Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Overview:

The 2015 S-1066 Multi-state Nematology research project meeting was held jointly with the W-3186 Multi-state project at Auburn University in Auburn, AL.

Members present:

S-1046

Kathy Lawrence (AL), Gary Lawrence and Vincent Klink (MS), Bob Robbins and Tom Faske (AR),Charlie Overstreet (LA), Ed McGawley (LA), Don Dickson (FL), Jon Eisenback and Chuck Johnson (VA), Paula Agudelo (SC ), Eric Davis (NC), Richard Davis (GA) and Ron Lacewell Administrative Adviser (AA), (TX).

W-3186

Haddish Melakeberhan (MI), Russ Ingham (OR), Phil Roberts (CA), Tom Powers (NE), Brent Sipes (HI), Kathy Lawrence (AL), Gary Lawrence (MS), Vincent Klink (MS) , Saad Hafez (ID), Bob Robbins (AR) and David Thompson, Administrative Advisor, (AA), (NM).

Invited Speaker:

Dr. Don Parker – Cotton Incorporated

Guests:

Rodrigo Rodriguez-Kabana – Auburn University

Austin Hagen – Auburn University

Pat Donald – Adjunct professor – Auburn University

Clinton Meinhardt – University of Missouri

Steven Kakaire – Mississippi Delta Research and Experiment Station

Graduate Student Presentations:

Auburn University:

Ni XiengPrachi, Justin Luangkhot, Daniel Dodge, Will Groover and Steven Till

Louisiana State University:

Deborah Xavier

Mississippi State University:

Weasam Adnan Radhi Aljaafri, Shankar Pant and Brant McNeece

Clemson University:

Wei Li, Xinyuan Ma and Nathan Reddring

Announcements:

1) Kathy Lawrence (AL) a (OR) called the meeting to order at 8:20 am Thursday November 5, 2015. Kathy then welcomed both groups to Auburn Alabama and proceeded to provide the attendees with an overview of the meeting agenda.

2) Local Arrangements Chair Kathy Lawrence (AL) will organize travel from Auburn to Atlanta for departures from the meeting. Additional information on the meal locations and travel were announced.

Administrative Reports:                

1. W-3186 AA David Thompson mentioned that we are at the mid-term for review on our regional project and reminded that members that a new project needs to be prepared for 2018. There are no longer year extensions for these projects. He also mentioned that during the writing of the new proposal that we need to insure that it is covering concerns that are regionally relevant and that our objectives do not overlap the objectives in other multi-state projec We need to clarify our objectives and provide “Impact Statements” that support the continuation of our project.

2. S-1066 – AA Ron Lacewell provide the group with the announcement that the new S-1066 project was approved. The reports of this meeting would be the first for the S-1066 project.

The impact statement from our former S-1046 was well received.

2020 will be the deadline for a new project proposal and again reminded the group there will be no one year extensions.

Invited Speaker:

Dr. Don Parker of Cotton Incorporated was introduced and he provide the attendees with information concerning the National Cotton Council and the formation of the Cotton Foundation and Cotton Incorporated. He then provided us with challenges that will face the agriculture industry in the coming years.

State Reports:

1). Report were presented by members of both the S-1066 and W-3186.

Kathy Lawrence (AL), Bob Robbins and Tom Faske (AR), Phil Roberts (CA), ), Don Dickson (FL), Richard Davis (GA), Brent Sipes (HI), , Saad Hafez (ID), Charlie Overstreet and Ed McGawley (LA), Haddish Melakeberhan (MI), Gary Lawrence and Vincent Klink (MS), Clinton Meinhardt (MO), Tom Powers (NE), Eric Davis (NC), Russ Ingham (OR), Paula Agudelo (SC ), Jon Eisenback and Chuck Johnson (VA).

2). Graduate students from Auburn University, Clemson University, Louisiana State University and Mississippi State University were given time to present their research.

Business Meeting:

1) The meeting was called to order at 11:45 November 6, 2015 by chair Kathy

Lawrence (AL). The minutes from the 2014 meeting were discussed and accepted.

2) Brent Sipes (HI) and Gary Lawrence (MS) volunteered to record the minutes.              

3) Preparation of the annual report was discussed. Members need to file annual reports in that we have a 60 day deadline after the meeting concludes to get the reports and meeting  minutes to David Thompson (AA W-3186 and Ron Lacewell (AA S-1066)). Each member needs to send their 2015 project reports to Chair Kathy Lawrence (AL). Member reports should include publications with page numbers and Impact Statements.

2). Meeting venues for 2016 were discussed. Brent Sipes invited the S-1066 to meet with the W-3186 in California in 2016. Ed Caswell-Chen (CA) in 2015 invited the W-3186 to meet in Davis, California but was not present to confirm this location.  The meeting venue for 2017 will be held in North Carolina and Rick Davis (NC) will serve as the host

3). Election of officers: Travis Faske (AR) was designated to serve as chair the 2016 meeting. Saad Hafez (ID) was elected Secretary by acclamation. Rick Davis (NC) will become secretary for 2016.

4). The group reiterated the necessity for adding new participants in the project. The name of potential candidates should be send to our current chair Kathy Lawrence (AL)

5). Haddish Melakeberhan (MI) motioned that the students should be allowed to present their reports at the beginning of our meetings from this point forward. This seconded and was carried by all members.

6). Haddish Melakeberhan (MI) then thanked the organizers of the 2015 combined S-1066 and W-3186 Multi-State nematology meeting and the meeting was adjourned at 12:15 pm November 6, 2015.

Respectfully submitted, Gary Lawrence (MS)

Objective 1:   Advance the tools for identification of nematode species and characterization of intraspecific variability.

