Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

W-45 Technical Meeting Minutes North Lake Tahoe, Nevada, June 5-7, 2005 Attendance: Kevin Armbrust, Steve Aust, Jay Gan, Vince Hebert, Jeff Jenkins, Bob Krieger, Monte Johnson, Ann Lemley, Qing Li, Glenn Miller, Li-Tse Ou, Sharon Papiernik, Ron Pardini, Josef Seifert, Staci Simonich, Tracy Sterling, Barry Wilson Guests: Kun Yan Zhu, Kansas State University; Dan Sudakin, Oregon State University Welcome and introduction: Chairman Li welcomed the group. Introductions were made and guests were welcomed to the meeting. Host Glenn Miller and Ron Pardini, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station director, welcomed the group to Nevada. Monte Johnson, CSREES representative, distributed information about the Presidents and Congressional budgets for FY2005 and FY2006, including proposed changes in Hatch funding. Johnson also discussed CSREES granting opportunities, pesticide programs within CSREES, and impacts of CSREES research. Administrative Advisor, Ron Pardini, reported that the RCIC met in March. The W-1045 renewal proposal recommendation required minor revisions that are due June 15. A potentially incomplete CRIS search represented the primary comment. The proposal writing committee members in attendance (Hebert, Li, and Papiernik) will meet with Pardini following the meeting to revise the proposal and submit it through NIMSS. Pardini reviewed the Annual National Impacts sheets, suggesting that we submit at least one strong impact statement for the W-45 group annually, focusing on the economic, environmental, social, and scientific impact of the committee. These statements are due in February. Li acknowledged the efforts of Glenn Miller in hosting the meeting, emeritus members John Hylin and Don Crosby (and spouses) for hosting dinner on Monday evening, and Lani Pardini for organizing Lake Tahoe tours for attending spouses. Report review and critique: The group presented and critiqued technical reports as per usual. Old and new business: New members: Drs. Kun Yan Zhu (Kansas State University) and Dan Sudakin (Oregon State University) gave overviews of their expertise and research plans. Zhu is investigating the effect of triazine herbicides on the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides and the effect of pesticides on gene expression in rats. Sudakin is a physician toxicologist who hopes to use Poison Control Center data to evaluate and mitigate symptomatic exposure to pesticides. The committee approved both requests to join W-45. Exiting members: Josef Seifert noted that, with regret, he will be leaving the W-45 committee. He joined the committee in 1994 following the termination of the W-169 program. Seiferts work on the mechanism of neuropathy by organophosphates and the teratogenicity of neonicotinoid insecticides was an important contribution to W-45. Next meeting: Potential sites for next years meeting were discussed. Cornell University in Ithaca, New York was approved; the meeting is tentatively scheduled for June 4-6, 2006. Impact statements: The group discussed approaches to formulate committee impact. Gan moved (Miller seconded) that we should focus on the work on Gan, Hebert, Jenkins, Krieger, and Armbrust this year, with Jenkins leading the effort. Motion passed. The W-45 members listed will send impact information to Jenkins in the next two weeks. In subsequent years, a discussion of the groups impact will be added to the business meeting agenda. Updated membership list: A list was circulated to solicit current contact information. Papiernik will update the membership list and send to members. Committee officers: Lemley, Jenkins, and Miller accepted assignment to the nominating committee for incoming secretary. Dr. Kevin Armbrust was nominated and elected secretary of the W-1045 committee. Papiernik will assume chair. Adjournment: The meeting was adjourned at 11:00 am, June 7, 2005. Respectfully submitted, Sharon K. Papiernik W-45 Secretary

Improving methods of pesticide analysis A sensitive automated flow fluorescent immunoassay was developed with a KinExATM 3000 system for quantitative analysis of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam. A capillary flow cell contains antigen (thiamethoxam-BSA conjugate)-coated polymethylmethacrylate beads packed at a defined height (3 mm) on a built-in micro-porous screen. When pre-equilibrated analyte/antibody solution is run through the cell, unbound antibodies are captured on the beads while analyte/antibody complexes are allowed to pass through the cell. Bound antibodies are detected with a secondary antibody labeled with Cy5 fluorescent dye. Cross-reactivity was estimated by comparing the equilibrium constants of the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, and acetamiprid. Monoclonal antibody was very specific to thiamethoxam with < 0.11% cross activity for tested neonicotinoids. The concentration of half-maximal inhibition (I50) and the limit of detection were 0.07 ng/mL and 0.02 ng/mL, respectively. Thiamethoxam was spiked into stream water samples at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 µg/L. An excellent correlation (r2=0.99) was obtained between spiked and measured concentrations of thiamethoxam. Accurate measurement of thiamethoxam in water samples suggests that this KinExA assay is suitable for high-throughput monitoring of thiamethoxam and potentially adaptable for other chemicals of interest. An analytical method was developed for the trace analysis of a wide range of semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) in 50-L high-elevation snow and lake water samples. The method was validated for 75 SOCs from seven different chemical classes (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, amides, triazines, polychlorinated biphenyls, thiocarbamates, and phosphorothioates) that covered a wide range of physical-chemical properties, including eight orders of magnitude of octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow =1.4 to 8.3). The SOCs were extracted using hydrophobically and hydrophilically modified divinylbenzene solid phase extraction (SPE) device (modified Speedisk). The average analyte recoveries from 50-L of reverse osmosis water, using the modified Speedisk, was 99% with an average relative standard deviation of 4.8 %. Snow samples were collected from the field, melted, and extracted using the modified Speedisk and a PTFE remote sample adapter in the laboratory. Lake water was sampled, filtered, and extracted in situ using an Infiltrex 100 fitted with a 1-¼m glass fiber filter to trap particulate matter and the modified Speedisk to trap dissolved SOCs. The extracts were then analyzed using GC/MS with electron impact ionization (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) using isotope dilution and selective ion monitoring. Estimated method detection limits for the snow and lake water were approximately 0.2-125 pg/L and 0.5-400 pg/L, respectively. U.S. historic and current-use pesticides were identified and quantified in snow and lake water samples collected from Rocky