Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

NC-213 Annual Meeting – Business Meeting

Wednesday, March 1, 2017 – Kansas City, Missouri

Kansas City Convention Center

Executive Committee Members In attendance:

NC-213 Chair and Objective Co-Chair: Gretchen Mosher
NC-213 Vice Chair: Sam McNeill
NC-213 Secretary: Anton Bekkerman
NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator: David A. Benfield
NC-213 The Andersons, Inc.: Chris Reed
NC-213 Past Chair and Objective Co-Chair: R.P. Kingsly Ambrose
NC-213 Objective Co-Chair: Brian Adam
NC-213 Industry Advisory Chair: Chuck Hill

 (Please see "Participants" for a listing of all meeting participants.)

--NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator’s Office: Update on The Andersons Research Grant Program – 2016 Team Competition. Bill Koshar reviewed that four proposals were received. One proposal did not meet the Pre-Eligibility requirements and the Grant Review Committee made the unanimous decision that it should not be considered for the competition. The Lead P.I. was notified. Bill shared with the group that the Grant Review Committee reported that this year’s Andersons Research Grant Program – Team Competition 2016 awarded the Proposal; “Segregation Strategies for Non-GM Corn: Improving Effectiveness through an Analytical Modeling Approach” which was submitted by Lead P.I. Gretchen Mosher, Iowa State University, and R.P. Kingsly Ambrose, Purdue University. This is a two year research proposal and is eligible to receive up to $75,000.00 each year for a two year period.
--NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator’s Office: Discuss the NC-213 Revision/Rewrite. This is on Gretchen’s “radar” and she is soliciting individuals to be on the Rewrite Team. She and Bill Koshar will reconnect after the Annual Meeting to get this moving along. All members were asked to consider sitting on the Rewrite Team. While Gretchen will assist in the process, Sam McNeill, as incoming NC-213 Chair should be involved as well.
--NC-213 Election: Bill Koshar gave the group a reminder that we will need to identify someone to fill the position of NC-213 Secretary. We do encourage individuals to be solicited before the NC-213 Annual Meeting. Brief the individual and hopefully they will agree to be considered.

Slate for Calendar Year 2018:
Kingsly Ambrose (NC-213 Past Chairs rolls off)
Gretchen Mosher (NC-213 Chair to NC-213 Past Chair)
Sam McNeill (NC-213 Vice Chair to NC-213 Chair)
Anton Bekkerman (NC-213 Secretary to NC-213 Vice Chair)
Note: Need to fill the position of secretary.

Chuck Hill (NC-213 Chair of the NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee)

Note: All objective co-chair positions are filled.
A: K.M. Lee and S. Simsek
B: B. Adam and H. Dogan
C: R.P. Kingsly Ambrose and G. Mosher
--Griffiths G. Atungulu, Assistant Professor, University of Arkansas, was approached to serve in the capacity of NC-213 Secretary. Gretchen Mosher reviewed the requirements to serve on the NC-213 Executive Committee letting everyone know that it is actually a five year commitment. Griffiths was nominated from the floor, he accepted the nomination, and he was unanimously voted as incoming NC-213 Secretary for 2018.
--NC-213 Annual Meeting/Technical Sessions 2018 and 2019. Due to the next two geographical locations for GEAPS (Denver and New Orleans), members of NC-213 approached Mr. Dave Green, newly appointed Executive Vice President, Wheat Quality Council to see if we could join them during their time in Kansas City, Missouri. Dave Green agreed, and Sam McNeill, in his position of incoming NC-213 Chair, will contact Dave Green formally and request meeting along-side the Wheat Quality Council, to include encouraging NC-213 members to attend sessions on Wednesday, February 21 and also attend the evening Banquet. Gretchen Mosher shared with the group that individuals at Iowa State were thinking of hosting an NC-213 Annual Meeting in 2019—locations to be considered Ames or Des Moines, Iowa. Discussion was held regarding the Poster Shower/Graduate Student Poster Competition People’s Choice and how that would work with having no Industry Partners at the meeting. Discussion was held that Advisory Committees could furnish reviewers, etc. After some discussion, it was decided to accept Dave Green’s agreement to meet along-side the Wheat Quality Council in 2018 and for 2019 let Iowa State University host the NC-213 Annual Meeting/Technical Sessions.
--NC-213 Administration: Discuss the possibility of a no registration fee or reduced registration fee for Graduate Students. After much discussion, it was decided that Graduate Students can attend the NC-213 Annual Meeting/Technical Sessions at a reduced rate (i.e., maybe just the cost of the meals or less) and they would be able to attend the Banquet, all breaks and sessions, and the buffet lunch on the second day. The “cap” was set at $50.00 for registration for a graduate student. We will try this for one year and then see how the expenses play out.
--Meeting adjourned.
Submitted by Bill Koshar

Objective 1 Accomplishments

In a study involving wheat, corn, soybean and barley samples, three near infrared transmission analyzers for composition did not give equivalent results as set up by their respective manufacturers.  Recalibration on a common set of calibration samples brought them closer together (within 0.1% point for wheat protein).  Additional steps for further study were determined.

