Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

See minutes of meetings posted at http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/NERA/NEhome.html

Research conducted has contributed to the knowledge-base needed to make sound choices regarding practices and policies related to the use of sewage biosolids in agriculture. Based on the committee's work, research and extension publications have been produced that provide research-based information on the availability of phosphorus from biosolids, the relation of biosolids application to soil acidification and resultant leaching, an assessment of environmental impacts of biosolids application on a dairy farm, and guidance for dairy farmers regarding land application. Fate and Availability of P from Biosolids, Manure, and Fertilizer.
P-based nutrient management will impact most biosolids land application programs; most state P Indices have been developed for livestock manures, with little explicit consideration of biosolids (or other applied P sources); unless the typically lower solubility of biosolids P is taken into account, site index tools will overestimate P loss from biosolids application sites; sustainability of many land application programs may hinge on the final P-Index model adopted for biosolids. Emerging contaminanats in Biosolids
Sewage biosolids were found to contain brominated flame retardants, PAHs and other contaminants. Persistence in soil of PCBs and PAHs over more than 20 years was found. Metal-Binding Properties of Soils in Long-term Sewage-Sludge Plots.
Standard sequential extraction methods are least selective and meaningful for the most labile metals (Cd, Zn) in sludge-amended soils. Strongly bonded metals such as Cu are more suited to these methods; long-term residual impact of sewage sludge amendment may decrease the lability of some metals (e.g., Pb, Ni) while increasing others ( Cd, Zn); residual solids (mineral and organic) from sludges added to soils do not necessarily increase the strength of Cd binding to soils, and for some sludge types, may decrease Cd binding. Cd, Zn in sludged soils are more available than control even 25yrs later. Cu and Pb were not. Ni was less available, depending on type of sludge. Additive Phytotoxicity of Cu and Zn In Soybeans.
Soil characteristics are important in determining phytotoxicity of Cu and Zn in soybeans; CaCl2 extractable metal concentration can be a good indicator of the bioavailable fraction of Cu and Zn in soils; phytotoxicity of Cu and Zn in soybeans has some degree of additivity. Residual Sludge Mo Availability to Soybean.
Mo seed concentrations were within normal ranges in soybean, but seed tissue concentrations were increased by sludge application, much more than foliage; agreement was fairly good between Mo determinations from ICP-OES and GF-AAS; Ontarios current maximum permissible Mo loading of 94 mg Mo/kg of dried sludge may be not protective, as Mo input in this study was well below the current guideline. Worms and Worms, Nematodes and Vermicomposting.
No significant reduction in ascaris through vermicomposting was found; many tests (EPA method) do not effectively detect ascaris; biosolids may not have ascaris to begin with. Hence the use of Ascaris as an indicator species may not be appropriate. Use of Synthetic Fibers to Detect Sludge Application.
Synthetic fibers are used to identify sludge-applied soils. They were detectable in field site soils up to 15 yrs after application, retaining the characteristics seen in sludge products. Recovery was semi-quantitative after 5 years in soil columns. Water Quality Impacts of Biosolids as Landscape Amendments
Biosolid additions to soils result in increased nitrate and ammonium leaching after application. In general, NO3- leaching was much higher than NH4+ indicating a well-aerated environment. Trace element leaching is higher under biosolid treatments than under natural soils or topsoil additions. Greatest losses of nitrate and ammonium and trace elements are from mixed treatments. All trace elements concentrations are below EPA drinking water standards Parasites in biosolids - detection and destruction
Pathogens of concern include viruses (those not encapsulated), bacteria (those that survive well or form spores), protozoa (mainly in effluent stream), and helminthes (mainly in solids stream). Class B biosolids contain the eggs of helminthes, probably Ascaris lumbricoides. Class A biosolids must be tested to verify that Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, salmonella, and the poliovirus are destroyed. The process is tested, not the specific compost. Routine chlorination does not routinely kill Giardia and Cryptosporidium that are not degraded by the aeration treatment of the water. Most protozoa are found in large numbers. Giardia/mouse (plant pilot) studies show UV treatment of treated effluent will provide > 3 log reductions in viable cysts, chlorine dioxide treatment of the effluent will provide > 3 log reductions, and municipality now looking at combination treatments to push the value to 4 logs of reduction. Ascaris/UV work was done because of concern that foodstuff will be contaminated with human pathogens. Ascaris is more difficult to kill than other pathogens and can be used as a "worse case scenario" organism to test processes. Research shows tanned Ascaris eggs with an outer coat, the stage passed in feces, are much more difficult to kill with UV than either Cryptosporidium or MS2 phage. Curves have been generated that can be used to assess parameters needed for food safety. Future biosolids work includes examining the use of Sentinel Chambers for determining the production of Class A material, examining the possibility of using ATAD-Class A sludge as a base for green mulch seeding material, and examining surrogates for ability to replace Ascaris eggs in proving processes are Class A in full-scale systems.

