Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Day 1: The meeting was hosted by Jennifer MacAdam and Earl Creech from the Utah State University and was held at University Inn, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. This was the seventh year the meeting was held in conjunction with the Pacific Northwest Forage Workers Group annual meeting. These joint meetings save on travel expenses and lead to better collaboration among those involved in forage research and extension.

At the beginning of the meeting, Jennifer MacAdam gave an introduction and welcome of the two days programs. Anowar Islam opened the meeting at 8:00 am with a discussion of the agenda. Dr. Ken White, Dean of the College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, VP for Cooperative Extension and UAES Director gave a welcome address. He highlighted the importance of forage and indicated that Utah is a state of forage and animal production as well. He finally appreciated highly having this important meeting in Utah.

Glenn Shewmaker (UI) made a verbal presentation. He discussed about Clover Root Curculio. Glenn is trying to get a grant to work on this problem. More yield and disease problems seem to be related to this insect, particularly in drought years. He handed out new PNW663 on clover root curculio. Glenn described the damage and hypotheses about how and why certain fields are affected more than others. He also discussed about yield trials, foliar product trials, seed treatment for corn, and barley fodder saga.

Steve Fransen (WSU) discussed intercropping (popular-switch grass) conducted by a grad student. LRE (Land equivalent ratio) 1.5 to 1.7 anything above 1 indicates synergism. Water application has been increased by the operator. Trees are doing better in intercrop rather than in monoculture. Cooperator is now reevaluating their current practices. Unfortunately, the bio-refinery would not take the product and provide the energy number. Expect to sequester a megagram of carbon, but because of the anaerobic condition, the sequestration is zero. He also discussed Soil studies with UW. Studies between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) vs ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to nitrify N is SWG soils. MS student is working on this. The AOA work seems to establish a symbiotic relationship with perennial crops and can pull N out of the air. Dave Stall is the lead on the project. Other discussion included warm season grass (They have now created a low K and low Fe in soil, and now will be getting a grant to evaluate the quality of the product for pyrolysis and gasification to evaluate energy production), Winter Canola Study (Making silage and harvest grain to evaluate N rates, grain production and feed quality), SWG (This has shown the productivity of switch grass, but there are other plants that need to be considered), Timothy (Emerging problem with rhizochtonia where the rotation is only with other grasses), and Amber^® Problem (When this product was legally applied in the fall for weed control, grazing of the treated field reduced productivity 50% compared to the un-grazed).

Chad Cheyney (UI) made a presentation on phosphorus and potassium trial in deficient soils on the Salmon River, and trial to examine N rates and special N materials for pastures at the Nancy M Cummings REEC.

Anowar Islam (University of Wyoming) discussed research projects including Agronomic Traits of Tall Fescue Genotypes, Forage Yield and Seed Yield Potential of Grass Germplasm under Irrigation, Forage and Grain Yield of Small Grains, and Condensed tannin-containing forage legume birds foot trefoil. He also discussed about grass-legume mixture study which included 15 treatments: Alfalfa/Sainfoin/Birsdfoot Trefoil with meadow brome grass at different ratios and 3 levels of N fertilization. It is a 5 year study, 26 acres of plots. The trial has established well. Every plot has a neutron probe installed.

Joe Brummer (CSU) presented report for Colorado. Graduate student working on unfunded project looking as extending the grazing season with brassicas. They have looked at turnips, radish, kale. It appears that these need to get in the first week of August (at their location) to get adequate production to make it worthwhile. Radishes have a deep root that seems to fight soil compaction. They are now looking at the brassica mix in conjunction with annual forages. Grazing trial with the mixture above in combination with winter cereals. They have had a problem where the brassica tend to smoother the small grains when planted at the same time. They have observed about 3500 lbs of production. They were surprised to not get any weight gain on the cattle, and they have not figured out why. They felt that they were getting adequate DM consumption, but because the grain plants were smothered the feed was practically all brassica. This year they planted with oats and it looks like the oats are better competitors. Did a seeding rate study with the mix and oat and triticale. Over-seeding of corn. Flying it on didn’t work in CO. They are trying a system to seed earlier in the season with some ground applied system. They have various mixtures and the corn is drying down now, so these materials are starting to grow more vigorously. Miscanthus - this plant has a very aggressive rhizomatous root system. They are also working on fallowing and limited irrigation in eastern CO to combat possible downstream water calls. They have done some humic acid trials, and observed no effects.