Mountain National Park, CO using this method. The application of the analytical method to the analysis of SOCs in large volume groundwater samples is also shown. Monitoring off-site transport of pesticides To determine the potential impacts of lawn-care pesticides on aquatic ecosystems, general water quality parameters and concentrations of selected pesticides used in home lawn care were measured in six streams. Four streams flowed through residential neighborhoods of Peachtree City, GA, USA, with differing mean property values and two reference streams were outside the city limits. Statistical analyses were conducted comparing streams between neighborhoods. Several pesticides were detected in water samples from streams, however the the most frequently detected pesticides were dithiopyr, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos which were detected in 78%, 69% and 53% of the samples, respectively. Dithiopyr and chlorpyrifos were the only two pesticides detected in the sediments of all six streams. Chlorpyrifos was detected in 54% of the samples and dithiopyr was detected in 40% of the samples collected. While many pesticides were measured in all of the streams, no significant differences in concentrations of any of the nine pesticides measured were observed among any of the sites in either water or sediment. Wheat is the dominant agricultural crop in the Walla Walla Valley, OR-WA region, but wine grape production is emerging as an important regional cash crop. The inadvertent movement of aerially applied auxin agonist herbicides used in cereal grain fields can injure grape leaves, berry clusters, and seriously reduce yields. A regional air/deposition/plant monitoring program was initiated in the spring of 2003 to better understand and communicate potential local and regional source contributions of the widely-used cereal-grain broadleaf herbicide 2,4-D (formulated as esters and amine salts) to nearby wine vineyards in the Walla-Walla Valley . Isoxaflutole is a relatively new pre-emergence herbicide used in corn production throughout the world. Isoxaflutole is hydrolyzed to its diketonitrile (DKN) derivative in soil and plants, which is the phytotoxic agent. The metabolite DKN has a low sorption coefficient and may be persistent in soil, indicating that isoxaflutole/DKN may have a tendency to leach to groundwater or to be transported to surface water via runoff. Because of restrictions imposed to protect water quality, isoxoaflutole is not currently registered in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Field dissipation studies were conducted in three soil types (sandy loam, loam, and clay loam) in west central Minnesota to indicate the rate at which isoxaflutole/DKN dissipates under the relatively cool, wet soil conditions typical of the northern Corn Belt. Separate plots were treated with isoxaflutole and potassium bromide, a non-sorbed, non-degraded tracer. Soil cores were collected to 1 m depth and sectioned into 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-100 cm increments. Bromide or herbicide concentration was measured at each depth. The experiments are on-going and herbicide results are only available for the first 10 days after application. Preliminary results from the first year indicate little leaching of herbicide or bromide beyond 20 cm in all plots within ten days after application. Significant leaching of bromide beyond 40 cm occurred in sandy loam soil from 10 to 50 days after application. These results will provide information for the development of best management practices for this herbicide. Climate and soil conditions in South Florida along with an extensive canal system facilitate movement of agricultural pesticides into surface waters. In a two-year study (2002-2004) of the currently-used pesticides in South Florida, atrazine, endosulfan, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil were the most frequently detected in the canals and in Biscayne Bay, with average concentrations of 16, 11, 9.0, 2.6 and 6.0 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations of atrazine and chlorpyrifos were highest near corn production. Chlorothalonil and endosulfan concentrations were highest near vegetable production, with no clear trend for metolachlor which is used on multiple crops. Concentration data were used to calculate an aquatic life hazard potential for the planting period (November) versus the harvest period (March). This analysis indicated that a higher hazard potential occurs during harvest primarily from the use of endosulfan. These data will also serve to document canal conditions prior to implementation of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). Assessing exposure to and toxicity of pesticides Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used insecticides in both agricultural and urban environments. Most pyrethroids have high aquatic toxicity, but also exceptional affinity to the solid phase. We evaluated the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the uptake and acute toxicity of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and permethrin, to water-column invertebrates. During the bioassays, we simultaneously measured the freely dissolved pesticide concentration using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibers as a biomimetic surrogate. The presence of DOM consistently decreased pyrethroid bioaccumulation and increased LC50, suggesting association with DOM rendered a significant fraction of pyrethroids unavailable to water-column invertebrates. For instance, in a lake water with 10 mg L-1 dissolved organic carbon (DOC), LC50 of bifenthrin to Ceriodaphnia dubia increased by 2.5 times when compared to the DOMfree water, uptake by Daphnia magna decreased by 50%. Simultaneous PDMS analysis revealed that the freely dissolved concentration of bifenthrin decreased by 41%. The effect of DOM on the bioavailability of pyrethroids was controlled by both the quantity and quality of DOM. These results suggest that DOM can decrease the bioavailability of pyrethroids in surface water and hence negate their aquatic toxicity. The role of DOM should be considered when developing toxicologically relevant water quality limits and monitoring practices for pyrethroids in runoff effluents or surface streams. Strategies for worker pesticide exposure monitoring and risk assessment represent a range of levels of quantitative certainty. This study concerned exposure monitoring of forestry workers who applied herbicides using backpack sprayers. Two herbicides, triclopyr and 2, 4-D esters (application ratio 4:5.5) were applied as a tank mix by a crew of 8 applicators, a mixer/loader, and a crew leader. When coveralls were used as a whole body passive dosimeter assuming 100% clothing penetration and 100% dermal absorption, the exposure mean (± s.d.) was 890 ± 550 mg/day for triclopyr and 250 ± 170 mg/day for 2, 4-D. Concurrently, cotton whole body dosimeters were worn beneath the coveralls. When the same assumptions were applied the mean exposures were 77 ± 55 mg triclopyr/day and 46 ± 39 mg 2,4-D/day (n=5), respectively. Cotton