Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

TX-MI-FL: Rangel, J., Huang, Z., Lau, P., Sullivan, J. P., Cabrera A. R. & Ellis, J.

Juliana Rangel, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. E-mail: jrangel@tamu.edu. Phone no.: 979-845-1074.

Zachary Y. Huang, Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

Pierre Lau, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

Joseph Sullivan, Ardea Consulting, Woodland, CA

Ana Cabrera, Bayer CropScience LP / Pollinator Safety, Research Triangle Park, NC

James D. Ellis, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

PESTICIDES FOUND IN POLLEN AND NECTAR COLLECTED BY HONEY BEES IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.

Nectar and pollen samples from commercial apiaries have been shown to contain pesticides in various concentrations and diversity. In contrast, is not clear whether stationary honey bee colonies placed in an urban setting are exposed to more or fewer pesticides, and at what concentrations, compared to hives from commercial operations. It is be possible that colonies in urban environments are exposed to fewer pesticides if foragers have access to wild flowers, or untreated gardens. However, it is also possible that some urban home gardens may actually be treated with more pesticides at higher concentrations, thus increasing the potential exposure of foragers to these chemicals. In this study, conducted in four states across   the United States, we sampled honey bee colonies located in urban settings monthly to determine the type and concentration of pesticides found in fresh nectar and pollen, and compared them to the pesticide levels already known for commercial apiaries.

In July 2014 we started collecting monthly nectar and pollen samples from multiple colonies in urban areas of CA, FL, MI and TX (N= 13 to 15 colonies per state). We collected nectar by locating uncapped, fresh nectar that had been stored in cells <24 h prior to sampling. We collected pollen by engaging front entrance pollen traps 1-2 days prior to sampling. All samples were stored in dry ice and sent to an independent USDA laboratory in Gastonia, NC, for pesticide residue analysis. Each nectar and pollen sample was tested for 179 different types of insecticides and fungicides.

OH- Rodney T Richardson1, John W Christman2 and Reed M Johnson1

1Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; 2Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH

FUMAGILLIN EXPOSURE SUPPRESSES REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES PRODUCTION IN HONEY BEE HEMOCYTES.

The gut-infecting microsporidia, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, are economically important pathogens of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. A drug, fumagillin, is registered for the treatment of Nosema infections, but the side effects of fumagillin exposure in honey bees are poorly studied. We used an oxidant sensitive, fluorogenic dye to measure hemocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, an important innate immune function.

TX- Walsh, E.M. & J. Rangel

Elizabeth Walsh, 412B Minnie Belle Heep Center, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843. walshe@tamu.edu. Dr. Juliana Rangel, 412B Minnie Belle Heep Center, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843. jrangel@tamu.edu

THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF IN-HIVE MITICIDES ON HONEY BEE QUEEN RETINUE RESPONSE

Honey bee populations continue to decline in part due to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, which often causes colonies to collapse and die. Varroa mites were originally controlled with the organophosphate coumaphos (Checkmite+®) and the pyrethroid fluvalinate (Apistan®) upon their initial invasion of US apiaries. Although they are no longer used (due to the development of mite resistance to both products), coumaphos and fluvalinate are still found at high concentrations in commercial colonies across the country, likely due to their long half life

and their absorption into the lipophilic wax (Mullin et al. 2010 PLoS ONE 5:e9754). This is of particular concern because sublethal levels of these miticides have been shown to cause colony-wide health problems. To date, most studies on the effects of miticides on colony health have either not used field-relevant concentrations of miticides, or have not explored the potential synergistic effects of combinations of miticides on colony performance (Haarmann et al. 2002 J. Econ. Entomol. Burley, 2007 Master’s Thesis).