Sorting of contaminated maize kernels is an approach to reduce aflatoxin levels in maize samples. The current research aims to evaluate an approach of repeated screening and sorting of maize samples to decrease the aflatoxin levels in contaminated grain with a multispectral fluorescence-based aflatoxin detection method. The multispectral fluorescence-based method uses two narrow bandwidth fluorescence bands for the detection. This method was developed based on a fluorescence shift phenomenon observed in the blue-green spectral region for maize kernels with a high aflatoxin content. A multispectral imaging system including one scientific grade 14-bit Pixelfly camera and one filter wheel was integrated to accomplish dual-band multispectral imaging.

Research was focused on pre-milling interventions to reduce the microbial load of wheat. In the first project, we continued our efforts to improve the safety of wheat grain prior to milling by further testing the saline-organic acid solutions as antimicrobial treatments. The tempering process of soft wheat was evaluated. At first tempering solutions were tested against enteric pathogens including Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and non-O157 shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). In these experiments soft red winter wheat was inoculated with cocktails of either five serotypes of S. enterica, five kanamycin-resistant strains of E. coli O157:H7, or six serotypes of non-O157 STEC to achieve a 6.0 log CFU/g, followed by a resting time of 7 days to allow for microbial adaptation and moisture equilibration. During the resting period, inoculated samples were placed at temperatures of 2˚C, 11˚C, 24˚C and 33˚C to mimic the winter, spring/fall, and summer temperatures, respectively, encountered by wheat in storage. Besides water, solutions containing a combination of organic acid (acetic or lactic; 2.5% and 5.0% v/v) and NaCl (26% w/v) were used for tempering the wheat samples to 15.0% moisture. Grain samples were analyzed before and after tempering to determine the microbial reduction achieved by the tempering treatments at different seasonal temperatures. Regardless of temperature, the initial load of pathogens was reduced significantly by all treatments when compared to the control which was tempered with water (p<0.05). The best results for S. enterica were achieved using lactic acid 5%+NaCl 26% solution at 2˚C, which resulted in 2.1 log CFU/g reduction. Implementation of organic acids and salt in tempering water prior to milling could benefit the milling industry and consumers by preventing or reducing the risk of pathogen contamination in milled products. Further experiments will be conducted using hard red winter wheat. 

Harvest can be delayed for many reasons including weather and competition of other crops and fields that are ready to harvest. Delayed harvest prolongs the exposure of the grain to the environment. Research was conducted to determine the effect of delayed harvest on the quality of durum wheat. Twelve durum cultivars were planted in eight row plots with four replications at Prosper, ND. Durum cultivars represent popular old cultivars (Ben, Dilse, Lebsock, Mountrail, Pierce), currently grown cultivars (Alkabo, Divide, Grenora, Strongfield) and new cultivars (Carpio, Joppa, Tioga). Two rows were harvested at four times: when grain had about 18% moisture, had 13-14% moisture, and with harvest delayed 1 and 2 weeks after the second harvest. Yield, test weight, kernel size, 1000-kernel weight, kernel vitreousness, kernel protein content, kernel yellow pigment content  and polyphenol oxidase activity were determined for each harvested sample.

Hard red spring (HRS) wheat constitutes about 25% of the wheat crop in the United States and is exclusively grown in the Northern Plains states of MN, MT, ND and SD. HRS wheat is known to have high protein content and excellent milling and baking performance. Domestic and overseas buyers pay premium price for HRS wheat because of its high quality and unique characteristics. The objective of this research was to determine if the ranking of HRS wheat cultivars for quality evaluation was affected by mill type. A cultivar scoring system was developed that considered their milling, flour, dough, and bread-baking qualities. This scoring system was designed to rank wheat cultivars for scores between 1 and 10, 1 being “average” and 10 being “most desirable”.  Five bushels of 6 Hard Red Spring wheat cultivar composites (SD Forefront, ND Elgin, MN Bolles, ND 817, SY Ingmar, and ND Glenn) were obtained from Gulf/Great Lake Export Region as part of the 2014 Overseas Varietal Analysis (OVA). Additional five bushels of 6 HRS wheat cultivars of ND Dapps (2014), ND Elgin (2013), ND Faller (2014), SD Focus (2014), ND Glenn (2012), and ND Prosper (2014) from Casselton location were obtained from the North Dakota State Seed Department, thus making a total of 12 HRS wheat cultivars. After milling wheat samples on four different roller mill types (Quad. Jr, Quad. Sr, Buhler MLU-202, and MIAG-Multomat), the flour quality, dough quality and end-use quality was evaluated based on standard methods. The overall quality score for ranking these 12 HRS cultivars (that were milled on four laboratory mills) consisted of (1) wheat quality, (2) milling quality, (3) flour and dough quality, and (4) baking quality scores in which the weights/percentages were given to each of these quality characteristics. Points were awarded for each trait by subdividing these categories into various quality tests for evaluating these traits. Each of these 4 quality scores further consisted of various quality tests in which weights were again given to calculate individual quality score. Within each quality test, scores between 1 and 10 were assigned for each quality test to calculate the overall score, with ten being the best and one being the worst. Upon getting an overall score from these four quality traits (wheat, milling, dough, and baking quality), a final score was calculated by giving weights on these four quality scores. The weights were assigned for these quality traits, and emphasis was placed on dough and baking quality, as these are the most influential basis used to determine the overall quality.