Jon Hogge (UI) reported on the status of his trials to assess persistent and quality data on cool season grasses and legume. Seven grass species with several varieties and five legume species with several varieties. He described his plots at the Nancy M Cummings REEC and at BYU-I. Data is not available yet but the grass legume mixture seem to be the highest.

Don Miller (Alforex Seeds) discussed Alforex is the combination of seed companies Cal/West and Dairyland—this will be Alforex. Breeding program will be focused on pest resistance and adaption. Have been working on salinity. There were lots are area in eastern MT and the Dakotas that had rather sever salinity locations. Measured threshold of about 2 mmho EC to observe a loss of 10% at 3.4 mmho. Finally got to a variety that would germinate in very salty conditions (EC=20). Also tested plants for growth in heavy salinity. Worked with ARS and with the Canadians. They have examined 15 populations in the greenhouse. Canadians came up with a salinity tolerance index. They have been able to move alfalfa from 6.79 to 8.27 near barley. They are also looking at marketing AC Saltlander^® for extreme salt concentrations. Saline seeps work—combination of salt tolerant alfalfa with salt tolerant grasses. HiGest^® Low Lignin Alfalfa-this is a non-transgenic variety. Wider harvest window. Slowed rate of lignin deposit into tissue. Should have better quality on the same date of cutting or more yields at the same quality a week later. About 7-10% reduction in lignin. Dave Combs has developed “Total Track NDF” analysis. The process uses a standardized rumen fluid, as well as determining the amount and the rate of digestibility. They also have a salt management guide for alfalfa. He continues to work on stem nematode, and saw a lot of downy mildew in Idaho this year.

Mylen Bohle (OSU) reported his Oregon forage studies: Organic alfalfa fertility trial “organic yield enhancement materials”, range from digesters to ground basalt, etc.; Potassium source and rate trial; Potassium rate on alfalfa hay; Foliar liquid K material trial; Tiled and non-tilled with various lime rates; Nitrogen rates on mixed grass hay; and N rate on two cut timothy. He is working to raise money to do forage work. A generous producer is offering a challenge to other growers. Central Oregon Hay grows give some of membership fees for forage work.

Wilson Gray (UI) – reported on projects to finish before retirement: Finishing Trefoil project with USU; Update livestock budgets; Finish coordinating of LMIC to update livestock fact sheets.

A field trip was held in the afternoon - Biodiversity in Grazing at the Rural-Urban Interface. We drove to the farm on the southern edge of Logan on the bench, where the owner has been in residence for about a year. He is trying to make improvements in pastures by reseeding and management. A supper was catered at the American West Heritage Center and the first day meeting ended.

Day 2: Earl Creech (USU) reported on his projects. No Till in Logan Valley – Treatments were Tillage/Herbicide Timing/Nitrogen Rates; No statistical difference between the tillage treatments; No difference in profitability; Added N only was the difference between controls and all the treatments. Program survey - Very small group 4 specialists plus the county faculty that work on forages and administration wanted to know the value of their work. They worked their questionnaire down to seven questions for operators, and used clickers to collect the data. Surveys were administered at grower meetings. They did not assess consultants or the “extension effect”. Appeared to have a $6M impact annually. Accidental Grain Production Research -There is a problem with low fertility in dryland wheat production. Stuckenhotz looking at compost effect on dryland wheat situation when he was a graduate student to see if compost was a solution. It was determined to be un-economical,, but when they returned 15 years later, they found that yields were higher. Applied for USDA organic grant and got a $1.5M to work in organic dryland wheat. Soybeans for Hay - Looking at maturities. Getting 6-7 tons of DM in a single cutting. Animals seem to love the hay. Maturity group 7 looks like they may be the best for forage production in the Logan area. Utah Hay Conference - Growers want to know more about how to put up hay under suboptimal conditions. Suggested speakers: Stan Stephens.

Emily Glunk (MSU) - MT has recently hired a forage specialist, beef specialist, ag economist, sheep specialist. Emily is from small town in PA and grew up on a farm. Undergrad at Penn, masters at NC State in Animal Science, PhD at Minn in Animal Science but has all been in forage interaction. Developing a “beef cattle partnership” relationship in beef cattle production with ARS a Kellho. First project is forage finishing project based on frame size, utilizing range and tame pasture. Doing rotation research to incorporate pulse crops and examining how to terminate them at the right time. Winter and spring forage trials in Grafton, triticales, spring pea varieties, terminating cover crops using strategic grazing. Alfalfa variety trials, they are trying to have multiple sites. Examining forage establishment in the spring and fall. Alfalfa grazing project by horses as well as persistence will include beef cattle as well, project is still under development. Nitrate quality and testing program-will be looking at developing quantitative test as well. Student sustainably projects: Foxtail barley termination and re-vegetation—this has picked up in dried up streambeds. Updating nitrate toxicity guide/dryland and irrigated pastures guide. Lots of rained on hay problems –lost 9000 bales. Sprouted grain was also a problem.