gloves and socks, and face/neck skin wipes were included in each case but contributed negligibly to the exposure estimate. Biomonitoring (urine, 24 h) utilized triclopyr and 2, 4-D (acid equivalents) as rapidly excreted, absorption exposure biomarkers. The absorbed doses of triclopyr and 2, 4-D were 1.8 ± 1.5 mg/day and 1.3 ± 1.1 mg/day, respectively. The corresponding absorbed daily dosages were 0.026 ± 0.020 mg/kg-day and 0.017 ± 0.015 mg/kg-day. Potential absorbed dose of backpack applicators would be overestimated about 350-fold for trichlopyr and about 125-fold by passive dosimetry rather than urine biomonitoring. These monitoring data also allowed estimation of clothing penetration and dermal absorption. Clothing penetration was 11% for triclopyr and 20% for 2, 4-D. The 24-hour dermal absorption rates were 3.6% and 4.2%, respectively. When these factors were applied to the whole body dosimetry data (coveralls) the potential absorbed dosages of trichlopyr and 2, 4-D (acid equivalents) were 2.5 mg/day and 1.4 mg/day. Vandenberg Air Force Base occupies approximately 100,000 acres of land suitable for grazing and wildlife on the coast of California. The need to clean up missile sites at Vandenberg Air Force Base and the disagreements in the Toxic Reference Values (TRV)s proposed by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) and Tetra Tech, a US Air Force consultant, resulted in the formation of a panel of ecotoxicologists to adjudicate the issue. Strengths and weaknesses of the risk assessment process as practiced by many government, academic and corporate groups were revealed by this project. The panel proposed TRVs used by both DTSC and Tetra Tech, and in some cases proposed different values. The differences in TRVs were due to emphases of one factor over another, the quality of the data used and, of importance here, weaknesses in the risk assessment process itself, especially the requirement to select one published document as a benchmark. Transformation of biologically-active agents There is considerable commercial interest in the enzymes secreted by white-rot fungi that are involved in the degradation of lignin. These enzymes are powerful oxidants that can be used to oxidize many chemicals, including those that may be, or potentially may become environmental pollutants. Commercial use of these enzymes would require their economical production. A large market for these enzymes exists if they could be produced economically for the construction for enzyme reactors for treatment of chemical wastes. The enzymes can be produced in large quantities recombinantly but they are not active, due to the fact that heme is not incorporated. There are most likely two factors that need to be addressed to produce active recombinant enzymes, the synthesis of sufficient heme for inclusion into the enzymes as they are being synthesized, and conditions for proper folding of the enzymes. Both are being addressed for the production of recombinant enzymes in E. coli. Previous work in our laboratory indicated a weak interaction between ferric ion and several triazine/triazinone herbicides during a Fenton treatment process, and the intensity of the interaction was calculated. To further support the existence of this weak interaction, the adsorption of ametryn, a triazine herbicide, was investigated in kaolinite clay, humic acid, and soil under pseudo-Fenton conditions. At a low addition rate of ferric ion, the adsorption of ametryn in clay, humic acid, and soil was enhanced due to the decreased pH resulting from the hydrolysis of ferric ion. But the pH effect was totally neutralized and the adsorption of ametryn was significantly reduced by further addition of ferric ion., demonstrating the existence of the weak interaction between ametryn and ferric acid. Further study showed that the adsorption-reduction effect of ferric ion existed not only with ametryn, but also with several other triazine/triazinone herbicides. This weak interaction may accelerate the desorption process during the remediation of triazine/triazinone herbicide-contaminated soil using a Fenton/Fenton-like treatment, but it may also impede the degradation of these herbicides. This project has demonstrated the production of perchlorate from oxidation of chloride in the presence of nitrate and/or titanium dioxide on dry surfaces, including soils. We have established that desert soils can photochemically catalyze the production of perchlorate. This process can account for the observation of perchlorate in surface and groundwater in regions of the Southwestern U.S. that are remote from industrial sources of perchlorate. In addition, we have observed perchlorate in several desert soils, albeit at low concentrations. Improving pest management This research was conducted at a field site in Florida to compare subsurface distribution of the three biologically active compounds of Telone C35, cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) applied by conventional chisel and Avenger coulter injection. Florida growers typically apply Telone fumigants by conventional chisel injection using three chisels at 30 cm apart to 0.9 m wide soil beds at 30 cm depth. Avenger coulter rigs were recently developed and equipped with sharp knives that generate small injection traces and two sealers for surface and subsurface sealing. Telone C35 was injected to soil beds by a conventional chisel rig through three chisels at 327 liters/ha to 30 cm depth and the beds were immediately covered with metallic polyethylene film (MPE) or virtually impermeable film (VIF). Telone C35 was injected to field plots by Avenger coulter rig through three knives at 30 cm apart in a similar manner as the chisel injection. Three hours after injection, large concentrations of the three compounds were found in the subsurface of one of the injection traces, 15 cm from the west edge of the two chisel injected beds, but none in the injection traces at the bed centers. Unlike the two chisel injected beds, the three compounds were found in the two injection traces in the Avenger coulter injected beds but they were not uniformly distributed. The three compounds in the bed center of the VIF covered bed were greater than in the bed center of the MPE covered bed, whereas the compounds in the injection trace 15 cm from the west edge (30 cm from bed center) of the VIF covered bed were smaller than in the MPE covered bed. Concentrations of the three compounds in the root zone in all the four beds progressively became more uniform and declined with time. The three compounds from the two adjacent traces rapidly diffused horizontally to the center between the two traces. Improvement on control of individual chisel discharge rate in conjunction with VIF cover could provide consistent fumigant efficacy and crop yield by conventional chisel injection. Managing weeds is a crucial component of rangeland agroecosystems because weeds compete with valuable livestock forage resulting in costly reductions in rangeland productivity. The development of effective, safe and economical weed management systems for