In this study, we explored whether the combined presence of coumaphos and fluvalinate in the queen rearing beeswax environment has an effect on queen attractiveness to workers. We did so by raising queens in pesticide free beeswax, or beeswax containing field relevant concentrations of both coumaphos (9.4 ppm) and fluvalinate (20.4 ppm) as reported by Mullin et al. (2010). We grafted one-day-old worker larvae into plastic

queen cups previously coated with ≈200 mg of either pesticide-free or contaminated beeswax. Upon successful mating, caged queens were introduced into three-frame observation hives. Two days later, and once accepted by the workers, the queens were released and the size of the queen’s retinue (i.e., the number of workers feeding, grooming, and antennating the queen) was point sampled for 1 min every 5 min, several times per day.

NC- James M. Withrow and David R. Tarpy

Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613

INSECT DEMOCRACY: DO HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) SELECT THE BEST QUEENS?

The evolution of complex social behavior in honey bees (Apis mellifera) is driven by multiple and sometimes opposing forces of selection. These opposing forces are apparent when workers must select larvae to rear as emergency replacement queens, when worker fitness is in opposition with overall colony fitness. This choice is crucial as the queen is the sole reproductive in the colony and her traits impact every aspect of colony functioning. Despite this significance, emergency queen rearing remains a poorly understood behavior in honey bees.

MT- Laura Brutscher1,2,3, Katie Daughenbaugh1, and Michelle Flenniken1,3

1Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman MT

HONEY BEE TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSE TO VIRUS INFECTION

Honey bees are important pollinators of numerous crops (global economic value over $200 billion annually) and plant species that enhance the biodiversity of both agricultural and non-agricultural landscapes. Since 2006, honey bee populations in the U.S., Canada, and in some parts of Europe have experienced high annual losses. While multiple biotic and abiotic factors contribute to colony health and survival, pathogen prevalence and abundance are correlated with colony loss and Colony Collapse Disorder. Honey bees are infected by a variety of pathogens (i.e., viruses, bacteria, microsporidia, trypanosomatids, and the Varroa destructor). The largest

class of honey bee pathogens are positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, thus understanding honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms may result in the development of strategies that mitigate colony losses. Honeybees, like all other organisms, have evolved mechanisms to detect and limit virus infection. RNAi is a major antiviral immune mechanism in solitary insects and is involved in honey bee antiviral defense. Viral infection in honey bees also likely results in activation of innate immune pathways (e.g., JAK-STAT, Toll, Imd, and additional dsRNA-triggered pathways), however the relative role of these pathways and RNAi in honey bee antiviral defense is not well understood.

To further investigate honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms, we utilized high-throughput sequencing to identify genes that are upregulated during virus infection. Bees were infected with a model virus (Sindbis-GFP) in the presence and absence of dsRNA and collected at 6, 48, and 72 hours post-injection. Bees treated with dsRNA (virus sequence-specific and nonspecific) had reduced levels of virus as compared to untreated virus-infected bees.

WA- Susan Cobey, Brandon Hopkins, Walter Sheppard

Washington State University

ESTABLISHING A HONEY BEE GERMPLASM REPOSITORY AT WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

The ability to cryopreservation honey bee germplasm offers many advantages for conservation of genetic resources, breeding purposes and food safety. Worldwide, the diversity of honey bee subspecies, ecotypes, and selected stocks are increasingly challenged by the impact of parasites and pathogens, loss of habitat and malnutrition, and pesticides. The agricultural need for honey bee pollination services is critical to our food supply. Techniques for the long term storage of honey bee semen in liquid nitrogen have been perfected to enable the recovery and reconstitution of valuable subspecies and commercial stocks. In addition, this ability overcomes

some of the limitations of bee breeding and enables breeding across space and time. It also provides a means for the easy transport and use of select stocks between locations with varying seasons. This ability provides a valuable tool for the WSU / Cooperative industry project to import germplasm from endemic populations of honey bees in Europe to enhance our domestic breeding stocks. The declining genetic diversity of U.S. breeding populations is of concern. Honey bees, not native to the U.S., were established from small subset samplings of bees introduced before the passage of the1922 Honey Bee Act restricted importation. Bottlenecks effects; the small founding population, the limited and declining commercial breeding populations and the widespread loss of colonies, need to be addressed. European Old World stocks of several subspecies; Apis mellifera ligustica (the Italian honey bee), A. m. carnica