Alabama (K. Lawrence) Germplasm lines from the BARBREN and M713 groups derive this resistance to reniform nematode from a common source: wild accession GB-713 of G. barbadense. This commonality in background is reflected in the excellent results of all three parts of this study. All lines of these two groups yielded well under nematode free conditions, with BAR 41 matching those of conventional cultivar FM966. Yield reductions due to reniform nematode exposure were less than 10% for BAR 41 and all five M713 lines. The three MT2468 lines also reduced nematode reproduction, but suffered significant yield reductions of 50 to 70%, about equal to the yield losses sustained by the two susceptible controls. The high level of reniform susceptibility found in a limited number of LONREN individuals might indicate seed contamination due to outcrossing. The rapid assessment experiment on microplots yielded results which closely mimicked those obtained from the more elaborate field and greenhouse trials.

Arkansas (R. Robbins): Twenty seven Soybean Plant Introductions with resistance for Soybean Cyst Nematode were examined for resistance to the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). Of the 27 lines, 6 were not different than the resistant checks in reproduction (Reproduction Index = Final number / 2000 inoculation number). The lines ranged range from an RI of 4.6 to 839. The resistant lines ranged from an RI of 4.6 to 14.94 with the resistant checks RI’s of Anand 3.38 and Hartwig at 6.34, respectively. The susceptible lines RI’s ranged from 94.5 to 839.2 while the susceptible check Ellis at 793 and Braxton at 1046.

Louisiana (E. McGawley): In 2015, three new students in the nematology project at LSU have initiated research projects with Rotylenchulus reniformis. Objectives of their research projects are: 1. To determine whether or not it is possible to develop an abbreviated host assay for differentiating virulence phenotypes of Rotylenchulus reniformis employing selected cultivars of soybean and cotton; 2. To determine whether or not the abbreviated assay can be performed in a laboratory environment using plants grown either in soil-filled polystyrene centrifuge tubes or in a soil-free growth pouch system; 3. To attempt to employ microsatellite marker technology to distinguish among virulence phenotypes of Rotylenchulus reniformis.

Virginia (J. Eisenback): Several species of Meloidogyne that a new to science are being described including one from the eastern United States that is very common on bentgrass golf greens, one parasitizing purple and yellow nutsedge from New Mexico, and one found on fig trees in Arizona. In addition several species are being redescribed including M. partityla, M. kikuyensis, and M. nataliei. In addition, a compendium of the genus Meloidogyne is currently in preparation.

Objective 2: Elucidate molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant-nematode interactions to improve host resistance.

Mississippi (Lawrence & Klink): The Glycine max syntaxin 31 homolog (Gm-SYP38) has been identified as being expressed in nematode-induced feeding structures known as syncytia undergoing an incompatible interaction with the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. Syntaxin 31 is a protein that resides on the cis face of the Golgi apparatus and binds proteins functioning in vesicle transport, but has no known role in resistance. The overexpression of Gm-SYP38 suppresses H. glycines parasitism. In contrast, Gm-SYP38 RNAi in the H. glycines resistant genotype G. max[Peking/PI 548402] increases susceptibility. Gm-SYP38 overexpression induces the transcriptional activity of the cytoplasmic receptor-like kinase BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE 1 (Gm-BIK1-6) which is a family of defense proteins known to anchor to membranes through a 5′ MGXXXS/T(R) N-myristoylation sequence. Gm-BIK1-6 had been identified previously by RNA-seq experiments as expressed in syncytia undergoing an incompatible reaction. Like Gm-BIK1-6, Gm-SYP38 overexpression rescues the resistant phenotype. In contrast, Gm-BIK1-6 RNAi increases parasitism. The analysis demonstrates a role for syntaxin 31-like genes in resistance that until now was not known.

Mississippi (Lawrence & Klink): The membrane fusion genes alpha soluble NSF attachment protein (-SNAP) and syntaxin 31 (Gm-SYP38) contribute to the ability of Glycine max to defend itself from infection by the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. Their expression is accompanyied by the transcriptional activation of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling defense genes ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1). These results implicate the added involvement of the antiapoptotic, environmental response gene LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1). Roots engineered to overexpress the G. max defense genes Gm--SNAP, SYP38, EDS1, NPR1, BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) in the susceptible genotype G. max_{[Williams 82/PI 518671]} have induced Gm-LSD1 (Gm-LSD1–2) transcriptional activity. Reciprocal experiments show the overexpression of Gm-LSD1–2 in the susceptible genotype G. max_{[Williams 82/PI 518671]} results in induced levels of SYP38, EDS1, NPR1, BIK1 and XTH, but not -SNAP prior to infection. The overexpression of Gm-LSD1–2 results in a ~52 to 68% reduction in nematode parasitism. In contrast, RNA interference (RNAi) of Gm-LSD1–2 in the resistant genotype G. max_{[Peking/PI 548402]} results in an 3.24–10.42 fold increased ability of H. glycines to parasitize. The results identify that Gm-LSD1–2 functions in the defense response of G. max to H. glycines parasitism. It is proposed that LSD1, as an antiapoptotic protein, may establish an environment whereby the protected, living plant cell could secrete materials in the vicinity of the parasitizing nematode to disarm it. After the targeted incapacitation of the nematode the parasitized root cell succumbs to its targeted demise through apoptotic events as the infected root region is becoming fortified.

