Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

S1018 Business Meeting: The members present decided that presentations (PowerPoint) will be included in the Annual Report sent to all participants, but will not be included with the Annual Report submitted to the advisors. The list of project participants and their contact information will be included with the Annual Report. The fiscal year for S1018 begins in October. The Annual Report and minutes of the Business Meeting are due 60 days after the meeting. Sassenrath discussed what is needed for the Annual Report. Reports are the responsibility of the designated lead investigator at each state or ARS unit participating. In states with more than one participating scientists, the lead project investigator will summarize the research of all participants. Reports should include: names of all participants, and for each objective  results, impact, future plans, and collaborations with others in the group, and publications. Publications are limited to the current year, according to the guidelines for preparation of annual reports outlined in the website. The 2005 location reports must be turned in to Sassenrath by October 15. The members voted to continue to meet at research stations, and not at major hotels near airports. The tours of research facilities were considered a major portion of the interaction within the meeting. The pre-meeting tour from this annual meeting was excellent. The details of the tours will be left up to the chair of the meeting to arrange as to length and time. Ian McCann, from Delaware, was elected Secretary. In October, 2005, Jim Hook rotates off as Chair, Dorota Haman becomes Chair, and Gretchen Sassenrath becomes Vice Chair. Haman will chair the next meeting in Florida. She would prefer to have the meeting in March or April. Those in attendance concurred and agreed to allow the chair and host to determine location and time of year. The NIMSS web site will be used to post information and Annual Reports from this meeting. The site can also be used to link to other websites, and to upload pfd files with publications. As regards time of meeting  fall is often a busy time, with harvest and final field activities, Agronomy Society meetings, Irrigation Association, and holidays. Spring may be a better time, but concern there may be sufficient time to rewrite the project proposal in 2007-08. The timeline for this project is: Oct. 2004  Sept. 2005 Year 1 Griffin, GA Oct. 2005  Sept. 2006 Year 2 Gainesville, Florida Oct. 2006  Sept. 2007 Year 3 Stoneville, MS Oct. 2007  Sept. 2008 Year 4 Delaware  rewrite of proposal for continuation Oct 2008  Sept 2009 Year 5 Project termination  Final report due In deciding the time-frame for the meetings, the members should consider whether the beginning or the end of the fiscal year is better for completing reports and submitting renewals. The second proposal will be due Sept. 30, 2008, for approval during the next year, with the new project plan beginning in October of 2009, immediately after the termination of the current project. Keith Admire (NRCS-AR) reviewed his agency programs that impact irrigation in various states. Several, notably the Conservation Innovations Grant that supports new irrigation and applications like the VRI systems grant funded in Georgia and South Carolina and the Conservation Security Program  Research and Demonstration Grants that pays cooperating farmers who assist in data collection. Depending on state priorities, EQIP funds may be available for irrigation system efficiency improvements, water development and storage, and related projects, usually on a cost-share basis with farmers. Brad Rein (CSREES) reviewed the status of the FY2006 budget and its opportunities for water related research. Most water programs appear in the Plant and Animal Systems area. Special grants still appear to hold appeal to members of both House and Senate, but new rules are requiring better definition of project objectives, clear statement of expected outcomes, and methods for measuring that success. These are no longer to be long term with renewals of existing projects. Other funding opportunities include an expected late September 2005 RFP in the NRI Watershed program. Mike ONeill will be heading up that program. Also water quality programs may support some irrigation-related research. He reminded us of