todays agriculture requires innovative and integrated approaches based on an understanding of plant physiology, biochemistry, and ecology and pesticide fate. African rue (Peganum harmala), a suffrutescent shrub native to northern Africa and southern Asia is an invasive weed which has recently expanded its range in the western US. Successful management of this invasive weed is warranted because it dominates in most areas where it occurs, and it is toxic to livestock. Therefore, we screened African rue seedlings for their sensitivity to herbicides under prolonged drought, growing conditions common to southwestern deserts. Even under extreme water-deficit conditions where most plants would not survive, African rue seedlings were able to absorb and mobilize three different herbicides. This extraordinary ability may allow for improved management under stressful environments. There is an opportunity to increase producer adoption of nutrient and pest management practices that protect water quality in the Pacific Northwest. Certified Crop Advisors, Technical Service Provides and licensed pest management professionals want access to practical educational programming that is locally adapted. Education that links the management of pesticides with nutrients provides an integrated perspective to enhance water resource protection. The Integrated Soil Nutrient and Pest (iSNAP) Water Quality Education Project is a collaborative effort to deliver innovative education in the Pacific Northwest. A regional NRCS advisory group provides feedback to increase the alignment of iSNAP programs with NRCS practices. In 2004-2005, iSNAP collaboratively produced the two-day workshops Understanding Phosphorus Effects on Water Quality and Phosphorus Management Alternatives and Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management Options: Practices and Tools to Protect Water Quality, held in Corvallis, Oregon, Boise, Idaho, and Pasco, Washington. Planned activities for 2005 include: one additional education program in Vancouver, Washington, a new publication on irrigation water quality, and online education modules. This regional project offers a hands-on learning environment to evaluate the linkage between nutrient management, pest management and water resources. Our approach focuses on a small group case study approach. The goal is to have participants gain experience in collaboratively developing site-specific solutions to meet both producer needs and resource protection goals. Skills that agricultural professionals will gain as a result of participating in the iSNAP Project include: assessing and communicating potential water resource benefits to producers; determining viable management alternatives that meet producer needs; and improving management practices through on-farm research and monitoring.

Schirp, A., Loge, F., Aust, S. D., Turner, G., and Wolcott, M. Modification of Wheat Straw with the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus for Application in Natural Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. (Submitted). Overmyer,J.P., B.N. Mason, K.L. Armbrust. (2005). Acute Toxicity of Imidacloprid and Fipronil to a Non-Target Aquatic Insect, Simulium vittatum IS-7. Bulletin of Env Contamin and Tox. Vol 74 no. 5. 000-000 (in press) Overmyer J.P., R Noblet, K.L. Armbrust. Macroinvertebrate Assessments of Suburban Streams Receiving Lawn-Care Pesticides. Environmental Pollution. (Accepted (Dec 2004)). Brewer, B.N., K.L. Armbrust, K.T. Mead, and W. E. Holmes. (2004). Determination of Abamectin in Soil Samples using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 18:1693-1696. Kwon, J.W., K. L. Armbrust and T. Grey. (2004). Hydrolysis and Photolysis of Flumioxazin. J. Pest Management Science. 60:935-943. Lee, S.J., J. Gan, J.S. Kim, J.N. Kabashima, and D. Crowley. 2004. Microbial transformation of pyrethroid insecticides in aqueous and sediment phases. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: 1-6. Liu, W.P., J. Gan, S.J. Lee, and J.N. Kabashima. 2004. Phase fractionation of pyrethroids in runoff and stream water. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: 7-11. Liu, W.P., and J. Gan. 2004. Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 755-761. Liu, W.P., and J. Gan. 2004. Determination of enantiomers of synthetic pyrethroids in water using solid phase microextraction (SPME)  enantioselective gas chromatography (GC). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 736-741. Bondarenko, S., and J. Gan. 2004. Degradation and adsorption of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in urban stream sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 1809-1814. Bondarenko, S., and J. Gan. 2004. Persistence of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in waters from a coastal watershed. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 2649-2654. Qin, S., J. Gan, W.P. Liu, and J.O. Becker. 2004. Degradation and adsorption of fosthiazate in soil. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 52, 6239-6242. Yang, W.C., J. Gan, S. Bondarenko, and W.P. Liu. 2004. Nucleophilic radical substitution reaction of triazine herbicides with polysulfides. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 54, 7051-7055. W.P. Liu, J. Gan, S.J. Lee, and I. Werner. 2004. Isomer selectivity in aquatic toxicity and biodegradation of cypermethrin. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 52, 6233-6238 Yang, W.C., J. Gan, W.P. Liu, and R. Green. 2005. Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in landscape soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 34: 336-341. Gan, J., S.J. Lee, W.P. Liu, D. Haver, and J.N. Kabashima. 2006. Distribution and persistence of synthetic pyrethroids in runoff sediments. Journal of Environmental Quality 34: 836-841. Liu, W.P., J. Gan, D. Schlenk, and W.A. Jury. 2005. Enantioselectivity in environmental safety of current chiral insecticides. PNAS 103: 701-706. Liu, W.P., S.J. Qin, and J. Gan. 2005. Chiral stability of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry (In press) Liu, W.P., and J. Gan. 2005. Separation and aquatic toxicity of enantiomers of synthetic pyrethroids. Chirality 17, S127-133. Liu, W.P., J. Gan, S.J. Lee, and I. Werner. 2005. Isomer selectivity in aquatic toxicity and biodegradation of bifenthrin and permethrin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (In press) Hebert, VR. Understanding the tropospheric transport and fate of semivolatile pest management chemicals. 3rd Pan Pacific Conference on Pesticide Science, Honolulu, HI, June 1-4, 2003. In ACS Symposium Book Series, ed. JM Clark (2005). Tomaszewska E, Hebert VR, Brunner J, Jones V, Doerr M. Evaluating chemical release from commercial codling moth mating disruption dispensers. J. Agric. Food Chem 53: 2399-2405 (2004). Ramaprasad, J, Tsai MY, Elgethun K, Hebert VR, Felsot, A, Yost MG, Fenske RA. The Washington aerial spray drift study: assessment of off-target organophosphorus insecticide atmospheric movement by plant surface volatilization. Atmos. Environ. 