Missouri (H. Nguyen): A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a set of 553 soybean plant introductions (PIs) belonging to maturity groups (MG) from III to V to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL)/genes associated with soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycine) resistance to HG Type 0. The SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip (http//www.soybase.org) were used for analysis. The GWAS identified 14 loci distributed over different chromosomes (Chrs.) comprising 60 SNPs significantly associated with SCN resistance. Results also confirmed six QTL that were previously mapped using bi-parental populations, including the rhg1 and Rhg4 loci. Eight novel QTL, including QTL on chromosome 10, were also identified. Candidate genes at promising GWAS loci will be helpful to reveal the molecular mechanism involved in SCN resistance.

Missouri (H. Nguyen): Quantitative trait loci underlying resistance to southern root-knot nematode (SRKN, Meloidogyne incognita) and reniform nematode (RN, Rotylenchulus reniformis) were identified in PI 567516C. Two hundred and forty-seven F_6:9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from a cross between cultivar Magellan and PI 567516C, were evaluated for resistance to SRKN and RN. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 238 SSR and 687 SNP markers. Three significant QTL associated with resistance to SRKN were mapped on Chrs. 10, 13, and 17. Two significant QTL associated with resistance to RN were detected on Chrs. 11 and 18. Whole-genome resequencing revealed that there might be Peking-type rhg1 and novel QTL in PI 567516C. This study provides useful information to employ PI 567516C in soybean breeding in order to develop new cultivars with resistance to multiple nematodes.

North Carolina (E. Davis): Plant host-derived RNAi silencing of several novel root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, effector genes 4D01, 5G05, 8D05, 16D10, and 35F03, resulted in significant decrease in successful infection of roots of Arabidopsis thaliana by RKN. RNAi of the two RKN effector genes with functional roles in host cell growth, 16D10 and 8D05, led to dramatic decrease in RKN infection rates (engineered resistance) in Arabidopsis. Expression of 16D10-RNAi in several cultivated crop species also demonstrated significant reductions in RKN infection, suggesting that this novel form of engineered resistance may provide resistance to nematodes in commercial crop species. Considerable variability in RKN resistance within and among 16D10-RNAi crop plant lines was observed and the source of variability is being investigated.

North Carolina (E. Davis): Effector genes that are mimics of endogenous plant CLE genes involved in plant stem cell differentiation were identified and characterized in reniform nematodes and have similarities to CLE effectors previously identified in cyst nematodes. The novel cyst nematode effector 10A07 was found to localize in the host plant cell nucleus after phosphorylation in host cell cytoplasm. The 10A07 effector interacted with a host cell kinase for phosphorylation, and a plant mutant of this kinase resulted in decreased infection by cyst nematodes. The relatively strong decrease in cyst nematode infection observed using RNAi of the novel cyst effector gene, 30C02, in Arabidopsis was analyzed by Nextgen small RNA sequencing. The RNA sequencing results suggested that proper plant processing of engineered hairpin double-stranded RNA into the effective small-interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules may be critical to host-derived RNAi success in affecting nematode infection.

Tennessee (T. Hewezi): In our efforts to search for previously undiscovered nematode effector genes from soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycine), gland-cell-specific mRNA was isolated and sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. Using a combination of in silico analysis, in situ hybridizations and molecular approaches we identified 18 novel effector protein candidates. Of these candidate effectors, 11 sequences were novel without similarities to known proteins, while 7 sequences had similarities to functionally annotated proteins in databases. These putative homologies provided the bases for the development of hypotheses about potential functions in the parasitism of soybean (Noon et al., 2015).

Tennessee (T. Hewezi): The formation of the nematode feeding sites syncytium is orchestrated by the nematode in part by modulation of phytohormone responses. However, direct evidence supporting a functional role of cytokinins in syncytium formation and function is lacking. We examined the role of cytokinin signaling in modulating plant responses to cyst nematode infection. Our unprecedented results indicate that cytokinin signaling is required for optimal nematode infection but that elevated cytokinin signaling triggers a heightened immune response to nematode infection (Shanks et al., 2015).

Tennessee (T. Hewezi): A set of transcription factors and signaling pathway components has been identified as bona fide targets to improve soybean resistance to SCN. The functional roles of these genes are currently explored using a variety of molecular techniques including overexpressing and RNAi and the soybean transgenic hairy root system. And a number of putative soybean defense genes again SCN have been identified and are being evaluated for their role in SCN resistance using molecular biology, biochemistry and transgenic approaches.

Virginia (J. Eisenback): The transcriptome of Pratylenchus penetrans generated by pair-end Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly, followed by annotation and comparative analyses to other nematode species was analyzed. The efficacy of RNAi, delivered from the host, as a strategy to control the migratory nematode P. penetrans, by targeted knockdown of selected nematode genes was evaluated. The putative “parasitism genes” were annotated by sequence homology to those of related species, and a de novo identification of putative parasitism genes based on differential expression and specific up-regulation during the early phases of plant infection was conducted.

Objective 3: Integrate nematode management agents (NMAs) and cultural tactics with the use of resistant cultivars to develop sustainable crop production systems.

Alabama (K. Lawrence): Cotton varieties were evaluated with and without nematicides on two fields of the same soil type adjacent to one another. The reniform nematode reduced the cotton yield an average over all ten varieties by 39% or 1520 lb/A of seed cotton which has the current market value of $395 loss per acre. The application of a nematicide improved seed cotton yields by only 152 lb/A or $40 per acre.

Arkansas (R. Robbins): One hundred sixteen soybean entries new to the Arkansas Soybean Variety Testing program soybean were tested. Thirteen entries of the 116 new varieties were not different (range RI 3 or less) than the resistant checks Anand (RI .5) and Hartwig (RI .55). The susceptible lines RI ranged from 3.32 to 33.75. These 13 entries may be useful in a cotton-soybean rotation to reduce numbers.      