David Hannaway (OSU) - He hopes that the meeting leads to greater discussion and creation of new cooperative projects. David has teaching, extension, research and international responsibilities. Interested in mapping zones of suitability for alfalfa types. Will focus on US and China. Proposal preparation a continuous project. Reviewed Extension Activity. Review Teaching Activities. Review of Service Activities, Publications, and Presentations. Projects reported include: 1) Alfalfa modeling and mapping: need variety trial data and recommended areas; 2) International curriculum development to identify modules needed move from educational to performance objectives “What would we like them to be able to do when we get through them”. Employers say they need people that know how to “do stuff”. First will be species selection and relate to the Logic Model; 3) Grass based health initiative.

Guojie Wang, North Dakota State – reported his last five years spent learning about species and how they are adapted in ND. Projects included: 1) Bioenergy switchgrass mixtures project; 2) Species and variety evaluation project. Very large project to grow as many species as possible; 3) Species and variety evaluation of annuals—grasses, legumes, brassicas; 4) Evaluation of perennial C4 grasses; 5) Extending the grazing spring, in the fall, and especially in the spring using timing of planting, species and varieties of cover crops; 6)        Mono culture of blue/smooth brome; 7) Alfalfa Trials; and 8) Snake Oil trials.

Jennifer MacAdam (USU) – reported on Economics of Grazing Based vs Drylot Based Organic Dairy Production - work with trefoil to increase production on organic forage based dairies; Methane Production Project - Used Chris Johnson methodology; Canister methodology for N Ireland; Meadow Brome produced about 3 times the methane than from milk vetch and 2 times the methane from trefoil; Use the mix to reduce methane production. Pasture Finished Beef - Did project to look at pasture finished for cost, quality and consumer preference. Trefoil finished animals were slower to finish, but graded low choice and were readily accepted by taste panel.

Jennifer MacAdam also reported for James Barnhill (USU) - James looked at how late BFT was grazed in the fall and its effects on spring growth—the later grazed into the fall it was grazed the greater the significant impact on spring regrowth. This may be related to the difference in seasonal timing that BTF has to restore root reserves.

After all state reports and presentations, discussion continued for forage issues and next year’s meeting. We have been trying to put the PNW Forage workers meeting before or after the WR County Agents Meeting. Next year’s WRIACAA meeting will be in Alaska in late part of October. Mylen Bohle agreed to serve as the Chair for next year meeting. Discussion of various options for late October 18-20 meeting was made. Host will be David Hannaway and Mylen Bohle in Oregon. All members were encouraged to fill out the Appendix E.

Discussion continued on new projects and future directions. We are all doing a lot of work, but most of the projects are unfunded, and many grant applications have not been funded. Glenn suggested splitting the previously submitted alfalfa project and reducing the number of cooperators. We need project(s) that are “shovel ready.” We may need to have a higher degree of interdisciplinary interaction, not just interstate interaction. David suggested that we rework the proposals with the review comments and have them ready for the next round of alfalfa grants, as well as other possible funding sources. The alfalfa grant money will be too short term to do projects such as long term nutrient calibration. IPNI might fund this type of calibration. NIFA might fund a project if co-funded or had a pilot project. Mylen asked about line source tests of alfalfa on dry land and irrigation with newer varieties and different current management. This could be targeted toward climate change money. Steve had an RFP from DOE on landscape design for sustainable bioenergy systems. These grants start at $3M. They want to look at dedicated energy crops. This could include marginal pasture land. The concept paper is due by the 21^st of November. Full application Jan 12^th. DOE appears to have changed their approach to see if they can grow biomass in various areas. What-Crop variety, GIS- where, production – agronomic could use any type of material. Anowar agreed that we should split the alfalfa proposal and go for 3 years. WSARE wants on farm research and producer participation. We discussed the issues with on-farm research and the loss of plots when operators forget or have other economic opportunities.

Finally, Chair Anowar Islam in support with all others thanked Jennifer MacAdam and Earl Creech for organizing such a successful meeting.

The meeting adjourned at 12:00 noon.

