Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Program and Minutes for W3185 Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, CA, Oct. 3-5, 2012 Wednesday Oct. 3, 2012 Registration, social time (3:00 - 6:00) Room check-in available after 4:00 pm Dinner (6:00 - 7:00 pm) Social (7:00 - 10:00 pm) Thursday Oct. 4, 2012 Breakfast (7:30 - 8:30) General Session (9:00 - 12:00) 9:00 W-3185 announcements, western AES issues - David Thompson (NMSU) " W3185 went through the approval process this year with no problems. Welcome to another 5 years! " The Western Reg. Ag. Exp. Station office has a new person working on Impact Statements. She will be contacting members for photos etc. in the next few weeks. " Quite a few people have yet to re-apply for official membership. 9:10 Coordination of invasive species efforts at the national level and funding opportunities from NIFA - Bob Nowierski (USDA-NIFA) " Started with an overview of the EDRR system (early detection / rapid response) " Overview of the USDA-NIFA current and future grant programs, as well as the AFRI program. Good places to look for funding will be the Plant Health/Production section and the Food Security sub-program. 9:30 Permitting of first-time releases of biocontrol organisms: NEPA, ESA, TAG reviews and Permitting Policy - Bob Tichenor (USDA-APHIS-PPQ Permitting Branch) 10:00 An overview of key biological control programs in the Northeast - Dick Casagrande (University of Rhode Island) 10:20 Break 10:40 Adoption of biological control by citrus growers - Kelly Grogan, University of Florida 11:00 European Biological Control Laboratory projects - Kim Hoelmer & René Sforza (USDA-ARS-EBCL) 11:20 Field evaluation of the grassfly Dicraeus sabroskyi (Dipt. Chloropidae), a potential candidate for biocontrol of medusahead - René Sforza (USDA-ARS-EBCL) 11:30 Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) and international permitting regulations - Kim Hoelmer (USDA-ARS-EBCL) & open discussion " Discussion of ABS issues. IOBC Global website has a ppt file on ABS from the Korea Intl. Ent. Meeting this past summer. Lunch (12:00 - 1:00 pm) Biological Control of insects (1:30 - 4:30 pm) 1:30 Coevolution and the effects of climate change on interacting species - Tobin Northfield (U of Wisconsin) 2:10 Spring weather and cereal leaf beetle parasitism - Ted Evans (Utah State University) 2:30 Impact of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in the Mid-Atlantic States and the Prospects for Biological Control - Kim Hoelmer (USDA-ARS-EBCL) 2:50 Break 3:10 Goldspotted oak borer biological control: progress and future directions - Vanessa Lopez (UC Riverside) 3:30 Glassy-winged sharpshooter - David Morgan (CDFA) 3:50 Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers (ANBP) today and the status of the commercial insectary industry - Lynn LeBeck (UC Berkeley) 4:10 Revisiting Release Strategies in Biological Control: an Analysis of Agent Releases Made in Oregon - Fritzi Grevstad (Oregon State University), Eric Coombs and Peter McEvoy Future Plans (4:30 - 5:30 pm) Tim Collier, 2013 meeting at Jackson Hole, WY " Tim gave a presentation overview of the venue for the 2013 meeting in Wyoming. We will be at the Wort Hotel. Other hotels are in the area if needed. He might organize a side trip if there is sufficient interest. Dates are Oct. 1-3, 2013. Mark Wright, 2014 meeting at Molokai, HI " Mark discussed the Hawaii 2014 meeting briefly, but will have more information to present next year. Election of officers (Member-at-Large for 2015). " After discussion by the attendees, Jeff Littlefield was contacted via email/phone and agreed to be the Member-at-Large and Chair the meeting in 2015. He had previously indicated interest, but was not in attendance at this meeting. Selection of 2015 meeting location " Bozeman, MT (see above). Discussion of forming a non-profit organization to maintain fiscal records and help for the W3185 Chair Link Smith proposed 3 ways of dealing with finances in the future. Because hotels can require a deposit a year advance of a meeting, and the Chair (or entity signing a contract) can be fiscally liable for un-booked rooms), it would be advantageous to have some form of policy in place. His 3 options were: 1. Form a non-profit 2. Have a larger society sponsor us 3. Or do nothing&status quo. " After much discussion of the pros and cons, forming a non-profit gained momentum. A motion was made by Greg Simmons (USDA-APHIS) to form a committee and go forward with structuring a non-profit. Andrew