Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The W-173 Regional Meeting was called to order by the Chair, Susan Eicher (IN), at 8:25 a.m. on July 22, 2005 in Conference Room 140 of the Cincinnati Convention Center, Cincinnati, OH. Susan welcomed all the regional project participants to Cincinnati and briefly outlined the agenda of the meeting. The official meeting convened at 8:30 a.m. with the self-introductions of all participants, followed by reports from Deb Hamernick, USDA/CSREES Representative, and Colin Kaltenbach, W-173 Administrative Advisor. Deb presented a packet of handouts to the group and discussed several issues covered in the handouts including changes in personnel within the USDA, an update on competitive grants, the livestock genome sequencing projects, changes associated with National Program Leaders and Program Specialist and NRI National Program Leaders and Program Specialists, and issues pertaining to the CSREES Budget projection for FY06. There was a brief discussion within the group regarding the potential cuts which could affect HATCH funds and the impact on scientific research groups such as the W-173 group. Following Debs presentation, Colin addressed the group to discuss renewal of the W-173 Regional Project. Colin asked the group to be thinking about revision of the objectives, and volunteers for writing the new project. Further discussion pertaining to writing the new W-173 Regional Project was scheduled for Sunday, July 24, 2005. From 9:00 a.m. until 5:30 p.m., individual station reports were presented to the group. The floor was open for questions and discussion following the presentation of each station report. Thirteen individual station reports were presented to the group. At 5:30 p.m., the meeting was adjourned for the day. On Saturday, July, 23, 2005, the group traveled to Lexington, Kentucky via a van provided by Rich Gates (KY) for a tour of the Woodford Animal Research Center, and Keenland, Engineering facilities and Equine facilities at the University of Kentucky, Lexington. On Sunday, July 24, 2005, Chair, Susan Eicher (IN), reconvened the meeting at 8:25 a.m. in Conference Room 140 of the Cincinnati Convention Center, Cincinnati, OH. The first order of business was to the revise the objectives for the W-173 Regional Project. Following input and discussion from participating members, the following three objectives were agreed upon by the group: 1. Identify strategies for developing and monitoring appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being. 2. Assessing genetic components, including genomics and proteomics, of animal stress and well-being. 3. Develop alternative management practices to reduce stress and improve animal well-being and performance. Following the development of the new project objectives, Colin as the group for names of potential reviewers. The following names were proposed by the group: Bob Wetteman, Pete Hansen, Dale Balsi, and Jeremy Maerchant Forde. The next order of business was to identify individuals willing to participate in the writing of the new W-173 Regional Project. The following four individuals graciously volunteered for the tasks identified: 1. Don Spiers volunteered to be the initial compiler of information for Objective 1. 2. Bob Collier volunteered to be the initial compiler of information for Objective 2. 3. Richard Gates volunteered to be the initial compiler of information for Objective 3. 4. John Arthington volunteered to collect all of the information from each group and to write the overall project. (Note: Rich requested that all e-mails to him have a subject line of: W-173 rewrite information. Additionally, everyone should utilize an MSWord document format for information pertaining to the new W-173 Regional Project.) The following deadlines were established for the project writing process: September 1, 2005: All information needs to be to Don, Bob and Rich from the committee members. Scott Willard volunteered to summarize the current project. October 15, 2005: Individual objective reports for future plans for the next five years need to be sent to the John Arthington. November 15, 2005: John will send out overall project rewrite to committee for review. December 15, 2005: The final project rewrite needs to be to Colin by this date. Additional information associated with the W-173 Regional Project rewrite: New NIMSS project number for W-173: W_TEMP1622: Stress Factors of Farm Animals and Their Effects on Performance. The web address for the NIMMS System is www.lgu.umd.edu Following the business associated with writing the new W-173 Regional Project, there was a breakout session from 10:00 a.m. until 10:45 a.m. for the group to discuss and establish collaborations for the upcoming year. Identified collaborations within the group for the upcoming year are as follows: Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX): Three collaborative studies with Arthington (FL) to evaluate the effect of early weaning of beef calves on subsequent development of the stress axis, to develop a model of acute versus chronic immune challenges in beef steers, and the use of citrus pulp as an antimicrobial to enhance