In addition to the accomplishments achieved by different states as found in the above minutes in the state reports and presentations, one of the major accomplishments is a major multi-state multi-million dollars grant in which many of our WERA 1014 members are directly involved. This project has high impact in the region and producers will be directly benefitted upon completion this project. Below are the project descriptions and accomplishments.

Project Title: Improved organic milk production through the use of the condensed tannin-containing forage legume birdsfoot trefoil

Award number: 2010-51300-21283

Period of funding: Sept 2012 – August 2015

Primary Institution: Utah State University

Project Director Name and email: Jennifer MacAdam, jennifer.macadam@usu.edu

Project Director telephone: 435-770-8019

Co-Project Director Names and emails:

Joe Brummer (forage extension) joe.brummer@colostate.edu

Jong-Su Eun (ruminant nutrition) jseun@usu.edu

Wilson Gray (extension economist) wgray@uidaho.edu

Deb Heleba (extension educator) Debra.Heleba@uvm.edu

Anowar Islam (forage extension) mislam@uwyo.edu

Donald McMahon (dairy science) donald.mcmahon@usu.edu

Jennifer Reeve (organic & sustainable farming systems) jennifer.reeve@usu.edu

Glenn Shewmaker (forage extension) gshew@uidaho.edu

Allen Young (dairy extension) allen.young@usu.edu

The purpose of the project: Our goal is to increase the sustainability of organic dairy production, and our focus is on reducing feed costs, which are a major determinant of profitability in livestock agriculture. McBride and Greene (2009) determined that the quartile of organic dairy producers making the greatest use of pasture had feed costs 25% lower than the quartile of organic producers making the least use of pasture. However, these grazing-intensive organic dairies also had milk yields that were 30% lower than grazing-extensive dairies that feed diets high in grain. Our approach was to replace grass pastures with pastures of birdsfoot trefoil (BFT), a deep rooted (i.e., drought-resistant) perennial forage legume that fixes the nitrogen it needs and is more digestible than grasses due to its structure and composition. Compared with grass pastures, the unique tannin produced by BFT reduces enteric (digestive) methane emissions (Woodward et al., 2009) and ammonia emissions from manure (Misslebrook et al., 2005). The nutrients in BFT are digested more effectively, increasing ruminant productivity compared with alfalfa-fed ruminants (Douglas et al., 1995).

Completed to date: We have completed on-farm research to compare the milk yield and components of cows grazing grass or BFT pastures. We assessed on-farm BFT establishment as well as seeding rate, planting season and companion crop effects on organic establishment under controlled conditions, and will determine the costs and benefits of BFT pastures for commercial organic dairies. We will evaluate nutrient utilization and methane emissions of cows fed alfalfa- or BFT-hay based total mixed rations (TMR) diets (balanced for carbohydrate and protein content with concentrates) typical of US (including organic winter) dairy production. We have assessed the nitrogen mineralization of manure from dairy cows grazing grass or BFT pastures, and compared the fatty acid composition of cheese made from the milk of cows grazing grass or BFT pastures or fed a conventional TMR diet.

Extension and/or education activities completed or upcoming: A webinar titled Birdsfoot Trefoil as a Forage on Organic Dairy Farms was presented 15 May 2014 and was well-received. Fact sheets and bulletins on the economics of BFT establishment, the yield and nutritive value of BFT and the value of tannin-containing legumes have been published and are listed in the next section along with peer-reviewed journal articles. Additional Extension publications on the establishment, management and economics of BFT use are in development as well as journal articles on the results of on-farm research on forage and milk production.

Websites, patents, inventions, or other community resources created:

Curtis, K., MacAdam, J. and T. Knudsen. 2013. Annual costs to establish and maintain birdsfoot trefoil pastures in northern Utah, 2012. Electronic Bulletin AG/ Agribusiness/2013-01pr. Utah State University Cooperative Extension Service, Logan.

Hafla, A.N., J.W. MacAdam and K.J. Soder. 2013. Sustainability of US organic beef and dairy production systems: soil, plant and cattle interactions. Sustainability 5: 3009-3034.

Hunt, S.R., J.W. MacAdam and J.R. Reeve. Establishment of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) pastures on organic dairy farms in the Mountain West USA. Provisionally accepted Organic Agriculture, 16 May 2014.

Hunt, S.R., J.W. MacAdam and T.C. Griggs. 2014. Lignification and tannin localization during the development of birdsfoot trefoil stems. Crop Science 54: 1876-1886.