the Agriculture Water Security Listening Sessions and their report that was recently released following the Utah meeting. In his wrap-up comments, Brad reminded the group to consider how the social science components  competition for water among users, perceptions of urbanites towards irrigation, state and local laws and rules, water ownership, and other issues that have impacted irrigation in the west  can be considered as we move forward in irrigation research in the east. Winston Hagler (SAES Administrative Advisor) reminded the group to keep our goals and outcomes in focus to keep the project on track. He will be available to follow-up to be sure all participants are able to get into the NIMSS record and help correct problems created there. He congratulated the group for a successful meeting. Respectfully submitted Gretchen F. Sassenrath Secretary

Accomplishments and Impact: Objective 1: Improved automation, control, and distribution technology to increase irrigation efficiency. Production fields commonly display high variability in soil type, topography and water holding capacity, making accurate application and even distribution of irrigation water a challenge. Cooperative studies in Missouri, Arkansas and Mississippi are testing the efficacy of a multiple inlet application strategy, in conjunction with intermittent flooding, to conserve water requirements associated with rice production. A new project in Louisiana is evaluating zero-slope level-basin irrigation in comparison to conventional surface irrigation. The project, in collaboration with USDA-ARS Phoenix, evaluates inflow and outflow characteristics, wetting progression and recession, and soil water penetration for the different practices. The project will expand to include the Missouri and Arkansas groups in the near future. Conventional, uniform-rate overhead irrigation systems tend to over-apply or under-apply water to the crop due to inherent within-field variability. Researchers in Delaware have established a program in cooperation with NRCS to measure the performance of center-pivots using the catch can method. While the majority of the systems have greater than 80% uniformity, major problems, such as leaking, obstructed or incorrect sprinkler heads, and so on, have been identified through the testing program. Researchers in Georgia are also surveying irrigation systems throughout the state to quantify effects of over-pressurization on application amounts and losses. Recommendations are expected for changes in pumping, end-gun operation, timer charts, and/or pressure regulation. Systems for automated application of irrigation water based on soil and environmental conditions are being developed in South Carolina, North Carolina and Florida. Researchers in South Carolina have developed a variable-rate lateral irrigation (VRLI) system for site-specific application of water. The system monitors and applies water based on measured soil water content, pan evaporation data, or the U.S. Climate Reference Network data. A control and data acquisition (CDA) system gathers information from various sensors via radio signals and a wireless internet installed on the lateral move system. The CDA controls the rate of water application in each section, in conjunction with the integrated GPS signal. By means of changes in nozzle on/off and travel speed, the system is able to control irrigation rate from 0 to 2.5 cm of irrigation water, with an average water application rate error less than 2%. A Quantified Irrigation Controller (QIC) was developed by FL-IFAS to control irrigation based on soil water content. When tested in tomatoes, it was proved to reliably reduce water use by 70% compared to typical farmer practices, with no negative impacts on yield. In North Carolina, soil water content is used in conjunction with rainfall data to trigger irrigation from buried (SDI) dripline in blueberries. While the system performed well, extreme weather events such as thunder storms could disrupt the electronic transfer of data upon which the program logic relied. Improvements in the system are expected to circumvent these errors. Water for irrigation of agricultural production in the U.S. Virgin Islands is limited to that stored in ponds and collected from rainwater, since most of the underground water is used for urban consumption. Studies at AES-VI are exploring the