(the Carniolan honey bee), A. m. caucasica (the Caucasian honey bee) and A. m. pomonella (the Tien Shan Mountain honey bee) have been successfully Imported into the U.S. under USDA-APHIS permit. The Caucasian honey bees known for their propensity to collect propolis, a self medication, have been re-established in the U.S. under the WSU program. More recently we have introduced, A. m. pomonella, a subspecies well adapted for cold weather pollinating conditions. Semen from these four subspecies has also been cryopreserved in the WSU Germplasm repository for future breeding purposes. Working directly with commercial queen producers, these stocks have been or are are being incorporated into domestic breeding programs to enhance and increase the fitness of our domestic honey bees.

TX- Fisher II, A., J. Rangel & W.C. Hoffmann.

Adrian Fisher II, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. E-mail: solifuge9378@tamu.edu. Phone no.: 979-845-1079.

Juliana Rangel, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

Wesley Clint Hoffmann, USDA-ARS Aerial Application Technology Research Unit, College Station, TX

THE EFFECTS OF CROP PROTECTION FUNGICIDES ON HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA) FORAGER MORTALITY

The honey bee (Apis mellifera) contributes approximately $17 billion annually in pollination services for several major food crops in the United States including almond, which is completely dependent on honey bees for nut production. Every year, over 1.5 million honey bee colonies from around the country are contracted for pollination services from January to March during the almond bloom in California. As with most agro-ecosystems, almond orchards face multiple challenges to crop productivity caused by pests and pathogens, which growers prevent or control primarily with pesticides. In particular, fungicides are often sprayed in combination with other products to control fungal pathogens of almonds during the blooming season. However, little is known about the potential synergistic effects of fungicides used in almond orchards during bloom on honey bee health.

To assess the effects of select fungicides used during almond bloom on honey bee forager mortality, we collected hundreds of foragers from a colony located at the Texas A&M University research apiary in Bryan, TX. We used a wind tunnel and atomizer set up (wind-speed: 2.9 m/s) to simulate field-relevant exposure of honey bee foragers during aerial application of the fungicides in almond fields. Using the spray simulator, we exposed foragers to an untreated diluent (control) or to either the label dose, or a range of dose variants (from 0.25 to 3 times the label dose) of the fungicides iprodione, Pristine® and Quadris,® alone and in various combinations. We then placed groups of 40-50 foragers belonging to each treatment group in plastic containers. The containers were placed in an incubator with daily provisions of 50:50 sucrose/water solution and water. Forager mortality was monitored every 24 h over a ten-day period, and was compared between experimental and control groups.

Ian Cavigli1, Katie F. Daughenbaugh1, Madison Martin1, Emma Garcia1, Laura M. Brutscher1,2,3, and Michelle L. Flenniken1,2

1Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, 2Institute on Ecosystems, 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 59717

HONEY BEE PATHOGENS AND COLONY HEALTH

Honey bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops. Since 2006, US beekeepers have experienced high annual honey bee colony losses, which may be attributed to multiple abiotic and biotic factors, including pathogens. However, the relative importance of these factors has not been fully elucidated. To identify the most prevalent pathogens and investigate the relationship between colony strength and health, we assessed pathogen occurrence, prevalence, and abundance in Western US honey bee colonies involved in almond pollination. The most prevalent pathogens were BQCV, LSV2, SBV, N. ceranae, and trypanosomatids.