performance in beef cattle. Two collaborative studies with Willard (MS) to evaluate the feasibility of using thermography to identify sick animals and the use of temperament scores to predict productivity in steers. Collaboration with Parkhurst (NE) to develop statistical models to fit endocrine data associated with appetite regulation in pigs. Kattesh (TN): Collaboration with Parkhurst (NE) to determine how to design studies to evaluate the genetic regulation of CBG. Kattesh will also share data with Parkhurst for the development of dynamic models for free cortisol index and free cortisol. Gates (KY): Collaborative studies with scientists from Iowa State and the USDA-ARS Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, NE for continued development of appropriate methods for modeling animals in their environments. Minton (KS): Collaboration with Eicher (USDA-ARS, IN) to evaluate the impact of transportation on subsequent regulation of the immune system in domestic animals, specifically the Toll-like receptors in whole blood and intestine. A collaborative effort with Jim Sartin (AL) to evaluate gene expression via microarray technology in the pig hypothalamus following a lipopolysaccharide challenge LPS. Lee (HI): Collaborative study with Hillman (NY) to evaluate hair coat and its interaction with the environment. Hillman (NY): Collaborative study with Willard (MS) to measure reflectance, absorptance, and transmittance in Holstein, Jersey and Gir hair coat samples. Collaborative study with Lee (HI) to track body temperature and behavior of dairy cattle on pastures with shade screens available. A multi-station study with scientists from HI, NE, and the USDA-ARS Meat Animal Research Center to evaluate the dynamic responses of lying dairy cows and feed lot heifers. Collaborative studies with scientists from KY, MO to evaluate hair coat properties of summer cows exposed to Fescue Toxicosis. Parkhurst (NE): Collaborations with Arthington (FL) and Eicher (USDA-ARS, IN) on compartmental modeling. Collaborations with Spiers (MO) and Collier (AZ) on developing statistical modeling for evaluating cattle body temperatures. Collier (AZ): Collaboration with Spiers (MO) focused on re-evaluation of the THI formulas in cattle. Collaboration with Arthington (FL) to evaluate gene expression within mammary tissue of Romosinuano cattle in response to thermal stress. Spiers (MO): Collaborative work with scientists from FL in the environmental chambers at MO to evaluate the Romosinuano breed and to utilize microarray technology to evaluate the differences in gene expression between heat resistant and non-resistant animals. Development of an acute immune challenge model with Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) which could be used to test animals with fescue challenge and heat stress. Collaboration with Kattesh (TN) on the expression and regulation of CBG in rats experiencing fescue toxicosis. Collaboration with Gates (KY) to continue testing of devices which can be utilized for remote data collection. Willard (MS): Collaboration with Lay (USDA-ARS, IN) to develop novel models for monitoring/tracking salmonella in swine. Collaboration with Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) and Welsh (TX) to assess the relationships among temperament, measures of stress, and production performance in beef cattle. Collaboration with Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) to investigate the potential use of thermography images to identify swine experiencing an immune challenge. Collaborations with Hillman (NY) and Lee (HI) to evaluate cooling strategies, behavior and measures of thermal stress in dairy cattle. Cheng (USDA-ARS, IN) Collaborations with scientist from Maryland University, University of California-Davis, and Purdue University on genetic selection of chickens, beak trimming and molting of laying hens. At 11:15 a.m. the group began discussion of new business items. The following actions were approved by the group: 1. Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) and Chin Lee (HI) will serve as Co-Chairs for the W-173 Regional Project Meeting next year which will be held August 4, 5, and 6, 2006. The meeting will be hosted by Chin Lee in Oahu, Hawaii. 2. Don Lay (USDA-ARS, IN) was nominated as the incoming secretary for the W-173 Regional Project. The motion was seconded and passed unanimously be the group. The meeting adjourned at 11:25 a.m. on Sunday, July 24, 2005. Submitted by: Jeffery A. Carroll W-173 Regional Project Secretary

