and R.T. Fernandez. 2017 Efficiency of bioreactor nutrient remediation in the presence of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Waikoloa, HI. HortScience
Basiri Jahromi, N., F. Walker, A. Fulcher and J.E. Altland. 2016. Effect of biochar on nutrient release and retention in container crops. HortScience 51(9):S161.
Basiri Jahromi, N., F. Walker, A. Fulcher and J.E. Altland. 2016. Effect of biochar on nutrient release and retention in container crops. Proc. Southern Nursery Association Research Conference. 61:174-180.
Basiri Jahromi, N., F. Walker, A. Fulcher and J.E. Altland. Effect of biochar and plant based irrigation scheduling on growth and plant water use. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting. Abstract 117-11. https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2016am/webprogram/Paper99808.html
Bayer, A., J. Ruter, and M.W. van Iersel. 2016. Elongation of Hibiscus acetosella under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. HortScience 51:1384-1388
Behe, B.K., M. Knuth, C.R. Hall, R.T. Fernandez and P. Huddleston. 2017. Four key factors in water conservation attitudes of Americans. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Waikoloa, HI. HortScience
Bell, NL, LM Garcia-Chance, and SA White. 2017. Clean WateR3: Evaluation of 3 Treatment Technologies to Remove Contaminants from Recycled Production Runoff. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, In-press, Accepted April 26.
Cabrera J., R.E. Raudales .2017. Monitoring pH and EC of Growing Medium. e-Gro Alert 6.37.:1-6
Cabrera, R.I., J.J. Franco-Hermida and J.M. Guzman. 2016. Evaluation of integrated nutrient diagnosis techniques to enhance productivity and quality in greenhouse rose crops. International Cut Flower Growers Assn. Bulletin, April-June Issue. pp. 9-15.
Del Castillo-Múnera, J. and Swett, C.L. 2016. Managing oomycete populations at irrigation-associated critical control points in ornamental greenhouses. Phytopathology, 106(5S): S3.1
Del Castillo-Múnera, J. and Swett, C.L. Can oomycete pathogens and water use be co-managed using deficit irrigation sensor networks? Phytopathology, in press
Del Castillo-Múnera, J., Belayneh B., Lea-Cox, J., and Swett C.L. 2017. Adapting to water insecurity: Balancing reduced water use with root disease risk. Phytopathology, in press
Fausey, B., E. Runkle, A.C. Cameron, R.D. Heins, W.H. Carlson. 2001. Herbaceous perennials: Heuchera. Greenhouse Grower 19(6):50-62.
Fernandez, R.T., R. Gawronski. Daschner, L. Sage, S. Doane, H. Stoven, J. Lea-Cox, B. Belayneh and B. Behe. 2016. Radio frequency identification system performance in ornamental plant operations. ISHS III International Symposium on Horticulture in Europe. Chania, Greece
Ferraro, N.*, D. Bosch, J. Pease, and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2017. Costs of recapturing and recycling irrigation water in container nurseries. HortScience. 52:258-263.
Fields, J.S.* and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2016. Manipulation of soilless substrate hydraulic properties to optimize container crop water-substrate. HortScience 51(9):S150.
Fields, J.S.* and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2016. Utilizing the HYDRUS model as a tool for understanding soilless substrate water dynamics. Acta Hort. (in press)
Fields, J.S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., and H. Scoggins. 2017. The influence of substrate hydraulic conductivity on plant water status of ornamental container crop grown in sub-optimal substrate water potentials. HortScience (accepted 29 April 2017)
Fields, J.S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., L. Zhang*, and W.C. Fonteno. 2016. Use of the evaporative method for determination of soilless substrate moisture characteristic curves. Sci. Hortic. 211:102-109.
Fisher P., G. Grant, V. Zayaz, R.E. Raudales, J Altland, J Boldt. 2016. New Technology Development in Water Treatment. Greenhouse Grower Technology. May/June 2016: 20-22
Fisher P., R.E. Raudales, J. Huang. 2016. Select the Right Filter for Ebb-and Flood Irrigation. Greenhouse Grower Magazine: New Technology Development in Water Treatment Series. Greenhouse Grower July 2016: 46-50
Fisher P., RE Raudales. 2016. Minimize iron build-up on your water pipes. Greenhouse Grower. June 2016:66-70
Fox, L. and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2016. Fertilización de árboles y arbustos. Virginia Coop. Ext. Ser. Publ. 430-018S.