Arkansas (R. Robbins): Two hundred nineteen lines from Southern Soybean Breeders (68 from Arkansas;21 from Missouri;90 from Southern Illinois; and 40 from Georgia) were tested for resistance to the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) in soybean breeder lines. These 19 lines with RI’s of 1.07 to 4.9 were not different than the resistant checks Anand and Hartwig. The susceptible lines RI’s, ranged from 6.87 to 70.71. These resistant lines may be useful in breeding for reniform resistance.

Arkansas (T. Faske): During the past year my program has evaluated a few new and commercially available NMA for suppression of RKN and RN in cotton (n = 3) and soybean (n = 3) field trials. Additional studies were conducted in the greenhouse and lab to investigate the extent of root protection by fluopyram as a seed treatment and liquid in-furrow treatment for suppression of RKN in both agronomic crops.

Missouri (H. Nguyen): Host plant resistance is an effective approach for preventing yield loss from target pests. In an attempt to identify novel sources of SCN resistance, 19,652 publicly available soybean accessions that were previously genotyped with the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip were used to evaluate the phylogenetic diversity of SCN resistance genes rhg1 and Rhg4. The sequence information of soybean lines was utilized to develop KASPar (KBioscience Competitive Allele-Specific PCR) assays from SNPs of rhg1, Rhg4, and other novel QTL. These markers were used to genotype a diverse set of 95 soybean germplasm lines and three RIL populations. SNP markers from the rhg1 region were able to differentiate copy number variation, such as resistant-high copy (PI 88788-type), low copy (Peking-type), and susceptible-single copy (Williams 82) numbers. Similarly, markers for the Rhg4 gene were able to detect Peking-type (resistance) genotypes. The phylogenetic information of SCN resistance loci from a large set of soybean accessions and the gene/QTL specific markers that were developed are being used to accelerate the development of SCN resistance varieties.

Missouri (H. Nguyen): Screening of over 400 early maturity (MG 000-II) soybean accessions was completed to identify novel sources of nematode resistance. Twenty-seven lines with SCN resistance were identified. These lines were then evaluated for SRKN and RN resistance. Six lines have a good level of resistance to all three nematodes. The sub-set of 27 lines is being evaluated for novel resistant QTL. KASPar markers developed from two candidate genes of SRKN resistance in PI 438489B were developed and will be tested using 90 soybean germplasm to identify association between the markers and SRKN resistance.

Tennessee (T. Hewezi): Our effort in this area started at the beginning of 2015 is focused mainly on identification of pathogenic viruses of SCN. Thousands of pathogenic viruses have been isolated from different organisms, including insects, with a few being used effectively as bio-control agents against the pests. However, only 8 viruses have been isolated from all nematodes globally. In our effort, we are taking advantage of the contemporary sciences of Virology and Genomics to identify viruses affecting naturally SCN with potential for development as virus-based bio-nematicide agents. Our short term objectives are: I) to identify viruses associated with SCN, II) to determine incidence of viruses in SCN field population, and III) to identify pathogenic viruses with potential for biological control of SCN. During 2015 we have utilized laboratory races of SCN to establish protocols for purification of SCN eggs from mature females or cysts as well as hatching J2-stage and extraction of high quality intact RNA from these two SCN life stages. Furthermore, we have established and optimized procedures for routine detection of viruses in SCN infected eggs and J2-life stages.  

Virginia (C. Johnson): Twenty-seven cultivars and breeding lines of N. tabacum were compared for their effect on reproduction by Globodera tabacum solanacearum (Gts) in a field experiment conducted at Virginia Tech’s Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center (SPAREC) near Blackstone, VA. Entries were transplanted according to a randomized complete block design with four replications. Although an assay of soil samples collected in the fall of 2014 indicated a resident TCN population, population densities estimated from plot samples collected on 14 May and 31 July, 2015 were extremely low and variable, preventing accurate comparison of nematode reproduction among entries in the experiment. Twenty-one cultivars were also transplanted into an on-farm trial conducted in Mecklenburg County, VA in order to be evaluated for root-knot resistance. A 2010 survey had identified an existing population of M. arenaria in the field that was used. Entry ‘CC 65’ was significantly more vigorous than NC 196 on 22 July, and was significantly more vigorous on 6 August than all other entries except CC 35. Due to a miscommunication with the cooperating grower, no nematode galling or soil sample data could be collected from this trial at the end of the growing season.

Virginia (C. Johnson): A graduate research project on root-knot resistance in N. tabacum was also completed in 2015. Ms. Jill Pollok finished her greenhouse trials examining the effect of resistance genes Rk1 and Rk2 on reproduction of a variant of race 3 of M. incognita. Greenhouse experiments investigated whether possessing both Rk1 and Rk2 increases resistance to a variant of M. incognita race 3 compared to either gene alone, and if high soil temperatures impact their efficacy. Root galling, numbers of egg masses and eggs, and the reproductive index were compared from roots of C371G (susceptible), NC 95 and SC 72 (Rk1Rk1), T-15-1-1 (Rk2Rk2), and STNCB-2-28 and NOD 8 (Rk1Rk1 and Rk2Rk2). The same data were analyzed from plants in open-top root zone cabinet growth chambers set to 25ºC, 30ºC, and 35ºC to investigate whether or not resistance is temperature sensitive. Entries with Rk1 alone reduced galling and reproduction compared to the susceptible control, whereas T-15-1-1 (Rk2) did not, but often suppressed reproduction. Despite variability, Rk1Rk2 entries conferred greater resistance than Rk2 alone, and as much or more resistance than Rk1 alone. Nematode reproduction was frequently reduced at 25ºC and 30ºC on entries possessing Rk1 and Rk1Rk2 compared to the control and Rk2. However, reproduction at 35ºC was frequently similar on entries with Rk1 and/or Rk2 compared to the control, indicating parasitism increased on resistant entries at higher temperatures.

