Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla (Chairperson), called the meeting to order at 8:11 AM. An attendance sheet was circulated in lieu of introductions, and new attendees were introduced during state reports. Donn Thill, Administrative Advisor to the W-2150, was unavailable to participate via conference call. Steve Noffsinger motioned to approve minutes from last meeting. MA (Talo) Pastor-Corrales 2nd, and the motion passed. Julie Pasche was voted in as secretary. Phil Miklas motioned to approve, Juan Osorno 2nd , and it was informally and quickly passed. Janice Rueda assumed the role as vice-chair. Ann Marie Thro, USDA NPL for Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, was present via phone. Ann asked that classification codes be used in reports. She said plant breeders are needed to volunteer for NIFA panels and to submit proposals, and contact info was provided. See the full version of the meeting minutes provided as an attachment.

e-report ARIZONA: Nothing to report e-report CALIFORNIA: Nothing to report e-report COLORADO: Participants: Brick, M., Schwartz, H. Colorado State University concluded the final year during 2012 to 2013 as coordinator for the Legume ipmPIPE national network of sentinel plots throughout 20 states of the U.S. to monitor for the occurrence of soybean rust, common rust, white mold, root rots, bacterial and viral diseases, and insect pests. The Legume ipmPIPE web site and digital resources have been archived for continued access by stakeholders as well as linkage to new USDA-NIFA project outputs from international programs designed to reduce losses from root rot diseases in Africa. The web site coordination will be handled by South Dakota State University and Multigrain International LLC in conjunction with projects funded by the USDA NIFA on Common Bean Productivity Research for Global Food Security (Michigan State University) and Genetic Approaches to Reducing Fungal and Oomycete Soilborne Problems of Common Bean in Eastern and Southern Africa (University of Nebraska). Commercial dry bean production in Colorado was estimated at 38,000 acres in 2013. The Dry Bean Breeding Project initiated a Fast Track project to develop slow darkening pinto bean varieties for the High Plains and western US. The project increased 200 F4 lines for evaluation and winter increase in New Zealand during winter 2013-14. The seed increases from these lines will be shipped back to the US and tested for yield and agronomic traits, while simultaneously increasing for clean seed. The goal is to release two slow darkening varieties in 2015. The project evaluated more than 11,000 lines in the breeding program and increased pure seed of seven promising pinto breeding lines in western Colorado. One line, CO 91212, will be increased in New Zealand during the winter 2013-14 and planted for Foundation Seed Production and release in 2014. The breeding program collaborated with state experiment station personnel from MI, NE, and ND as well as the USDA and private seed companies in the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery, the Western Regional Bean Trials and the Colorado Crops Testing Program to evaluate elite lines. An active outreach program provides producers and processors with updated information on cultivars and pest control via field days, newsletters, phone contact, email contact and press releases to maximize economic return of the bean crop and reduce pesticide use. e-report IDAHO: Participant: Shree Singh. Seventy pinto bean breeding lines derived from 19 populations and checks were evaluated in the high input, drought-stressed, and compacted soil with continual bean production systems at Kimberly, Idaho in 2013. They also were tested in a purgatory plot at Roza and in the high input plot at Othello, Washington; under rust pressure in the field and greenhouse at Fort Collins, Colorado; and in high input and drought-stressed condition at Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Each plot consisted of 1 to 4 rows 12 to 15 feet long with 1 to 3 replicates. These were tested for general adaptation, plant type, maturity, seed yield and other seed characteristics, and response to rust. Based on the data collected so far approximately 25 breeding lines were selected for screening for post-harvest seed coat color darkening. All unacceptable darkened breeding lines will be discarded. Seed of surviving breeding lines will be used for further evaluations in replicated trials in Idaho and other Western States in 2014. White Mold Resistance. Only partial or low levels of resistance to white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are found in Common bean. A two-pronged strategy, namely (1) introgression of resistance from the Phaseolus species of the secondary gene pool, and (2) pyramiding of resistance from across Phaseolus species was undertaken in collaboration with researchers at Colorado State University in 2003. We are very pleased to report that both projects were successfully completed in 2013 despite the fact that we did not have any external funding for the past three years. One interspecific breeding line derived from P. coccineus, and three breeding lines with pyramided high levels of resistance from across Phaseolus species were developed in 2013. Their seed