effectiveness of micro-irrigation systems for fruit and ornamental crop production. The Fl-IFAS group is also comparing three irrigation systems, sprinkler, microjet and outdoors ebb and flow system, for production of large ornamental plants. The efficiency of water use will be determined in these different irrigation systems. Improvements in irrigation application technologies, and automation and increased precision of irrigation systems, will greatly improve the accuracy of irrigation. Better applications will reduce the inaccurate and over application of irrigated water, reducing costs of production and conserving water. Objective 2. Improve irrigation scheduling methods and the knowledge/application base associated with crop coefficients, reference evapotranspiration predictions, precipitation forecasting, and field-based sensor systems as they relate to plant water use. Substantial progress has been made in the development and implementation of irrigation scheduling guidelines. Researchers at Missouri and Arkansas have updated the Arkansas Irrigation Scheduler by incorporating weather data for improved evapotranspiration estimates. In collaboration with researchers in Louisiana, the team is testing the program for soybean and cotton production, and irrigation termination timing in soybean and cotton. The Arkansas research group has developed a flood termination computer program for rice, which has shown an approximate $10-$12 per acre savings in water. The system has potential savings in the range from $10 to $47 per acre, depending on water costs and land forming cost savings. Researchers in Florida have developed irrigation scheduling guidelines for citrus, and have shown that an earlier termination of irrigation in citrus improves the fruit quality by increasing the fruit soluble solids (brix). Through the efforts of the research team to develop and disseminate the irrigation guidelines to growers, citrus growers were able to comply with the recent 25-30% water restrictions imposed by the Southwest Florida Water Management District. It is estimated that termination of irrigation in citrus production during fall and winter would result in a water savings of an additional 108 million gallons of irrigation water per year. Researchers at nearly all locations are involved in exploring and comparing methods for detection of plant and soil water content. Soil water content is measured within the rooting profile using TDR systems, tensiometers (Irrometer), atmometers (ET Gage), electrical resistance (Watermark), and other capacitance sensors (ECH2O). Researchers in Delaware are also exploring the newly introduced dual frequency capacitance probe (Triscan) for determination of both soil water content and salinity, which has often been correlated with soluble N content. Preliminary analysis indicates that differences in soil water dynamics result from the location of measurements relative to the dripline. Researchers in Florida, comparing the different sensors for use in citrus groves, have noted that some sensors are influenced by fertilizer salts. Based on their results, grove operations in Florida have started using the recommended probes, reducing water use by more than 5%, equivalent to more than 81 million gallons of water per year. One grove manager reported a $250,000 savings in fuel pumping costs by using the recommended soil moisture probe. Researchers in Florida are also testing the probes for use in irrigation scheduling of ornamental plants in greenhouses, and for residential landscape irrigation water conservation. Average monthly irrigation was reduced 16% in predominantly turfgrass residential areas, and reduced 39% in homes with landscape beds irrigated with microirrigation. In addition to direct measure of soil moisture, calculations based on weather and pan evaporation are used to estimate crop water use. Researchers in North Carolina are comparing soil moisture measurements from atmometers with reference evapotranspiration estimates generated from Penman-Monteith, Priestly-Taylor, Blaney-Criddle and Hargreaves methods. If a reasonable correlation is found, the ET Gage measurements will serve as a replacement for the equations which require multiple climatological parameters. Time and personnel constraints limit the frequency of data collection from soil moisture samplers. Researchers at Mississippi