Franco-Hermida J.J., M.F. Quintero, R.I. Cabrera and J.M. Guzman. 2017. Determination of diagnostic standards on saturated soil extracts for cut roses grown in greenhouses. PLOS ONE 12(5): e0178500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178500
Fulcher, A, AV LeBude, JS Owen, Jr, SA White, RC Beeson. 2016. Are we learning from the past: The industry must look to the past and present to envision the future of water resources. Nursery Management. 32(6):18, 20-24. Unique online readers: 12,003
Fulcher, A., A.V. LeBude, J. S. Owen, Jr., S. A. White, and R. C. Beeson. 2016. The next ten years: Strategic vision of water resources for nursery producers. HortTechnology 26:133-140.
Fulcher, A., A.V. LeBude, J. S. Owen, Jr., S. A. White, and R. C. Beeson. 2016. Are we learning from the past: The industry must look to the past and present to envision the future of water resources. Nursery Management. 32(6):18, 20-24.
Fulcher, A., A.V. LeBude, J.S. Owen, Jr., S.A. White, and R.C. Beeson. 2016. The next ten years: Strategic vision of water resources for nursery producers. HortTech. 2:121-131.
Fulcher, A., A.V. LeBude, J.S. Owen, Jr., S.A. White, and R.C. Beeson. 2016. Are we learning from the past? Nursery Management and Production, June. Accessed 17 Jun http://www.nurserymag.com/article/are-we-learning-from-the-past/.
Fulcher, A., J.S. Owen, and A.V. LeBude. 2016. Hydrangea production: Species specific production guide. U. Tennessee Institute of Agriculture. PB 1840-B. 12pp.
Gent, M.P.N. and R.J. McAvoy. 2000. Plant growth retardants in ornamental horticulture. In: Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture and Horticulture: Their Role and Commercial Uses. A.S. Basra, (ed.) Good Products Press, NY. pp. 89-146.
Griffin, W. N., S. Cohan, S., J.D. Lea-Cox and A.G. Ristvey. 2017. Phedimus kamtschaticus growth response and volumetric water content of experimental green roof substrates with varying substrate composition in a growth chamber. HortScience. HortScience 52(2):1-6.
Hartmann, H.T., D.E. Kester, F.T. Davies, Jr. and R.L. Geneve. 2002. Hartmann and Kester’s Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Seventh Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/PB1840-B.pdf
JC Majsztrik, RT Fernandez, PR Fisher, DR Hitchcock, J Lea-Cox, JS Owen, Jr., LR Oki, SA White. 2017. Water use and treatment in containerized specialty crop production: A review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 228:151 27pp.
Knuth, M., B.K. Behe, C.R. Hall, P.T. Huddleston and R.T. Fernandez. In-review. Consumer perceptions, attitudes, and purchase behavior with landscape plants during real and perceived drought periods. In-review to HortScience
Knuth, M., B.K. Behe, C.R. Hall, P.T. Huddleston and R.T. Fernandez. In-review. Consumer perceptions of landscape plant water use: A conjoint study. In-review to HortScience
Lamm, AJ, LA Warner, ET Martin, SA White, P Fisher. 2017. Enhancing Extension Programs by Discussing Water Conservation Technology Adoption with Growers. Journal of Agricultural Education. 58(1):251-266.
Lamm, AJ, LA Warner, MR Taylor, ET Martin, SA White, P Fisher. 2017 Diffusing water conservation and treatment technologies to nursery and greenhouse growers. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. 24110: 105-119. DOI 10.5191/jiaee.2017.24110
Lea-Cox, J.D. A New Way to Measure Electrical Conductivity. Greenhouse Product News. Sparta, MI. January Issue, 2017.
Lea-Cox, J.D. 2016. When exactly should I irrigate? Greenhouse Product News. Sparta, MI. July Issue, 2016.
Lea-Cox, J.D. and B.E. Belayneh. 2016. A Protocol to Estimate Plant Available Water Thresholds from Empirical Soil Moisture Sensor Data. HortScience 51(9): S171
Lea-Cox, J.D., J. Williams and M.A. Mellano. 2017. Optimizing a Sensor-based Irrigation Protocol for a Large-Scale Cut-Flower Operation in Southern California. ISHS Symposium 2016 Sensing Plant Water Status - Methods and Applications in Horticultural Science. Potsdam, Germany. October 5-7, 2016. Acta Hort. (Accepted).
Lea-Cox, J.D., J.P. Zazanis, C. Miller, A. Novy and M. Shore. 2016. Monitoring Stormwater Runoff and Green Roof Performance with Sensor Networks. Proceedings of Cities Alive: 14th Annual Green Roof and Wall Conference, Washington D.C., November 1-4, 2016.