Virginia (C. Johnson): Field experiments were also initiated in 2015 to evaluate the effect of NMAs on population dynamics of Globodera tabacum solanacearum (Gts) or Meloidogyne arenaria. All trials were established in fields infested with one of these plant parasitic nematodes and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Studies on Gts were conducted in a field at SPAREC that has been in continuous culture since 1974. The NMAs evaluated in the Gts management experiment are presented in Table 1. The number of Gts juveniles in roots on 13 July was significantly reduced by preplant injection of 10-15 gal/A of IRF 266, 15 gal/A of Dominus, 10 gal/A of Telone II, or application of 32 fl oz/A of Vydate as a transplant water treatment followed by a drench treatment at the second cultivation. Plant vigor and height on 13 July was as great or greater in plots treated with 10-15 gal/A of IRF 266 as in the Telone-treated plots (control standard). Days to flowering was actually shorter for these IRF 266 rates compared to the Telone standard. Nematode suppression wasn’t as great for the non-fumigant treatments. Nematode numbers in roots were no different after application of systemic insecticides such as Admire Pro (imidacloprid) and Platinum (thiamethoxam) versus the untreated control. Plant vigor and height and days to flower were also similar for the systemic insecticide treatments compared to the untreated control. However, application of Vydate as a broadcast, preplant-incorporated spray marginally reduced nematode numbers in roots and increase plant vigor and height. Splitting Vydate application between a transplant water application and a second-cultivation treatment improved results by significantly reducing Gts numbers in roots and improving all measures of plant growth. Fewer Gts juveniles were noted when fluopyram (Velum Total or Luna Privilege) had been applied compared the untreated and standard control treatments. However, plant growth responses to fluopyram treatments were generally similar to those for the Vydate treatments.

Virginia (C. Johnson): The root-knot management study was conducted in a commercial production field in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, where a 2010 survey had identified an existing population of M. arenaria. The NMAs evaluated in the M. arenaria management experiment are presented in Table 2. Treatments are arranged in the field in a randomized complete block design with six replications. Root-knot nematode population densities were variable among the replications, and any trends among treatments were not statistically significant, but mean galling in the untreated control plots was 38% compared to 18% for the Vydate, Serenade Soil treatments, and for the 15 + 18 fl oz/A Velum Total treatment. Mean galling for the remaining fluopyram (Velum Total or Luna Privilege) treatments ranged from 3 to 14%. Smaller trends were also observed suggesting possible plant growth benefits resulting from treatment benefits.

Chen, P.,  C. P. Gray, T.L. Hart, M. Orazaly, J.C. Rupe, D.G. Dombek, R.D. Bond,T. Kirkpatrick, R.T. Robbins, and L.O. Ashlock. 2014. Registration of ‘UA 5612’ soybean.  J. of Plant Reg. 8(2):145-149.

Chen, P., M. Orazaly, J.C. Rupe, D.G. Dombek, T. Kirkpatrick, R.T. Robbins, C. Wu, and P. Manjarrez. 2014. Registration of ‘UA 5213C’ soybean. J. of Plant Reg. 8(2): 150-154.

Eisenback, J. D., V. dos S. Paes-Takahashi*, and L. S. Graney. 2015. First Report of the Pecan Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne partityla, Causing Dieback to Laurel Oak in South Carolina. Plant Disease 99(7): May, 2105.

Hewezi, T., Juvale, P.S., Sarbottam, P., Maier, T.R., Rambani, A., Rice, J.H., Mitchum, M.G., Davis, E.L., Hussey, R.S., Baum, T.J. 2015. The novel cyst nematode effector protein 10A07 targets and recruits host post-translational machinery to mediate its nuclear trafficking and promote parasitism. Plant Cell 27:891-907.

Hewezi T (2015) Cellular signaling pathways and posttranslational modifications mediated by nematode effector proteins. Plant Physiology, 169:1018-1026.

 Hewezi T, and Baum TJ (2015) Gene silencing in nematode feeding sites. In: Plant nematode interactions: A view on compatible interrelationship. Carolina Escobar & Carmen Fenoll (Eds). Advances in Botanical Research Series, Volume 73, Oxford, UK: Elsevier, Pages 221–239.

 Jiao, Y., T. D. Vuong, Y. Liu, Z. Li, J. Noe, R. T. Robbins, T. Joshi, D. Xu, J. G. Shannon, and H. T. Nguyen. 2015. Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying resistance to southern root-knot and reniform nematodes in soybean accession PI 567516C. Mol Breed. 35:131. DOI:10.1007/s11032-015-0330-5.

 Kadam, S., T.D. Vuong, D. Qiu, C. G. Meinhardt, L. Song, R. Deshmukh, G. Patil, J. Wan, B. Valliyodan, A. M. Scaboo, J. G. Shannon, and H. T. Nguyen. 2015. Genomic-assisted phylogenetic analysis and marker development for next generation soybean cyst nematode resistance breeding. Plant Sci. 242: 342–350. DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.015.

 Lee, H. K., G. W. Lawrence, J. L. DuBien, and K. S. Lawrence. 2015. Seasonal variation and cotton-corn rotation in the spatial distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Mississippi cotton soils. Nematropica 45:72-81. http://journals.fcla.edu/nematropica/article/view/85053/81982

 Li, Ruijuan, Aaron M. Rashotte, Narendra K. Singh, Kathy S. Lawrence, David B. Weaver, and Robert D. Locy. 2015. Transcriptome Analysis of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Genotypes That Are Susceptible, Resistant, and Hypersensitive to Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis. PONE-D-15-10976R2

 McGawley, E.C. and C. Overstreet. 2015. Reniform nematode. Pp. 96-98 in G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey, eds. Soybean Disease Compendium, 5^th edition. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnosota.