See also: http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/NERA/NEpublications.htm Akhand N.A., D. Lapen, E. Topp, M. Edwards, R. Roy, B. Ball Coelho, L. Sabourin, P. Duenk, M. Payne. 2005. Evaluation of MACRO for Simulating Liquid Municipal Biosolid and Precipitation Induced Flow in Structured Soils: South-Western Ontario, Canada. Manuscript accepted for publishing in the Agricultural Water Management on April 27, Paper no. AGWAT 356. Akhand N.A., D. Lapen, E. Topp, M. Edwards, R. Roy, B. Ball Coelho, L. Sabourin, P. Duenk, M. Payne. 2004. Modeling Preferential Flow and Risk of Biosolid Contamination to Tile Drains Using a Dual Porosity Model. Paper No. 042238. Proceedings of the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, August 1-4. Ottawa, ON Akhtar, M.S., T.S. Steenhuis, B.K. Richards, and M.B. McBride. 2003. Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam soil Columns. Vadose Zone Journal. 2:715-727. Barker, A.V. 2001. Evaluation of Composts for Growth of Grass Sods. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32: 1841-1860. Barker, A.V. and G.M. Bryson. 2002. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Organic Toxicants by Composting. The Scientific World 2:407-420. Bean C.L., J.J. Brabants, G. Widmer, G. Batzer, H. Balkin and A.B. Margolin. 2005. Class B Alkaline Stabilization to Achieve Pathogen Inactivation.submitted. Beecher, N., E.Z. Harrison, N. Goldstein, M. McDaniel, P. Field and L. Susskind. 2005. Risk Perception, Risk Communication and Stakeholder Involvement for Biosolids Management and Research. Journal of Environmental Quality 34:122-128. Brabants J.J.and A.B. Margolin. 2005. Inactivation of Adenovirus Type 5, Rotavirus Wa and Male Specific Bacteriophage During Class B Lime Stabilization. Water Environment Research Foundation:accepted. Brandt, R.C. and H.A. Elliott. 2005. Sensitivity Analysis of the Pennsylvania Phosphorus Index for Agricultural Recycling of Municipal Biosolids. J. Soil Water Cons. 60:209-219. Brandt, R.C., H.A. Elliott and G.A. O'Connor. 2004. Water-Extractable Phosphorus in Biosolids: Implications for Land-Based Recycling. Water Environment Research. 76(2):121-129. Brandt, R.C., H.A. Elliott and G.A. O'Connor. 2002. Comparative Evaluation of Water Extractable P in Biosolids and Llivestock Manures. Proc.16th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Conference. March 3-6, 2002. Austin, TX. Brandt, R.C., H.A. Elliott and G.A. O'Connor. 2001. Comparative Evaluation of Water Extractable Phosphorus in Biosolids and Livestock Manures. Poster. Southern Extension-Research Activity (SERA-17) Annual Committee Meeting, State College, PA. June 19-20. Brandt, R.C., H.A. Elliott and G.A. O'Connor. 2004. Water Extractable Phosphorus in Biosolids: Implication for Land-Based Recycling. Water Environment Research 76:121-129. Bryson, G.M. 2004. Phytoextraction of Zinc from Soils. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Bryson, G.M. and A.V. Barker. 2002. Sodium Accumulation in Soils and Plants Along Massachusetts Roadsides. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 33:67-78. Bryson, G.M. and A.V. Barker. 2002. Determination of Optimal Fertilizer Concentration Range for Tomatoes Grown in Peat-Based Medium. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 33:759-777. Chu, F-L., A.K. Volety, R.C. Hale and Y. Huang. 2002. Cellular Responses and Disease Expression in Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) Exposed to Field Contaminated Sediments. Mar. Envir. Res. 53:17-35. Ciparis S. and R.C. Hale. 2005. Bioavailability of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants in Biosolids and Spiked Sediment to the Aquatic Oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24(4):916-925. Elliott, H.A., R.C. Brandt and G.A. OConnor. 