Norton (Colo. State) seconded the motion. A vote showed a unanimous approval to go ahead. (21 yes). Motion was carried. " Volunteers to help with this included: Andrew Norton, Greg Simmonds, Tim Collier (U. Wyoming), and Mark Wright (U. Hawaii). " It was suggested to check some of the ESA Branches for samples of By-Laws. Dinner (6:00 - 7:00 pm) Social (7:00 - 10:00 pm) Friday Oct. 5, 2012 Breakfast (7:30 - 8:30) BC of weeds (9:00 - 12:00) 9:00 Update on CABI activities - Hariet Hinz (CABI) [via WebEx] 9:20 Extreme differences in population structure and genetic diversity for invasive knotweed species in western North America: Implications for biological control - John F. Gaskin (USDA-ARS), M. Schwarzländer, F. Grevstad, M. Haverhals, R. Bouchier, T. Miller 9:40 Advances in Biological Control of Arundo donax - John A. Goolsby (USDA-ARS), Patrick Moran, Alex Racelis, Don Thomas, Beto Perez de Leon, Alan Kirk, Guy Mercadier, Massimo Cristofaro, Kenneth Summy, Mike Grusak and Maricela Martinez Jimenez 10:00 (10 min) Update on biological control of waterhyacinth and development of biological control of arundo in Northern California - Patrick J. Moran (USDA-ARS) and Michael J. Pitcairn 10:10 Break (11 am check-out time) 10:30 Should plant-mediated indirect interactions among herbivores be considered in weed biological control programs? - Jim Nechols (Kansas State University) 10:50 Wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella) cryptic biotypes with divergent host ranges: Implication for using Eriophyidae for biological control of invasive grasses - Brian Rector (USDA-ARS) 11:10 Galling fly, Parafreutreta regalis, and mining moth, Digitivalva delaireae, proposed for biological control of Cape-ivy: status update and efficacy evaluations - John C. Herr, Chris Mehelis, Angelica Reddy, and Patrick Moran (USDA-ARS) 11: 30 Assessing risk to a crop, safflower, by the yellow starthistle rosette weevil - Massimo Cristofaro (ENEA- C.R. Casaccia), Alessio De Biase, Lincoln Smith 12:00 Group Photo Lunch (12:00 - 1:00 pm) [Hotel check-out by 11:00 am]

ACCOMPLISHMENTS Goal A: Import and Establish Effective Natural Enemies Objective 1. Survey indigenous natural enemies. Surveys for natural enemies of arthropod and weed pests were conducted either in the native home of the pest or within the country of invasion. Several of these surveys are highlighted. Surveys were conducted for the presence of natural enemies on Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius in California. Other California surveys included looking for mealybug natural enemies in Californias San Joaquin Valley and Coastal wine grapes, and surveys of resident olive fruit fly natural enemies on the orchard floor and in the canopy. Results show that when the olive fly larvae drop to the orchard floor to pupate, they are easy prey for foraging ants. In addition, a released natural enemy, Psyttalia lounsburyi, has established in coastal CA areas. Populations of light brown apple moth were surveyed for resident natural enemies in the San Francisco Bay area. Egg and larval parasitoids and generalist predators were found. Another survey focused on predators feeding on the lettuce aphid. Objective 2. Conduct foreign exploration and ecological studies in native range of pest. Several institutions in the western US conducted foreign exploration and importation of natural enemies for both new and established arthropod and weed pests this past year. Work included looking for biocontrol agents for the following species: Foreign exploration for natural enemies of cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus and R. annulatus is in the planning stages. The arundo scale, Rhizaspidiotus donacis has established in Texas and populations are expanding at the release sites. The arundo wasp, Tetramesa romana is now established along the entire length of the Rio Grande from Del Rio to Brownsville. Molecular characterization shows that multiple genotypes from Spain and France have established. A parasitic wasp was received from Europe for the olive psyllid. This Psyllaphaegus sp. is being maintained in quarantine at UC Berkeley. In 2012, galls of A. acroptilonica and J. ivannikovi as well as of two biological control candidates, the tephritid flies Urophora xanthippe and U. kasachstanica for Russian knapweed, were collected in Uzbekistan and shipped to the quarantine facility at Montana State University, Bozeman. Many of these exploratory trips are only partially successful. Species sent to quarantine facilities