 Miller, J. G. and Faske, T. R. 2015. Post penetration response of Meloidogyne incognita on Cucurbita foetidissima (buffalo gourd). Nematropica 45:178-183.

 Noon JB, Hewezi T, Maier TR, Simmons C, Wei JZ, Wu G, Llaca V, Deschamps S, Davis EL, Mitchum MG, Hussey RS, Baum TJ (2015). Eighteen new candidate effectors of the phytonematode Heterodera glycines produced specifically in the secretory esophageal gland cells during parasitism. Phytopathology, 105:1362-1372.

 Pant SR, McNeece BT, Sharma K, Nirula PM, Jiang J, Harris JL, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2015. A plant transformation system designed for high throughput genomics in Gossypium hirsutum to study root-organism interactions. Journal of Plant Interactions 10:11–20

 Pant SR, Krishnavajhala A, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2015. A relationship exists between the cis-Golgi membrane fusion gene syntaxin 31, salicylic acid signal transduction and the GATA-like transcription factor, LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1) in plant defense. Plant Signaling & Behavior 10:1, e977737

Plaisance, A.R., E.C. McGawley and C. Overstreet. Influence of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Growth of St. Augustine and Centipede Turfgrasses. Nematropica: Accepted. In press.

Shanks CM^#, Rice JH^# , Hubo Y, Schaller EG, Hewezi T*, Kieber J* (2105) The role of cytokinin during infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Published online on October 15, 2015, First Look.

 Vieira, Paulo, Sebastian Eves-van den Akker, Ruchi Verma, Sarah Wantoch, Margaret Pooler, Jonathan D. Eisenback and Kathryn Kamo.^. 2015. Characterization of Pratylenchus penetrans transcriptome, including data mining of putative nematode genes involve in plant parasitism. PLOS ONE (accepted for publication)

 Vuong, T.D., H. Sonah, C. G. Meinhardt, R. Deshmukh, S. Kadam, R. L. Nelson, J. G. Shannon, and H. T. Nguyen. 2015. Genetic architecture of cyst nematode resistance revealed by genome-wide association study in soybean. BMC Genomics. 16(1):593. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1811-y.

Wan, J., T. Vuong, Y. Jiao, T. Joshi, H. Zhang, D. Xu, and H.T. Nguyen. 2015. Whole-genome gene expression profiling revealed genes and pathways potentially involved in regulating interactions of soybean with cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe). BMC Genomics. 16:148. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1316-8.

Wubben, M.J., Gavilano, L., Baum, T.J., Parrott, W.P., Davis, E.L. 2015. Sequence and spatiotemporal expression analysis of CLE motif-containing genes from the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira). Journal of Nematology 47:159-165.

 Yongqing Jiao, Tri D. Vuong, Yang Liu, Zenglu Li, Jim Noe, Robert T. Robbins, Trupti Joshi, Dong Xu, J. Grover Shannon, and Henry T. Nguyen. 2015. Identification of antitative trait loci underlying resistance to southern root-knot and reniform nematodes in soybean accession PI 567516C. Molecular Breeding (2015) 35:131

  Zhao, C., Y. Feng, R. Mathew, K. Lawrence, and S. Fu. 2015. Soil microbial community structure and activity in a 100-year-old fertilization and crop rotation experiment. Journal of Plant Ecology doi:10.1093/jpe/rtv007 http://gce.henu.edu.cn/images/Papers/zhao3.pdf

Published Abstracts:

Beacham, Jacqueline, S. Thomas, J. Schroeder, L. Holland, E. Morris, N. Schmidt, L.

Murray, F. Solano-Campose, S. Hanson, and J. D. Eisenback. 2015. Host status of a new Meloidogyne species found parasitizing yellow and purple nutsedges. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. Lansing, Michigan, July 14-19, 2015.

Eisenback, J. D. and Vanessa Paes-Takahashi. 2015. Vertical distribution of nematode communities on the bark of a black walnut tree. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. Lansing, Michigan, July 14-19, 2015.

 Faske, T. R. 2015. Assessment of fluopyram in the management of nematodes in soybean and cotton. Phytopathology 105:S2.

 Faske, T. R. Hurd, K., and Emerson, M. 2015. Use of fluopyram as a nematicide in cotton. Society of Nematologist Annual Meeting; July 19-24; East Lansing, MI. Pp. 48.

 Faske, T. R. 2015. Recent Occurrences of Peanut Diseases in Arkansas. Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society Annual Meeting; July 14-17; Charleston, SC.

 Gardner, M.N., Davis, E.L., Baum, T., Mitchum, M.G. 2015. Next generation sequencing of Heterodera glycines for transcriptome assembly and population analysis. The 54^th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, East Lansing, MI.

 Hurd, K. and Faske, T. R. 2015. Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and M. graminis on serval grain sorghum hybrids. Phytopathology 105:S2.5.

Jackson, C. S. and Faske, T. R. 2015. Assessment of fluopyram for management of Meloidogyne incognita on soybean. Phytopathology 105:S2.5.

Juvale, P.S., Pogorelko, G.V., Maier, T.R., Mitchum, M.G., Davis, E.L., Baum, T.J. 2015. Gland mining and effector characterization from Heterodera cyst nematodes. The 54^th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, East Lansing, MI.

Khanal, Churamani, R. T. Robbins, E. C. McGawley, and C. Overstreet 2015. Meloidogyne spp. reported from Arkansas: past and present. Program and Abstracts, 54^th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. East Lansing, Michigan

Khanal, C., R. T. Robbins, E. C. McGawley, and C. Overstreet. 2015. Meloidogyne spp. reported from Arkansas: past and present. Journal of Nematology (in press)

Land, C.J., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and C. Norris. 2015. Bayer CropScience experimental Nematicides for Management of the Reniform Nematode in North Alabama, 2014. Report9:N014 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Land, C.J., K. S. Lawrence, B. Miller. 2015. Experimental ReSet for management of the Root-knot on Cucumber, 2014. Report9: N012 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Land, C.J., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and B. Meyer. 2015. Verticillium Wilt on-farm Cotton Cultivar Variety Evaluations, 2014. Report9: FC098 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Land, C.J., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and C. Norris. 2015. Experimental Propulse and its efficacy on the Reniform Nematode in North Alabama, 2014. Report9: N011 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Lawrence, K., C. Land, R. Sikkens, C. H. Burmester; C. Norris. Cotton nematicide combinations for reniform management in north Alabama, 2014. Report9:N002 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Lawrence, K., C. Land, R. Sikkens. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for root knot management in central Alabama, 2014. Report9:N003 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Lawrence, K., C. Land, R. Sikkens, C. H. Burmester; C. Norris. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for root-knot management in central Alabama, 2014. Report9:N004 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Lawrence, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2015. The fungicide fluopyram exhibits nematicide activity toward Rotylenchulus reniformis. Proceeding of the XVIII International Plant Protection Congress Belin, Germany, August 24-27, 2015. Vol. 1:241. http://domains.conventus.de/fileadmin/media/2015/ippc/IPPC2015_Abstractbook.pdf

Luangkhot, J. A., K.S. Lawrence, A.L. Smith. 2015. Evaluation of plant hormones and starter fertilizers on plant development in the presence of M. incognita or R. reniformis. 2015 Phytopathology 105:(In Press)

McGawley, E.C., C. Overstreet and Y. Takeuchi. 2015. Increase in the incidence of symptoms of pine wilt disease in southeast Louisiana. Journal of Nematology (in press)

Overstreet, C. and E. C. McGawley. 2015. The development and implementation of site-specific technology for managing cotton nematodes in the United States. Nematropica (in press)

Overstreet, C., E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier-Mis, M. Kularathna, D. Burns, and B. Haygood. 2015. Variability within a silt loam soil on the response of a fumigant to Rotylenchulus reniformis. Nematropica 45: (in press)

Robbins, R. T., Ben Fallen, G. Shannon, P. Chen, S. K. Kantartzi, Travis R Faske, L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur, D. G. Dombek and J. T. Velie. 2015. Reniform Nematode Reproduction on Soybean Cultivars and Breeding Lines in 2014. Proceedings Beltwide Conferences 2015, San Antonio.

Smith, A., Hamamouch, N., Li, C., Davis, E. 2015. Alteration of nematode gene expression results in altered infection characteristics. International Symposium of Crop Protection. University of Ghent, Belgium.

Vieira, P., S. Wantoch, J. Eisenback, and K. Kamo. 2015. Insight into the root lesion nematode-plant interaction. USDA-ARS Poster Day, Belstville, Md., June 4, 2015.

Vieira, Paulo, Wantoch, Sarah, Eisenback, Jonathan D, and Kamo, Kathryn. 2015. Insight into the soybean transcriptional profiling upon infection by root lesion nematode. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. Lansing, Michigan, July 14-19, 2015.

Vieira, Paulo, Sarah Wantoch, Jonathan D. Eisenback, Kathryn Kamo. 2015. Characterization of the transcriptional profiling of the migratoy root lesion nematode infection on important crop and floral species. American Phytopathological Society, Pasadena, CA, Aug. 1-5, 2015.

Xiang, N., and K.S. Lawrence. 2015. Biological potential of Bacillus spp. to reduce the populations of Heterodera glycines and promote plant growth in soybean. 2015 Southern Division - American Phytopathological Society. Phytopathology. 105(Suppl. 2):S2.12-13. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-105-4-S2.1

Xiang, N., K.S. Lawrence, J.W. Kloepper, and J.A. McInroy. 2015. Plant growth promotion of PGPR on soybean and cotton with and without Heterodera glycines or Meloidogyne incognita. 2015. APS Annual Meeting. Phytopathology 105:(In press)

Xiang, N., K.S. Lawrence, J. W. Kloepper, and J. A. McInroy. 2015. Biological control and plant growth promotion of Bacillus spp. on Heterodera glycines in Soybean. 2015 10th International PGPR Workshop. In press.

Zhang, L., Davis, E.L., Elling, A.A. 2015. The Meloidogyne incognita effector Mi7H08 interacts with a plant transcription factor and alters expression of cell cycle control genes in plant cells. The 54^th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, East Lansing, MI.

Proceedings:

Allen, T. W., Damicone, J. P., Dufault, N. S., Faske, T. R., Hershman, D. E., Hollier, C. A., Isakeit, T., Kemerait, R. C., Kleczewski, N. M., Koenning, S. R., Mehl, H. L., Mueller, J. D., Overstreet, C., Price, P. P., Sikora, E. J., and Young, H. 2015. Southern United States Soybean Disease Loss Estimates for 2014. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers Annual Meeting; March 11-12; Pensacola, FL. Pp. 10-15.

Khanal, C, R. T. Robbins, C. Overstreet, and E. C. McGawley. 2015. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) associated with soybean in Arkansas. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers. 11-12 March, 2015. Pensacola Beach, Fl. P. 19.

Kularathna, M. T., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, and D. M. Xavier. 2015. Evaluating the resistance of some soybean varieties/cultivars on reniform isolates from Louisiana. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers. 11-12 March, 2015. Pensacola Beach, Fl. P. 28.

Land, C. J., K. S. Lawrence, B. Meyer, C. H. Burmester. 2015. Applied Management Strategies for Verticillium Wilt and On-Farm Cotton Cultivar Variety Evaluations. 2014. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, (In Press). National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2012/index.html

Land, Caroline, K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and B. Meyer. 2015. Applied management options to enhance crop safety against Verticillium wilt. Proceedings of the 8th International IPM Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT, March 5-7, 2015: Vol. 1:74-75.http://ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium15/Documents/IPM_2015_Proceedings-final.pdf

Land, C. J., K. S. Lawrence, P. Cobine, G. Lawrence. 2015. Tiger Striping Symptoms Caused by Rotylenchulus reniformis in Upland Cotton. 2014. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, (In Press). National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2012/index.html                   

Lawrence, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2015. A new fungicide, insecticide, nematicide combination for nematode management in cotton. Proceedings of the 8th International IPM Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT, March 5-7, 2015: Vol. 1:72-73. http://ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium15/Documents/IPM_2015_Proceedings-final.pdf

Lawrence, K., M. Olsen, T. Faske, R. Hutmacher, J. Muller, J. Mario, R. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, P. Price, G. Sciumbato, G. Lawrence, S. Atwell, S. Thomas, S. Koenning, R. Boman, H. Young, J. Woodward, and H. Mehl. 2015. Cotton disease loss estimate committee report, 2014. Proceedings of the 2014 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 188-190. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings

Lawrence, K., P. Huang, G. Lawrence,T. Faske, C. Overstreet, T. Wheeler, H. Young, R. Kemerait, and H. Mehl. 2015. Beltwide Nematode Research and Edication Committee 2014 Nematode Research Report. Cotton varietal and nematicide responses in nematode soils. Cotton disease loss estimate committee report, 2014. Proceedings of the 2014 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 739-742. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceeding

Luangkhot, J. A., K.S. Lawrence, C. Land, K. Glass. 2015. Potential Nematicide Yield Benefit and Reniform Yield Reduction to Selected Cotton Cultivars. Proceedings of the 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, TX, January 5-7, 2015: In Press. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings

Shankar R. Pant, Brant T. McNeece, Keshav Sharma, Prakash M. Nirula, Jian Jiang, Gary W. Lawrence & Vincent P. Klink (2015) THa development of a plant transformation system for high throughput genomics in Gossypium hirsutum to study root–organism interactions. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences. January 5-7, 2015 San Antonio, Texas  

Smith, A. L., K. S. Lawrence, K. Glass, and E. van Santen. 2015. Evaluation of Fusarium wilt resistance in cotton cultivars and identification of pathogenic races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum in Alabama. Proceedings of the 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, TX, January 5-7, 2015: In Press. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings

Smith, Amber L., K. S. Lawrence, K. Glass, and D. Van Santen. 2015. Management of fusarium wilt in upland cotton of the southeastern United States. Proceedings of the 8th International IPM Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT, March 5-7, 2015: Vol. 1:75. http://ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium15/Documents/IPM_2015_Proceedings-final.pdf

Robbins, R. T., B. Fallen, G. Shannon, P. Chen, S. K. Kantartza, T.R. Faske, L.E. Jackson, E.E. Gbur, D.G. Dombek, J.T. Velie, and P. Arelli. 2015. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2014. Proceeding of the 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonia, TX. Jan 6-7. Pgs. 201-214

Plant Disease Management Reports:

Hurd, K., Faske, T. R., and Emerson, M. 2015. Evaluation of fluopyram as a seed treatment for suppression of reniform nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2014. PDMR 9: N018

Hurd, K., Faske, T. R., and Emerson, M. 2015. Evaluation of Poncho/VOTiVO and ILeVO for suppression of root-knot nematode on soybean in Arkansas, 2014. PDMR 9: N017.

Pollok, J., L. Darnell, C.S. Johnson, and T.D. Reed. 2015. Resistance to root-knot nematode in flue-cured tobacco cultivars in Virginia, 2014. Plant Disease Management Reports 9:N015.

Other Extension publications and presentations:

Faske, T. R. and Kirkpatrick, T. 2015. Corn Diseases and Nematodes. Chapter 17.Pp. 1-6 in Arkansas Corn Production Handbook, MP 437. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. (Complete Revision 4-2015)

Lawrence, K. S., C. D. Monks, and D. Delaney. Eds. 2015 AU Crops: Cotton Research Report. March 2014. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Series No. 44. file:///F:/2011%20Passport/AU%20Crops%20report/AU%20Crops%20cotton%20%20report%202015/Cotton%20Bulletin%202015.pd

Pollok J.R., C.S. Johnson C.S., J.D. Eisenback J.D, and T.D. Reed T.D. Reproduction of M. arenaria on flue-cured tobacco homozygous for Rk1 and/or Rk2 resistance genes, and possible effects of soil temperature on resistance. Oral presentation at CORESTA Congress, Quebec City, Canada, October , 2014.

Pollok, J. Resistance to root-knot nematodes in flue-cured tobacco – new research results. Oral presentation at the Southern Agricultural Leadership Alumni Conference, Myrtle Beach, SC, January 24, 2015.

McGawley, E.C. and C. Overstreet. 2015. Common Genera of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Biological Illustration, Poster. WWW.Nematologists.org, Educational Resources.