Objective 1: Identify appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of the stress response. Accomplishment: (HI, NE, and NY) A nonlinear model to characterize the thermoregulatory responses of lying heat stressed dairy cows was developed. Impact: The model provides insight into how the thermoregulatory responses of the sprayed cows differ from the cows that were not sprayed. Accomplishment: (NE) Tympanic, vaginal, and ruminal temperatures were all found to be acceptable measures of BT in free-roaming cattle, however ruminal temperatures would over estimate core BT. Impact: Cattle consuming diets with greater ME are likely to have greater core BT, which will likely influence there susceptibility to health and climatic heat stress. Accomplishment: (NE) Ten years of calving records showed that temperature and THI can reduce 30 and 60 day PR in beef cows that are pasture bred, particularly during years of above average temperature. Impact: Cattle producers using a breeding season of 60 days or less may need to consider influences of environmental conditions on reproductive processes. Accomplishment (AZ) Sweating rate in cattle is influenced by rbST and suggests GH and PRL have important roles in the regulation of physiological parameters related to heat stress. These data indicated that rbST does not increase stress load in dairy cattle under semi-arid conditions. Impact: There is no evidence that use of bST to enhance milk yield in cattle should be suspended during periods of heat stress. Accomplishment: (AZ) It is apparent that non-lactating heifers are more heat tolerant than lactating cows and that during period of the day when heat stress is maximized, there were no differences between parities associated with adaptation to season or rbST supplementation. Impact: Because serum PRL levels did change with adaptation to environment and it may be an important indicator in adaptation to heat stress. Accomplishment: (AZ) Several parameters of the cellular response to thermal stress were evaluated during this study using the BMEC collagen gel culture system, microarray analysis, and quantitative PCR. Seventeen of the 19 demonstrated a consistent trend in expression pattern between the two technologies. Impact: These results provided some confirmation of the expression profiles revealed by the microarray hybridization. Accomplishment: (MO and AZ) Work continues between AZ and MO on an environmental physiology book and resource manual for workers in environmental physiology entitled THERMAL BIOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Impact: Once completed in late 2006, this will be the most comprehensive compilation of research to date in this area. Accomplishment: (ARS-IN, AL) Both TLR2 and TLR4 RNA expression was greater in the lung tissues, but not blood or hypothalamus of heat stressed pigs by 12 and 24 h. Impact: Altered pathogen recognition during heat stress may lead to disease, adding an additional reason to control acute heat stress in swine. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS) Rough handling of sows caused their offspring to have lower free cortisol and lower peripheral blood mononuclear cells and decreased ano-genital distance in barrows indicating that prenatal stress feminized them. Impact: Prenatal stress influences stress axis, immune cell, and sexual development of offspring and should be avoided. Accomplishment: (NY, NE-MARC, HI) A mechanistic coupled heat and mass transfer model using environmental parameters and physical and optical properties of hair and hair coat predicted no difference between breeds for heifers in shade or sunlight at 36°C, but showed that sensible heat gain increases with increasing air temperature, hair thickness, and wind velocity. Impacts: This knowledge may help prevent losses such as the heat wave in Iowa resulting in the loss of 3,750 cattle. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, FL, and OR) A cattle microarray was constructed to study the liver, muscle and skin samples of steers exposed to thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Impact: These long oligo arrays will be made available to outside researchers early in 2006 (contact Dr. Antoniou at Antonioue@missouri.edu). Accomplishment: (MO, AZ, and MI) Liver biopsies of dairy cattle were obtained after one week of thermal neutral and again after two weeks of heat stress. Microarray analysis revealed differential expression of over 50 genes with approximately equal up and down-regulated genes. Impact: Chronic heat stress alters hepatic gene expression which may be important for liver function and adaptation to heat stress. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Fescue toxicity with heat stress did not alter testes morphology with ongoing spermatogenesis. Total sperm motility decreased with heat stress and reduced feed intake tended to decrease total sperm motility. Impact: The interaction of fescue toxicosis and heat stress alter male fertility and therefore potentially reproductive performance. Accomplishment: (TN and TX ) Porcine CBG levels decreased following ACTH, and increased following dexamethasone administration in an inverse but delayed fashion relative to total cortisol. Impact: These changes were reflected in the free cortisol index which may serve as a more informative measure of adrenal function as well as assessing free cortisol. Accomplishment: (MS) Studies investigating the role of adrenal progesterone production during the estrous cycle and early/late pregnancy on reproductive processes are in progress. Impact: Understanding the role of the adrenal gland in reproductive processes may shed new light on ways to modulate the effects of stress on reproductive processes. Accomplishment: (MS and USDA-ARS-IN) Thermography (DITI) was shown to be useful as a diagnostic