Maize hybrid performance in Africa. Fifty maize samples from the 2016 harvest season in Kenya were analyzed for aflatoxin levels.  Information was collected from each grower about certain variables to investigate their impact on the aflatoxin concentration.  The variables examined in this study were sub-county, altitude, maize hybrid, harvest season, days till harvest, planting density, type of fertilizer, amount of fertilizer, previous crop, weight, husk tightness, and whether or not the ear drooped at black layer.  Each sample was tested three times due to the variability of aflatoxin.  Eight (16%) of the 50 samples had an average aflatoxin concentration over the 20 ppb regulatory limit.  Thirteen (26%) of the samples had average concentrations of aflatoxin over 10 ppb.  The linear regression model with husk as the only covariate showed that the tightness of the husk had a significant effect on aflatoxin level.  For the predicted model, a loose husk had a higher concentration of aflatoxin than ears with a tighter husk.  Six (66.7%) of the 9 samples that had a loose husk also had aflatoxin levels over 20 ppb.  Eight of the nine samples were from one hybrid, and the sample that was not from that specific hybrid was from the same company.  Although not statistically significant, there were trends seen for seed corn hybrid and sub-counties.

Fumonisin Pilot Study Program. A fumonisin pilot project study was initiated with two cooperatives already participating in the One Sample Strategy for aflatoxin.  The facilities used a fumonisin test kit to analyze their corn, and these samples were then sent to OTSC for analysis on LC-MS.  Cooperative A used the Neogen kit – Reveal Q+ for fumonisin while Cooperative B used the Vicam Fumo-V AQUA kit.  For Cooperative A, 138 samples were analyzed.  Eighty-five percent of those samples were in agreement with OTSC relative to a marker of ≤ 5 ppm.  Four percent of the samples were in agreement for the > 5ppm. Eleven percent was classified incorrectly (kit < 5 ppm; OTSC > 5ppm).  For Cooperative B, 77 samples were analyzed. Ninety-nine percent of those samples were in agreement with OTSC relative to a marker of ≤ 5 ppm.  Only 1% was in disagreement.

Outreach Programs. The OTSC outreach program includes Educational Programs, Journal of Regulatory Science, Mycotoxin Activities, Communicating with stakeholders, and Laboratory activities- Tours, Method Validation.  One important focus of OTSC outreach programs is managing mycotoxin economic and food safety risk on a global level through educational, co-regulation and proficiency testing programs.  Since2012, the OTSC has coordinated the One Sample Strategy co-regulation program that facilitates the management of economic and food safety risk of aflatoxin contaminated corn by providing Texas producers, crop insurance agents, local grain elevators, feed mills, and regulators with real‐time information about the true level of aflatoxin going into and out of corn bins.  On a global level, the OTSC’s Aflatoxin Proficiency Testing and Control in Africa, Asia, Americas and Europe (APTECA) program implements a process approach to measure and manage aflatoxin risk.  APTECA promotes the use of uniform sampling, testing equipment and methods, proficiency testing, use of laboratory control samples, and third party verification.  In addition, OTSC offers educational programs that focus on regulatory science, laboratory quality systems and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP).

Single seed near-infrared and visible spectroscopy was examined as a method to discriminate sprouted wheat kernels from non-sprouted kernels.  Spouting that occurs in the field is very detrimental to bread making properties. Both near–infrared and visible methods could identify minimally sprouted kernels from those that were severely sprouted but intermediate levels were difficult to quantify.  Near infrared spectroscopy of single seeds was also studied as a method to distinguish gluten containing kernels from oat and groat kernels.  A commercial single seed instrument and an in-house instrument both provided high classification rates across a broad number of small grain types that included barley, rye, triticale and all classes of wheat.

Objective 2 Accomplishments

Development and validation of analytical method to detect mycotoxins using HPLC and LC-MS is in progress. Methods to assess the toxigenic potential of collected isolates is being developed and validated. Determination of mycotoxin concentration in both grains and extracts from fungal cultures is currently being assessed using an HPLC method with UV detection. The current limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for DON using this method are currently 50 and 100 ng/mL in standard solutions injected directly into an Agilent 1260 infinity HPLC system. LOD and LOQ in sampled grains are currently being determined, as modifications to the extraction protocol can change those values for sampled grains. Approximately 400 F. culmorum isolates have already been transferred to yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) to determine toxigenic potential. A method using agar plug extracts to quantify the amount of DON produced has been developed. Some F. culmorum isolates are also likely to be nivalenol (NIV) producers, so the incorporation of NIV standards and the development of a multi-mycotoxin method using the same HPLC-UV parameters are in progress.

In CY2016, the Food Safety Preventive Controls Alliance course Preventive Controls for Animal Food was offered four times to 60 participants each time. Two offerings were targeted at the feed ingredient suppliers and regulatory personnel, and two offerings were targeted toward fuel ethanol producers.

As FSMA compliance becomes more important, food safety management systems are of greater interest to grain industry professionals. To facilitate the adoption of traceability and food safety management tasks by grain handling organizations, the use of the ISO 22000 standard is used, but standards language can be complex and unclear. To assist grain handlers in adopting ISO 22000, a guidance document on the development of a food safety management system using the ISO 22000 was published by the American Association of Cereal Chemists.