Lawrence, Timothy; Culbert, Elizabeth; Felsot, Allan; Hebert, Vince; and Sheppard, Walter

Washington State University

SURVEY AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF APIS MELLIFERA EXPOSURE TO NEONICOTINOID PESTICIDES IN URBAN, RURAL, AND AGRICULTURAL SETTINGS

The public’s concern about honey bee decline, fueled by the media and special interest groups, have placed a disproportionate emphasis on neonicotinoids as a primary cause. This has led to well intentioned, but arguably ineffectual public ordinances and policies to restrict their use by local jurisdictions. In 2013, the Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) was petitioned by a local jurisdiction to restrict the use of neonicotinoid pesticides to certified pesticide applicators. The petitioners argued that bees in urban environments would be exposed to higher levels of neonicotinoids due to misapplication by home owners and other non-certified

applications. The WSDA rejected the petition because of insufficient evidence to support the petitioners concerns. However, to address this concern the WSDA and the Washington Commission on Pesticide Registration funded a study to examine potential honey bee colony exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides from pollen foraging.

A comparative assessment of apiaries in urban, rural and agricultural areas was undertaken from September of 2013 through the summer of 2014. Apiaries surveyed ranged in size from one to hundreds of honey bee colonies, and included those operated by commercial, sideline (semi-commercial), and hobbyist beekeepers. This study specifically evaluated residues in/on wax and beebread (stored pollen in the hive) for the nitro-substituted neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and its olefin metabolite and the active ingredients clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and dinotefuran. The combined data from 1,490 separate neonicotinoid residue evaluations on materials gathered in the fall of 2013 and spring/summer of 2014 at 149 bee hive locations.

NC1173 Objectives 4 and 6

OH- Johnson, R.M.a, T. Janinib & J. Jasinskic

aDepartment of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, bAgricultural Technical

Institute, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, c Department of Extension, The Ohio State University, Urbana, OH

ARE PESTICIDE COMBINATIONS APPLIED TO CUCURBIT CROPS TOXIC TO BEES?

Beekeepers have reported losses when bees are pollinating cucurbit crops (melons, squashes, cucumbers etc). To determine the role that pesticide exposure may play we surveyed cucurbit growers (n=12) in Ohio to identify the insecticides and fungicides used in these crops. All growers reported using seeds treated with the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam. Among the foliar insecticides carbaryl, a carbamate, was the most commonly applied (45%) followed by the pyrethroids bifenthrin (36%), permethrin (36%) and zeta-cypermethrin

(27%). The fungicide chlorothalonil was most commonly used (82%) followed by the sterol biosynthesis inhibiting (SBI) fungicide myclobutanil (72%), azoxystrobin (63%) and a mixture of pyraclostrobin and boscalid (9%). To assess the hazard posed by the combination of the seed treatment insecticide and tank mix combinations of foliar insecticides and fungicides we fed newly emerged bees 1:1 (w/w) sucrose water for 3 days that was either plain or spiked with thiamethoxam at a level found in cucurbit nectar (11 ppb; Stoner & Eitzer, 2012 PLoS ONE

7: e39114). Next, we treated bees topically with a range of sublethal and lethal concentrations of insecticides (carbaryl and bifenthrin) or insecticides plus fungicides (chlorothalonil, myclobutanil and pyraclostrobin + boscalid) dissolved in acetone and mixed in the ratio of the maximum label rate for application to cucurbits. Log-probit lines were fit to dose-response mortality data recorded 24h after treatment and LD50 values were determined (Johnson et al., 2013, PLoS ONE 8: e54092).

OH - Lin, C.-Ha., P. Monaganb & R.M. Johnsona

aDepartment of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, bMetro Early College High School, Columbus, OH

SOYBEANS AS A POTENTIAL NECTAR SOURCE FOR HONEY BEES

Honey bees can be a valuable asset to soybean growers. Introducing honey bee colonies to soybean fields could significantly increase bean production, potentially adding US $ 110.5/ha, or $ 11.3 billion to world economy (Milfont et al. 2013 Environ. Chem. Lett. 11: 335-341). In 2014, the total acreage of soybean plantation in the U.S. reached a record high of 84.8 million acres (USDA-NASS 2014), up nearly 90% since the 1970’s. This dramatic expansion of soybean cultivation has radically transformed the landscape composition of the American Midwest, but the effect of this transformation on the foraging resources of honey bees remains poorly understood. To evaluate the potential of soybeans as a nectar source for honey bees, we examined pollen content and determined the floral origins of summer honey provided by beekeepers. Soybean pollen was found in 46% of 65 honey samples harvested in Ohio (2012 – 2014), suggesting that honey bees frequently forage on soybeans in this region. Using honey samples harvested from 29 apiaries in 2014, we further investigated the relationship between the use of soybean nectar by bees and the amount soybean cultivation in the surrounding landscape.