38; 5703-5713 (2004). Hebert VR, LePage J, Amos G, Holshue K. Grape leaf severity rating index . WSU Extension Bulletin EB1980E (2004). http://feql.wsu.edu/EB/index. Hebert VR. Regional off-target movement of auxin-type herbicides. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pesticide Application for Drift Management, Kona, Hawaii. pp.178-183. October 27, 2004. Hebert VR, Tomaszewska E, Brunner JF, Jones VP, and Doerr M, Evaluating the Efficacy of Field Managed Pheromone Control Approaches. Certified Organic and Biologically Derived Pesticides. ed. AF Felsot, K. Racke. American Chemical Society Symposium Series (Accepted, January 2005). LePage J, Hebert VR, Tomaszewska E, McCauly L, Rothlein J. Trace-level methodology for the evaluation of acephate in childrens urine. J. AOAC Internat. (Accepted April 2005). Weppner, S, Elgethum K, Lu C, Hebert VR, Fenske R. Methamidophos residues on residential surfaces and childrens hands following an aerial application of Monitor 4 in central Washington State. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidem. (Accepted March 2005). Tomaszewska, E, J LePage, and VR Hebert. Evaluation of Airborne Pesticide Residues in Air: Wilbur Ellis Pesticides Warehouse Fire Study. Washington State Department of Ecology Analytical Summary Report; No.: FEQL-NG-0105 (2005). LePage, J, E Tomaszewska, and VR Hebert. Year 2004 evaluation of release rates from field-aged dispensers by volatile trapping. Report No. FEQL-NG-0203. 47 pp (2005). Brunner, JF, VR Hebert, J LePage and M Doerr. Residual Analysis of Codling Moth Pheromone Dispensers  2004. unpublished report, 41 pp.(2005) LePage, J, VR Hebert. Quantification of acephate and methamidophos in human urine. Analytical Summary Report. Oregon Health Science University technical report: FEQL-NG-0503. 45 pp. (2004). LePage, J, VR Hebert. Year 2003 Adverse Effects of Herbicide Off-Target Transport on Wine Grape Vineyards: Walla Walla Valley. US EPA Region 10 Analytical Summary Report, FEQL N0. NG-0103, 112 pp. (2004). Jenkins, J., H. Runes, T. Moate. 2004. Xylenes in Oregon Hazelnuts. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 72:1152-1156. Sandahl, J. F., D. H. Baldwin, J. J. Jenkins, N. L. Scholz. 2005. Comparitive thresholds for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and behavior impairment in coho salmon exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24 (1): 169-178. Villeneuve, D.L., L. R. Curtis, J. J. Jenkins, K. E. Warner, F. Tilton, M. L. Kent, V. G. Watral, M. E. Cunningham, D. F. Markle, D. Oraphinkrissanakriangkrai, E. R. Johnson, R. Grove, K. A. Anderson. 2005. Environmental Stresses and Skeletal Deformities in Fish from the Willamette River, Oregon. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3495-3506 Curtis, L.R., Anderson, K., Jenkins, J., Villeneuve, D., Kent, M. and Markle, D. 2004. Environmental Stresses and Fish Deformities in the Willamette River. Report to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Jenkins, J. J. and S. Castignoli. 2004. Pesticide Monitoring in Hood River Area Streams. In: Hood River Growers and Shippers Association Best Management Practice Areawide II Handbook. Jenkins, J. J, P. Jepson, J. Bolte, and K. Vache. 2004. Watershed-based Ecological Risk Assessment of Pesticide Use in Western Oregon: A Conceptual Framework. Report to Oregon Department of Agriculture. Jenkins, J. J. and W. Trevathan. 2004. Pesticides in Oregon Groundwater: 1997-2003. Report to the Oregon Department of Agriculture. Jenkins, J. J. and W. Trevathan. 2004. Pesticides in Oregon Surface Water: 1969-2004. Report to the Oregon Department of Agriculture. Jenkins, J. J. 2004. Environmental Monitoring of Chlorpyrifos and Azinphos-methyl Dissolved Residues in Hood River Tributaries for Years 2002 and 2003. Final Report to Hood River Soil and Water Conservation District and the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board. Williams, R. L., L. S. Aston, R. I. Krieger. 2004. Perspiration increased human pesticide absorption following surface contact during an indoor scripted activity program. J. Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiol 14: 129-136 Gerry AC, X. Zhang, T. Walker, S. Frederickson, M. Metzger, R. Hu, R. I. Krieger. 2005. Worker exposure to diazinon during flea control operations in response to a plague epizootic. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74 (2): 391-398 Dowling, K. C., L. E. Blanco, A. B. Aragon, and R. I. Krieger. In press. Urinary 3, 5, 6- trichloro-2-pyridinol levels of chlorpyrifos applicators and small farm families in Nicaragua. Bul. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Accepted 2004. 9 ms pp. Williams, R.L., W. G. Reifenrath, and R. I. Krieger. In press. Artificial sweat enhances dermal transfer of chlorpyrifos from treated nylon carpet fibers. J. Environ. Sci. Health. 40: 1-9. Accepted December 3. 2004. 13 ms pp. Gerry, A.C., X. Zhang, G. Leng, A. D. Inman, and R. I. Krieger. In press. Low pilot exposure to pyrethrin during ultra low volume (ULV) aerial insecticide application for control of adult mosquitoes. J. American Mosquito Control Assoc. Accepted February 2005. 16 ms pp. Sanchez, C. A., R. I. Krieger, N. Khandaker, R. C. Moore, K. C. Holts, and L. L. Neidel. In press. Accumulation and perchlorate exposure potential of lettuce produced in the lower Colorado River regions. J. Agric. & Food Chem. Accepted May 2, 2005. Obendorf, S. K., A.T. Lemley, A. Hedge, A.A. Kline, K. Tan, T. Dokuchayeva. Distribution of Pesticide Residues within Homes in Central New York State. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (in press). Wagenet, L., A. Lemley, D. Grantham, E. Harrison, K. DiTella, K. Mathers, and L.H. Younge. Evaluating the effectiveness of public television as a method for watershed education J.of Extens.(www.joe.org) 43(2): Article No. 2FEA5 (2005). Wang, Q. and A.T. Lemley. Kinetic effect of humic acid on alachlor degradation by anodic Fenton treatment. J.Environ. Quality, 33:2343-2352 (2004). Scherer, E., Q, Wang, A. G. Hay, and A.T. Lemley. The binary treatment of aqueous metribuzin using anodic Fenton treatment and biodegradation. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 47: 154-161 (2004). Wang, D.; Atkinson, S.; Hoover-Miller, A.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Analysis of organochlorines in harbor seal tissue samples from Alaska using gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry by an isotopic dilution technique. Rapid Communication in Mass Spectrometry. In press. Campbell, S.; Chen, L.; Yu, J.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Adsorption and analysis of the insecticides thiamethoxam and indoxacarb in Hawaiian soils. J Agric Food Chem. In press Keum, Y.-S.; Seo, J.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Synthesis of bacterial metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzochromenones, o-carboxyvinylnaphthoates, and o-substituted aryl-a-oxobutenoates. Synthetic Communications. In press Pelleguer, J.-L.; Chen, S.-W. W.; Karu, A.E.; Li, Q.X.; Roberts, V.A. 2005. Structural basis for preferential binding of non-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls by the monoclonal antibody S2B1. J. Mol. Recog. In press. Rui, Y.-K.; Yi, G.-X.; Zhao, J.; Wang, B.-M.; Li, Z.-H.; Zhai, Z.-X.; He, Z.-P.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Changes of Bt toxin in rhizosphere of transgenic Bt-cotton and its influence on soil functional bacteria. World J. Microbiol. & Biotechnol. In press. Shelver, W.L.; Keum, Y.-S.; Kim, H.-J.; Rutherford, Drew; Hakk, Heldur H.; Bergman, Ake; Li, Q.X. 2005. Hapten syntheses and antibody generation for the development of polybrominated flame retardants ELISA. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(10): 840-3847. Shelver, W.L.; Kim, H.-J.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Development of monoclonal antibody based ELISA for the b-adrenergic agonist zilpaterol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 3273-3280. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by zero-valent Iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(7):2280-2286. Delanoy, G.; Li, Q.X.; Yu, J. 2005. Activity and stability of laccase in conjugation with chitosan. Intl J. of Biological Macromolecules. 35(1-2): 89-95. Hou, S.; Saw, J.; Lee, K.S.; Freitas, T.A.; Belisle, C.; Kawarabayasi, Y.; Donachie, S.P.; Galiperin, M.Y.; Koonin, E.V.; Makarova, K.S.; Omelchenko, M.V.; Sorokin, A.; Wolf, Y.I.; Li, Q.X.; Keum, Y.S.; Campbell, S.; Denery, J.; Aizawa, S.-I.; Shibata, S.; Malahoff, A.; Alam, M. 2004. Genome sequence of the deep-sea ³-Proteobacterium Idiomarina Ioihiensis reveals amino acid fermentation as source of carbon and energy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101(52): 18036-18041. Alcantara-Licudine, J.P.; Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Optimization of supercritical and pressurized fluid extraction methods for spinosyns. Recent Research Dev. In Agric. Food Chem. 5:13-20. Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Quick analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in gauze and soil samples. In: "Environmental Fate and Safety Management of Agrochemicals"; J.M. Clark and T. Hoshino (Eds). Chapter 6, 62-69. ACS Symposium Series 899, Washington, DC. Liu S.-Z.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photolysis of spinosyns in seawater and various aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 56(11): 1121-1127. McQuate, G.T.; Keum, Y.S.; Sylvia, C.D.; Li, Q.X.; Jang, E.B. 2004. Active ingredients in cade oil which syngergize the attraction of ±-ionol to male Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 97(3): 862-870. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photolysis of octachloronaphthalene in hexane. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 72(5): 999-1005. Chang, C.L.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Dosage effects between dietary niacin and other B vitamins on larval development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera:Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97(3): 536-540. Willcox, M.K.; Woodward, L.; Ylitalo, G.; Buzitis, J.; Atkinson, S. Li, Q.X. 2004. Survey for organochlorines in the free-ranging Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) at French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. Sci. Total Environ. 322(1-3): 81-93. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Copper dissociation as a mechanism of fungal laccase denaturation by humic acid. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 64: 588-592. Denery J.; Dragull, K.; Tang, C.S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Pressurized fluid extraction of kavalactones from Piper Methysticum root. Anal. Chim. acta 501(2): 175-181. Campbell, S.; David, M.D.; Woodward, L.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Persistence of carbofuran in marine sand and water. Chemosphere 54(8): 1155-1161. Liu, S.-Z.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photoaffinity probe candidates for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)gated chloride channel. Chinese Chemical Letters 15(7): 771-773. Stroncek, J.; Denery, J.R.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Relationship between gene expression and cell metabolism in the marine bacterium Streptomyces tenjimariensis. J. Young Investigators (online) 12(4): April issue. Oh, B.-Y.; Li, Q.X.; Kim, J.H. 2004. Monitoring and assessment of pesticide residues in major river, arable soil and agricultural produce in Korea. In: Proceeding of the International Symposium on Assessing and Rational Management of the Agro-ecosystem for Clean and Friendly Future Environment; Hee-Myong Ro and Young-Hwan Park (Eds). Research Institute for Agricultural & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. pp: 1-29. Thomas, J.E., L.H. Allen, Jr., L.A. McCormack, J.C. Vu, D.W. Dickson, and L.-T. Ou. 2004. Dispersion and emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene in Florida sandy soil in microplots affected by soil moisture, organic matter, and plastic film. Pest Management Science 60:390-398. Thomas, J.E., L.-T. Ou, L.H. Allen, Jr., L.A. McCormack, J.C.Vu, and D.W. Dickson. 2004. Persistence, distribution, and emissions of Telone C35 injected into a Florida sandy soil as affected by moisture, organic matter, and plastic cover. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B39:505-516. Thomas, J.E., L.H. Allen, Jr., L.A. McCormack, J.C. Vu, D.W. Dickson, and L.-T. Ou. 2004. Atmospheric volatilization and distribution of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene in field beds with and without plastic covers. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B39:709-723. Ouyang, Y., L.-T. Ou, and G.C. Sigua. 2005. Characterization of the pesticide chlordane in estuarine river sediments. Journal of Environmental Quality 34:544-551. Ibekwe, A. M., S. K. Papiernik, and C. -H. Yang. 2004. Enrichment and molecular characterization of chloropicrin- and metam-sodium-degrading microbial communities. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 66:325-332. Papiernik, S. K., R. S. Dungan, W. Zheng, M. Guo, S. M. Lesch, and S. R. Yates.2004. Effect of application variables on emissions and distribution of fumigants applied via subsurface drip irrigation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:5489-5496. Guo, M., W. Zheng, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. 2004. Distribution and leaching of methyl iodide in soil following emulated shank and drip application. J. Environ. Qual. 33:2149-2156. Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, S. K. Papiernik, and M. Guo. 2004. Effect of combined application of methyl isothiocyanate and chloropicrin on their transformation. J. Environ. Qual. 33:2157-2164. Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, S. K. Papiernik, and M. Guo. 2004. Transformation of herbicide propachlor by an agrochemical thiourea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:6855-6860. Guo, M., S. R. Yates, S. K. Papiernik, and W. Zheng. 2005. Incompatibility of metam sodium with halogenated fumigants. Pest Manag. Sci. 61:467-476. Dungan, R.S., S. Papiernik, and S.R. Yates. 