Grain dust explosions are a hazard to grain industry workers and the mitigation of these events requires attention to both quality and safety aspects. Training was conducted for workers in Indiana, Iowa, South Dakota, and California on the prevention of grain dust explosions. The training emphasized engineering controls, properties of grain dust, and other worker-based mitigation strategies.

A series of small quantity (<500 kg) corn drying trials were conducted at Iowa State University using a new biomass burner and heat exchanger design. The design was developed in Kenya and is targeted for small holder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa using either a horizontal shallow or circular column drying to hold the grain.

One NC-213 Researcher and their team evaluated the efficacy of fumigating grain in sealed storage structures to control insect pests using pressure half-life decay times, fumigant concentrations, and insect bioassays. Gas monitoring and thermosiphon closed-loop recirculation equipment was installed on two silos. Three fumigations with phosphine (PH3) pellets or tablets and two with cylinderized PH3 were performed in each silo.

There is very limited information in the literature on the effects of aeration, partial unloading/loading cycles, and side discharge on grain compaction in bins. These are frequent occurrences during grain storage that could result in deviations from “typical” pack factors. In addition, secondary grain quality parameters such as high dockage, blending, and GMO varieties have not been studied in relation to grain compaction. A laboratory bin with a diameter of 6 ft and a height of 17 ft was used for testing. The wall and floor were independently supported with load cells. Loading and unloading were stopped when the H/D ratio was 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 and the packing measured. The bulk density during filling increased as expected. At a H/D of 1.0 the density increase, relative to the test weight, was approximately 15 kg/m3. At a H/D of 2.0 and 2.5, the density increase in the bin was approximately 20 kg/m3. As the bin was unloaded, the density increase was smaller (less packing) compared to the loading condition. After unloading to a H/D ratio of 2.0, the density increase was 17 kg/m3, 3 kg/m3 lower than when the bin was being filled. The bulk density increase was 15% lower under conditions of unloading versus unloading. However, these differences were relatively small considering the test weight of the wheat was 780 kg/m3. The results were expected based on Janssen’s equation and the ratio of the floor and wall loads. The lower density increase observed during unloading was also expected. After unloading is initiated, the load on the wall increases by approximately 8-10% with a corresponding decrease in the floor load. If the wall carries a greater portion of the total wall, less overburden pressure is seen by the grain resulting in less packing.

Clean and mold damaged corn samples (Pioneer 33D49 from Kansas) were used to determine the effects of mold damage on bulk density. The clean sample had an initial test weight of 723 kg/m3 and moisture content of 9.6%. This sample was then exposed to an environment where molds thrived resulting in a sample with the following composition: 41% mold damaged, 6.5% broken, and 1.4% insect damaged. The damaged sample had a slightly lower initial test weight (699 kg/m3) and higher moisture content (10.3%) than the normal sample. Bulk densities of the two samples were measured at different overburden pressures from 0 to 138 kPa. Results showed that the bulk density of mold-damaged corn was always less than the bulk density of the clean sample. As the overburden pressure applied to the sample increased, both samples exhibited an increase in density following similar trends, with the mold-damaged values slightly lower than the normal sample.

Sound and insect damaged corn samples (Croplan 5757 VT3 from Kansas) were used to determine the effects of insect damage on bulk density. The sound sample had an initial test weight of 795 kg/m3 and moisture content of 11.2%. This sample was then exposed to insects, resulting in a sample with 18% of the kernels insect damaged. The insect-damaged sample had lower initial test weight (723 kg/m3) and lower moisture content (10.8%) than the sound sample.  Bulk densities of the two samples were measured at different overburden pressures from 0 to 138 kPa. Results showed that the bulk density of insect-damaged corn was always lower than the bulk density of the sound sample. As the overburden pressure applied to the sample increased, both samples exhibited a similar trend of increasing density, with the insect-damaged values slightly lower than the sound sample values following the difference in the initial bulk density.

A presentation entitled “IPM of stored grain insects in Montana” was presented at the Fort Benton Agricultural Center on January 11, 2016.  There were 50 attendees. Tactics stressed were aeration to manage moisture and temperature with judicious use of protectants. Fumigation guidelines were presented. The presentation was requested because of an increased concern about insects in stored grain.  The problem was driven by a significant portion of the 2014 harvest that was stored for an entire year based on low wheat prices. This included a full summer cycle which is very difficult to manage successfully, especially for insects.

A stored product pest management module was again presented to AGSC 401 – IPM students on the Montana State University Campus in October 2016.