For each sample, we examined the 300 pollen grains using a light microscope and recorded the abundance of soybean pollen. The area of soybean fields within 1.5 km radius from each apiary was calculated using QGIS software and the 2014 USDA Crop Data Layer   https://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape/).

NC1173 Objectives 4 and 6

OH - Sponsler, D.B., M.E. Wransky & R.M. Johnson

Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH

MECHANISTIC MODELING OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE: THE MISSING KEYSTONE OF HONEY BEE TOXICOLOGY

The relationship between honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and neonicotinoid insecticides is one of the most controversial issues in contemporary ecological risk assessment. While laboratory studies have documented both lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids on individual honey bees, field studies have usually failed to detect effects in free-foraging colonies. These discrepancies have prompted a strong interest in the development of ecological models to explore how the intoxication of individual bees relates to the impairment of colony-level functions like foraging, reproduction, and disease resistance. While these modeling efforts are promising, they are hindered by the fact that any model of toxic effects is predicated on some model, either explicit or implied, of toxic exposure, and there currently a lack of mechanistic models describing how honey bees encounter pesticides in their environment or how these pesticides are distributed among colony members. We present a model of pesticide exposure in honey bees that simulates the collection of seed treatment neonicotinoids by individual bees during spring corn planting.

PA- Gabriel Villar*^1,3, Peter EA Teal², Christina M Grozinger ^{1, 3}

¹Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, ²Institute on Ecosystems, ³Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT

PRIMER EFFECTS OF A QUEEN PHEROMONE ON DRONE PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

IN- Krispn Given, Greg Hunt

¹ Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN

RESULTS OF BEEKEEPER COMMUNITY EVALUATION OF HONEY BEE STOCKS SELECTED FOR INCREASED MITE-BITING BEHAVIOR

NC- Hongmei Li-Byarlay ^{1, 2, 3}, Michael Simone-Finstrom¹, Ming H. Huang¹, Micheline K. Strand², Olav Rueppell³, David R. Tarpy¹

¹ Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
2 Life Sciences Division, U.S. Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC
3 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SURVIVAL OF HONEY BEES DURING THE MIGRATORY MANAGEMENT

MI- Qing Wang^{1, 2}, Zachary Huang²

¹College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China, ²Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

SENSITIVITY TO INSECTICIDES DEPEND ON HONEY BEE BEHAVIORAL STATUS

OH - Maurice F. Scaloppi¹, Reed Johnson¹, Thomas Janini², Darlene Florence³

¹Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, ²College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Technical Institute, Wooster, OH, ³Emery Oleochemical, Cincinnati, OH

EVALUATING DIFFERENT FATTY ACID ESTERS AS MITICIDES TO CONTROL VARROA MITES (VARROA DESTRUCTOR) IN HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA)

IN - Greg J. Hunt¹, Joshua D. Gibson¹ and Miguel E. Arechavaleta-Velasco²

¹Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, ²Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias, Ajuchitlan, Queretaro, Mexico

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGGRESSION, METABOLISM AND ALLELE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION IN HYBRIDS WITH AFRICANIZED HONEY BEES

NC - David R. Tarpy¹, R. Holden Appler¹, Margarita Lopez-Uribe^{1, 2}, Elsa Youngsteadt¹, Clint Penick², Robert R. Dunn², and Steven D. Frank¹

¹ Department of Entomology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, ² Department of Applied Ecology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC

BEEKEEPING IN THE CITY—WHAT URBAN LIVING MEANS TO HONEY BEES

MN - Judy Wu-Smart¹, Marla Spivak²

¹University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology, Lincoln, NE, ²University of Minnesota, Department of Entomology, St Paul, MN