have developed an inexpensive system for collecting soil moisture data from Watermark soil moisture sensors. Researchers in Alabama have automated the data collection and downloading of data from time domain trnasmissometry (TDT) soil moisture probes with radio wave transmitters. Drip tape is installed using auto-steer precision guidance, and cotton and corn are planted using the same precision guidance system for accurate placement of seed in relation to subsurface drip irrigation tape. Yield monitors provide spatially registered yield maps for correlation of soil moisture to yield. Researchers in South Carolina are comparing irrigation scheduling of various soil moisture sensors, pan evaporation data and a crop coefficient, tensiometers, and weather forecasts in a variable rate lateral irrigation system. Moisture data is transmitted via radio signals to the control and data acquisition system. A second system uses wireless internet to acquire real time weather data from NOAA websites. The data are downloaded onto the map created by the computer so a recommended irrigation rate can be assigned to each plot. Researchers in Georgia have developed a simple irrigation scheduler, the UGA EASY Pan, made from readily available parts. The EASY pan takes into account the water holding capacity of the soil, crop water use, and water applied from irrigation or rainfall. The system is simple to build and easy to use, as the indicator arm for the float systems can be read from the edge of the field. The Georgia group is collaborating with researchers in Louisiana and Mississippi to implement the system in other crops and with other soil types. Preliminary results from Mississippi indicate that a potential water savings of 25-33% could be possible by using the EASY pan for irrigation scheduling. To date, over 500 commercial units, representing approximately 50,000 acres, have been sold across the southeast and as far away as North Dakota. Direct measures of crop water use are being determined in weighing lysimeters in Mississippi, Louisiana, and South Carolina. The accurate measurements of crop evapotranspiration made with the lysimeters is used to calibrate models of crop water use, and compare with other measures of ET estimation, such as weather-based models. Future work will continue to refine and calibrate models of crop water use and irrigation needs with more accurate data provided by the research. Proper irrigation scheduling will allow growers to maximize yields while reducing input costs and conserving water resources. Advanced irrigation technologies, linked with precise irrigation scheduling, have the potential to further refine water application for maximal return on investment. Objective 3. Enhance water supplies and reduce water quality impacts of irrigation management where rainfall is primary component of the water supply issue. Competition between urban and agricultural users for limited water resources has led to an increased interest in the collection and storage of surface water in ponds and off-stream storage. An extreme example of this occurs in the U.S. Virgin Islands, where ground water is used almost exclusively for urban needs. Rain water collection systems and storage ponds are the only water resources available for irrigation of agricultural fields. Researchers in the Virgin Islands are developing storage and irrigation systems for small-scale cut flower production. In a similar production system, researchers in Florida have developed a Multi-Pot Box System (MPBS) for water harvesting and water conservation for the production of containerized ornamental plants. When tested in a commercial nursery, grower evaluations consistently rated the MPBS plants higher in visual quality than the control plants. On a larger scale, researchers in Alabama are testing the efficacy of an earthen off-stream storage reservoir to provide water for sprinkler irrigation of row crops. Off-stream water storage modeling studies were initiated in Georgia to determine the potential of additional farm ponds to supply irrigation in the face of added evaporation losses and the impacts of pond managements on stream hydrology. Reclaimed water is a second source of water for irrigation and agricultural production. In Florida, tests showed that reclaimed water can safely be used for edible crops and residential irrigation, and has led