MacAdam, J.W. and S.R. Hunt. Using a rising plate meter to determine paddock size for rotational grazing. Provisionally accepted Utah Cooperative Extension Service, Logan on 4 February 2014.

MacAdam, J.W. Video: Using a Rising Plate Meter to Manage Rotational Grazing. First version in revision.

MacAdam, J.W., J. Brummer, A. Islam, and G. Shewmaker. 2013. The benefits of tannin-containing forages. Electronic Bulletin. AG/Forages/2013‐03pr. Utah State University Cooperative Extension Service, Logan.

MacAdam, J.W. and T.C. Griggs. 2013. Irrigated birdsfoot trefoil variety trial: Forage nutritive value. Electronic Bulletin. AG/Forages/2013‐02pr. Utah State University Cooperative Extension Service, Logan.

MacAdam, J.W. and T.C. Griggs. 2013. Irrigated birdsfoot trefoil variety trial: Forage yields. Electronic Bulletin AG/Forages/2013‐01pr. Utah State University Cooperative Extension Service, Logan.

The significance of your findings to organic agriculture: Our goal was to determine if milk yields could be increased on grazing-intensive dairies to offset the production advantage of grazing-extensive organic dairies that feed higher-concentrate diets. On well-established BFT pastures, organic dairy cows produced 13 to 17% more milk on BFT than on grass pastures. Because BFT is deep-rooted and adapted to growth in mid-summer, it is highly productive when grass pastures slow mid-summer growth due to heat and drought. A perennial legume that fixes nitrogen can increase the productivity of grass-legume mixtures. Although BFT is non-bloating and can be grazed in pure stands, it is also well-adapted for grass-legume mixtures that are rotationally stocked (MacAdam and Griggs, 2006). Consumers will benefit from the higher omega-3 fatty acid content of the cheese produced from BFT-fed cows compared with grass-fed and TMR-fed cows.

Guojie Wang (North Dakota) reported that he has five categories of projects going in 2014 that related to forage and biofuel production and management in North Dakota.

1. Biofuel/switchgrass trials

This is the ninth year of this ongoing 10-yr long-term, multi-site study that evaluates different biofuel feedstock species including switchgrass, wheatgrasses, and their mixtures. We also study harvest regimes (annual vs. biennial, low vs. high stubble height) effects on yield and stand longevity. This trial will increase our knowledge about biofuel feedstock production in order to develop appropriate bioenergy production systems to match site-specific situation in North Dakota.

2. Forage species/varieties screening and evaluation trials

In order to enlarge our forage species selection and diverse our forage production systems, we conduct several groups of forage species/varieties screening and evaluation trials including perennial legumes, perennial cool-season grasses, perennial warm-season grasses, annual legumes, annual cool-season grasses, annual warm-season grasses, and brassicas.

3. Cover crops trials

Feeding cost is the major cost in the livestock production sector. A series of cover crops study was conducted to extend grazing season to decrease feeding cost. Annual forage species were seeded in different times to test the potential of these annual species to produce and sustain their quality in the late fall for grazing. Annual forage species were also seeded after spring triticale and winter triticale forage harvest to study their potential as double cropping system to extend grazing in fall. We also use short-lived legume species as winter species seeding in July and harvest next year in June, then we will seed those annual species as cover crops.

4. Perennial hayland renovation trials

The perennial hayland in this region is invaded by smooth brome, with some concerns about its production and quality, as well as the ecological risk related to its invasion. We conducted perennial forage species performance in different soils in order to mix them to reseed or interseed the exiting smooth brome dominated hayland.

5. Salt-tolerant alfalfa trial

Working with Alfalfex, a salt tolerant alfalfa trial was conducted to develop alfalfa varieties to vegetate saline soils in North Dakota. Base on the area affected by saline soils, this will have great effects on North Dakota agriculture.

In addition, like all other member states, Anowar Islam (Wyoming) reported that a number of forage studies have recently been completed in Wyoming and a few publications came out from these studies. These include: Assessment of fenugreek for adaptation to South East Wyoming; Forage yield and seed yield potential of novel tall fescue under irrigated conditions in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming; Establishment and persistence of some important forage legumes in the Central West Region; Forage and grain yield potential of small grains in the Great Plains of Wyoming; and Developing winterhardy peas for Wyoming. A number of ongoing and new studies initiated recently include cool-season grass response to irrigation, drought, and planting time; Agronomic traits in tall fescue genotypes; Sustaining legumes in grasslands to reduce nitrogen fertilization: A multi-regional assessment; and performance trials of newly released or about to release cultivars/lines of alfalfa, and Quinoa – a new potential crop for Wyoming and neighboring states. Work continues to release two new pea varieties that have good winterhardiness and high yield potential for Wyoming’s harsh environment. These new varieties will have potentials to grow not only in Wyoming but also neighboring states.