tool to monitor mammary health and lameness in dairy cattle. Impact: Early detection of diseases or physiological anomalies in livestock using DITI may allow earlier treatment or management changes. Accomplishment: (MS and TX-ARS) The relationship between beef cattle temperament and production was evaluated using temperament scoring and exit velocity measures in conjunction with thermography, gene expression profiles and measures of production performance. Impact: Establishment of indices of animal temperament in relation to genotype could provide an additional tool for animal selection. Accomplishment: (MS and IN-ARS) An in vivo model was developed to address the kinetics and pathogenesis of Salmonella in neonatal pigs. Impact: Real-time imaging and bacterial tracking technologies in swine will lead to a greater understanding of bacterial pathogenesis, ways to target therapeutic interventions, and more sensitive screening technologies to enhance food safety. Accomplishment: (HI) A 23kd protein in the CL was found, sequenced and identified as an antioxidant superoxide dismutase and confirmed by western blot. The concentrations of SOD varied with the stage of the estrous cycle. Impact: Further study of SOD and its physiological roles in the CL function under heat stress conditions is needed. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) Respiration rate/panting score was impacted by genotype or color, a history of respiration illness, temperament, and degree of fatness. ADG were also altered by genotype or color, a history of respiration illness, and temperament. Impact: These results illustrate the sensitivity of respiration rate as an indicator of stress. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) Shade was found to impact the physiological responses in all THI categories, with the largest impacts in the Danger and Emergency categories and lowered respiration rate (RR ) and core temperature during the peak temperature hours. Impact: RR is the most appropriate indicator of thermal stress to monitor. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) Daytime breaths/min (bpm) were lower for shade (SA) than no shade (NS) and the slope for bpm for NS was greater per C° than for SA. Thresholds for humidity and treatment of SA/NS were at 25 C°. Impact: Linear regression equations were developed for RR including effects of temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation for SA and NS feedlot pens. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Core temperature response and feed intake are independent of each other, with feed intake being more sensitive to whole versus ground fescue seed. Ground fescue seed elicits a robust temperature response, once the large effect on feed intake is overcome. Impact: Improved management for fescue toxicity may result from this research. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Although intake of rats fed an endophyte-infected diet are similar to their pair-fed counterparts under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions, the utilization of the food and corresponding thermoregulatory ability are very different. Impact: This information may be transferable to cattle with fescue toxicity. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Rats were fed endophyte positive diets delivering low, medium, or high ergovaline levels for 7 days at 21°C and 7 days at 31°C. Impact: The results indicate that feed intake and Tc responses associated with fescue toxicosis are separate events. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Rats fed endophyte-infected diets under thermoneutral condition, with short-term exposure to the toxins, produced physiological and genomic changes. Impact: This research provides evidence regarding sites of toxin action. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Differentially expressed genes were identified in mice fed endophyte-infected fescue seeds. Mice exposed to heat stress alone increased activity of genes involved in general cellular stress responses, glucose utilization, and synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Impact: Changes in gene expression could explain some of the reproductive abnormalities and increased number of genes involved in oxidative stress response suggest that long term heat stress induces a general stress response. Objective 2: Develop systems or methods to overcome the adverse effect of climatic and management stressors and their interaction on the growth and lactation, reproduction, and health of cattle, sheep, and swine. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) A new four chamber calorimetry system was designed and constructed. Impact: Temperature control was excellent but humidity control, while constant, was unable to reach setpoint conditionsatory. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) An existing building was modified to provide equivalent penning of animals both with and without shade. In addition to the shade factor, pond ash was used on the 50% of the surface on ½ of the pens having shade or no shade. Impact: There appears to be an impact of shade on summer performance but not winter. Accomplishment: (AZ) Surface temperature and respiration rate at 80 ° was higher for Advanced Dairy System Fan plus Misters Shade Tracker compared to Korral Kool for both primiparous and multiparous cows. Impact: We concluded that KK improved cow comfort over ADS-ST, but this did not result in a milk yield difference. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS) In a winter replication of a lairage study WBC and granulocytes were greater for rested pigs on d 1, but by d 14 CD18 (adhesion molecule) tended to be greater and CD14 (LPS receptor) was greater in the continuous transport pigs. Impact: These results will help producers determine if a lairage is beneficial during long transports of this age of pig. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS, NE, FL) Behavioral, endocrine, neuroendocrine, immune and health measures will be used to assess the value of the rubber flooring for 1st and 2nd lactation cows. Impact: This study will determine the benefits and potential risks associated with using rubber mats in confinement dairies. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS) Piglet processing practices have been evaluated with behavior, endocrine, and health measures will be used assess best management practices. Impact: This study will determine the best methods and the cumulative effects of these methods. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS) Behavioral, endocrine, neuroendocrine, immune and health measures were used to examine improvement of bird well-being through genetic selection, beak trimming, and alternative molting. Impact: Genetic selection can be used to improve animal well-being, and several neurotransmitters could be used as selective indicators. Accomplishment: (AL and KS) Three mesenteric lymph node gene products, identified by microarry and verified by real-time PCR, were upregulated at 6 h post-LPS, and one gene was upregulated at 24 h. Impact: Novel gene products associated with LPS-stimulated immunoregulation in pig mesenteric lymph node have been identified. Accomplishment: (KY) Three temperature-sensing techniques were developed and compared for use in horses; venal blood temperature, gastro-intestinal temperature from an active telemetry sensor administered nasally (GT), and rectal temperature. Impact: The telemetry system used to acquire GT is a viable method to determine core body temperature. Accomplishment: (KY) Two algorithms, termed AL1 and AL2 were capable of predicting chick time at feeder with good agreement with observed video recordings and discriminated eating at the feeder from stereotyped pecking. Impact: Researchers using this methodology are freed from using video analysis. Accomplishments: (KY) THI was in Danger or Alert category in 33 of 45 trips in horse trailers. A scale model wind tunnel confirmed that air enters the back of a trailer and that horse presence significantly alters the flow field. Impact: This information can be used to create horse trailers with adequate ventilation. Accomplishment: (NY, HI, MS) Behavior, vaginal temperatures with spray cooling located away from the feed line on the other side of the barn and production data were collected. Impacts: Continuous monitoring of the body temperature and behavior of cattle can be used for better management in feed lots to reduce the $900 million annual economic loss. Accomplishment: (MO) Market hogs from a temperate harvest group had heavier hot carcass weights, greater loin muscle depths, greater external fat depth than hogs from a cold stress group. Impact: This research will determine some environmental influence on meat quality. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Treatment with a yeast cell-wall extract reduced increased hyperthermia under heat stress conditions by more than 50%, with the level being maintained for the duration of exposure to heat stress. Impact: Mechanism(s) of action and treatment routines need to be determined. Accomplishment: (MS, NY, HI) Novel methods for free stall cooling in dairy cattle changed cow activity patterns in relation to cooling systems, and addressed factors related to measures of heat stress in dairy cattle and the impact of spray-fan cooling paradigms on cow heat load and heat dissipation. Impact: Knowing the dynamics of heat stress and cooling regimes in dairy cattle can be used for improved cooling and increased production during heat stress. Accomplishment: (HI) The most effective cooling system for dairy cattle was fans and misters. Vaccinated dams had higher serum and colostrum IgG and IgM. IgG and IgM increased up to the third lactation and plateau for subsequent lactations, but older cows transferred less IgG and IgM to their colostrum but their calf Ig concentrations were not different. The calves from the non-vaccinated herd grew faster. We observed higher respiration rates in the vaccinated groups calves where shade for the calves was minimal. Impact: In the sub-tropics, the most efficient manner to cool cows was the use of fans and misters. Calf housing and orientation may be important to ensure maximum performance. Accomplishment: (FL) Early-weaned, but not pre-weaned or creep fed calves, had greater feed efficiency compared to control calves, which appears to be related to a decrease pro-inflammatory response following transport and feedlot entry. Impact: Early calf weaning may improve stress tolerance in beef calves, and thus decrease illness and improve performance.