SUB-LETHAL EFFECTS OF DIETARY NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDE EXPOSURE ON HONEY BEE QUEEN FECUNDITY AND COLONY DEVELOPMENT

MN - Michael J Goblirsch¹, Jimena Carrillo-Tripp^2,3, Roderick Felsheim¹, W. Allen Miller3, Amy L. Toth^2,4, Bryony C. Bonning⁴, Marla Spivak¹, and Timothy Kurtti¹

¹Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, ²Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA,

³Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, ⁴Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA

CYTOPATHOLOGY AND INFECTION DYNAMICS OF HONEY BEE VIRUSES IN AME-711 CELLS

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Amsalem, E., Orlova, M., and C.M. Grozinger. "A conserved class of queen pheromones? Re-evaluating the evidence in bumble bees (Bombus impatiens)" Proceeedings of the Royal Society B (in press)

Anthony WE, Palmer-Young EC, Leonard AS, Irwin RE and LS Adler. 2015. Testing dose-dependent effects of the nectar alkaloid anabasine on trypanosome parasite loads in adult bumble bees. PLoS One 10(11): e0142496. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142496.

Appler, R. H., S. D. Frank, and D. R. Tarpy. (2015). Within-colony variation in the immunocompetency of managed and feral honey bees (Apis mellifera) in different urban landscapes. Insects, 6: 912-925.

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Barfeild, Bergstrom, Ferreira, Covich & Delaplane. An Economic Valuation of Biotic Pollination Services in Georgia. Journal of Economic Entomology Advance Access published January 25, 2015.

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Biller OM, Adler LS, Irwin RE, McAllister C, and EC Palmer-Young. 2015. Possible synergistic effects of thymol and nicotine against Crithidia bombi parasitism in bumble bees. PLoS One 10(12): e0144668.

Breece, C.R and Sagili, R.R (2015) Hands-on training emphasized in the Oregon Master Beekeeper Program. Journal of Extension [On-line] 53 (3) Article 3IAW6 http://www.joe.org/joe/2015june/iw6.php

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Cariveau, D, and R Winfree. 2015. Causes of variation in wild bee responses to anthropogenic drivers. Current Opinion in Insect Science 10: 104-109.

Caron DM, Sagili R (2015) Oregon Tech Transfer Team Serving Pacific Northwest Beekeepers. American Bee Journal 155 (5): 573-575.

Doke, M.A., Frazier, M. and C.M. Grozinger. "Overwintering Honey Bees: Biology and Management" Current Opinion in Insect Science 10: 185-193 (2015).

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Galbraith, G.A.*, Yang. X.*, Nino, E.L., Yi, S., and C. M. Grozinger. "Parallel epigenetic and transcriptomic responses to viral infection in honey bees (Apis mellifera)". PLoS Pathogens 11(3):e1004713 (2015).

Gillespie SD, Carrero K and LS Adler. 2015. Relationships between parasitism, bumblebee foraging behavior and pollination service to Trifolium pratense flowers. Ecological Entomology 40: 650-53.

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Le Conte^$, Y., Z.Y. Huang^$*, M. Roux, Z.J. Zeng, J.-P. Christidès, A.G. Bgnères. 2015. . Varroa destructor changes its cuticular hydrocarbons to mimic new hosts. Biol. Lett. 11: 20150233. (^$co-first authors)

Lee KV, Steinhauer N, Rennich K, Wilson M, Tarpy D,Caron DM, Rose R, Delaplane KS, Baylis K, Lengerich EJ, Pettis, J, Sagili RR, Skinner JA, Wilkes JT, vanEngelsdorp D (2015) A national survey of managed honey bee 2013-14 annual colony losses in the USA. Apidologie 46: 292-305.

Lee, K. V., N. Steinhauer, K. Rennich, M. E. Wilson, D. R. Tarpy, D. M. Caron, R. Rose, K. S. Delaplane, K. Baylis, E. J. Lengerich, Pettis, J. A. Skinner, J. T. Wilkes, and D. vanEngelsdorp for the Bee Informed Partnership. (2015). A national survey of managed honey bee 2013-2014 annual colony losses in the USA: results from the Bee Informed Partnership. Apidologie, 46: 292–305.