2005. Runoff Phosphorus Losses from Surface-Applied Biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 34:1632-1639. Elliott, H.A., G.A. OConnor and S. Brinton. 2002. Phosphorus Leaching From Biosolids-Amended Sandy Soils. J. Environ. Qual. 31:681-689. Elliott, H.A., G.A. OConnor, P. Lu and S. Brinton. 2002. Influence of water treatment residuals on phosphorus solubility and leaching. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1362-1369. Elliott, H.A., J. Womer, J-H. Kang, R.C. Brandt and G.A. O'Connor. 2005. Neutral Ammonium Citrate Extraction of Biosolids Phosphorus. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 36:2447-2459. Hale, R.C. 2002. Emerging Environmental Pollutants. Vignette for Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology. Second Edition. M. Newman and M. Unger. Lewis Publishers. Hale, R.C. and M.J. La Guardia. 2001. Directions in Science: Synthetic Organic Pollutants in Land-Applied Sewage Sludges. The ScientificWorld 1, 10-13. Hale, R.C. and M.J. La Guardia. 2002. Emerging contaminants of concern in coastal and estuarine environments. Chapter 3 in Risk Assessment in Coastal and Estuarine Environments. Ed. M.C. Newman, M.H. Roberts Jr. and R.C. Hale. pp. 41-72. Hale, R.C. and M.J. La Guardia. Have risks associated with the presence of synthetic organic contaminants in land-applied sewage sludges been adequately assessed? 2002. New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 12:371-386. Hale, R.C., M.J. La Guardia, E. Harvey and T.M. Mainor. 2002. The potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment. Chemosphere 46:729-735. Hale, R.C., M.J. La Guardia, E. Harvey, M.O. Gaylor and T.M. Mainor. 2005. Brominated Flame Retardant Concentrations and Trends in Abiotic Media. Chemosphere 64:181-186. Hamlin, R.L., C. Schatz, and A.V. Barker. 2003. Zinc accumulation in Brassica juncea as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition. J. Plant Nutrit. 26: 177-190. Harrison, E.Z. and M. Eaton. 2001. The role of municipalities in regulating the land application of sewage sludges and septage. Natural Resources Journal 41:77-123. Harrison, E.Z. and M. Moffe. 2003. Septage quality and its effect on field life for land applications. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39(1):87-97. Harrison, E.Z. and S. R. Oakes. 2002. Investigation of alleged health incidents associated with land application of sewage sludges. New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 12:387-408. Harrison, E.Z, L. Telega, M.B, McBride, S. Bossard, L. Chase, D. Bouldin and K. Czymmek. 2003. "Considerations for Dairy Farms Regarding Use of Sewage Sludges, Sludge Products, and Septage." Cornell Waste Management Institute publication. Hu, Y. and A.V. Barker. 2004. Effects of Composts and Their Combinations With Other Materials on Nutrient Accumulation in Tomato Leaves. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35(19-20):2809-2923. Hu, Y. and A.V. Barker. 2004. Evaluation of Composts and Their Combinations With Other Materials on Tomato Growth. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35(19-20):2789-2807. Katz, B.D. and A.B. Margolin. 2005. Inactivation of Hepatitis A HM-175/18f, Reovirus Type 1and Male Specific Bacteriophage During Alkaline Stabilization of Biosolids.submitted. Krogmann, U. and H.-N. Chiang. 2002. Selected nutrients and heavy metals in sewage sludge from New Jersey POTWs. JAWRA 38: 681-692. Krogmann, U. and V. Gibson. 