must survive the trip and reproduce. Subsequent cultures will then be used for non-target host testing and evaluation for potential release. (See Objective No. 4). An accomplishment related to successful foreign exploration goals, was the finalized refurbishment of the University of Guam Biological Control Laboratory and associated laboratories on the UOG campus. Recertification by USDA-APHIS was obtained in September 2012, and biological control related activities recommenced in early October 2012. The facility includes two restricted access rooms reserved for the introduction of permitted exotic biological control agents, with temperature and light control as well as containment features required by USDA. The remainder of the facility includes a non-secured rearing room with light and temperature control and ample laboratory bench space. The renovations included other improvements to render the entire facility more resistant to the numerous typhoons and earthquakes that regularly occur on Guam. Objective 3. Determine systematics and biogeography of pests and natural enemies. Systematics studies generate both molecular and morphological data that are essential to distinguishing between biotypes of both pests and natural enemies. These data also provide information about species biogeography, which ultimately helps select the best biological control species. Cales noacki (Aphelinidae) is an imported parasitoid of the wooly whitefly on citrus and the red-banded whitefly on avocado. A previously unknown cryptic species was identified using molecular markers in a highly localized area in a citrus grove on the UCR campus. Identification of the new species complex, which may have different biology and environmental preference, has tremendous potential to isolate new populations of Cales that may better control whitefly in the drier interior desert regions of California where control is currently limited. With collaborators in Argentina, research continues on parasites of the imported fire ant in South America and of the little fire ant (in the Caribbean and Central America). A trip in 2013 will focus on populations of Orasema minutissima, which is attacking little fire ant in Trinidad for comparison with the Caribbean populations. This latter species is a promising control agent for invasive populations of the LRF in the Pacific. More than 1000 specimens of Aphelinidae, Trichogrammatidae and other Chalcidoidea were curated and added to the Entomology Research Museum (UC-Riverside) collection of parasitic Hymenoptera. A National Science Foundation grant is in progress to study the species of Coccophaginae, which are a diverse group of parasitoids attacking whiteflies and armored scales. Extensive work has been done on European grapevine moth biogeography, based on molecular studies and scientists are currently analyzing the data to determine where California populations originated. Morphological studies of Aceria mites extracted from Russian knapweed plants used in open-field experiments in Iran in 2011 revealed that at least three different Aceria species are associated with Acroptilon repens. The goal is to characterize the different mite species by morphological and molecular means, and to assess which plant parts are attacked by which mite species. Preliminary results indicate that the flower heads are colonized by two mite species, but that the species which morphologically corresponds with the original description of Aceria acroptiloni makes up some 95-100 % of all mites found in flower heads. Objective 4. Determine environmental safety of exotic candidates prior to release. Many non-target studies and host-specificity tests are underway. Examples follow. Non target studies on the olive fruit fly parasitoid, Psyttalia ponerophaga, are being completed. The rust, Puccinia spegazzinii, was found to occur on M. micrantha throughout the native range of the plant and a variety of pathotypes were tested for efficacy in M. micrantha control as well as for host-plant specificity. While none of the other test plants became infected with the rust or showed any reaction to the inoculation with rust basidiospores, M. micrantha plants inoculated were always fully infected. Host specificity testing of the crown moth Oporopsamma wertheimsteini against rush skeletonweed continued in 2012. Scientists performed no-choice tests on 27 plant species, including rush skeletonweed controls. Fifty four plant species plus several cultivars and three C. juncea biotypes have thus far been