Lee, Steinhauer, Rennich, Wilson, Tarpy, Caron, Rose, Delaplane, et. al. A national survey of managed honey bee 2013–2014 annual colony losses in the USA. 2015, Apidologie. DOI: 10.1007/s13592-015-0356-z

Liu F, Gao J, Di N, and LS Adler. 2015. Nectar attracts foraging honey bees with components of their queen pheromones. Journal of Chemical Ecology 41(11): 1028-36

Ma R, Rangel J, Ulrich M (2015) The role of β-ocimene in regulating foraging behavior of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Apidologie. DOI: 10.1007/s13592-015-0382-x.

Milano NJ, Barber NA, and LS Adler. 2015. Conspecific and heterospecific aboveground herbivory both reduce preference by a belowground herbivore. Environmental Entomology 44(2): 317-24.

Milbrath, M. O., T. van Tran, T., W-F. Huang, L. F. Solter, D. R. Tarpy, F. Lawrence, and Z. Huang. (2015). Comparative virulence and competition between Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 125: 9–15.

Rangel J, Baum K, Rubink WL, Coulson, RN, Johnston JS, Traver BE (2015) Prevalence of Nosema species in a feral honey bee population: A 20-year survey. Apidologie. DOI: 10.1007/s13592-015-0401-y.

Rangel J, Böröczky K, Schal C, Tarpy DR (2015) Honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen reproductive potential affects queen mandibular gland pheromone composition and worker retinue response. PLoS ONE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156027

Rangel J, Strauss K, Hjelmen CE, Johnston JS (2015) Endopolyploidy changes with age-related polyethism in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122208.

Rangel J, Tarpy DR (2015) The effects of miticides on the mating health of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queens. Journal of Apicultural Research. DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2016.1147218.

Rehan SM, Bulova SJ, O'Donnell S (2015) Cumulative effects of foraging behaviour and social dominance on brain development in a facultatively social bee (Ceratina australensis). Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 85:117-124

Rehan SM, Schwarz MP (2015) A few steps forward and no steps back: long-distance dispersal patterns in small carpenter bees suggest major barriers to back-dispersal. Journal of Biogeography. 42:485-494 

Rehan SM, Tierney SM, Wcislo WT (2015) Evidence for social nesting in Neotropical ceratinine bees. Insectes Sociaux. 62:465-469 

Rehan SM, Toth AL (2015) Climbing the social ladder: molecular evolution of sociality. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 30:426-433 

Rehan, S.M. and Toth, A.L. 2015. Climbing the social ladder: the molecular evolution of sociality.  Trends in Ecology and Evolution.  In press. pdf

Richards MH, Onuferko T, Rehan SM (2015) Phenological, but not social, variation in response to climate differences in a eusocial sweat bee, Halictus ligatus, nesting in southern Ontario. Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 43:19-44

Richards, J., Carr-Markell, M., Hefetz, A., Grozinger, C.M. and H. R. Mattila. "Queen-produced volatiles change dynamically during reproductive swarming and are associated with changes in honey bee (Apis mellifera) worker behavior". Apidologie (published online March 2015).

Richardson L, Adler LS, Leonard AS, Andicoechea J, Regan K, Anthony WE, Manson JS, and RE Irwin. 2015. Secondary metabolites in floral nectar reduce parasite infections in bumble bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 282: 20142471.

Richardson RT, Lin C-H, Quijia JO, Riusech NS, Goodell K, Johnson RM. 2015. Rank-based characterization of pollen assemblages collected by honey bees using a multi-locus metabarcoding approach. Applications in Plant Sciences. 3 (3): 1500043.http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/apps.1500043

Richardson RT., Lin C-H, Quijia Pillajo JO, Sponsler DB, Goodell K, Johnson RM. 2015. Application of ITS2 metabarcoding to determine the provenance of pollen collected by honey bees in a field-crop dominated agroecosystem. Applications in Plant Sciences. 3 (1): 1400066 http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/apps.1400066

Rittschof, C.C., Grozinger, C.M., and G.E. Robinson. "The energetic basis of behavior: bridging behavioral ecology and neuroscience" Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences (in press).