When stored in a bin, grain undergoes compression from the weight exerted from the overlying material in the bin. The extent of compression depends on crop type, test weight, moisture content, bin wall material, bin size, and other factors and results in an increase in bulk density. This study is improving the prediction of grain pack factors to include storage time, aeration, and effect of loading cycles. The effects of secondary grain quality parameters like high dockage wheat, high BCFM for corn, and presence of GMO traits are also being investigated. Field data have been collected from 16 bins at commercial elevators and farms to determine the effects of time and aeration on grain packing for corn, wheat, soybeans, and barley. In addition, 22 bins are being monitored through the spring of 2017 for changes in grant height over time with and without aeration. Four barley bins were tracked for 12 months. The change in grain height varied between crops and also between aerated and non-aerated bins. For six corn bins, the decrease in grain height after 6 month of storage ranged up to 0.5%. Similarly, for five soybean bins stored for 6 months with aeration of 900 to 1000 hours, the decrease in grain height ranged up to 0.21%. For three HRW wheat storage bins monitored for 4 months there was no change in grain height. This year’s field data will be combined with bin tracking data from other storage seasons for further analysis.

A partial unloading cycle was monitored in a corn bin (80-ft diameter, 63-ft eave height) at an Illinois ethanol plant. The bin was: (1) partially emptied via a center discharge until only a residual inverted cone remained (average grain height 8.9 ft), then (2) it was refilled and the height measured as 57.98 ft. These measurements were repeated later in an identical bin at the plant. Additional tests of partial unloading and refilling were conducted in the USDA-ARS, CGAHR concrete bins (D = 15 ft; H = 85 ft) and in the University of Kentucky Granular Mechanics Laboratory corrugated steel bins (D = 6 ft; H= 18 ft). The CGAHR concrete bins were filled and unloaded randomly at different H/D ratios while the Kentucky steel bin was filled and unloaded sequentially at increasing or decreasing H/D ratios. Preliminary results for the randomly loaded concrete bins showed no significant differences in packing for loading versus unloading at the same H/D level. Results from the sequentially filled steel bins at Kentucky showed greater packing during filling than during unloading for the same H/D level. Additional tests are planned for the concrete bins with sequential filling and unloading.

Kernel size and shape variation was determined for use in discrete element method (DEM) modeling of initial bulk density and packing in wheat. Six different varieties of hard red winter wheat were analyzed for kernel shape and size. Kernels were passed through a series of sieves to determine size distribution. Kernels were then divided into three size classifications based on thickness size. Minor and major diameters were determined for each size classification using image processing. The different varieties had different proportions of small, medium, and large kernels. For modeling, the dimensions (thickness, minor diameter, major diameter) to be used are: 2.84mm ´ 2.81 mm ´ 5.94 mm for large kernels, 2.61 mm ´ 2.50 mm ´ 5.66 mm for medium, and 2.39 mm ´ 2.16 mm ´ 5.37 mm for small kernels. Different proportions of the three size classifications will be prepared for laboratory and simulation tests to determine the test weight, angle of repose, apparent density, tapped bulk density, and percent void before and after compaction.

Objective 3 Accomplishments

University and private sector agribusinesses continued to utilize our NIRS-based grain component testing service, with 10,615 samples of corn and soybeans submitted from the 2015 crop year, and 15,452 to date from the 2016 crop.  Corn protein was low, but corn starch increased more than expected for the protein level.  This means that ethanol yields will be elevated.  Soybean protein content was approximately 0.5% point below average in 2016 while oil content was 0.5% point above average.  This combination will increase the total value of products from a soybean crushing plant.

The Iowa Grain Quality Initiative added 19 online training modules covering various areas of grain handling and processing.  The Renewable Fuels monthly newsletter became part of this research program.

An ongoing relationship with a major agribusiness insurance company has moved forward. One of the primary goals of this collaboration is to solidify the mindset for grain handlers that the quality of grain and the safety of their workers are closely linked. Two journal publications reporting on the safety outputs of this research are currently under review.

Continued curriculum revision and updating continues, with the revision of the "Managing Grain after Harvest" textbook - an internal text used by agricultural engineering and technology students at Iowa State University in their grain handling coursework.

The development of a feed technology academic minor for undergraduate students in bioprocess/food engineering, agricultural technology, animal science, food science, and agri business at Iowa State University was also initiated.

Research was conducted to improve the ability of the grain marketing system to respond to increased pesticide regulations and to consumer demands for wholesome, insect-free foods.  The specific objectives are to estimate costs and risks associated with chemical-based and IPM pest-control strategies in stored grain facilities, and to estimate costs and risks associated with chemical-based and IPM pest-control strategies in food processing facilities.

Methyl bromide is a commonly used fumigant for controlling insects in food processing facilities. However, it has been designated as an ozone depleter and is becoming less available and more costly. Integrated pest management (IPM) is an alternative, and may additionally reduce insecticide resistance, improve worker safety, and reduce environmental concerns and consumer concerns about pesticide residuals. However, little is known about the costs and efficacy of IPM in food processing facilities. This Research Team considers several IPM approaches and measure both the treatment costs as well as the costs of failing to control insects for each approach.

Food processing facilities face a high cost if they fail to control insects, but a relatively low probability of incurring those costs. In their operating context, a real options approach can provide a method for appropriately measuring the risks of insect infestation under alternative treatment approaches. A Ph.D. student, working with NC-213 Researchers,  is investigating alternative ways to apply this methodology to food processing facilities and their insect control decisions. The Team is working closely with entomologists on the project to gather and analyze data from the project for this purpose. Also, with the help of the entomologists, gathering location data to be used in GIS models that will help improve the understanding of insect issues in processing facilities and thus aid in controlling insects.