to a 168% increase in edible crop acreage, helping to increase aquifer levels. Additional research in rice is examining the impacts of quality of the runoff from rice fields to the watershed. The research is investigating the year-round impacts of water quantity and quality from rice production systems on the farm and watershed. Results from North Carolina demonstrated no significant differences in nitrate concentrations between sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation plots in cotton on a fine sandy loam soil. Decreasing the amount of water used for irrigation through more efficient design and management will help keep agricultural, horticultural and turf industries viable by decreasing competition for limited water resources. Reducing losses of nutrients from these systems will help prevent degradation of downstream water resources. Objective 4. Enhancing the transfer of irrigation technologies and management strategies emphasizing economic and environmental benefits. Technology transfer activities have included data surveys of irrigation use, development of decision aids, and direct transfer of technologies and information to producers through conferences, educational presentations, and technical and growers publications. A survey of irrigated crops, irrigation distribution system, water source, materials applied with irrigation water, energy source, and some cost information is being summarized for Louisiana. Water use (pumped and via rainfall) for irrigation of rice and soybeans for different irrigation systems is continuing to be monitored. Cost benefit analysis of adopting Microirrigation systems is also being planned by researchers in the US-Virgin Islands. Extensive work is being performed by the researchers to educate producers and other users of irrigation technologies of the recent research findings. An irrigation ontology, designed to enable knowledge sharing and reuse for irrigation information resources, is being created as a web-based tool with graphical interface for real time editing at the University of Florida. Researchers at Florida have also developed an extension publication with an easy-to-understand irrigation schedule developed for citrus. Researchers at Auburn University participated in the development of the Alabama Irrigator Pocket Guides, published by NRCS as a resource guide for irrigators in Alabama. Researchers at Arkansas State University host an annual meeting entitled Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Education Conference. This conference had over 250 attendees in 2005, and covers a wide range of conservation related information in conjunction with water and irrigation issues. Researchers at Florida  IFAS provided in-service landscape irrigation and water management training for more than 50 people. During 2005, researchers in Georgia served as members of the Flint River Basin Water Development and Conservation Plan. The plan will guide state regulatory actions with respect to permitting and conservation programs for agricultural irrigation. Results from the 6-year Ag Water Pumping study became the de facto inputs to models and irrigation scenarios used in development of the plan. The surveys and economic studies will demonstrate the benefits of adopting various irrigation strategies on crop production. These studies will provide information on land management effects on total water use and need, and with the coordination of surveys in other humid and sub-humid regions, may provide a better perspective on the extent and needs for irrigation research and extension activities. The irrigation guides improve irrigation efficiency by meeting crop water needs while preventing over-irrigation and water loss.