Sagili, R.R, C.R. Breece, B.R. Martens, R. Simmons and J.H. Borden (2015) Potential of Honey Bee Brood Pheromone to Enhance Foraging and Yield in Hybrid Carrot Seed. HortTechnology 25 (1): 98-104.

Seeley, T. D., D. R. Tarpy, S. R. Griffin, A. Carcione, and D. A. Delaney. (2015). A survivor population of wild colonies
 of European honeybees in the northeastern United States: investigating its genetic structure. Apidologie, 46: 654–666
.

Sheehan, M.J., Botero, C.A., Hendry, T.A., Sedio, B.E., Jandt, J.M.*, Weiner, S.A.*, Toth, A.L., and Tibbetts, E.A. Different axes of environmental variation explain the presence versus extent of cooperative nest founding associations in Polistes paper wasps. Ecology Letters.  In press.

Tarpy, D. R., D. A. Delaney, and T. D. Seeley. (2015). Mating frequencies of honey bee queens (Apis mellifera) in a population of feral colonies in the United States. PLoS ONE, 10(3): e0118734. 

Tarpy, D. R., H. R. Mattila, and I. L. G. Newton. (2015). Characterization of the honey bee microbiome throughout the queen rearing process. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 81: 3182–3191
 [Featured Spotlight paper]

Thorburn LP, Adler LS, Irwin RE, and EC Palmer-Young. 2015. Variable effects of nicotine and anabasine on parasitized bumble bees. F1000Research 4: http://f1000research.com/articles/4-880/v2

Vaudo, A. D, Tooker, J.F., Grozinger, C.M. and H.M. Patch. "Bee nutrition and floral resource restoration." Current Opinion in Insect Science 10:133-141 (2015).

Villar, G., Baker T.C., Patch, H.M., and C.M. Grozinger. "Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying sex- and maturation-related variation in pheromone responses in honey bees (Apis mellifera)" Journal of Comparative Physiology A 201: 731-739 (2015).

Wang, Y.,Y. Li, Z.Y. Huang, X. Chen, J. Romeis, P. Dai, Y. Peng. 2015. Toxicological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses demonstrate that Cry1C and Cry2A are not toxic to larvae of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 06/2015; DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01662

Winfree, R, J Fox, N Williams, *J Reilly, and *D Cariveau. 2015. Abundance of common species, not species richness, drives delivery of a real-world ecosystem service. Ecology Letters 18: 626-635. Featured in Nature as a Research Highlight

Xie, X., S. Luo, Z.Y. Huang. 2015. China invests two times as much as USA on honey bee research. http://f1000r.es/5hi] F1000Research 4:291 (doi:10.12688/f1000research. 6621.1)

Youngsteadt, E.^*, R. H. Appler^*, M. Lopez-Uribe, D. R. Tarpy, and S. D. Frank. (2015). Pathogen pressure of honey bees (Apis mellifera) across an urban gradient. PLoS ONE, 10: e0142031.

Proceedings from the American Beekeeping Federation, 5-8 January 2016, Jacksonville, FL

MN - Keynote Presentation: The Remarkable Natural Defenses of Honey Bees – Marla Spivak, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

WA - Honey Bee Germplasm  Importation, Cryopreservation  and Establishing  Germplasm Repositories Worldwide - Sue Cobey, Washington State University, Pullman, WA

TX - The Effects of In-Hive Miticides on Honey Bee Queens - Elizabeth Walsh, Rangel Honey Bee Lab, TAMU Department of Entomology, College Station, TX

MN - UMN New Bee Lab Plans and Bee Squad Programs -  Dr. Marla Spivak and Rebecca Masterman, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN