Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Notes from discussion: • Renewal of the WERA project. All in attendance agreed the group should continue and that there is value in meeting each year. While the group doesn’t have a funded regional project, meeting, sharing, and learning from each other is most important. Our region is dealing with similar challenges across the states, for example billbug insects in turf and water issues. Attending this meeting helps build relationships among the institutions to better address those challenges in our own states either separate or hopefully together. Keenan Admundsen agreed to lead this renewal effort with the deadline of January 15, 2016 for submission of the renewal proposal. • Considered meeting for 2016 in Hawaii with Cheng as host. Plan B sites are Pullman or Seattle, Washington or Dallas, Texas if hosts are willing. • Discussed a possible regional project centered around teaching. During state reports, a frequent comment was reduced numbers of students interested and pursuing a turfgrass management degree, but still many needing the information for related urban horticulture degrees. In addition, there are holes in several programs because of too few students to offer the classes or lack of ability to teach the classes due to few faculty. Sharing of courses over IVC or online formats between states may be an effective solution to meet some of these regional needs and most importantly, those of the students. • Several of the faculty in the region either currently or in new job postings have a 3-way split of teaching, research, and Extension. This presents a challenge in meeting the varied expectations, but also attracting and keeping good people in those positions. • In the past, representatives from industry were commonly in attendance at this meeting. It was decided to attempt to reconnect for coming meetings.

Hawaii, Zhiqiang Cheng, cheng241@hawaii.edu, Joseph DeFrank Research: Graduate student: Bishnu Bhandari Project(s): “lights out” non-chemical turf renovation; Lobate lac scale management in golf course. Rover ant management in golf course; mini ring and Bermuda decline management at golf courses; Chinese banyan stem and leaf gall wasp control; survey and control of coconut rhinoceros beetle in Hawaii. Graduate student: Scott Lucas Project(s): Native Hawaiian plants for roadside use. Herbicide efficacy projects at golf course and sports turf; soil solarization for weed control in turf (in collaboration with me) and crop systems; native plant establishment of highway rights-of-way. Extension Program Work with local associations for extension education. The largest annual turf and green industry education events are: Landscape Industry Council of Hawaii (LICH) Conference and Trade Show (October each year), and Crop Protection Services (CPS) Seminar and Trade Show (May each year). Arizona, David Kopec, dmk@email.arizona.edu, Kai Umeda, Mohammed Pessarakli, Paul Brown, J. Walworth, Jeff Gilbert. Research: Topramezone seasonal timing and rate investigation for bermudagrass removal on golf green collars. Topramezone rate determination for goosegrass control in bermudagrass turf. Methiozolin timing of application in early or late fall season for Poa control on bentgrass greens. Methiozolin comparison of efficacy of rates followed by water applications. Amicarbazone formulations comparison and seasonal timing for efficacy against Poa annua. Kurapia ground cover evaluation for non-play areas on golf courses. Evaluation of 6 seashore paspalums for salinity tolerance. Evaluation of six perennial ryegrasses for salt tolerance. Tall fescue response to Bio-stimulants. Field drought tolerance of selected saltgrass clones. Oscillating salt stress assessment technique for Sea Spray Seashore paspalum. Salinity and sodium management of Tifway 419 as determined by soil cultivation, and applications of gypsum or free elemental sulfur amendments. Drip irrigation modeling for landscape plants. w/ U.K. Schuck, Urban Hort. Specialist. Low water use grasses for secondary roughs. Curly mesquitegrass for turf. Sprucetop grama for turf. Fairway overseeding trials PGR suppression of Poa annua in overseeded fairways. Acute drought tolerance of 36 bermudagrass clones. Tolerance of Tifway bermudagrass to Tenacity and Princep herbicides. Extension Program: State Turfgrass Conferences (2014 and 2015): Turfgrass IPM Seminars (CEU) based Smart Scape Series Seminars Annual Turf School Football Turf Field Day Synthetic Turf Field Day Glyphosate resistance work group Various local/state seminars Cactus Pine GCSA, Hort. Seminars, State Parks and Recreation etc. Field Days (2011 and 2012): Karsten Field Day (2014), Tucson, Az., May 4th, 2014 Karsten Field Day (2015), Tucson, Az. , May 6th, 2015 U/A Overseeding Ext. Demonstration., Tucson, Az., Spring, 2014 Iowa, Shui-zhang Fei, e-mail. Nick Christians Research: Nick Christians Current or recently graduated graduate student: Dan Strey and Kevin Hansen finished MS degrees in 2015. Isaac Mertz will finish his MS in summer 2015. MS or PhD: Nick currently have 4 MS students. Three of them are in full time jobs and completing their degrees through the Horticulture non-thesis program. Isaac Mertz will begin a Ph.D. program in 2015. Project(s): We are working with the effects of paint on grass and soil on sports turf areas. There is also a project on rhizomatous tall fescue and some work on biostimulants. Shuizhang Fei Current or recently graduated graduate student: Jingjie Hao finished her PhD in Dec 2014. MS or PhD: Shuizhang currently have one MS (Paul Merrick) and one PhD (Yang Liu) student. Project(s): Rapid gene discovery in creeping bentgrass by high throughput gene silencing (funded by the Consortium for Plant Biotechnology Inc.); herbicide resistant turfgrasses, targeted gene editing in perennial grasses (Funded by the United States Department of Agriculture); biological nitrification inhibition in turfgrass species; develop plant breeding curricula for African universities (funded by the Bill and Malinda Gates Foundation). Extension Program State conference dates: January 20-22th 2015. Attendance: 816 Research Field Day: July 23th, 2014; Attendance: 86 Extension efforts focus on providing research-based information to Iowa’s commercial turfgrass industries (sports turf, golf course, and lawn care). We also have scheduled presentations for Iowa Master Gardeners, Federated Garden Club of Iowa, and local/regional garden shows. Extension efforts are working on creating an Iowa State University-High School Athletic Field Short Course and increasing attendance and tracks for ISU field day. In addition, we will continue to comply and build online videos and tutorials for Iowa pesticide recertification program. One of current activities is revising out of date publications and creating new publications. Some of the new publications topics are an Iowa State University Athletic Field Guide to Safe Playing Fields, Reducing Industry Water Usage, and Guide to Sprayer and Fertilization Calculations, Managing Localized Dry Spot, as well as others. Nebraska, Keenan Amundsen; Email: kamundsen2@unl.edu Research: Faculty member (complete for each faculty member): Keenan Amundsen Current or recently graduated graduate student: Luqi Li Project(s): Improving establishment of buffalograss Title: Characterize seed dormancy mechanisms in buffalograss Description: Conduct studies to test alternative seed treatments to break seed dormancy, profile hormones during germination of treated and untreated seeds. Research is expected to optimize seed treatment to break dormancy and reduce production costs. Funded by the Native Turf Group. Co-PIs: William Kreuser, UNL; Gautam Sarath, USDA Faculty member: Roch Gaussoin Current or recently graduated graduate student: Matt Pederson Project(s): Investigating the potential of select whole grass extracts and their isolated components for protection against mammalian inflammation Faculty member: Tiffany Heng-Moss and Fred Baxendale Current or recently graduated graduate student: Crystal Ramm? Project(s): Molecular insights into the defense response of buffalograss to chinch bugs? Current or recently graduated graduate student: Kyle Koch (co-advised with Jeff Bradshaw) Project(s): Evaluation of tetraploid switchgrasses for resistance to phloem-feeding insects? Current or recently graduated graduate student: Travis Prochaska (co-advised with Gautam Sarath) Project(s): Physiological, biochemical and anatomical insights into aphid-switchgrass interactions Faculty member: Bill Kreuser Current or recently graduated graduate student: Darrell Michael Project(s): Winter desiccation prevention and recovery Current or recently graduated graduate student: Glen Obear Project(s): Characterization, remediation, and prevention of iron layer formation in USGA putting greens Extension Program State conference dates: January 5-7, 2015; Attendance: 548 Research field day: July 23; Attendance: 177 Other Extension activities: Backyard Farmer TV, Thursday nights ~20,000 viewers/episode Oregon, Alec Kowalewski; alec.kowalewski@oregonstate.edu Research: Current graduate student: Clint Mattox MS or PhD: M.S. Project(s): Turfgrass managers within Canada and the United States are facing increasing pesticide bans, restrictions and regulations. Considering this turf managers are seeking fungicide alternative management practices for pathogens like Microdochium patch. Previous research conducted at Oregon State University using the mineral oil Civitas One in combination with sulfur and/or potassium phosphite has shown promising results. The proposed research is intended to address concerns generated by this previous work, notably abiotic damage produced by Civitas One and the potential detrimental effects of repeated sulphur applications. Finally, as a means of continuing the search for alternative control practices, the effect of various charcoal sources and application methods will be explored. Graduation date: 2015 Collaborators: Gwen Stahnke, Walla Walla Community College and Nate Stacey, Washington State University Funding Source: Oregon Turf Foundation, Oregon GCSA, Western Canada Turfgrass Association, Northwest Turfgrass Association and Western IPM Center, USGA, GCSAA. Current graduate student: Brian Daviscourt Project(s): Cost-Benefit of Synthetic Infill and Natural Grass Systems – The objectives of this research are to analyze and compare the costs of installation and maintenance of synthetic infill and natural grass systems. Case studies will be used to develop a survey that will then be used to assess various athletic field systems on a state wide level. Projected outcomes will include an enterprise budget, user hours, cost per user and an assessment of seasonal playing conditions (ground cover, surface hardness and temperature). Funding Source: Oregon State University Department of Athletics and Northwest Turfgrass Association. Current graduate student: Micah Gould Project(s): Oregon public school’s need research on low maintenance ground covers and grasses in response to Oregon’s school IPM law, which became effective July 1, 2012. The IPM law requires schools to reduce pesticide use to create a healthier environment for the preK-12 school communities. Other driving forces for this research include: pest infestations, contaminated ground water by pesticides, and budget cuts in Oregon’s public school system. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the establishment rate, drought tolerance, weed suppression, mowing tolerance, and visual quality of various ground covers and grasses in a low maintenance situation. Funding Source: USDA-NIFA (Secondary Extension Implementation Program Priority Area) Current graduate student: Conner Olsen Project(s): Quantify the energy inputs and water storage capabilities of rainwater harvesting systems for use in homeowner lawn irrigation. Evaluate the effects of varying irrigation rates with coincidentally varying timescales on established perennial ryegrass maintained as a home lawn. Funding Source: Oregon GCSA and Oregon Turf Foundation Other notable research projects: Title: Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens WH6 on annual bluegrass establishment Description: Research in collaboration with the USDA – Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit evaluating the pre-emergence effects of P. fluorescens WH6 on annual bluegrass in an established perennial ryegrass stand was initiated on March 11, 2013 at the Lewis-Brown Horticulture Farm, Corvallis, OR. Pseudomonas applications were made twice annually (spring and fall) at varying rates on a perennial ryegrass stand in March and again in October. Prior to fall Pseudomonas applications P. annua seed was applied to the plots. Currently, P. annua germination rates, as well as perennial ryegrass health and vigor are being assessed in the field. Funding Source: Agricultural Research Foundation Title: 2014 National Fine Fescue Test Description: Oregon State University is currently a host to the 2014 National Fine Fescue Test, which is a collaborative effort including universities across 15 U.S. states (NC, NJ, MO, WA, MD, IL, MI, MN, ND, MN, CT, CA, MA, OR and IN) and two countries (USA and Canada).Victor Collaborators: Funding Source: National Turfgrass Evaluation Program Title: Effects of Sulfur, Calcium Source and pH on Microdochium Patch Description: The objectives of this research are to first, determine if elemental sulfur applied with and without various calcium sources can effectively mitigate the number of annual fungicide applications necessary to manage Microdochium patch on annual bluegrass. The second objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of various sulfur applications rates on annual bluegrass health and vigor. The final objective is to explore potential correlations between soil pH, turf health and Microdochium patch incidence. Funding Source: United State Golf Association Title: Effects of Mowing Timing on the Efficacy of Proxy PGR to Reduce Annual Bluegrass Seed Head Production Description: Annual bluegrass seed head production on putting greens results in a number of detrimental effects including, but not limited to reduced putting speed and consistency, and reduced aesthetics. To provide a more consistent putting surface those maintaining greens with annual bluegrass present have used a number of cultural practices such as the application of herbicides and plant growth regulators, to suppress seed head flushes. Research and practical application have shown that Embark (mefluidide) and Proxy (ethephon) provide the best reduction is seed head production. However, due to the phytotoxicty associated with the plant growth regulator Embark, Proxy is often the product of choice for suppression of annual bluegrass seed head production. Recent research has determined that Proxy absorption and transportation from the flag leaf contributes substantially to seed head suppression. However, mowing, a critical practice on golf course putting greens, removes the flag leaf. The objective of this research would be to determine if mowing delays prior to and following the application of Proxy will affect the seed head suppression of annual bluegrass during the spring flush. Funding Source: United State Golf Association Extension Program Recent State Conferences: 2015 OGCSA Annual Meeting - May 20, 2015; 2015 OSTMA Membership Drive - March 3, 2015; 2014 OGCSA Annual Pest Management Seminar - December 3 and 4, 2015. Other Recent Extension Activities: 2014-2015 School IPM Coordinator Training; 20 events from October 3, 2014 to June 11, 2015; Cumulative Attendance 268. Major Extension efforts include the development of the following program: Schools IPM Landscaping Project – In collaboration with the OSU Integrated Plant Protection Center, this ongoing project includes the development and implementation of curriculum and workshops on IPM for School Turf and Landscape Management which was and is being offered to schools across the state of Oregon. OSU Turf Field Day - The curriculum currently includes a program update presentation, which I deliver during the opening remarks. As well as a take-home proceedings booklet, which includes the objectives, plot maps and findings from the featured projects (15 presented in 2014), as well as contact information for industry booth and equipment exhibitors. A field tour was also offered and included presentations by OSU faculty, staff and graduate students allowing the industry an opportunity to interact with the programs current members. Industry booths and equipment exhibitors were a new component offered this year which we are hoping to grow in the future. This year, the field day, which is Sept 3, 2015, will include ODA pesticide applicator CEU credits, a golf outing and dinner at the Trysting Tree Golf Course. Utah, Paul G. Johnson, paul.johnson@usu.edu Research: Shaun Bushman, USDA-ARS Poa breeding for salt tolerance & drought tolerance continues. Genetics of bluegrass using molecular tools. MS Graduate student Paul Harris starting on seed production characteristics. Co-advised with Paul Johnson. Joe Robins, USDA-ARS Ryegrass drought evaluation study Wheatgrass breeding for turfgrass application Ricardo Ramirez, USU-Biology PhD student Madeleine Dupuy continuing billbug biology and biological control studies. Kelly Kopp, USU-Plants, Soils, and Climate Water use Extension Turfgrass Water Conservation Alliance trial established this year Several leadership positions nationally Paul Johnson, USU-Plants, Soils, and Climate NTEP evaluations: tall fescue standard tall fescue lateral spread, Kentucky bluegrass standard, creeping bentgrass putting green standard, bentgrass putting green drought, bentgrass fairway/tee drought Salt tolerance in bluegrass research with Shaun Bushman. New Mexico, Ryan Goss, Bernd Leinauer, Matteo Serena Research: ReNUWIt Project: Field study was terminated in May. We are expanding the study in the greenhouse and analyze for gasses (N2O). Salinity Trials: in collaboration with Barenbrug for plant breeding purposes. Seed coating studies: in collaboration with Aquatrols and Barenrbug. Surfactants/PGR for Water Conservation: several companies involved in the test this year. Last year results were promising. This year we are also conducting an injection study, in which the soil surfactant is injected through the irrigation system. Salinity Alleviation Study: in collaboration with Macosorb technologies and others. To study the effects of several chemicals on Kentucky bluegrass establishment. Soil Sensor Study. In progress, supported by USGA to test accuracy of TDR sensors in saline conditions. Fertilization Trial (under decision) Reduced Irrigation Trial. In collaboration with barenbrug, this would be the last year. Surfactant injection on subsurface drip irrigation (modeling with HYDRUS) Seed increase Bermudagrass morphology trial Forage fescue for salinity screening Sod establishment using a poly-gel to help retain water.

Etemadi, Nematollah, Mohamad-Hossein Sheikh-Mohamadi, Ali Nikbakht, Mohammad Reza Sabzalian, and Mohammad Pessarakli. 2015. Influence of Trinexapac-ethyl in Improving Drought Resistance of Wheatgrass and Tall Fescue. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 37(53:1–17. Pessarakli, Mohammad and Dennis E. McMillan. 2014. Seashore Paspalum, a High Salinity Stress Tolerant Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions and Combating Desertification. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments, 3(1): 35-42. Pessarakli, Mohammad. 2014. Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions. Research on Crop Ecophysiology, 9/1(1): 1-11. Nikbakht, Ali, Mohammad Pessarakli, Naghmeh Daneshvar-Hakimi-Maibodi, and Mohsen Kafi. 2014. Perennial Ryegrass Growth Responses to Mycorrhizal Infection and Humic Acid Treatments. Agronomy Journal. 106 (2): 585-595. Pessarakli, M. (Ed.). 2014. Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology, 3rd Edition, Revised and Expanded. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Publishing Group, Florida, 1080p. Nikbakht, Ali and Mohammad Pessarakli. 2014. New Approaches to Turfgrass Nutrition: Humic Substances and Mycorrhizal Inoculation. In: Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology, 3rd Edition, Revised and Expanded (M. Pessarakli, Ed.), 913-925, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Publishing Group, Florida. Umeda, Kai. 2015. Use of phenoxy herbicides in turfgrass in the U.S. In National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program Report. (S. McDonald, Ed.), In Press. Jones, M., N.E. Christians, and I. Mertz. 2014. Impact of plant growth biostimulents on creeping bentgrass growth. In press ACTA Horticulturae. Merrick P and Fei S 2015. Regeneration and genetic transformation in switchgrass Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 14:483-493 Feng Y, Yin Y, Fei S. 2015. Down-regulation of BdBRI1, a putative brassinosteroid receptor gene altered growth and enhanced drought tolerance in Brachypodium distachyon. Plant Science 234:163-173 Li Y, Han L, Hao J, Fei S. Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman). Journal of Plant Biotechnology. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11240-015-0754-y Jingjie Hao, Jiangli Dong, Jinliang Yang, Shuizhang Fei. Transcriptome analysis of a cbf3 mutant by RNA-seq in Brachypodium distachyon XXIII Plant and Animal Genome Meeting, San Diego, CA (Abstract). Amaradasa, B., D. Lakshman, B. Horvath, K. Amundsen. 2014. Development of SCAR markers and UP-PCR cross-hybridization method for specific detection of four major subgroups of Rhizoctonia from infected turfgrasses. Mycologia 106(1):163-172. Donze, T., B.S. Amaradasa, C. Caha, T. Heng-Moss, K. Amundsen. 2014. Molecular differentiation of gender in buffalograss. Crop Science. doi:10.2135/cropsci2014.07.0478 Ramm, C., M. Wachholtz, K. Amundsen, T. Donze, T. Heng-Moss, P. Twigg, G. Sarath, and F. Baxendale. 2015. Transcriptional Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Buffalograsses in Response to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Feeding. Journal of Economic Entomology. doi: 10.1093/jee/tov067 Reicher, Z., M. Sousek, and R. Gaussoin. 2014. Fall or late winter applications of preemergence herbicides rarely provide season-long control of crabgrass (Digitaria spp) in Nebraska. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science doi: 10.2134/ATS-2014-0024-BR. Sousek, M., R. E. Gaussoin, A. J. Patton, D. V. Weisenberger, and Z. J. Reicher. 2014. Weed control and turf safety of single and sequential applications of herbicides over spring seedings. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science doi: doi:10.2134/ATS-2013-0046-RS. Watkins, E., D. S. Gardner, J. C. Stier, D. J. Soldat, R. A. St. John, N. E. Christians, R.E. Gaussoin et al. 2014. Cultivar performance of low-input turfgrass species for the North Central United States. Appl. Turfgrass Sci. 11(1):p. 1-7. doi: 10.2134/ATS-2013-0101-RS Berndt, W. L., R. E. Gaussoin, and J. M. Jr. Vargas. 2014. Cellulase accelerates short-term decay of thatch-mat. Agron. J. 106(3):p. 781-788. Schmid, C.A., R.E. Gaussoin and S. A. Gaussoin. 2014. Organic Matter Concentration of Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens in the Continental U.S. and Resident Management Impact. Applied Turfgrass Science doi:10.2134/ATS-2014-0031-BR Schmid, C.A., R.E. Gaussoin, R.C. Shearman, M. Mamo and C.S. Wortmann. 2015. Cultivation Effects on Organic Matter Concentration and Infiltration Rates of Two Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) Putting Greens. Applied Turfgrass Science doi:10.2134/ATS-2014-0032-RS Kreuser, W.C., and F. S. Rossi. 2014. Civitas increases clipping yield on a cool-season putting green. Applied Turfgrass Science. Kreuser, W. C., and F. S. Rossi. 2014. The horticultural spray oil, CivitasTM, causes chronic phytotoxicity on cool-season golf turf. HortScience. 49:1217-1224. doi:10.2134/ATS-2014-0012-BR. Sousek, M., R. E. Gaussoin, A. J. Patton, D. V. Weisenberger, and Z. J. Reicher. 2014. Weed control and turf safety of single and sequential applications of herbicides over spring seedings. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science. doi:10.2134/ATS-2013-0046-RS. Reicher, Z., M. Sousek, and R. Gaussoin. 2014. Fall or late winter applications of preemergence herbicides rarely provide season-long control of crabgrass (Digitaria spp) in Nebraska. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science. doi: 10.2134/ATS-2014-0024-BR. Thompson, C., J. Fry, M. Kennelly, M. Sousek, and Z. Reicher. 2014. Seasonal timing of glyphosate application influences control of Poa trivialis. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science. doi: 10.2134/ATS-2013-0044-BR. Leibhart, L. J., M. D. Sousek, G. Custis and Z. J. Reicher. 2014. Speedzone has potential for postemergence goosegrass control in perennial ryegrass and creeping bentgrass. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science. doi:10.2134/ATS-2014-0025-BR Proctor, C., Wiesenberger, D. V., Reicher, Z. 2015. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass mixtures for establishing Midwest lawns. HortScience 50(1):1–4. 2015. Grimshaw, A.L., B.M. Schwartz, P.L. Raymer, A.R. Kowalewski and T.L. Grey. 2015. Influence of soil type on nitrogen leaching of controlled release fertilizers. Florida State Horticultural Society. In Press, Accepted Feb 15, 2015. Kowalewski, A.R., B.M. McDonald and C.M. Mattox. 2015. Evaluation of sulfur rates and calcium sources on Microdochium patch and Anthracnose of an annual bluegrass putting green in western Oregon, 2013 – 2014. In Press, accepted Feb 12, 2014. Plant Disease Management Reports. Mattox, C.M., A.R. Kowalewski, and B.W. McDonald. 2014. Evaluation of winter fertility practices in combination with simulated traffic in order to determine their effects on the suppression of Microdochium patch and turfgrass recovery on annual bluegrass in western Oregon, 2013-2014. Plant Disease Management Report. Report No. 8:T043. pg 1. Mattox, C.M., A.R. Kowalewski, and B.W. McDonald. 2014. Evaluation of fungicide alternatives for the control of Microdochium patch on annual bluegrass in western Oregon, 2013-2014. Plant Disease Management Report. Report No. 8:T042. pg 1. McDonald, B.W., and A. R. Kowalewski. 2014. Evaluation of fungicides for preventative control of gray snow mold in central Oregon, 2010 – 2011. Plant Disease Management Report. Report No. 8:T040. pg 1-2. Mattox, C., A. Kowalewski and McDonald. 2014. Research Update: Effects of Alternatives to Traditional Fungicides and Winter Fertilization Practices on Microdochium Patch. Western Canada Turf Association (Online). Retrieved May 22, 2014. http://wcta-online.com/turfgrass-research/item/965-research-update-effects-of-alternatives-to-traditional-fungicides-and-winter-fertilization-practices-on-microdochium-patch McDonald, B., A. Kowalewski and C. Mattox. 2014. Evaluation of Fungicide Rotation Programs for the Control of Anthracnose. BeaverTurf.com. Oregon State University. Retrieved March 21, 2014. http://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/content/2013-evaluation-fungicide-rotation-programs-control-anthracnose-and-effects-turf-quality-annual-blue Kowalewski, A.R., B.M. Schwartz, A.L. Grimshaw J.N. McCrimmon and J.M. Layton. 2014. Mowing Requirements and Costs to Maintain Bermudagrass is Influenced by Cultivar Selection and Trinexapac-Ethyl Use. Applied Turfgrass Science. Accepted April 25, 2014. Grimshaw, A.L., B.M. Schwartz, T.L. Grey, P.E. McCullough, P.L. Raymer, T.M. Webster, A.R. Kowalewski, T.M. Tate and W.A. Parrott. 2014. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Herbicide Tolerance in Bermudagrass. 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A., Wheaton, A., Spranger, A., Anderson, D. T., Kopp, K., Johnson, P. G., Kjelgren, R. K. Combinations for Conservation: A Guide to Proven Plant Material Combinations for Low-Water Landscaping.