One NC-213 Research Team developed a "proof-of-concept" interface between the Proprietary Centralized Data Whole-Chain Traceability System (PCD-WCTS) developed as part of this project and a local farmer-to-consumer traceability system developed by a private traceability company.

McGinnis, S. & C. R. Hurburgh.  2015.  Equivalence of Near Infrared Transmission Instruments for Grain Analyzers.  Poster presented at the 2015 AACCI Annual Meeting, Minneapolis MN, October 2015.

Nelson, C.K. & C. R. Hurburgh.  2015.  Mass Balance Evaluation of Dry Grind Ethanol Plant Options.  Poster presented at the 2015 AACCI Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, October, 2015.

Yao H., Z. Hruska, R. L. Brown, D. Bhatnagar, T. E. Cleveland, Hyperspectral Imaging Technology for Inspection of Plant Products Ch 9 in “Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Food and Agriculture” edited by Dr. Park and Dr. Lu., published by Springer, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-4939-2835-4.

Yao, H., Hruska, Z., & DiMavungu, J. D. 2015. Developments in Detection and Determination of Aflatoxins. World Mycotoxin Journal. 8(2), 181-191.

Zhu, F., Yao H., Z. Hruska, R. Kincaid, R. L. Brown, D. Bhatnagar, T. E. Cleveland. 2016. Integration of Fluorescence and Reflectance Visible Near-Infrared (VNIR) Hyperspectral Images for Detection of Aflatoxins in Corn Kernels. Transactions of the ASABE. 59(3): 785-794.

Sabillón, L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Regassa TH, Bianchini A. 2016. Microbial load of hard red winter wheat produced at three growing environments across Nebraska, USA. Journal of Food Protection 79:646-654.

Sabillón, L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Flores RA, Bianchini A. Reduction in microbial load of wheat by tempering with organic acid and saline solutions. Cereal Chemistry 93:638-646.

Hall III, C. and Gebreselassie, E. 2016. Understanding Lignan (SDG) stability in Fermented Beverages. Proceedings of the 66th Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by H. Kandel and C. Hall. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 31-38.

Rajala, F., Syverson, D., Niehaus, M. and Hall, C. 2016. Assessing Peroxide Value in Flaxseed – an oxidation indicator. Proceedings of the 66th Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by H. Kandel and C. Hall. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 86-90.

Hall III, C. and Gebreselassie, E. 2016. Understanding Lignan (SDG) stability in Fermented Beverages. The 66th Flax Institute of the United States Meeting, Fargo, ND March. 31-April 1, 2016.

Rajala, F., Syverson, D., Niehaus, M. and Hall, C. 2016. Assessing Peroxide Value in Flaxseed – an oxidation indicator. The 66th Flax Institute of the United States Meeting, Fargo, ND. March 31-April 1, 2016.

2016. Simsek, T. Baasandorj, J. Ohm. 2016. Does mill type affect ranking of hard red spring wheat cultivars based on end-use quality? Abstract. AACC International. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2016Abstracts/aacc2016abs65.htm

Lee, K. M., Herrman, T. J., and Post, L. 2016. Evaluation of selected nutrients and contaminants in distillers grains from ethanol production in Texas. Journal of Food Protection. 79, 1562-1571.

Armstrong, P.R., Dell’Endice, F., Maghirang, E. B., and Rupenyan, A. 2016. Discriminating oat and groat kernels from other grains using near-infrared spectroscopy.  Cereal Chem

Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang,  E.B., Yaptenco, K.F. and Pearson, T.C. 2016.  Visible and near-infrared instruments for detection and quantification of individual sprouted wheat kernels. Trans. of ASABE.

Girad, A.L., Perez-Castell, M.E., Bean, S.R., Adrianos, S. L., Awika, J. M. (2016). Effect of condensed tannin profile on wheat flour dough rheology. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64: 7348-7356.

Cobb, A., Wilson, G.W., Goad, C.L. Bean, S.R., Kaufman, R.C., Herald, T.J., and Wilson, J.D. 2016. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in grain production and nutrition of sorghum genotypes: Enhancing sustainability through plant-microbial partnership. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 233: 432-440.

Bize, M., Smith, B.M., Aramouni, F.M., and Bean, S.R. 2016. The effect of egg and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides addition on gluten-free sorghum bread quality. J. Food Sci. (In press)

2016. G. Atungulu, H. Zhong, G. S. Osborn, A. Mauromoustakos, C. B. Singh. 2016. Simulation and Validation of On-Farm In-Bin Drying and Storage of Rough Rice. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, Vol. 32(6), 881-897.

Atungulu G., and Hou Min Zhong. 2016. Assessment of strategies for natural air in-bin drying of rough rice in Arkansas locations. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, Vol. 32(4): 469-481.  DOI 10.13031/aea.32.11361.

Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Sadaka S. 2016. CFD modeling of air flow distribution in rice bin storage system with different grain mass configurations. Biosystems Engineering 151(2016), 286-297.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.007.

Atungulu G., Thote S., Wilson S. 2016. Storage of Hybrid Rough Rice – Consideration of Microbial Growth Kinetics and Prediction Models. Journal of Stored Product Research, 69(2016), 235-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2016.09.003.