Journal Articles

Islam, M.A., Obour, A.K., Saha, M.C., Nachtman, J.J., Cecil, W.K., and Baumgartner, R.E. 2013. Grain yield, forage yield, and nutritive value of dual-purpose small grains in the Central High Plains of the USA. Crop Management doi: 10.1094/CM-2012-0154-RS.

Islam, M.A., Obour, A.K., Krall, J.M., Cecil, J.T., and Nachtman, J.J. 2013. Performance of turfgrass under supplemental irrigation and rain-fed conditions in the Central Great Plains of USA. Grassland Science, 59, 111-119.

Islam, M.A., Obour, A.K., Saha, M.C., Nachtman, J.J., and Baumgartner, R.E. 2013. Small grains have forage production potential and nutritive value in Central High Plains of Wyoming. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2013-0121-02-RS.

Tracy, B., Albrecht, K., Flores, J., Hall, M., Islam, M.A., Jones, G., Lamp, W., MacAdam, J., Skinner, H., and Teutsch, C. 2013. Forage yield, weed suppression and fertilizer nitrogen replacement value (FNRV) of alfalfa-tall fescue mixtures. Grassland Science in Europe. 18:192-194.

Wang, G.-J., P, Nyren, Q.-W. Xue, E, Aberle, E, Ericksmoen, T. Tjelde, M. Liebig, K. Nichols, and A. Nyren. 2014. Establishment and yield of perennial grass monocultures and binary mixtures for bioenergy in North Dakota. Agronomy Journal 106:1605-1613.

Book Chapter (Refereed)

Islam, M.A. and Obour, A.K. 2014. Drought physiology of forage crops. In: Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology, 3rd Edition (M. Pessarakli, Ed.), pp. 427-440. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Publishing Company, Florida.

Reviewed Proceedings

Islam, M.A. 2013. Fenugreek has potential to use as a forage crop. Proceedings of the Western Alfalfa and Forage Symposium, December 11-13, 2013, Reno, NV. UC Cooperative Extension, Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA.

Islam, M.A., and Saha, M.C. 2013. Agronomic traits in tall fescue populations under irrigated and rain-fed conditions. Proceedings of the 22^nd International Grassland Congress, September 15-19, 2013, Sydney, Australia. Eds. D.L. Michalk, G.D. Millar, W.B. Badgery, and K.M. Broadfoot, pp. 126-128. New South Wales Department of Primary Industry, Orange, Australia.

Popular Articles (Refereed)

Dhakal, D. and Islam, M.A. 2013. Legume grass mixtures reduce nitrogen requirements and production costs. Reflections, pp. 30-33. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/reflections/reflections-2013-web.pdf (verified 1 September, 2013).

Islam, M.A. 2014. Quinoa has potential for adding to Wyoming producer profits. Barnyards & Backyards Profitable & Sustainable Agricultural Systems (PSAS) Newspapers Insert (an insert to twenty-four Wyoming newspapers; 144,000 copies of this insert were distributed across the state in March 2014).

Islam, M.A., Obour, A., Nachtman, J., and Baumgartner, R. 2013. Scientists study turfgrass performance under supplemental irrigation and rain-fed conditions. Reflections, pp. 19-22. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/reflections/reflections-2013-web.pdf (verified 1 September, 2013).

Islam, M.A. 2013. Research gleans best turf grass options for Central Great Plains. Barnyards & Backyards Profitable & Sustainable Agricultural Systems (PSAS) Newspapers Insert (an insert to twenty-four Wyoming newspapers; 144,000 copies of this insert were distributed across the state), March 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. Cool-season tall fescue has potential for forage and seed yield production. Barnyards & Backyards Profitable & Sustainable Agricultural Systems (PSAS) Newspapers Insert (an insert to twenty-four Wyoming newspapers; 144,000 copies of this insert were distributed across the state), March 2013, p. 9.

Islam, M.A. 2012. Select small grains could provide forage, grain combo in Wyoming. Barnyards & Backyards Profitable & Sustainable Agricultural Systems (PSAS) Newspapers Insert (an insert to twenty-four Wyoming newspapers; 144,000 copies of this insert were distributed across the state), November 2012.