Journal Articles: Arthington, J.D., and J.W. Spears. 2005. The effect of early weaning on feedlot performance and measures of stress in beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 83:933-939. Brown-Brandl, T.M., R.A. Eigenberg, G.L. Hahn, J.A. Nienaber, T.L. Mader, D.E. Spiers, and A.M. Parkhurst. 2005. Analyses of thermoregulatory responses of feeder cattle exposed to simulated heat waves. Int. J. Biometeorol. 49:285  296. Brown-Brandl, T.M., R.A. Eigenberg, J.A. Nienaber, and G.L. Hahn. 2005. Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, part 1: analyses of indicators. Biosystems Engineering 90:451-462. Daniel JA, TH Elsasser, A Martinez, B Steele, BK Whitlock, JL Sartin. Interleukin-1b and Tumor Necrosis Factor-a Mediation of Endotoxin Action on Growth Hormone. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 289: E650-E657, 2005. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, J.A. Nienaber, and G.L. Hahn. 2005. Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, part 2: predictive relationships. Biosystems Engineering 91:111-118. Elsasser TH, S Kahl , C MacLeod, B Nicholson, JL Sartin, C Li. 2004. Mechanisms Underlying Growth Hormone Effects In Augmenting Nitric Oxide Production and Protein Tyrosine Nitration During Endotoxin Challenge. Endocrinology 145:3413-3423. Gates, R.S., K.D. Casey, H. Xin and E.F. Wheeler. 2004. Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS) design and calibration specifications. Transactions of the ASAE, 47:1709-1715. Green, A.R., R.S. Gates and L.M. Lawrence. 2005. Measurement of horse core body temperature. J. Thermal Biol. 30(1):370-377. Heo, J., H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, J. L. Morrow, J. W. Dailey, and A. M. Saxton. 2005. Hepatic corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) mRNA expression and plasma CBG concentrations in young pigs in response to heat and social stress. J. Anim. Sci. 83:208-215. Hillman, P.E., C.N. Lee and S.T. Willard. 2005. Thermoregulatory responses associated with lying and standing in heat-stressed dairy cows. Trans. ASAE 48:795-801. Persyn, K.E., H. Xin, D. Nettleton, A. Ikeguchi and R.S. Gates. 2004. Feeding behaviors of laying hens with or without beak trimming. Trans ASAE, 47:591-596. Ramanathan B, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F. 2004. Characterization of bovine cDNA encoding triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1). Vet Immunol Immunopathol.;102:85-89. Ramanathan B, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F. 2005. Cloning of porcine triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) and its induction by lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Dev Comp Immunol.;29:1-7. Ramanathan B, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F. 2005. PU.1-mediated transcriptional regulation of prophenin-2 in primary bone marrow ells. Gene. ;352:1-9. Sang Y, Ramanathan, B, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F. 2005. Porcine liver-expressed antimicrobial peptides, hepcidin and LEAP-2: cloning and induction by bacterial infection. Develop. Comp. Immunol. Page #???(accepted, in press). Vanderpool, A. M., R. J. Strange, A. E. Smith, H. G. Kattesh, and M. Roberts. 2005. Using salt-enriched diets to reduce stress in trout. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 4:22-27. Wagner CG, CD McMahon, DL Marks, JA Daniel, JL Sartin. 2004. A Role for AGRP in Appetite Regulation in a Species with Continuous Nutrient Delivery. Neuroendocrinology 80:210-218. Whitlock BK, JA Daniel, CD McMahon, FC Buonomo, CG Wagner, B Steele, JL Sartin. 2005. Intracerebroventricular Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Stimulates Food Intake in Sheep. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 28:224-232. Abstracts: Annen, E.L., C.M. Stiening, M.E. Dwyer, B.A. Crooker, A.C. Fitzgerald and R.J. Collier 2004. Effects of continuous milking and prostaglandin E2 on milk yield and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 87: (Suppl 1):132. (Abstr.) Bhusari, S., D.E Spiers, W.R Lamberson and E. Antoniou. 2004. Effects of fescue toxins and heat stress on gene expression in mice liver. ASAS Midwest Annual Meeting, 15-17 March 2004, Des Moines, IA Bhusari, S., L. B. Hearne, D. E. Spiers, W. R. Lamberson, E. Antoniou. Effect of Fescue Toxicosis On Hepatic Gene Expression in Mice. 2005. 35th Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. San Diego. March 31 - April 5. Brown-Brandl, T.M., R.A. Eigenberg, and J.A. Nienaber. 2005. Heat stress risk factors for feedlot heifers. Proc., 7th Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium:559-565. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, and R.A. Eigenberg. 