Publications, Oct. 1, 2004  Sept. 30, 2005. Alarcon, V.J., Sassenrath, G.F. 2005. Synthetic imagery for visualization of crop canopy status. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Baltimore, MD, March 7-11, 2005. 7 pgs. Bajwa, S. and E. D Vories. 2005. Plant response to irrigation treatments in Arkansas Cotton. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station publication (in press). Baum, M.C., M.D. Dukes, and G. L. Miller. 2004. Comparison of irrigation uniformity by soil moisture to catch-can test. ASAE paper no. FL04-1011. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. Boken, V. K., G. Hoogenboom, J. E. Hook, D. L. Thomas, L. C. Guerra and K. A. Harrison. 2004. Agricultural water use estimation using geospatial modeling and a geographic information system. Agricultural Water Management. 67(2004):185-199. Boken, V. K., G. Hoogenboom, F. N. Kogan, J. E. Hook, D. L. Thomas, and K. A. Harrison. 2004. Potential of using NOAA-AVHRR data for estimating irrigated area to help solve an interstate water dispute. International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 25(12): 2277-2286. Borhan, M. S., L. R. Parsons, W. Bandaranayake. 2004. Evaluation of a Low Cost Capacitance ECH2O Soil Moisture Sensor for Citrus in a Sandy Soil. Irrigation Assoc. Conf. Proceedings. Pp. 447-458. Cornejo C., H. Beck, D.Z. Haman. 2005. Developing an Ontology for Irrigation Information Resources - ASAE Annual International Meeting - Paper Number : 053034 - American Society of Agricultural Engineers,2950 Niles Road, Saint Joseph, MI 49085-9659 USA Cornejo C., D.Z. Haman, T.H. Yeager. 2005. Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors and Their Use to Control Irrigation Systems for Containers - ASAE Annual International Meeting - Paper Number : 054056 - American Society of Agricultural Engineers,2950 Niles Road, Saint Joseph, MI 49085-9659 USA Dougherty, M., Fulton, J., Curtis, L.M., Harkin, H.D., and C.H. Burmester. 2005. Subsurface drip irrigation and fertigation in Northern Alabama. ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, July 17-20, Tampa, FL. Dukes, M.D., M.B. Haley, and G.L. Miller. 2004. Reducing residential irrigation water use in Florida. Irrigation Association Annual Show, Nov. 14-16 CD-ROM. Irrigation Association, Falls Church, VA. Dukes, M.D. and J.M. Scholberg. 2004. Automated subsurface drip irrigation based on soil moisture. ASAE Paper No. 04-2188. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. Dukes, M.D., S. Irmak, and J.M. Jacobs. 2004. An automatic system for recording evaporation for ET gages. ASAE Paper No. 04-2191. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. Dukes, M.D., M.C. Baum, and G.L. Miller. 2004. Determination of residential irrigation water use in Florida. Proceedings of the 2004 ASCE/EWRI World Water and Environmental Resource Congress CD-ROM, June 27-July 1, Salt Lake City, UT. Fares, A., P. Buss, M. Dalton, A. I. El-Kadi, and L. R. Parsons. 2004. Dual field calibration of capacitance and neutron soil water sensors in a shrinking-swelling clay soil. Vadose Zone J. 3:1390-1399. Fares, A., L. R. Parsons, T. A. Obreza, and K. T. Morgan. 2004. Spatial and Temporal Plant Water Use and Rain Inputs as Affected by Citrus Canopy and Microsprinkler Irrigation System. Irrigation Assoc. Conf. Proceedings. Pp. 37-45. Fares, A., M. Zekri, and L. R. Parsons. 2004. TheHelper, a User-Friendly Irrigation Scheduling Tool in Florida and Hawaii. Irrigation Assoc. Conf. Proceedings. Pp. 413-423. Fisher, D.K. 2004. Simple and Inexpensive Lysimeters for Monitoring Reference- and Crop-ET. Paper No. IA04-1117. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Irrigation Show, Tampa, Florida USA, 14 - 16 November 2004. Irrigation Association. pp 161-169, CD-ROM. Fisher, D.K. 2004. Modern Electronics for Agriculture. Paper No. IA04-1118. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Irrigation Show, Tampa, Florida USA, 14 - 16 November 2004. Irrigation Association. pp 302-313, CD-ROM. Fulton, J., Shaw, J., Dougherty, M., and R. Raper. 2005. An overview: Merging of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and autoguidance for cotton production in Alabama. 2005 Southern Conservation Tillage Systems Conference, June 27-29, Florence, SC. Fulton, J., Dougherty, M., Curtis, L.M., Harkin, H.D., and C.H. Burmester. 2005. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) scheduling and tape placement for cotton production in Alabama. ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, July 17-20, Tampa, FL. Grabow, G. L., K. Harrison, M. D. Dukes, E. Vories, W. B. Smith, H. Zhu, and A. Khalilian. Considerations for the design and installation of SDI systems in humid areas. Proceedings World Water Congress 2005, ASCE, Reston, VA. Online at: http://ascelibrary.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=ASCECP000173040792000518000001&idtype=cvips Grabow, G.L., K. Harrison, W. B. Smith, E. Vories, H. Zhu, A. Khalilian. 