tested. A petition to release the gall mite Aceria drabae against hoarycress was submitted to TAG in March of 2012. Host specificity tests for Larinus filiformis against yellow starthistle and French broom were conducted. Host range studies with R. pilosa and R. brondelii against toadflax were continued. Between 2006 and 2012, 90 plant species or populations were included in gall induction tests with R. brondelii, of which 55 were native North American species. Results indicate that R. brondelii appears to be slightly more specific than R. pilosa. Objective 5. Release, establish and redistribute natural enemies. Many releases and redistributions of natural enemies (tens of thousands) were carried out against pests in 2012. Pest species include (but were not limited to): Dalmation toadflax, diffuse and spotted knapweed, purple loosestrife, rush skeletonweed, Russian thistle, St. Johnswort, poison hemlock, Canada thistle, yellow starthistle, field bindweed, tansy ragwort, common mullein, Russian knapweed, water hyacinth, olive fruit fly, vine mealybug, spider and broad mites, and arundo scale. Most of these projects required collecting or rearing the natural enemies and releasing them at many sites, followed by evaluating their establishment. Objective 6. Evaluate natural enemy efficacy and study ecological/physiological basis for interactions. Researchers in Oregon have developed new ways to diagnose and exploit vulnerable phases of weed and pest life cycles by combining factorial experiments and structured population models. These methods take us beyond traditional reliance on trial and error in selection natural enemies for biological control of invasive species. They have also shown how contrasting outbreaks of insect pests and biological control organisms can be fruitful for understanding, predicting, and managing population growth, movement, spatial spread, and impacts of insect species with eruptive dynamics. A spatial distribution study was started to characterize the within-site population distribution of Bradyrrhoa adults and larvae (in skeletonweed) in relation to host density. We hope to delineate the population build-up of the moth, plant size preference and potential impact on skeletonweed. Fields of small grains (wheat, barley, and oats) in northern Utah were sampled weekly throughout the growing season to assess rates of parasitism of the cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) by the parasitoid Tetrastichus julius (Eulophidae). The efficacy of introduced ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) in spreading through North America from sites of initial establishment was examined: differences in body size among species accounted for much of the variability in the rate of spread, likely as associated with both increased fecundity and increased dispersal capability with larger body size. Lab and field studies were conducted on the efficacy of Habrobracon gelechiae as a parasitoid of light brown apple moth and oblique banded leafroller. Goal B: Conserve Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control of Target Pests. Objective 7. Characterize and identify pest and natural enemy communities and their interactions. Evaluating effect of adult body size on reproduction in the lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata, showed that temporal patterns for several reproductive fitness parameters, including size of individual lady beetle eggs and clutch size, varied as adult females aged. Results demonstrate for the first time in Coleoptera that changes in both egg size and number occur as a function of female age. They also provide quantitative evidence of the importance of adult body size for reproductive success and, thus, for biological control. Stands of squarrose knapweed in Utah were sampled over the growing season to evaluate effectiveness of seed-feeding insects (Urophora quadrifasciata and Larinus minutus) that now occur broadly throughout the region. A three-year field study examined the bottom-up and top-down factors affecting Bemisia tabaci populations in cotton. Census data and field-based life table studies have demonstrated that pest populations are mainly regulated by top-down forces, primarily generalist arthropod predators, and levels of this biological control are not mediated by plant quality. Studies were completed on use of alyssum and other floral plant species to retain or attract aphid predators, particular syrphid species found in Californias coastal lettuce fields as a control of