Abstracts

Carter, C., Garcia y Garcia, A., Islam, M.A., and Hansen, K. 2013. Effect of deficit irrigation on water use and water use efficiency of alfalfa. Proceedings of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual Meetings July 21-24 2013. Kansas city, MO.

Dhakal, D. and Islam, M.A. 2013. Grass-legume mixtures to mitigate nitrogen need and improve soil properties in the Great Plains of Wyoming. Proceedings of the ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings November 3-6 2013. Tampa, FL (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America).

Islam, M.A. 2014. Economics of Tall Fescue Production. Proceedings of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science-US Alumni Association 5^th Multidisciplinary Science Forum International Annual Meetings 7 November 2014. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science).

Islam, M.A. 2014. Forage and seed production economics of tall fescue. Proceedings of the ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings November 2-5 2014. Long Beach, CA (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America).

Islam, M.A., Saha, M.C., and Wehmeyer, B.A. 2013. Drought stress affects agronomic performance of tall fescue genotypes. Proceedings of the ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings November 3-6 2013. Tampa, FL (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America).

Islam, M.A., Krall, J.M., Nachtman, J.J., Baumgartner, R.E., Bandara, M., and Acharya, S.N. 2013. Fenugreek may have potential for multipurpose use. Proceedings of the Western Society of Crop Science Annual Meetings June 11-12 2013. Pendleton, OR (Western Society of Crop Science).

Islam, M.A. and Wehmeyer, B.A. 2013. Biofuel and forage potential of cool-season grass genotypes. Proceedings of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science-US Alumni Association 3^rd Multidisciplinary Science Forum International Annual Meetings 1 February 2013. Chapman University, Orange, CA (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science).

Nilahyane, A., Garcia y Garcia, A., and Islam, M.A. 2014. Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen Rates on Yield of Corn for Silage. Proceedings of the ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings November 2-5 2014. Long Beach, CA (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America).

Extension Publications

Adjesiwor, A.T., Islam, M.A., Jeliazkov, V., Garcia y Garcia, A., and Ritten, J. 2014. Effects of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization on Alfalfa Persistence. 2014 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 21-22. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2014-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified October 22, 2014).

Adjesiwor, A.T., Islam, M.A., Jeliazkov, V., Garcia y Garcia, A., and Ritten, J. 2014. Irrigated Grass-Legume Mixtures. 2014 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 121-122. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2014-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified October 22, 2014).

Aryal, P. and Islam, M.A. 2014. Competitive Effect of Forage Kochia and Perennial Grass on Cheatgrass Growth. 2014 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 19-20. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2014-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified October 22, 2014).

Aryal, P. and Islam, M.A. 2014. Establishing Forage Kochia in Diverse Environments in Wyoming. 2014 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 69-70. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2014-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified October 22, 2014).

Bohle, Mylen, David Hannaway, and Brianna Randow. 2013. Alfalfa for Beef Cattle. Oregon State University Beef Cattle Library Pub. No. BEEF102.

Bohle, Mylen, David Hannaway, Brianna Randow, Donald Horneck, Daniel Miles, and Yitian Lin. 2014. Alfalfa Soil Fertility and Fertilization
Requirements. Oregon State University Beef Cattle Library Pub. No. BEEF119.

Carter, C., Islam, M.A., Hansen, K., and Garcia y Garcia, A. 2013. Effects of Limiting Water on the Yield, Water Productivity, and Forage Quality of Alfalfa. 2013 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 49-50. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2013-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified September 2, 2013).

Dhakal, D. and Islam, M.A. 2014. Grass-Legume Mixtures for Improved Forage Yield, Forage Quality, and Soil Properties. 2014 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 73-74. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2014-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified October 22, 2014).

Dhakal, D. and Islam, M.A. 2013. Benefits from Grass–Legume Mixtures in Forage-Production Systems. 2013 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 25-26. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2013-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified September 2, 2013).

Downing, Troy, David B. Hannaway, Brianna Randow, Pete Berry, and Xiumei Yang. 2014. Managing Dairy Grazing for More Milk and Profit. Oregon State University Extension Service EM 8412. 11 p.

Garcia y Garcia, A., Carter, C., and Islam, M.A. 2013. Automated Monitoring of Soil Moisture on Irrigated Alfalfa. 2013 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 51-52. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2013-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified September 2, 2013).

Horn, B., Islam, M.A., Garcia y Garcia, A., and Valtcho, J. 2014. Perennial cool-season grasses for hay production and fall grazing under full and limited irrigation. 2014 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 105. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2014-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified October 22, 2014).