2005. Indirect calorimeter temperature and humidity control. ASAE Paper 054018. ASAE Int'l. Meeting, Tampa, Florida. Carr, C.C., D.J. Newman, M.M. Brandt, E.K. Burger, G.K. Rentfrow, and E.P Berg. 2005. Effects of seasonal environment, on-farm handling, transport stocking density, and time in lairage On Core body temperature and pork Lean quality of market weight pigs. In: Proc. 51st International Congress of Meat Science & Technology, Baltimore. 51:28. Davis, J.D., M.J. Darr, H. Xin, J.D. Harmon, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2005. Development of a low-cost GPS herd activity and welfare kit (HAWK) for livestock monitoring. Proc., 7th Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium: 607-612. Duncan, G.A., R.S. Gates and M. Montross. 2005. Measuring relative humidity in agricultural environments. AEN-87. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Page 1-4. Eichen, P.A., T.J. Evans, B.C. Wray, L.E. Wax, L.T. King, E.M. Walters, J. Critser, D.E. Spiers, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. Is male fertility in postpubertal animals affected by fescue toxicosis? J. Animal Sci. 83 (Suppl 1.):261. (Abstr) Eicher, S. D.*, J. L. Sartin*, D. D. Schwartz*, D. C. Lay*, Jr., and H. W. Cheng. 2004. Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) of porcine blood leukocytes during heat stress. Proceedings of the International Veterinary Immunological Society, Quebec City, Canada:240. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.A. Nienaber. 2005. Development of a cattle ID monitoring system. Proc., 7th Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, pg. 600-606. Hillman, P.E., K.G. Gebremedhin, T.M. Brown-Brandl, and C.N. Lee. 2005. Thermal analysis and behavioral activity of heifers in shade or sunlight. Proc., 7th Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium:151-161. El-Orabi N, Rogers CB, JS Collins, DC Lay, H-W Cheng, JL Sartin, DD Schwartz. 2005. Effect of heat stress on gene expression in porcine hippocampus. FASEB J 19: A1106. El-Orabi N, Rogers CB, JS Collins, DC Lay, H-W Cheng, JL Sartin, DD Schwartz. 2005. Effect of heat stress on gene expression in porcine hippocampus. FASEB J 19: A1106. Hillman, P.E., K.G. Gebremedhin, T.M. Brown-Brandl, and C.N. Lee. 2005. Thermal analysis and behavioral activity of heifers in shade or sunlight. In: Livestock Environment VII, Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, 18-20 May 2005 (Beijing, China).Publication Date 18 May 2005, ASAE Publication Number 701P0205. Ed. T. Brown-Brandl. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan USA. #701P0205 :151-161. Lee, C.N. and M. Watson. 2005. Environmental effects of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) in dairy cattle and subsequent calf development in the sub-tropics. Joint ADSA-ASAS-CSAS meeting, July 24-28, Cincinnati, OH. # 10098. J. . Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl. 1) :W177, p. 302.. Lee, C.N. and N. Keala. 2005. Evaluation of cooling systems to improve lactating Holstein cows comfort in the sub-tropics. Joint ADSA-ASAS-CSAS meeting, July 24-28, Cincinnati, OH. #10448. J. Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):M141, p.43. (Abstr) Mader, T.L., J. Davis, J.B. Gaughan, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2005. Wind speed and solar radiation correction for the Temperature Humidity Index. Proc., 16th Biometeorology and Aerobiology. Vancouver, Canada. 2005, CD ROM 6B.3. Moore, C.E., H.C. Hafliger III., O.B. Mendivil, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. 2004. Effects of dietary CLA on production parameters and milk fatty acid variables in Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl 1):307. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C. P.C. Gentry and R.J. Collier. 2005. Use of physiological measures as predictors of heat dissipation during heat stress in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl 1.):339. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C., E.L. Annen, L. H. Baumgard, R.C. Cheatham, M.D. Estheimer, M.E. Dwyer, A.C. Fitzgerald, H.C. Hafliger III, C.E. Moore, J.K. Kay, O.B. Mendivil, P.C. Gentry, D. A. Henderson, C.M. Stiening and R.J. Collier. J. Dairy Sci 87 (Suppl 1.): 461. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C., M. D. Estheimer, M. E. Dwyer, P.C. Gentry, W.J. Weber, E. Lemke, L. H. Baumgard, D.A. Henderson, B.A. Crooker, and R.J. Collier. 2005. The influence of parity, acclimatization to season, and Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on diurnal patterns of prolactin and growth hormone in Holsteins Exposed to heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. 83 (Suppl 1.): 121. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C., M. D. Estheimer, M.E. Dwyer, P.C. Gentry, E. L. Annen, D.A. Henderson, C.M. Stiening and R.J. Collier. 2005. Influence of parity, seasonal acclimatization, and recombinative bovine somatotropin (rbST), on diurnal patterns of physiological responses to thermal stress in cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1.):120-121. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C., M.E. Dwyer, A.C. Fitzgerald, P.C. Gentry, D.A. Henderson and R.J. Collier. 2004. Effects of ambient temperature and solar radiation on skin evaporative water loss in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci 87 (Suppl 1):198. (Abstr) Purswell, J.L., R.S. Gates, L.M. Lawrence, T.S. Stombaugh, R.J. Coleman and W.C. Adams. 