Atungulu G.G., Smith D., Wilson S., Sadaka S., Rogers S. (2016). Assessment of one-pass drying of rough rice with an industrial microwave system on milling quality. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, Vol. 32(3): 417-429.  DOI 10.13031/aea.32.11484.

Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Deandrae Smith.  2016. One-pass drying of rough rice with an industrial 915 MHz microwave dryer: Quality and energy use consideration. Biosystems Engineering 155(2017), 33-43.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.007.

Sammy Sadaka, Gagandeep S. Ubhi, Griffiths Atungulu. 2016. Effects of initial moisture content and heating rate on wheat (OAKES) drying kinetic parameters.  International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology. 5(9), 42-54. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.61449.

2016. Pan, H. M. El Mashad, X. Li, R. Khir, G. Atungulu, L. Zhao, P. Kuson, T. McHugh, R. Zhang. 2016. Demonstration tests of infrared peeling system with electrical emitters for tomatoes. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), Vol. 59(4): 985-994, DOI 10.13031/trans.59.11728.

G.G. Atungulu, Z.R. Young, S. Thote, H.M. Zhong, and S. Sadaka. 2016. Improving Germination Rate of Soybean Seed Dried Using Recently Introduced In-Bin Drying Systems. Arkansas Soybean Research Studies 2014. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station May 2016 Research Series 631, Page 184-188.

Wilson S.A, Okeyo A.A, Olatunde G.A, and Atungulu G.G. 2016. Radiant heat treatments for corn drying and decontamination. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2016; e13193. doi:10.1111/jfpp.13193.

Okeyo A., Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Sadaka S., McKay T. 2016. Infrared Drying Characteristics of Long-grain Hybrid, Long-grain Pureline, and Medium-grain Rice Cultivars. Cereal Chemistry. Posted online on 17 Aug 2016, First Look. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-07-16-0181-R.

Thote S., and Atungulu G. 2016. Dry Matter Loss for Hybrid Rough Rice Stored under Reduced Oxygen Conditions. Cereal Chemistry. (in press).

Xiaotuo Wang, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Ragab Gebreil, Zhengjiang Gao, Zhongli Pan, Shantae A. Wilson, Gbenga Olatunde, David Slaughter. Sorting in-shell walnuts using near infrared spectroscopy for improved drying efficiency and product quality. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, Manuscript ID 2016-026 (in press).

C.J. Bern, D. Bbosa, T.J. Brumm, K.A. Rosentrater, R.A. Suleiman. 2015. Blending maize and amaranth to control maize weevil during storage on smallholder farms. Presented and published in the proceedings of the First International Congress on Postharvest Loss Prevention, Rome, Italy, October 2015.

A.M. Shaw. 2015. Food Safety Modernization Act Mini Conference (with FDA and Iowa Department of Inspection and Appeals). Workshop given in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

C.E. Hart. 2016. Crop market outlook. Presented at the Iowa Farm Business Association in Altoona, Iowa; Farm Progress Show, Boone, Iowa; and the Northeast Iowa Research and Demonstration Farm Fall Field Day, Nashua, Iowa.

Grover, A.K., S. Chopra, and G.A. Mosher. Food Safety Modernization Act: A quality management approach to identify and prioritize factors affecting adoption of preventative controls among small food facilities. Food Control, 66, July 2016, 241-249.

Ramaswamy, S.K., Rosentrater, K.A., and G.A. Mosher. 2016. Does a NIR system provide low-cost alternative to on-farm feed and forage testing? A techno-economic analysis. ASABE Meeting paper #2460922. Orlando, FL: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ASABE).

Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. 2016. Error analysis of stored grain inventory determination. Trans. ASABE. 59(3): 1061-1072.

Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. 2016. Modeling the Compressibility Behavior of Hard Red Wheat Varieties. Trans. ASABE. 59(3) 1029-1038.

Sekhon, J., N. Maness, and C. Jones. 2016. Effect of compressed propane extraction on storage stability of dried cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Food Engineering Jan16.

Sekhon, J., N. Maness, and C. Jones. 2015. Effect of preprocessing and compressed propane extraction on quality of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Food Chemistry 175: 322-328.

Ismayilzade, N, V. Samedov, B. Kard, and C. Jones. 2015. Sunflower seed damage and economic injury level of the European Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Journal of Entomological Science 50(2): 138-146.

Moore, K and C. Jones. Grain Entrapment Pressure on the Torso - Can You Breathe While Buried in Grain? Journal of Ag Safety and Health, ASABE. JASH-11648-2015.(Awaiting second round of reviewer comments)

Jones, C.L., 2016.  Grain Bin Entrapment: Don’t Let It Happen To You! BAE-1113. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Jones, C.L., 2016.  Grain handling automation and controls. BAE-1290. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Jones, C.L., 2016.  Grain bin entrapment: a case study from an Oklahoma country elevator. CR-1726. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Jones, C.L., C. Reed, and S. George. 2015. Grain Bin Safety Training, Instructors Manual and Student Manual. Oklahoma State University Fire Services Training Publishing, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Jones, C.L., C. Reed, and S. George. 2015. Grain Bin Safety Training, Teaching Slides with video on external drive. Oklahoma State University Fire Services Training Publishing, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Grain Bin Safety. 2015. Video delivered on thumb drive. Oklahoma State Fire Services Training, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Jones, C.L. and E. Bonjour. Preparing grain bins and flat storages prior to harvest or incoming product storage. Oklahoma State University Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Grain Bin Safety Awareness. 2015. Curriculum for training ag workers.  Oklahoma State University Fire Services Training Publishing, Stillwater, OK.