Islam, M.A. 2014. Red Clover: A Potential Legume for Improving Pasture Yield and Quality in Wyoming. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 75, October 11, 2014.

Islam, M.A., and Violett, R. 2014. Forage and Seed Yield Potential of Tall Fescue Under Irrigated Conditions. 2014 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 55-56. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2014-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified October 22, 2014).

Islam, M.A., Edwards, J., and Nachtman, J. 2014. Evaluation of Organic and Conventional Soil Fertility Management in High Tunnels. 2014 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 75-76. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2014-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified October 22, 2014).

Islam, M.A. 2014. Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization for Alfalfa Persistence. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 59, June 21, 2014.

Islam, M.A. 2014. White Clover Has Potential for Improving Pasture Yield and Quality. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 52, May 3, 2014.

Islam, M.A. 2014. Tall Fescue Shows Potential for Forage and Seed Production in Wyoming. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 45, March 15, 2014.

Islam, M.A. 2014. Legume Inoculation - An Important Step for Legume Establishment. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 38, January 25, 2014.

Islam, M.A. 2013. Fenugreek Provides Multi-purpose Potential in Wyoming. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 31, December 7, 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. Prussic Acid: A Forage-Related Animal Disorder. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 25, October 26, 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. A Guide for Successful Forage Establishment. University of Wyoming Extension Bulletin B-1248, Ed. S.L. Miller, pp.1-8, August 2013. University of Wyoming, Laramie. Available at: http://www.wyomingextension.org/publications/Search_Details.asp?pubid=1834 (verified September 10, 2013)

Islam, M.A. 2013. Grass-Legume Mixture May Benefit Producers. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 18, September 7, 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. Small Grains Have Potential for Dual Purpose Use in Wyoming. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 11, July 20, 2013.

Islam, M.A., Killen, M., and Christman, J.L. 2013. Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization on Sainfoin. 2013 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 55-56. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2013-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified September 2, 2013).

Islam, M.A. 2013. Alfalfa Production and Management. Factsheet, Wyoming Forage Field Day 2013, University of Wyoming SAREC, Lingle, Wyoming, June 27, 2013.

Islam, M.A., Jeliazkov, V., Garcia y Garcia, A., Ritten, J., and Horn, B. 2013. Irrigated Grass–Legume Mixtures. 2013 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 123-124. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2013-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified September 2, 2013).

Islam, M.A. 2013. Establishment and Management of Alfalfa. Factsheet, Sheridan Research & Extension Center Field Day, Sheridan, Wyoming, June 15, 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. Sainfoin Response to Phosphorus. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 25, No. 5, June 8, 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. A Common Problem in Alfalfa Stand Establishment. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 24, No. 51, April 27, 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. Alfalfa: Establishment and Management. Factsheet, Sweetwater County Weed & Pest Workshop, Farson, Wyoming, March 20, 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. Bloat: A Forage-Related Animal Disorder. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 24, No. 45, March 16, 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. New Forages Show Promise in Wyoming. Factsheet, Fremont County Farm & Ranch Days, Riverton, Wyoming, January 30-31, 2013.

Islam, M.A. 2013. Perennial Grass Cultivars Show Promise as Turf. Wyoming Livestock Roundup, the Weekly News Source for Wyoming’s Ranchers, Farmers, and Agribusiness Community, Vol. 24, No. 39, February 2, 2013.

Jolivet, M.T., Waldron, B.L., Stahl, P.D., and Islam, M.A. 2013. Forage Kochia May Have Potential for Both Forage and Reclamation. 2013 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 23-24. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2013-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified September 2, 2013).

MacAdam, J.W., Brummer, J., Islam, M.A., and Shewmaker, G. 2013. The Benefits of Tannin-Containing Forages. 2013. Factsheet, Utah State University Extension Publications at DigitalCommons@USU, pp. 1-4, September 2013. All Current Publications. Paper 354. Available at: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/extension_curall/354 (verified January 3, 2014)

Peterson, B., Norton, U., Krall, J., and Islam, M.A. 2013. Summer Rainfall Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Dryland and Irrigated Alfalfa/Grass Hay Production. 2013 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 91-92. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2013-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified September 2, 2013).

Wehmeyer, B.A., Saha, M.C., and Islam, M.A. 2013. Forage and Biomass Potential and Their Genetics of Tall Fescue Genotypes. 2013 Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 27-28. Available at http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2013-field-days-bulletin.pdf (verified September 2, 2013).