will be multiplied for registration and public release in 2014. The inheritance of white mold resistance in Othello (susceptible) x A 195 (resistant) and A 195 x G 122 (resistant) crosses against the less aggressive and aggressive isolates of S. sclerotiorum was completed in 2013. The F1 was resistant and two complementary dominant genes controlled resistance against each isolate in Othello x A 195. The F1 also was resistant and there was no segregation in the F2 in response to the less aggressive isolate, and a single dominant gene controlled resistance in response to the aggressive isolate in A 195 x G 122. Common Bacterial Blight Resistance. The identification of new common bacterial blight (caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli) resistance QTL (quantitative trait loci) in VAX 1 interspecific breeding line was completed in collaboration with researchers at USDA-ARS, Prosser, Washington and Beltsville, Maryland in 2013. A new tepary (P. acutifolius, a member of the tertiary gene pool of the common bean) bean derived resistance QTL located on the Pv11 linkage group was identified in VAX 1, and its presence verified in VAX 3 of which VAX 1 was a parent. The new resistance QTL confers partial resistance in leaves and pods to less aggressive strain, but confers a high level of resistance against aggressive strain in leaves. Also, it interacts positively with other known resistance QTL from the common and tepary beans. e-report MICHIGAN: Participants: James D. Kelly, Karen A. Cichy. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 25 yield trials in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, and the National Sclerotinia Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico in 2013. All yield trials at Frankenmuth were direct harvested. Large-seeded kidney and cranberry trials, as well as the 100-entry drought trial at Montcalm were rod-pulled. The white mold trial was direct harvested. The drought trial showed good early moisture stress but late July rains resulted in high yields and later maturity throughout. In addition to yield and agronomic data, roots were sampled and rated and biomass and harvest index were recorded. Dry weather early in the season followed by cooler weather and ample rainfall delayed maturity at Frankenmuth. Plots at Montcalm had similar rainfall pattern but the stress was offset with supplemental irrigation and excellent yields were recorded in the kidney and cranberry trials. White mold infection developed well in 2013 and genotypic differences were observed. A total of 3,960 plots were harvested for yield in 2013 and approximately 2000 single plant selections were made in the early generation nurseries. Other studies included the evaluation of 130-entry black bean RIL population for nitrogen-fixation, and certified organic variety trials at two locations. Black bean processing quality: Processing quality was evaluated on 98 black bean genotypes representing cultivars and breeding lines of the major black bean breeding programs in the U.S. The materials were canned and evaluated for color retention, texture, appearance and water uptake. Significant variability was observed for each of these traits. These lines were also tested for high throughput evaluation methods to predict color retention. The methods included measurement of the color of soaked beans and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of whole seed. The NIR was better able to predict the color retention than the color of the soaked beans. The most contrasting genotypes for color retention are being genotyped with 6000 SNP markers. This information will be used to identify genomic regions important for color retention. Black bean seed mineral concentration QTL: Seed iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were evaluated on 108 black bean recombinant inbred lines that were grown in a replicated field experiment in 2010 and 2011. A linkage map of 3500 single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNP) and diversity array markers was developed for the black bean population. The phenotypic data was used to conduct QTL analysis of seed mineral concentration. The analysis identified QTL for seed Fe and Zn concentration on chromosomes 2 and 6. Black bean and cranberry bean breeding: Crossing and evaluating of early generation lines is underway in the black and cranberry market classes. In black bean, crosses were made to combine seed yield and seed mineral concentration. In cranberry beans crosses were made to combine seed yield, resistance to common bacterial blight, and canning quality. Nutrient Density of Dry Bean Seeds: An in-depth study on the nutrient composition of two bean genotypes with similar seed size and color but different cooking times was conducted. The two lines tested are both from the Andean gene pool. One cooks in 24 min (fast cooking) and the other cooks in 42 min (slow cooking). The fast cooking line had 24% more protein and 10% more folate in the cooked seed than the slow cooking line. There are also different levels of minerals in the two seed types. Genetics of seed zinc and iron accumulation in beans: Phaseolus dumosus, a relative of common bean, has higher levels of zinc and iron in the seed as compared to common bean. We are currently conducting field