Li, Tongyin. 2016. Nutrient and water management of container-grown Encore azalea. Miss. State Univ., PhD Diss.
Mack, R.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., A.X. Niemiera, and J. Latimer. 2017 Virginia nursery and greenhouse grower survey of best management practices. HortTechnology (in press)
Mack, R.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., and A.X. Niemiera. 2016. Best management practice use and efficacy for Virginia nurseries and greenhouses. HortScience 51(9):S148-S149.
Majsztrik, J.C., R.T. Fernandez, J.S. Owen, P.R. Fisher, D.R. Hitchcock, J.D. Lea-Cox, L.R. Oki, and S.A. White. 2017. Water use and treatment in containerized specialty crop production: A review. Water Air Soil Pollut. 228:151. DOI:10.1007/s11270-017-3272-1.
Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2017. Clean WateR3: Developing Tools to Help Specialty Crop Growers Understand the Costs and Benefits of Recycling Water. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, In-press. Accepted April 26.
Nambuthiri, S., E. Hagen, A. Fulcher, and R. Geneve. 2017. Evaluating a physiological-based, on-demand irrigation system for container-grown woody plants with different water requirements. HortScience 52(2):251-257.
Oki, L.R. 2016. CDFA Nursery Advisory Board Report. University of California Nursery and Floriculture Alliance News. 20(1): 23. http://ucnfanews.ucanr.edu/Articles/CDFA_Nursery_Advisory_Board_Reports/Spring_2016_CDFA_Nursery_Advisory_Board_Report.
Oki, L.R., K. Reid, and J. Sisneroz. 2016. Landscape plant irrigation trials. Acta Hort. 1140: 145-150. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1140.31.
Oki, L.R., L. Nackley, and B. Pitton. 2016. Slow sand filters remove tobacco mosaic virus. University of California Nursery and Floriculture Alliance News. 20(2): 12-14. http://ucnfanews.ucanr.edu/files/247323.pdf.
Oki, L.R., L.L. Nackley, and B. Pitton. 2016. Slow sand filters: a biological treatment method to remove plant pathogens from nursery runoff. Acta Hort. 1140:139-144. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1140.30.
Oki, L.R., S. Bodaghi, E. Lee, D. Haver, B. Pitton, L. Nackley, and Mathews, D.M. 2017. Elimination of tobacco mosaic virus from irrigation runoff using slow sand filtration. Sci. Hort. 217(2017):107-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.01.036.
Oki. L.R. 2016. UCANR seeks industry support for 2016 environmental horticulture positions. (and) Comments for UCANR 2016 Environmental Horticulture Positions Due July 11. eNews. California Association of Nurseries and Garden Centers. June 17, 23, 30, July 8, 2016.
Owen, J.S., A. Fulcher, A. LeBude, and M. Chappell. 2016. Hydrangea production: cultivar selection and general practices to consider when propagating and growing hydrangea. University of Tennessee. PB 1840-A. 12pp. https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/PB1840-A.pdf
Owen, J.S., Jr., A. Fulcher, A. LeBude, and M. Chappell. 2016. Hydrangea production: cultivar selection and general practices to consider when propagating and growing hydrangea. Univ. Tennessee Inst. Agric. PB 1840-A.
Owen, J.S., Jr., A. LeBude, M. Chappell, and T. Hoskins*. 2016. Advanced irrigation management for container-grown ornamental crop production. Virginia Cooperative Extension Service Publ. HORT-218P.
Owen, J.S., Jr., S.A. White, B.E. Whipker, and B. Krug. 2016. GroZoneTracker: A free mobile app to help you record, monitor, and share water quality and substrate pH and electrical conductivity data within your nursery and greenhouse operation. Virginia Coop. Ext. Ser. Publ. HORT-2227P.
Owen, Jr, JS, SA White, B Whipker, B Krug. 2016. “GroZoneTracker: A mobile app to help you record, monitor, and share water quality and substrate pH and electrical conductivity data within your nursery and greenhouse operation”. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Publication # HORT-227P.
Owen, Jr, JS, SA White. 2017. Monitoring for profit! Nursery Management. 16-22. Unique online readers: 12,003
Owen, Jr., J. S. and S. A. White. 2017. Monitoring for profit. Nursery Management. 33(1):16, 18-22.
Prenger J. and P.P. Ling. 2001. Greenhouse condensation control – understanding and using vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet, AEX-804-2001. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
Raudales R.E, P Fisher, C. Hall. 2017. What is the true cost of your water? GPN Magazine May 2017.pp. 41-42.
Raudales R.E. 2016. Algae on the nutrient solution and surfaces. E-Gro Edible Alert 6.1.: 1-4.