the lettuce aphid. Objective 8. Identify and assess factors potentially disruptive to biological control. Predation pressure and microclimate limitations were assessed for D. carinulata survival on Tamarix at multiple locations in Montana. Field studies were continued to study the selectivity of several new insecticides for whitefly control. Results confirmed the selectivity of spirotetramat, rynaxypyr and cyazypyr for whitefly; natural enemies were largely unaffected. A series of controlled laboratory studies are underway to measure potential impacts of transgenic Bt crops on a range of natural enemy species (Chrysoperla, Coleomagilla, Geocoris, Orius, Cotesia). Protocols involve tri-trophic exposure scenarios in which the prey or host are fed on Bt crops and then exposed to predators or parasitoids. To control for prey or host quality mediated effects, Bt resistance and susceptible prey and hosts are being employed. Results have uniformly shown neutral effects of Bt proteins on these natural enemies. The effects of predatory mites on population growth of the eriophyid mite, Aceria salsolae, on Russian thistle were studied. Objective 9. Implement and evaluate habitat modification, horticultural practices, and pest suppression tactics to conserve natural enemy activity. Efforts were made to develop an IPM approach to control T. marianae on eggplant in Guam. Lab experiments determined the optimal combination of petroleum spray oil (Volck® oil spray) with release of Neoseiulus californicus. Additional studies evaluated the viability of the predatory mites on Guam. The combination of N. californicus with petroleum spray oils produced significant control of T. marianae and did not affect the survival of N. californicus. The release of N. californicus at 200 individuals per plant reduced populations of T. marianae more than did other release rates. In addition, N. californicus was able to survive and become established after being released on Guam. Large plot field studies were conducted in 2012 to develop baseline data for incorporating the density and activity of natural enemies into action thresholds for managing Bemisia tabaci in cotton. Different rates of a known broad-spectrum insecticide were used to manipulate predator: prey ratios and attempt to determine the levels of these ratios needed to either suppress pest populations or require the need for remedial insecticidal control. Studies included the proximity of vineyards to natural riparian or oak ecosystems on the number and species diversity of beneficial arthropods, particularly spiders, and the resultant numbers of leafhopper pests. This study included an invasive spider, and posed the question of whether this good predator was a beneficial or disruptive natural enemy in the vineyard ecosystem. Goal C: Augment Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control Efficacy. Objective 10. Assess biological characteristics of natural enemies. The effect of temperature on development, survival and reproduction of Arytinnis hakani on French broom was measured. The pea aphid facultative intracellular bacterial symbiont, Hamiltonella defensa, confers defense against its specialized parasitoid wasp natural enemies, but these defenses may be overcome by superparasitism (oviposition of 2 or more eggs). We found that wasps discriminate among symbiont-infected and uninfected aphids, and preferentially lay 2 or more eggs in infected aphids. In spring 2012, new field sites were identified in Uzbekistan and in Iran to further assess the ecological host range of the fruit attacking moth Ananarsia eleagnella. At each of these field sites, fruits from test plant species and from Russian olive were collected in late summer/autumn; any lepidopteran larvae found in the fruits will be reared to adulthood and sent to taxonomists for identification. Objective 11. Develop procedures for rearing, storing, quality control and release of natural enemies, and conduct experimental releases to assess feasibility. A second attempt was made at the quarantine rearing of Ceutorhynchus assimilis (root galling weevil of Lepidium draba) from France on USA L. draba. A first attempt at quarantine rearing of Amblypalpis tamaricella was made from Kazakhstan on USA Tamarix spp. Adult mating and oviposition took place on plants during summer 2012, with some gall formation on a subset of exposed plants. Methods for mass rearing of the arundo wasp have been developed and recently published in a book on mass rearing of beneficial organisms. A