evaluation and gene expression analysis of common bean lines developed at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) with high seed Fe and Zn introgressed from P. dumosus. e-report NEBRASKA: Participants: James Steadman, Carlos Urrea. A cooperative dry bean breeding line trial at Beltsville, MD USDA campus was evaluated for rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) seven weeks after planting. Bean lines originated from numerous breeding programs across the USA including the Nebraska program under Carolos Urrea. Resistance to rust in the majority of great northern, pinto, red, black and cranberry was identified. Nearly all 152 lines were resistant or intermediate with only four lines rated susceptible. Other bean germplasm was also evaluated for rust, adaptation and other diseases. Identification of rust resistance genes in NE elite lines is planned for 2014. A failed freezer caused a loss of needed races of the rust pathogen. We are restoring viability to those races. Nebraska coordinated a multisite bean white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) screening nursery in eight states  NY, WI, ND, CO, ID, WA, OR, NE. Moderate levels of resistance were identified in a few adapted pinto lines. Associated with these greenhouse straw tests and field screening nurseries is a study of S. sclerotiorum isolate variability from these testing sites as well as grower fields collected over 10 years. A range of genetic diversity and pathogen aggressiveness was found with significant differences between field locations, between screening nurseries and grower fields in the same state and over years of collection. We are also initiating a root rot pathogen study on beans in Nebraska. C. Urrea coordinated the Western regional bean Trial evaluated at NE, CO, WA, and ID and participated in the Mid-west Regional Bean Trial. Two great northern and two pinto Nebraska lines were evaluated in those trials. Six great northern and seven pinto elite NE lines were tested in growers fields in 2013 under the Mother & Baby trial scheme. At least one line will be released as a potential cultivar to be grown in Nebraska. Coordinated and conducted a great northern trial in a growers field at Bayard, NE. Six great northern cultivars were grown in four replicated trial. Each plot consisted of 0.30 acres. Three drought mapping populations, Buster/SER22, Buster/Roza, and Stampede/Red Hawk, in collaboration with North Dakota State University and USDA-Prosser, WA were evaluated under stress and non-stress at Mitchell, NE. Irrigation was stopped at flowering stage. Entries were exposed to terminal drought. A national nursery on drought was assembled (DBDN). Sixteen entries from the on-going shuttle breeding between Puerto Rico and Nebraska and six reference checks (Matterhorn, Marquis, Orion, Beryl-R, Merlot, and Stampede) were tested at CO, CA, NE, WA, PR, and MI in replicated trials under stress and non-stress conditions. Shuttle breeding between Nebraska and Puerto Rico continues. Of 516 F3:4 individual rows, 86 were selected for drought tolerance in Mitchell, NE during 2013. Individual rows were grown under terminal drought. The Andean Diversity Panel and the Andean Bean CAP lines were evaluated under drought and non-drought stress conditions. Cooking tests will be conducted. The same set of lines was evaluated for common bacterial blight reaction in an inoculated field, and lines with resistance were identified. Study of the genetics of bacterial wilt is in progress. Two sources of bacterial wilt identified from CIATs Core Collection are backcrossed to the susceptible parents Raven and Mayasi as well as the source of Emerson resistance (PI 165078). e-report NEW YORK: Nothing to report e-report NORTH DAKOTA: Participants: Juan Orsorno, Julie Pasche, Phil McClean, Richard Zollinger. The main activities involving our station in this multistate project were related to three main areas: i) the development of pinto cultivars with the slow-darkening gene, ii) studies related to drought tolerance, and iii) developing of navy bean germplasm with multiple resistant genes for bean rust. Dr. Miklas is the co-investigator in the slow darkening project; Drs. Carlos Urrea and Tim Porch are collaborators on the drought project, and Dr. Talo-Pastor Corrales is the collaborator for the bean rust project. For the slow darkening project, a total of 12 advanced lines were tested during the 2013 growing season across multiple environments in North Dakota and Washington. Mapping of potential new QTLs in two RIL populations (Buster x SER-22 and Stampede x Redhawk) is underway. The analysis of one population has been completed. Dr. Talo-Pastor Corrales screened in the greenhouse F1 seeds from several crosses involving navy cultivars and sources of resistance to bean rust. Additional activities involving this multistate project are the screening of breeding lines for white mold, root rots, common bacterial blight, halo blight, among others. Germplasm exchange has been facilitated by some regional trials such as the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN). Outcomes/Impacts: Collaboration among programs not only within NDSU, but also with scientists from other universities and institutions, has been facilitated by having a multistate project