2005. Use of composted animal manures to reduce 1,3-dichloropropene emissions. J. Environ. Sci. Health B40:355-362. Yates, S. R., S. K. Papiernik, and W. F. Spencer. 2005. Predicting pesticide volatilization from bare soils. In J. M. Clark and H. Ohkawa (eds.) Environmental Fate and Safety Management of Agrochemicals. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 899. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. Zheng, W., S. K. Papiernik, M. Guo, R. S. Dungan, and S. R. Yates. 2005. Construction of a reactive surface barrier to reduce fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene emissions. Environ. Chem. Toxicol. Accepted. Forcella, F. G. Amundson, R. Gesch, S. K. Papiernik, and W. B. Phippen. Herbicides tolerated by cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima x lanceolata). Weed Technol. Accepted 3/25/05 Papiernik, S. K., M. J. Lindstrom, J. A. Schumacher, A. Farenhorst, K. D. Stephans, T. E. Schumacher, and D. A. Lobb. 2005. Variation in soil properties and crop yield across an eroded prairie landscape. J. Soil Water Conserv. Accepted. Usenko, S., K.J. Hageman, D.W. Schmedding, G.R. Wilson, S.L. Simonich. 2005. Trace Analysis of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Large Volume Samples of Snow, Lake Water, and Groundwater, Environmental Science and Technology, accepted. Zeng, X., P.K. Freeman, Y.Y. Vasilev, V.G. Voino, S.L. Simonich, D.F. Barofsky. 2005. Theoretical Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, accepted. Field, J.A., S.L. Simonich, D. Barofsky. 2005. Comment on Detection of Perfluorooctane Surfactants in Great Lakes Water and Mass Budget of Perfluorooctane Surfactants in Lake Ontario, Environmental Science and Technology, in press. Ackerman, L. K., G.R Wilson, S.L. Simonich. 2005. Quantitative Analysis of 39 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers by Isotope Dilution GC/Low Resolution MS Analytical Chemistry, in press (ASAP article). Killin, R.K., S.L. Simonich, D. A. Jaffe, C.L. DeForest, G. R. Wilson. 2004. Trans-Pacific and Regional Atmospheric Transport of Anthropogenic Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds to Cheeka Peak Observatory During the Spring of 2002 Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D23S15. Simonich, S.L., W.S. Eckhoff, A. Rottiers, S. Webb, D. Sabaliunas, W. de Wolf. 2002. Removal of Fragrance Materials During U.S. and European Wastewater Treatment Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 2839-2847. Aschmann, S.A., J. Arey, R. Atkinson, S.L. Simonich. 2001. Atmospheric Lifetimes and Fates of Selected Fragrance Materials and Volatile Model Compounds Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 3595-3600. Bernhard, M.J. and S.L. Simonich. 2000. Use of a Bench-Top Photochemical Reactor and Solid-Phase Microextraction to Measure Semivolatile Organic Compound-Hydroxyl Radical Rate Constants Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19, 1705-1710. Simonich, S.L., W.M. Begley, G. Debaere, W.S. Eckhoff. 2000. Trace Analysis of Fragrance Materials in Wastewater and Treated Wastewater Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 959-965. Seifert, J. and Stollberg, J. 2005. Antagonism of a nicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid at neuromuscular receptors. Env. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 20:18-21. Seifert, J. 2005. Neonicotinoids. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd ed. In press. Seifert, J. 2005. Nithiazine. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd ed. In press. Joyce, B.A., W.W. Wallender, T. Angermann, B.W. Wilson, I. Werner, M.N. Oliver, F.G. Zalom, and J.D. Henderson. 2004. Using infiltration enhancement and soil water management to reduce diazinon in runoff. J. Amer. Water. Res. Assoc. pp 1063-1070. Wilson, B.W., J.D. Henderson, D.E. Arrieta, and M.A. OMalley. 2004. Meeting requirements of the California cholinesterase monitoring program. International Journal of Toxicology 23(2): 97-100. Werner, Ingeborg; Zalom, Frank G.; Oliver, Michael N.; Deanovic, Linda A.; Kimball, Tom S.; Henderson, John D.; Wilson, Barry W.; Krueger, William; Wallender, Wes W. Toxicity of storm-water runoff after dormant spray application in a French prune orchard, Glenn County, California, USA: Temporal patterns and the effect of ground covers. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(11), 2719-2726. (2004) Eder, Kai J.; Leutenegger, Christian M.; Wilson, Barry W.; Werner, Ingeborg. Molecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Marine Environmental Research (2004), 58(2-5), 809-813. Zalom, F. G.; Werner, I.; Oliver, M. N.; Deanovic, L. A.; Kimball, T.; Wilson, B. W.; Henderson, J. D.; Wallender, W. W. Organophosphate Dormant Spray Pest Control Efficacy, Pesticide Concentration and Toxicity in Storm Runoff. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2004), 73(2), 299-305. Johnson C.S., Schwarzbach S.E., Henderson J.D., Wilson B.W. and Tjeerdema R.S.Influence of Water Temperature on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Pacific Tree Frog (Hyla regilla). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, In Press Whitehead A., Anderson S.L, Ramirez A.B. and Wilson B.W. Cholinesterases in Aquatic Biomonitoring: Assay Optimization and Species-specific Characterization for a California Native Fish" Ecotoxicology, In Press Wilson B.W. Cholinesterase Inhibition in Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, In Press Wilson B.W. and Gunderson P. Biological and Chemical Terrorism and the Agricultural Health and Safety Community. J. Agromedicine, Editorial, In Press Sterling, T. M., D. C. Thompson, and L. A. Abbott. 2004. Implications of invasive plant variation for weed management. Weed Technology 18:1319-1324. Kulshreshtha, S., R. Creamer, and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among New Mexico Astragalus mollissimus varieties and Oxytropis species by restriction fragment analysis. Weed Sci. 52:984-988. Gibbs, L. A. and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Seasonal variation of picloram metabolism in broom and threadleaf snakeweed populations in a common garden. Weed Sci. 54:206-212. Rice, P.J., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Heighton, L.P., McConnell, L.L., Sadeghi, A.M., Hapeman, C.J. 2005. Environmental Fate and Ecological Impact of Copper Hydroxide. Use of Management Practices to Reduce the Transport of Copper Hydroxide in Runoff from Vegetable Production. 2005. Certified Organic and Biologically Derived Pesticides: Environmental, Health, and Efficacy Assessment. A. Felsot, ed.; ACS Symposium Series No. xx, Washington, DC (in press) Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Hapeman, C.J., McConnell, L.L., Potter,T.L., Rice, C.P., Sadeghi, A.M., Smith, R.D., Bialek, K., Sefton, K.A., Schaffer, B.A., Curry, R. 2005 Pesticide Occurrence in Selected South Florida Canals and Biscayne Bay during High Agricultural Activity. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry (in press) Sterling and Namuth (2004) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 1  Introduction (http://citnews.unl.edu/croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1022008824) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. 33:E03-9W. Sterling and Namuth (2004) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 2  Advanced (http://citnews.unl.edu/croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=998688536) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. 33:E03-10W. Sterling (2005) Transpiration  Water Movement through Plants (http://croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1092853841) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. 34:E04-36W. Sterling, Nissen and Namuth (2005) Metabolism of Herbicides or Xenobiotics in Plants Adv. (http://croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1016741032) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. (accepted) Abstracts Overmeyer, J., B. Mason and K.L. Armbrust. (2004). Toxicity of Imidacloprid and Fipronil to Aquatic Invertebrates: Do Standard Toxicity Test Organisms Accurately Depict Potential Toxicity? Presented before the 4th World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Portland, OR. November 14-19, 2004. Kwon, J-W and K.L. Armbrust, (2004). Degradation of Chlorothalonil in Irradiated Water/Sediment Systems. . Presented before the 4th World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Portland, OR. November 14-19, 2004. Conners, D., M. Black, and K.L. Armbrust. (2004). Oxidative Stress in Clams During Exposure to and Recovery From a Complex Mixture of Pesticides. Presented before the 4th World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Portland, OR. November 14-19, 2004. Kwon, J-W and K.L. Armbrust, (2004). Degradation of Chlorothalonil in Irradiated Water/Sediment Systems. Presented before the 228th Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Agrochemicals, Philadelphia, PA. August 22-26, 2004. Armbrust, K.L. and MC Black. (2004). The Impact of Lawn Care Practices on Aquatic Ecosystems in Suburban Watersheds. Presented at the 2004 EPA Science Forum, Washington D.C. June 1- 3, 2004. Christenson, A., et. al. Direct Electron Transfer Between Ligninolytic Redox Enzymes and Electrodes. (2004). Karren, L. J., and Aust, S. D. On the Assay for Homocysteine Involving Paraquat. (2005). Winter Conference on Brain Research, Breckenridge, CO. Bishop, B. G., Davis, T. Z., and Aust, S. D. Homocysteine- and Ferritin-Dependent Membrane Phospholipial Peroxidation. (2005). Winter Conference on Brain Research, CO. Schirp, A., Loge, F., Turner, G., Wolcott, M., and S.D. Aust (2005) Modification of Wheat Straw with the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus for Application in Natural Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic, The Second European Conference on Wood Modification. University of Gottingen. Hebert VR, Amos G, LePage J. Regional off-target movement of auxin-type herbicides in the Pacific Northwest. . 229tht American Chemical Society National Meeting, San Diego, CA (2005). Hebert VR. Regional off-target movement of auxin-type herbicides. International Conference on Pesticide Application for Drift Management. Kona Hawaii, October 27, 2004. Lee, S.F.; Na Y.E.; Kim, M.; Park, B.S.; Moon, J.K.; Liu, K.H.; Li, Q.X.; Ahn, Y.J.; Kim, S.I.; Kim, J.H. Profiling of the tiger worm (Eisenia fetida) proteins in relation to organic waste toxicity. 4th SETAC World Congress and 25th Annual Meeting in North America, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 14-18 Nov. 2004. Portland, Oregon. Hong, S.-M.; Wang, D.; Huelck, K.; Atkinson, S.; Li, Q.X. PCB congener profiles in tissues of Steller sea lions and harbor seals from Alaska. Alaska SeaLife Center Research Colloquium. October 27-28, 2004. Seward, Alaska. Wang, D.; Atkinson, S.; Hollmen, T. Li, Q.X. Analysis of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in biological samples from Alaska using GC/ion trap mass spectrometry. Alaska SeaLife Center Research Colloquium. October 27-28, 2004. Seward, Alaska. Rima, J.; Aoun, E.; Hanna, K.; Li, Q.X. Degradation of phenol, into mineral compounds, in aqueous solutions using zero-valent iron powder (ZVIP). The symposium Franco-Libanais, France. May 27-June 3, 2004. Miller, G., R. Kempley, G. Awadh and K. Richman Photo-oxidation of chloride to perchlroate in the presence of titanium dioxide and nitrate A presentation in the Division of Agorochemicals at the National American Chemical Society in Philadelphia, August, 2004. Papiernik, S. K., S. R. Yates, R. S. Dungan, S. M. Lesch, W. Zheng, and M. Guo. Management practices to reduce atmospheric emissions of soil fumigants. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Minneapolis, MN, July 24-28, 2004. Papiernik, S. K., M. J. Lindstrom, T. E. Schumacher, D. A. Lobb, J. A. Schumacher, and A. Farenhorst. Variation in soil properties and crop yield across an eroded prairie landscape. ASA/SSSA/CSSA National Meetings, Seattle, WA, October 31-November 4, 2004. Eynard, A., T. E. Schumacher, R. A. Kohl, D. D. Malo, J. A. Schumacher, M. J. Lindstrom, S. K. Papiernik, and D. A. Lobb. Spatial patterns of wettability in an eroded soil. ASA/SSSA/CSSA National Meetings, Seattle, WA, October 31-November 4, 2004. Bettmann, G. T., H. H. Ratnayaka, T. M. Sterling, and W. T. Molin. 2005. Nitrogen stress effects on cotton and spurred anoda physiology. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 58:in press. Branum, K. S., L. B. Abbott, and T. M. Sterling. 2005. The influence of water stress and timing of herbicide application on African rue control. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 58:in press. Calderon, I. G., G. T. Bettmann, and T. M. Sterling. 2005. Does proemtryn tolerance confer paraquat tolerance? Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 58:in press. Vallotton, A. D. and T. M. Sterling. 2005. Water deficit effects on Astragalus mollissimus and Oxytropis sericea swainsonine content, physiology, and growth. Proc. International Symposium on Poisonous Plants, Logan Utah. Branum, K. S., and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Nitrogen response of picloram-resistant yellow starthistle. 2004. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:8. Branum, K. S., L. B. Abbott, and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Water stress effects on diurnal physiology of African rue. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:51. Vallotton, A. D., L. A. Gibbs, L. B. Abbott, and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Uptake and translocation of herbicides in African rue under water stress. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:31. Vallotton, A. D., D. R. Gardner, M. H. Ralphs, and T. M .Sterling. 2004. Comparison of three methods for swainsonine detection and quantification in woolly loco. Soc. Range Management, 57th Annual Meeting. Namuth, D. M., S. J. Nissen, T. M. Sterling, S. M. Fritz, I. Hernandez-Rios, A. Martin, B. Kappler, C. Mallory-Smith, J. A. Dille. 2004. Creation of peer-reviewed online herbicide modes of action lessons and animations for public education. WSSA Abstracts 44:85.