laboratory study was conducted to assess the effect of adult food availability on two species of lady beetles, Coleomegilla maculata and Hippodamia convergens. The number of eggs laid per oviposition bout fluctuated in direct response to adult food availability in both species. Egg size, which could influence offspring fitness, responded to food availability for adult females, but only in H. convergens. The use of cold storage for parasitoids of the olive fruit fly was investigated in order to provide material during key periods of the season, when olives and rearing become difficult. Objective 12. Implement augmentation programs and evaluate efficacy of natural enemies. Results have been reported under other objectives. Goal D: Evaluate Environmental and Economic Impacts and Raise Public Awareness of Biological Control. Objective 13. Evaluate the environmental and economic impacts of biological control agents. Studies to document the impact of Arundo donax on water use are on-going. The potentially adverse effect of the introduction and establishment of the exotic ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata, on the rare native species Coccinella novemnotata was examined: diminished body size of individuals of the native species in recent years in western states could reflect competitive effects of the introduced species. Experimental studies and demonstration projects over the past 15 years have clearly shown the significant impact of biological control in managing the key pests of cotton in the western U.S. Comprehensive IPM systems have been developed and deployed that utilize the fundamentals tactics of biological control, host plant resistances, sampling and decision aids, prescriptive application of selective insecticides and various cultural methods. This IPM program has been widely adopted and implemented in Arizona, California and other parts of the world. In Arizona it has contributed to unprecedented reductions in the use of all insecticides for cotton pest management. Since 1996, when the program was introduced, insecticide use has dropped nearly 90% and producers have enjoyed over US$380 million in savings from pest loss and insecticide costs. Over the past several years no insecticides have been applied by about 25% of cotton producers in the region; in 2011, 29% of growers did not spray Objective 14. Develop and implement outreach activities for biological control programs. In 2012 approximately 30 quarantine personnel from the CNMI, the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia were trained in the importance of natural enemies in regulating populations of invasive insect pests in Micronesia, with special recognition of the potential impact of Hemiptera and ants if not intercepted or detected at or shortly after introduction to the islands. This activity was the 10th of its kind hosted by the University of Guam and sponsored jointly by the Secretariat of the Pacific Commission, the Guam Department of Agriculture and USDA-APHIS. A series of one-page Extension Circulars developed to highlight the identification, biology and biological control potential of some common arthropod predators in the cotton system (spiders, big-eyed bugs, assassin bugs, Collops beetles) were translated into Spanish and distributed to growers, pest control advisors, county extension personnel and other industry representatives in AZ and Mexico in 2012. They were also posted on the Arizona Crop Information Site (http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/). Work is underway on an Extension bulletin on natural enemies in Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas field crops. The USDA-ARS Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit in Albany, CA hosted visits by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Invasive Species Leadership Team in September 2012, and by two scientists from the SENASA of Argentina. Intensive training in biological control methods and information on current EIW projects were provided.