2005. Design of Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems in Humid Areas. Presented at the 2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, EWRI, ASCE. Egan Civic and Convention Center, Anchorage, AK, May 15-19. Grabow, G.L., R. L. Huffman, and K. Edmisten. 2004. Automated Control of Subsurface Drip Irrigation using Rainfall and Soil-Water Data. Paper No. 042190 presented at the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASAE/CSAE Fairmont Chateau Laurier, The Westin, Government Centre Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1 - 4 August 2004. Grabow, G.L. R. L. Huffman, R.O. Evans, and K. Edmiston. 2004. Evaluating Subsurface Drip Irrigation Applicability and Drip Line Spacing for Cotton in North Carolina. Presented at the Annual Beltwide Cotton Conference, San Antonio, TX, Marriot Riverwalk, Jan. 6-9. Guerra, L. C., G. Hoogenboom, J. E. Hook, D. L. Thomas, V. K. Boken, and K. A. Harrison. 2005. Evaluation of on-farm irrigation applications using the simulation model EPIC. Irrigation Science 23(4):171-181. 10.1007/s00271-005-0105-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00271-005-0105-6. Guerra, L. C., G. Hoogenboom, V. K. Boken, J. E. Hook, D. L. Thomas, and K. A. Harrison. 2004. Evaluation of the EPIC model for simulating crop yield and irrigation demand. Transactions of ASAE. 47(6):2091-2100. Haman D.Z. 2005. Irrigation and Fertigation of Fresh Market Tomatoes. The Tomato Magazine. February 2005:20-21 Haman D. Z. 2005. Produccion de Tomate  Saquelle Jugo al Tomate . Productores de Hortalizas. March 2005. 14(3): 13-14. Haman D.Z., C. Cornejo, T.H. Yeager, S. Irmak. 2005. Use of Multipot Box System for Container Production of Parennial Plants - ASAE Annual International Meeting - Paper Number : 054058 - American Society of Agricultural Engineers,2950 Niles Road, Saint Joseph, MI 49085-9659 USA Haman D.Z., L.C. Nogueira, R.H. Stamps, M.D. Dukes. 2005. Outdoor Ebb and Flow Irrigation System for Containerized Ornamental Plants in Humid Climate. 19-th ICID Congress, Beijing, China.  Conference proceedings. Haman D. Z., R. B. Sorensen, D. S. Ross, R. O. Evans, P. Tacker. 2005. Critical Management Issues When Using SDI In Humid Areas  Proc. of EWRI World Water & Environmental Resources Congress 2005 - Anchorage, AK Haman D. Z. 2005. Media Filters for Micro-irrigation. Encyclopedia of Water. Surface and Agricultural. John Wiley & Sons Publishing: 752-754. Haman D. Z. 2005. Screen filters for Micro-irrigation. Encyclopedia of Water. Surface and Agricultural. Wiley & Sons Publishing . 748-550. Haman D. Z. 2005. Microirrigation. Encyclopedia of Water. Surface and Agricultural. John Wiley & Sons Publishing : 615-620. Hook, J. E., K. A. Harrison, G. Hoogenboom, and D. L. Thomas. 2005. Ag Water Pumping, Statewide irrigation monitoring. Project Report 52 for EPD Cooperative Agreement Number 764-890147. 145 pp. (Received a peer review from a CAST panel). http://www.nespal.org/awp/previous.asp Huffman, R. L., G. L. Grabow, R. O. Evans, and K. L. Edmisten. 2004 Nitrate concentrations in the soil water under subsurface drip- and sprinkler-irrigated cotton. Paper No. 042035 presented at the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASAE/CSAE Fairmont Chateau Laurier, The Westin, Government Centre Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1-4 August 2004. Irmak, S. D.Z. Haman, A. Irmak, J.W. Jones, B. Tonkinson, D. Burch, T.H. Yeager, and C. Larsen. 2005. Root-zone temperatures of V. odoratissimum grown in the MPBS and Conventional Systems: Measurement and analyses of temperature profiles and predicting root-zone temperatures. J. Am. Soc. HortSci Vol. 40(3):808-818. Khalilian, A., Young Han, Sam Moore, Tom Owino and Burhan Niyazi. 2005. "Variable-Rate Lateral Irrigation System,. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceeding. Moore, S., Y. J. Han, A. Khalilian, T. O. Owino, B. Niyazi. 2005. Instrumentation for Variable-Rate Lateral Irrigation System. ASAE Technical Paper No. 05-2184, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085. Morgan, K., Obreza, T., Scholberg, J., Parsons, L. R., and Wheaton, T. A. 2005. Citrus Water Uptake Dynamics on Central Florida Sandy Soils. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. In press. Munoz-Carpena, R., M.D. Dukes. 2004. Water conservation through soil moisture sensing  field evaluation. Vegetarian Newsletter, 04-10. Department of Horticultural Sciences. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Munoz-Carpena, R., M.D. Dukes, and L.W. Miller. 2004. Design and field evaluation of a new controller for soil moisture based irrigation. ASAE Paper No. 04-2244. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. Nogueira L.C., D.Z. Haman, R.H. Stamps, M.D. Dukes. 2005. Effects of Three Irrigation Systems on Runoff Water Quality in Containerized Plant Production  ASAE Annual International Meeting - Paper Number : 054059 - American Society of Agricultural Engineers,2950 Niles Road, Saint Joseph, MI 49085-9659 USA Nogueira L.C., D.Z. Haman, R.H. Stamps, M.D. Dukes. 2005. Water Harvesting and Recycling Ebb and Flow System in a Container Nursery  ASAE Annual International Meeting - Paper Number : 054060 - American Society of Agricultural Engineers,2950 Niles Road, Saint Joseph, MI 49085-9659 USA Noling, J. W., L. R. Parsons, & T. A. Wheaton. 2004. 2005 Florida citrus pest management guide: Best Management Practices for soil-applied agricultural chemicals. HS-185. 5 pp. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CG027 NRCS, 2005. Alabama Irrigator Pocket Guide. National Center for Appropriate Technology. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, State Office, Auburn, AL. Parsons, L. R. and K. T. Morgan. 2004. Management of microsprinkler systems for Florida citrus. HS-958. 7 pp. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HS204 Parsons, L. R. 2004. Unwanted Visitors. Florida Grower. Vol. 97(10). October. P. 28. Parsons, L. R. 2004. Is a Freeze Likely this Winter? Florida Grower. Vol. 97(12). December. P. 26. Parsons, L. R. 2005. Weather and irrigation for the New Year. Citrus Industry. Vol. 86(1). Pp. 16-17. Parsons, L. R. 2005. Essential IrrigationThe Right Time. Florida Grower. Vol. 98(2). Feb. P. 30. Parsons, L. R. 2005. Sensors Equal Savings. Florida Grower. Vol. 98(4). April. P. 42. Parsons, L. R. 2005. Population Boom. Florida Grower. Vol. 98(7). July. P. 29 Parsons, L. R. 2005. Predictions for the 2005 Hurricane Season. Florida Grower Vol. 98(9). Sept. P. 34. Parsons, L. R., E. Etxeberria. 2004. Effects of Reduced Fall and Winter Irrigation on Citrus Fruit Quality. HortScience 39(4). Pp. 886. Parsons, L. R. 2004. Changes in Reclaimed Water Use in Florida. HortScience 39(4). Pp. 855-856. Parsons, L. R. and B. Boman. 2005. Best Management Practices in Florida Citrus Production. HortScience 40(4). P. 942. Perry, C.D., M.Dukes, S. Pocknee, and K. Harrison. 2004. Effects of variable-rate sprinkler cycling on irrigation uniformity. ASAE Paper No. 04-1117. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. Popp, M., P. Manning, P. Counce and T. Keisling. 2005. Rice-soybean rotations: opportunities for enhancing whole farm profits or water savings. Agricultural Systems 86:223-238. Sadler, E.J., K. A. Sudduth, N. R. Kitchen, R. N. Lerch, R. J. Kremer, and E. D. Vories. 2005. Newly developed technologies for soil and water conservation. Proc. International Workshop on Newly Developed Innovative Technology for Soil and Water Conservation. May 31  June 02, 2005, Suwon, Korea. Chung, N.-J., Kim, W.-S., Kim, H.-S., Kim, J.-K., Eom, K.-C., Lee, I.-W., eds. Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea. Simonne, E., D. Studstill, M. Dukes, J. Duval, R. Hochmuth, G. McAvoy, T. Olczyk, and E. Lamb. 2004. How to conduct an on-farm dye test and use the results to improve drip irrigation management in vegetable production. HS980, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Thomas, D. L., K. A. Harrison, and J. E. Hook. 2004. Sprinkler irrigation scheduling with the UGA EASY Pan: Performance Characteristics. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 20(4): 439-445. Thomas, D. L., K. A. Harrison, M. D. Dukes, R. M. Seymour, F. N. Reed. 2004. Landscape and turf irrigation auditing: A mobile laboratory approach for small communities. GA Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin no. 1253 (also LAES in Louisiana and IFAS in Florida). http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/B1253.htm Thomson, S.J. and J.E. Hanks. 2004. Thermal Imaging, Soil Characterization, and Yield Response for Site-Specific Crop Management. Abstract, Applications Showcase Session 1, ASPRS Annual Conference, Denver, CO, May 23-28 Thomson, S.J., Sudbrink, D.L. 2004. 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