2005. Air exchange rate in a horse trailer during transport. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Livestock Environment VII, May 18-20, Beijing China. ASAE Publications, St. Joseph MI. Page 13-20. Putluru , R.K., Y.S. Kim and C.N. Lee. 2005. Differential expression of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in bovine corpus luteum during estrous cycle and pregnancy. J. Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):119. (Abstr) Ravi K. Putluru, Y.S. Kim and C.N. Lee. 2005. Differential expression of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in bovine corpus luteum during estrous cycle and pregnancy. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1.):119. (Abstr) Rhoads, M., R. Rhoads, L. Odens, R. Burgos, S. Baker, B. Pollard, C. Moore, J. Kay, M. VanBaale, R. Collier and L. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of dietary CLA on thermogenesis and body temperature indices in lactating dairy cows J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1.):211. (Abstr) Rhoads, R.P., J.D. Sampson, R.J. Tempelman, S. Sipkovsky, P.M. Coussens, M.C. Lucy, J.N. Spain, and D.E. Spiers. 2005. Hepatic gene expression profiling during adaptation to a period of chronic heat stress in lactating dairy cows. FASEB J. 19(5): A1673. 35th Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. San Diego. March 31 - April 5. Rogers CB, JS Collins, DC Lay, H-W Cheng, JL Sartin, DD Schwartz. Reduced expression of proteosome 26S in hypothalamus of heat stressed pigs and hypothalamic cells. FASEB J 19: A1106, 2005. Sartin JL, C McMahon, F Jeanplong, R Kambadur, M Sharma, C. Wagner*. Myostatin (MSTN) acts via hypothalamic mechanisms to alter plasma endocrine and metabolite concentrations. Proceedings of the Endocrine Society, p. 206, 2004. Settivari, R.S, T.J. Evans, E.B. Rucker, and D.E. Spiers. 2005. Effects of ergot alkaloids on hepatic detoxification. FASEB J. 19(5): A1209-A1210. 35th Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. San Diego, March 31 - April 5. Stiening, C. J. Hoying, M. Ben Abdallah, P. Coussens, and R. Collier. 2005. Effects of heat stress on morphology and gene expression of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) in collagen gel culture. J Dairy Sci.88 (Suppl 1.):365. (Abstr) Vanbaale, M., D. Ledwith, R. Burgos, R Collier, D. Armstrong, J. Smith, M. Brouk and L. Baumgard. 2005. Evaluation of advanced dairy systems shade tracker fans and korral kool coolers on a commercial dairy in Buckeye, Arizona. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1.):42-43. (Abstr) Wagner CG, CD McMahon, DL Marks, JA Daniel, JL Sartin. Anorectic Effects of Lipopolysaccharide are Prevented by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Agouti Related Protein. Proceedings of the Endocrine Society p. 324, 2004. Wax, L.E., P.A. Eichen, D.E. Spiers, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. Does Reduced Caloric Intake Contribute to Symptoms Associate With Fescue Toxicosis? J. Anim. Sci. 83 (Suppl 1.):261. (Abstr) Zhou, M, A. M. Parkhurst, P. E. Hillman, and C. N. Lee. 2005.Modeling the Body Temperature of Heat Stressed Lying Cows Under Two Different Cooling Processes, Paper presented at Proc. 17th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS Zhou, M., A.M. Parkhurst, P.E. Hillman and C.N. Lee. 2005. Body temperatures of heat stressed recumbent cows under two different cooling processes. Proc. 17th Annual Kansas State University Conf. on Applied Statistics in Agriculture , Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. (being reviewed). Handbooks, Technical Bulletins, Theses, Dissertations, and Circulars Purswell, 2005. Characterizing Ventilation and Thermal Environment in a Horse Trailer during Transport. Ph.D. Dissertation. Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Reviews: Collier, R.J., G.E. Dahl and M.J. VanBaale. 2006. Major Advances Associated with EnvironmentalEffects on Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. Centenial Issue (In Press) Sartin JL, CG Wagner, DL Marks, J Daniels, CD McMahon, FY Obese, C Partridge. 2005. Appetite Regulation in Sheep: A Potential Site for Therapeutic Intervention in Disease Models. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29:446-455. Book Chapters: Collier, R.J., L. H. Baumgard ,A. L. Lock and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Physiological Limitations, Nutrient Partitioning, In: Yields of farmed species: constraints and opportunities in the 21st Century. J. Wiseman and R. Sylvestor, eds. Nottingham Univ. Press. Nottingham, UK. Pp. 351-378 Spiers, D.E., T.J. Evans, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. Interaction between thermal stress and fescue toxicosis: Animal Models. In: Neotyphodium in Cool-Season Grasses. C.A. Roberts, C.P. West, and D.E. Spiers, Eds, Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA. Pp. 243  270. Book Roberts, C.A., C.P. West, and D.E. Spiers. (Eds) 2005. Neotyphodium in Cool-Season Grasses. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA. 379 pgs.