like the W-2150. Four slow darkening pinto breeding lines will be sent for a breeder seed increase at New Zealand and at least one of these lines will be released as the first slow darkening pinto cultivar in the region. North Dakota growers estimate they lost more than $60 million dollars in 2011 and 2012 due to discounted prices of dark pinto beans. In addition, two kidney breeding lines and possibly an early-maturity pinto breeding line will be released in the near future. Some disease screening, canning/cooking quality, and seed increases of this new cultivar were made in collaboration with members of this multi-state group. The QTL mapping research done with the Buster/SER22 RIL population allowed the identification of several genomic regions associated with drought tolerance. Specifically, QTLs related to seed yield, seed size, and leaf temperature were identified and QTL validation is underway. A similar approach will be made with the Stampede/Redhawk population. e-report OREGON: Nothing to report e-report PUERTO RICO: Participant: Tim Porch, USDA-ARS-TARS, Mayaguez, PR. A root rot and low N tolerant small red bean germplasm is being released, TARS-LFR1, in collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico and Cornell U. TARS-LFR1 also has CBB resistance and the I gene, and has good BNF performance. A small cranberry germplasm line with CBB resistance, and low levels of white mold resistance, is being considered for release in collaboration with the U. of Idaho. The second cycle of recurrent selection for drought in the collaborative shuttle breeding with the U. of Nebraska is underway with preliminary yield trials beginning in 2014. The genetics of CBB resistance was studied in collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico, with the identification of two dominant genes from VAX 6. Progress is being made with the evaluation of ashy stem blight resistance in the greenhouse and field, with a diversity analysis conducted on a M. phaseolina collection from Puerto Rico. Evaluations have been completed of the Andean Diversity Panel (ADP) for disease, insect, and abiotic stress response in collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico. Collaborative trials with Cornell U. and CIAT for heat tolerance in snap and dry bean, and with the U. of Saskatchewan for drought in interspecific lines were conducted. A tepary bean shuttle breeding project has been initiated with Colorado State U. in 2013. In collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico and Colorado State U., tepary bean germplasm was released, TARS-Tep 22 and TARS-Tep 32, with improved seed quality and plant architecture and with bruchid, CBB, heat, and drought tolerance. Preliminary evidence indicates that BCMNV resistance has been found in the CIAT tepary collection, the genetics and breeding of this trait will be pursued. e-report PUERTO RICO: Participant: Beaver, J.S. Black bean breeding lines with resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV and bruchids were selected at the Isabela Substation. White bean breeding lines with resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV and rust were evaluated in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Haiti from 2008 to 2011. Mean seed yields were comparable to the check cultivar Verano. Results from screening with specific rust races, conducted by Dr. M.A. Pastor Corrales at Beltsville, MD, suggest that some lines combine the Ur-11, Ur-4 and Ur-5 resistance genes. White bean lines from the cross Verano//PR0003-124/Raven were selected for the presence of the bgm-1 gene and the QTL SW12 for resistance to BGYMV. The lines were also screened for the presence of the bc-3 resistance gene. Four of the most promising lines were screened in the greenhouse at the USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station for reaction to two strains of the common bacterial blight pathogen and found to have useful levels of resistance. The University of Puerto Rico, in collaboration with the USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station, participated in the development and release of TARS-LFR1, a small-red dry bean germplasm which has superior performance in low N soils and root rot resistance and in the release of improved tepary bean germplasm lines. In December 2012, the project planted 1,949 bean breeding lines from Michigan State University in winter nurseries as a cooperative activity of Regional Hatch Project W-2150. Lines from the cross PR0313-58 x VAX 6 were used to study the inheritance of CBB resistance associated with the SCAR marker SU-91. The parents, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations were screened for reaction to common blight in the greenhouse at the University of Puerto Rico using Xap strain 3353. F2:3 lines were evaluated in a screen house at the USDA-ARS-TARS and at the Isabela Substation for common bacterial blight reaction. Preliminary results suggest that two genes confer high levels of resistance common bacterial blight found in VAX 6. White and black bean lines that combine erect architecture, heat tolerance, the bgm gene and the SW12 SCAR for BGYMV resistance, the I gene for resistance to BCMV and high levels of resistance to common bacterial blight were selected from the population.