Bonjour, E., C. Jones and R. Beeby. 2015. A closed loop system improves phosphine fumigation in stored grain facilities.  Entomological Society of America.  Entomology 2015 Conference, November 15-18, 2015. Minneapolis, MN.

Moore, K and C. Jones. 2015. Impact of a polyethylene liner on the storage of canola in unaerated steel bins – Year 1 results.  ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 152189116, New Orleans, LA. July 29, 2015.

Jones, C. and G. Brown. 2015. Adapting a culture mapping technique to the needs of engineering students and researchers. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 152189818, New Orleans, LA. July 29, 2015.

Bonjour, E. and C. Jones. 2016. Minimizing insect infestations in grain storage facilities prior to harvest. XXV International Congress of Entomology. Orlando, FL. September 25-30, 2016.

Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, S.G. McNeill, M.P. Sama, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. 2015. Modeling the compressibility behavior of hard red wheat varieties. Transactions of the ASABE 59(3): 1029‐1038.

Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, N.K. Koeninger, S.G. McNeill, M.E Casada, R. Bhadra, J.M. Boac, R.G. Maghirang, and S.A. Thompson. 2015. Error analysis in the measurement of stored grain volume. Transactions of the ASABE 59(3): 1061‐1072.

Bhadra, R., M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, A.P. Turner, S.A. Thompson, M.D. Montross, R.G. Maghirang, and S.G. McNeill. 2016. Correlating bulk density (with dockage) and test weight (without dockage) for wheat samples. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 32(6): 925-930.

Bhadra, R., M.E. Casada, S.A. Thompson, J.M. Boac, R.G. Maghirang, M.D. Montross, , A.P. Turner, and S.G. McNeill. 2017. Technical note: Field-observed angles of repose for stored grain in the U.S. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. In Press.

Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, N.K. Koeninger, S.G. McNeill, M.E Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, and S.A. Thompson 2017. Technical Note: Stored grain surface estimation using a low-density point cloud. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. In Press.

Hurburgh, C. R. and E. Bowers.   2015.  Crop Quality and the Role of Agronomists in FSMA.  Proc 27th Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.  December 2, 2015.

Hurburgh, C.R.  2015.  Pay Attention to Condition of Stored Corn. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter, ANR Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.  August 13, 2015. http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews

Hurburgh, C.R.  2015.  Challenges to Watch in 2015 Harvest.  Integrated Crop Management Newsletter, ANR Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.  September 20, 2015.  http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews

Hurburgh, C.R.  2015.  What a Difference the Weather Makes.     Integrated Crop Management Newsletter, ANR Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.  October 15, 2015.  http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews

Hurburgh, C. R.  2015.  Crop Quality, Storage and FSMA.  Grower Seminar, D and B Agrosystems, Hubbard, IA.  December 8, 2015. (25).

Adam, Brian D., Rodney Holcomb, Michael D. Buser, Blayne Mayfield, Johnson Thomas, Philip Crandall, Corliss A. O’Bryan, Steven C. Ricke, Dar Knipe, and Richard Knipe. 2016. “Enhancing Food Safety, Product Quality, and Value-Added in Food Supply Chains Using Whole-Chain Traceability.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. Special Issue - Volume 19 Issue A:191-214.

Adam, B. D., C. C. Craige, and M. D. Buser. 2016. “Risk Reallocation in a Whole Chain Traceability System.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-17, June.

Buser, M. D, C. C. Craige, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “What Access will Government Agencies Have?” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-16, June.

Thomas, J.P., C. C. Craige, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. How Secure Is Your Data in the National Whole Chain Traceability System?.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-15, June.

2016. C. Craige, T. K. Kumar, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “How to Use the NWCTI System.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-10, June.
2017. C. Craige, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “How Consumers Would Use the National Whole Chain Traceability System.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-09, June.

Stehle, A.M., C. C. Craige, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “Using RFID and Traceability Systems in Stocker Operations.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-05, June.

Adam, B.D., C.C. Craige, and M.D. Buser. 2016. “What makes the National Whole Chain Traceability System Different? Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-02, June 2016.

Ge, Candi, and Brian D. Adam. 2016. “Value of Information in a Whole-Chain Traceability System for Beef Cattle: Application to Meat Tenderness.” Selected Poster presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association annual meetings, Boston, MA, July 31-August 2.

Ge, Candi, and Brian D. Adam. 2016. Value of Information in a Whole-Chain Traceability System for Beef Cattle: Application to Meat Tenderness.” Selected Paper presented at the Western Agricultural Economics Association annual meetings, Victoria, BC, Canada, June 21-23.

Li, Niu. 2016. Alternatives to Methyl Bromide Fumigation for Insect Control in Rice and Wheat Processing Facilities: An Economic Optimization.” M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. (This was incorrectly entered last year as 2015.)