PUBLICATIONS ISSUED AND MANUSCRIPTS APPROVED Acebes, A.L., Messing, R.H. 2012. Comparative susceptibility to hyperparasitism of Binodoxys communis and Aphidius colemani, primary aphid parasitoids introduced to Hawaii. Biological Control http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.09.003. Albuquerque, G. S., Tauber, C. A., & Tauber, M. J. 2012. Green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): predatory life-styles. Pages 593-631. In A. R. Panizzi and J. R. P. Parra (eds.), Insect Bioecology and Nutrition for Integrated Pest Management. CRC Press. Andreas, J., E. M. Coombs, J. Milan, G. L. Piper, and M. Schwarzlaender. 2012. Biological control, pp. 1-7. In E. Peachey, D. Ball, A. Hulting, T. Miller, D. Morishita, and P. Hutchinson (eds.), Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook. Ext. Serv., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Asiimwe, P., L. Brown, T. Vandervoet, P. Ellsworth, & S. Naranjo. 2011. Big-eyed bugs have a big appetite for pests. Field Crop IPM Shorts, Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona, Tucson. 8/2011. (Spanish version 6/2012) Brown, L., T. Vandervoet, P. Ellsworth & S. Naranjo. 2011. Assassin bugs top the food web. Field Crop IPM Shorts, Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona, Tucson. 8/2011. (Spanish version 6/2012) Callaway, R.M., Schaffner, U., Thelen, G.C., Khamraev, A., Juginisov, T. and Maron, J.L. 2012. Impact of Acroptilon repens on co-occurring native plants is greater in the invaders non-native range. Biological Invasions. Online first, DOI 10.1007/s10530-011-0145-1 Caspi-Fluger, A., N. Mozes-Daube, M. Inbar, N. Katzir, V. Portnoy, E. Belausov, M.S. Hunter, and E. Zchori-Fein 2012. Horizontal transmission of the insect symbiont Rickettsia is plant-mediated. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 279: 1791-1796 Cheng, Ling Lan, James R. Nechols, David C. Margolies, James F. Campbell, Ping Shih Yang, Chien Chung Chen and Chiu Tung Lu. 2012 . Efficacy of Mallada basalis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on two species of papaya mites, Tetranychus kanzawai and Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae), at different predator: prey release ratios. J. Asia-Pacific Entomology 15: 142-146. Cheng, Ling Lan, James R. Nechols, David C. Margolies, James F. Campbell, Ping Shih Yang, Chiu Tung Lu Chien and Chung Chen. 2012. Effect of temperature on prey consumption rate of the green lacewing Mallada basalis Walker (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to two species of pest mites, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida and Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Research 61: 158-164. D. Piesik, A. Wenda-Piesik, M. Ligor, B. Buszewski, and K.J. Delaney. 2012. Dock leaf beetle, Gastrophysa viridula Deg., herbivory on mossy sorrel, Rumex confertus Willd.: Induced plant volatiles and beetle orientation responses. Journal of Agricultural Science 4, 97-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n1p97 Daane, K. M., R. P. P. Almeida, V. A. Bell, M. Botton, M. Fallahzadeh, M. Mani, J. L. Miano, R. Sforza, V. M. Walton, and T. Zaveizo. 2012. Biology and management of mealybugs in vineyards, pp. 271-308. In N. J. Bostanian, R. Isaacs, and C. Vincent (eds.) Arthropod Management in Vineyards. Springer, the Netherlands. Daane, K. M., X.-G. Wang, M. W. Johnson, and M. L. Cooper. Low temperature storage effects on two olive fruit fly parasitoids. BioControl (Accepted 7 August 2012, BICO-D-12-00059R2). 32 pp. Dauer, J. T., P. B. McEvoy, and J. V. Sickle. 2012. Controlling a plant invader by targeted disruption of its life cycle. Journal of Applied Ecology 49:322-330. Deas, J. B. and M.S. Hunter 2012. Mothers modify eggs into shields to protect offspring from parasitism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 279: 847  853. Ellsworth, P. C., A. Mostafa, L. Brown & S. Naranjo. 2011. Soft-bodied Collops likes soft bodies. Field Crop IPM Shorts, Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona, Tucson. 6/2011. (Spanish version 7/2012) Ellsworth, P. C., L. Brown, A. Fournier, X. C. Li, J. Palumbo & S. Naranjo. 2011. Keeping cotton green! Field Crop IPM Shorts, Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona, Tucson. 7/2011. (Spanish version 7/2012) Ellsworth, P. C., L. T. Brown & S. Naranjo. 2012. Being selective, Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona, Tucson. 7/2012. (Spanish version 7/2012) Gardner, J., Wright, M.G., Kuhar, T.P., Pitcher, S.A. & Hoffmann, M.P. 2012. Dispersal of Trichogramma ostriniae in field corn. Biocontrol Science and Technology 22: 1221-1233 Gaskin, J.F., Schwarzländer, M., Williams III, L., Gerber, E., and Hinz H.L. 2012. Minimal genetic diversity in the facultatively outcrossing perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) invasion. Biological Invasions 14: 1797-1807. Gontijo, Lessando M., James R. Nechols, David C. Margolies and Raymond A. Cloyd. 2012. 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