Agarwal, C., J.M. Osorno, P. McClean, and R. Goswami. 2013. Identification and characterization of new sources of resistance to white mold in dry beans. Annual Rept., Bean Improv. Coop. 56:51-52. Astudillo, C., Fernandez, A., Blair, M., Cichy, K.A. 2013. Phaseolus vulgaris ZIP gene family: identification, characterization, mapping and gene expression. Frontiers in Plant Science. 4:286. Cichy, K.A., A. Fernandez, A. Kilian, J.D. Kelly, C.H. Galeano, S. Shaw, M.A. Brick, D. Hodgkinson, and E. Delorean. 2013. QTL analysis of canning quality and color retention in black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mol Breeding. DOI 10.1007/s11032-013-9940-y. Duncan, R.W., M. Lema, R.L. Gilbertson, and S.P. Singh. 2013. Registration of common bean pinto US14HBR6 resistant to race 6 of the halo blight pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. J. Plant Reg. (in press). Ferreira, J.J., A. Campa, and J.D. Kelly. 2013. 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Kleintop, A.E., Echeverria, D., Brick, L.A., Thompson, H.J., and Brick, M.A. 2013 Adaptation of the AOAC 2011.25 Integrated total dietary fiber assay to determine the dietary fiber and oligosaccharide content of dry edible bean. J. Food Ag. Chemistry. DOI: 10.1021/jf403018k Mukeshimana, G., Y. Ma, A. E. Walworth, G-q. Song, and J. D. Kelly. 2013. Factors influencing regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Biotechnol. Rep. 7:59-70.doi:10.1007/s11816-012-0237-0. Miklas, P.N., L. D. Porter, J. D. Kelly, and J. R. Myers 2013. Characterization of white mold disease avoidance in common bean. European J. Plant Pathology. 135:525543. doi:10.1007/s10658-012-0153-8 Moghaddam, S.M., S. Mamidi, Q. Song, J.M. Osorno, R. Lee, P. Cregan, and P.E. McClean. 2013. Developing marker-class specific indel markers from next generation sequence data in Phaseolus vulgaris. Frontiers in Plant Genetics and Genomics (In Press). 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Agronomy 3:433-461. Porch T.G., C.A. Urrea, J.S. Beaver, S. Valentin, P.A. Peña and J.R. Smith. 2012. Registration of TARS-MST1 and SB-DT1 Multiple-Stress-Tolerant Black Bean Germplasm. J. of Plant Registrations. 6:75-80. Porch T.G. and Hall A.E. Heat Tolerance, In Genomics and Breeding for Climate-Resilient Crops, Vol. 2 Target Traits (Ed. C. Kole). Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany 167-202. 2013. Schwartz, H. F. and Singh, S.P. 2013. Breeding common bean for resistance to white mold: A review. Crop Science 53:1-13. Doi: 10.2135/cropsci2013.02.0081 Schwartz, H.F., Brick, M.A., Ogg, J.B., and McMillan, M.S. 2013. Double row arrangement enhances pinto bean production for upright cultivars. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 56:143-144. Schwartz, H.F., Panella, L.W., Brick, M.A., and Byrne, P.F. 2013. Fusarium wilt and yellows of sugar beet and dry bean. CSU Fact Sheet No. 2.950 (revised), 3 pp. Sousa, L.L., M.C. Gonçalves-Vidigal, A.O. Gonçalves, P.S. Vidigal Filho, H. Awale, and J.D. Kelly. 2013. Molecular mapping of the anthracnose resistance Co-15 gene in the common cultivar Corinthiano. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 56:45-46. Valverde, R.A., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, S. Khankhum, J.M. Osorno, and S. Sabanadzovic. 2013. Endornaviruses recurrently detecte don Mesoamerican but not in Andean bean cultivars. Annual Rept., Bean Improv. Coop. 56:57-58. Vandemark, G. J., M. A. Brick, J. Osorno, J. D. Kelly, and C. Urrea. 2013. Yield gains in edible grain legumes. In S. Smith, J. Specht, B. Diers, and B. Carver (eds.) Yield Gains in Major U.S. Field Crops. CSSA. Madison, WI. (in press). Webb, K.M., Case, A.J., Brick, M.A., Otto, K. and Schwartz, H.F. 2013. Cross pathogenicity and vegetative compatibility of Fusarium oxysporum isolated from sugar beet. Plant Disease 97:1200-1206 dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-12-1051-RE.