Raudales R.E. 2016. Nutritional Disorders of Florists’ Crops. In: Handbook of Florist's Crops Diseases- Handbook of Plant Disease Management. R.J. McGovern and W.H. Elmer (eds) Springer Meteor, Switzerland 1-27.
Raudales R.E. 2016. Plant Growth Regulators. In: New England Floriculture Guide 2017-2018. Stack L. (ed) New England Floriculture Inc, MA. D1-88
Raudales R.E. 2017. Best Practices in Chlorination. e-Gro Alert 6.34.:1-6
Raudales R.E. 2017. Case Study on Irrigation: The cost of clogging and the benefit of unclogging. e-Gro Research Update 2017.01
Raudales R.E., C. McGehee .2016. Pythium Root Rot of Hydroponic Crops. e-Gro Edible Alert 1.4.:1-5.
Raudales R.E., C. McGehee .2017. Biofungicides for Control of Root Diseases on Greenhouse-Grown Vegetables. e-Gro Edible Alert 2.7.:1-4
Raudales R.E., C.R. Hall, P.R. Fisher. 2017. The cost of irrigation sources and water treatment in greenhouse production. Irrigation Science 35: 43-54
Raudales R.E., L. Pundt .2016. Maintaining High Quality Plants in Retail Settings. e-Gro Alert 31.5.:1-6.
Raudales R.E., P. Fisher, C Hall .2017. The Cost of Filtration. GPN Magazine. March 2017 .pp. 13-16.
Raudales R.E., P. Fisher, C. Hall. .2017. How Much Does it Cost to Sanitize your Water? GPN Magazine April 2017 .pp. 30-35.
Ristvey, A.G, J.D. Lea-Cox, B.E. Belayneh and J. Iferd. 2017. Automated sensor-control strategies for drip irrigation of containerized Chrysanthemum. ISHS Symposium 2016 Sensing Plant Water Status - Methods and Applications in Horticultural Science. Potsdam, Germany. October 5-7, 2016. Acta Hort. (Accepted)
Ristvey, A.G. and J. D. Lea-Cox, 2015. Precision Irrigation for Nursery and Greenhouse Crops. In: Total Crop Management of Herbaceous Perennial Plants. S. Gill (Ed). University of Maryland Extension Bulletin 363 (4th Rev). pp. 345-354.
Saavoss, M., J.C. Majsztrik, B.E. Belayneh, J.D. Lea-Cox and E. Lichtenberg. 2016. Yield, quality, and profitability of sensor-controlled irrigation: A case study of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) production. Irrigation Science 34:409-420. (DOI:10.1007/s00271-016-0511-y)
Sample, D.J., J.S. Owen, Jr., J. Fields*, and S. Barlow*. 2016. Soil moisture sensors for managing irrigation in Virginia. Virginia Coop. Ext. Ser. Publ. BSE-198P.
Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., and A.X. Niemiera. 2015. Predicting pH of Sphagnum peat moss and pine bark substrates amended with ground and pulverized dolomitic limestone. Proc. Southern Nursery Assoc. Res. Conf. 60:34-40.
Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., and A.X. Niemiera. 2016. Growth response of ilex and hydrangea using low-phosphorus controlled-release fertilizers. HortScience 51(9):S162.
Starry, O., J.D. Lea-Cox, A.G. Ristvey and S. Cohan. 2016. Parameterizing a Water-Balance Model for Predicting Stormwater Runoff from Green Roofs. J. Hydrol. Eng. 21 (12):04016046. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001443).
Sun, Y., G. Niu, and C. Perez. 2016. Relative salt tolerance of six Texas Superstar annuals. Proceedings of Southern Nursery Association 61: 85-90.
Sun, Y., G. Niu, and H. Barrera. 2016. Effect of volumetric water content on the growth of Anisacanthus quadrifidu, Caryopteris x clandonensis, and Cuphea hyssopifolia. Proceedings of Southern Nursery Association 61: 29-34.
Trelstad, D., J.S. Owen, and R.T. Fernandez. 2017. Comparison of calcined aggregates for use in pine bark based substrates in woody ornamental container production. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Waikoloa, HI. HortScience
Wang, X., G. Niu, M. Gu, P. Baumann, J. Masabni. 2017. Response of vegetable seedling emergence to mustard (Sinapis alba ‘IdaGold’ and Brassica juncea ‘Pacific Gold’) seed meal. HortScience 52: 371-376.
White, SA. 2017. Clean WateR3: Integrating Research and Extension to Help Specialty Crop Growers Recycle Water. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, In-press, Accepted May 8.
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