2002. Integrating development of extension materials and formative informal evaluation: Land application of sewage sludge as a case example. J. of Extension 41, www.joe.org/joe/2003february/a1.shtml. Krogmann, U., V. Gibson and C. Chess. 2001. Land application of sewage sludge: perceptions of New Jersey vegetable farmers. Waste Manage. Res. 19(2):115-125. La Guardia, M.J., R.C. Hale, E.P. Harvey, E.O. Bush, T.M. Mainor and M.O. Gaylor. 2004. Organic Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge (Biosolids). Journal of Residuals Science & Technology. 1(2):111-122. La Guardia, M.J., R.C. Hale, E.P. Harvey, E.O. Bush, T.M. Mainor and M.O. Gaylor. 2003. Emerging Chemicals of Concern in Biosolids. Proc. WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Baltimore, MD. Session 18. La Guardia, M.J., R.C. Hale, E.P. Harvey, E.O. Bush, T.M. Mainor and M.O. Gaylor. 2002. The Fate of Wastewater Treatment of Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. DC Water and Sewer Authority Workshop on Endocrine Disrupters. April 16. La Guardia, M.J., R.C. Hale, E.P. Harvey and T.M. Mainor. 2001. Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Degradation Products in Land Applied Sewage Sludges (biosolids). Env. Sci. Technol. 35:4798-4804. Markis, K.C., W.G. Harris, G.A. OConnor, T.A. Obreza and H.A. Elliott. 2005. Physicochemical Properties Related to Long-term Phosphorus Retention by Drinking-Water Treatment Residuals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:4280-4289. Martinez, C.E., A.R. Jacobsen and M.B. McBride. 2004. Lead Phosphate Minerals: Solubility and Dissolution by Model and Natural Ligands. Environmental Science and Technology 38:5584-5590. Martinez, C.E., A.R. Jacobson and M.B. McBride. 2003. Aging and temperature effects on DOC and elemental release from a metal contaminated soil. Environ. Poll. 122:135-143. Martinez, C.E., M.B. McBride, M.T. Kandianis, J.M. Duxbury, S.-J. Yoon and W.F. Bleam. 2002. Zinc-sulfur and cadmium-sulfur association in metalliferous peats: Evidence from spectroscopy, distribution coefficients, and phytoavailability. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:3683-3689. McBride, M.B. 2005. Molybdenum and Copper Uptake by Forage Grasses and Legumes Grown on a Metal-Contaminated Sludge Site. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 36:2489-2501. McBride, M.B. 2003. Cadmium concentration limits in agricultural soils: weaknesses in USEPA's risk assessment and the 503 rule. Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 9(3): 661-674. McBride, M.B. 2003. Toxic Metals in Sewage Sludge-Amended Soils: Has Promotion of Beneficial use Discounted the Risks? Advances in Environmental Research. 8:5-19. McBride, M.B. 2002. Cadmium uptake by crops estimated from soil total Cd and pH. Soil Sci. 167:62-67. McBride, M.B. 2001. Cupric ion activity in peat soil as a toxicity indicator for maize. Journal of Environmental Quality. 30:78-84. McBride, M.B. and J. Cherney. 2004. Molybdenum, Sulfur and Other Trace Elements in Farm Soils and Forages After Sewage Sludge Application. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 35:517-535. McBride, M.B. and L.J. Evans. 2002. Trace metal extractability in soils and uptake by bromegrass 20 years after sewage sludge application. Can. J. Soil Sci. 82:323-333. McBride, M. B. and B. Hale. 2004. Molybdenum Extractability in Soils and Uptake by Alfalfa 20 Years after Sewage Sludge Application. Soil Sci. 169:505-514. McBride, M.B. and B.K. Richards. "Testing soils for trace metals from land-applied wastes." Working paper for NE 1001. McBride, M.B. and G. Spiers. 2001. Trace Element Content of Selected Fertilizers and Dairy Manures as Determined by ICP-MS. Comm. Soil Sci. 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