Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Annual Meeting May 15-16, 2012 Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI The meeting was called to order at 9:00 AM. Update from USDA NIFA, Dr. Richard Hegg Dr. Hegg provided an update from Washington D.C. by phone The 2012 and 2013 Foundational Research program from NIFAs AFRI will be combined. The RFA is expected to be released in August 2012. The RFA for the 2012 Standard Research from AFRI will also be released in August 2012. The best opportunity for our members is in the global food security and hunger priority science area. NIFA has a new director, Dr. Sonny Ramaswamy, former dean of the College of Agricultural Sciences at Oregon State University. Discussion of potential uses of the Outstanding Multi-State Project Award Several possible uses of the $12, 688.13 from the national award the project received last year, including publication costs for a capstone document that summarizes the committees current thoughts on causalities in food animal production, based on current literature; and a final meeting with special guests that would help launch the next project. Officers will propose several options. Coordinating subcommittee formed to reconstitute the causal loop diagram of the food animal production system. Tasks are to: 1. Devise a timeline with milestones and activities 2. Coordinate events of interest to S-1032 members 3. Propose additional suggestions for appropriate use of award money The subcommittee members include Applegate (chair), DeOtte, Marek, Classen, Meyer and Zering. Technical Presentation A technical presentation describing the integration of systems modeling with process research was made by Dr. Gary Marek. Project Rewrite Planning A logic model was proposed and edited that will serve as the basis for the next project. The rewrite committee consists of Powers (chair), Classen, DeOtte, Meyer, Zhu, Auvermann, and Safferman. The committee will start with the logic model (in possession of Safferman) and consider the reconstituted causal loop diagram. Target date for submission to administrative advisor is January 2013. Joint Session with S-1025 A representative from S-1025 presented the objectives and tasks to be included in their new project proposal. Several areas of potential collaboration were noted. Tour of MSU Research Facilities A tour of MSU facilities included the Air Quality Facility, Anaerobic Digestion Research and Education Center and the Campus Plug Flow Digester.

Objective 1. Develop preliminary models of each animal industry that describe its cumulative ecological risk, energy flows or ecological footprint as a dynamic, nonlinear function of the stocks, flows and transformations of matter and energy comprising CAFO systems. Task A. Recruit participation in this group from a broader scope of scientists and disciplines. Station: Michigan Project: Meta-Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Swine Operations Progress: This project, funded by the National Pork Board, required the system-level thinking that is needed and supports the objectives of S-1032. Assembly of data and analyses of the data align with the approach needed for model development and assessment. We are adding to our skill set within the project team such that we can be successful in the future with development of the framework. The successful grant submission, publication and recruitment of new talent to S-1032 illustrates our progress. Station: Texas Project: Recruiting non-traditional collaborators through development of proposals for federal research and research-management funding Progress: Drs. DeOtte and Auvermann led a national, multi-disciplinary team in the development of two large grant proposals to the National Science Foundation's SEES programs, the Research Coordination Networks program ($750,000) and the Sustainability Research Networks program ($10,000,000). In the course of proposal development, team members identified and recruited new collaborators from the social and ecological sciences. The proposals were not funded but received enough positive reviews to justify revision and resubmittal. S-1032 now has a concrete track record of intellectual creativity under Objective 1, a set of new, distinguished collaborators beyond our traditional membership, and a reservoir of interdisciplinary concepts (as well as thoughful review comments from established practitioners) from which to draw for future funding proposals. Task B. Develop a conceptual framework for a model that describes each animal industry at the national scale and its ecological footprint, emergy ledger or life-cycle profile. Sub-Task i. Identify information needs to contribute to the conceptual model, including data, stocks, flows, and indices. Station: Michigan Project: Quantifying a carbon footprint for pasture-based animal production Progress: Specific objectives of this project are to: 1) measure emissions from land under two different management systems, 2) quantify soil characteristics (C stocks) in the different systems, 3) measure enteric methane production from animals within the two systems, 4) capture performance data of the systems (forage and animal productivity) as well as inputs (fertilizer, seed), and 5) construct an accounting process for each system that allows for calculation of a farm footprint (i.e. CO2 equivalents stocks and flows within the farm boundary). Year 1 of data collection is complete. 2012 represents the second year of data collection, following which data will be analyzed and interpreted. Station: Texas Project: Modeling manure flows in a three-component, regional animal-feeding and biofuels system Progress: Dr. Gary Marek, under the guidance of Dr. Brent Auvermann and dissertation committee members, developed a conceptual model of manure flows associated with beef and dairy cattle feeding in the Texas Panhandle in association with manure-fueled ethanol manufacture and intensive crop production. His model built on the preliminary conceptual model presented by a WTAMU student team at the 2008 meeting of S-1032 in Boulder, CO, and formalized mathematical relationships among key state variables in the mass, energy, and currency layers of the conceptual model. Sub-Task ii. Develop a framework for reporting the identified information. Station: Texas Project: A proposed, quantitative framework for modeling stocks and flows of mass and energy in livestock-intensive agro-ecosystems Progress: Dr. Brent Auvermann developed a preliminary framework for quantitative modeling of mass and energy stocks and flows in agro-ecosystems within a dynamic, modular modeling paradigm. The proposed framework sets forth a typology of variables and a standardized lexicon of terms for stocks and flows germane to agricultural field operations and crop production, animal feeding (including the built environment), and unit processes designed to produce or refine biofuels, treat and dispose of animal wastes, or reduce the release of air or water pollutants to the environment (see Objective 2). Sub-Task iii. Identify critical control points (those points and processes in animal production that, when subjected to change will significantly impact the ecological footprint of animal agriculture) in mass, energy and contaminant flows in animal agriculture. Station: Texas Project: Modeling manure flows in a three-component, regional animal-feeding and biofuels system Progress: As a component of his dissertation research, Dr. Gary Marek deployed his quantitative model in a rudimentary sensitivity analysis of the impact of a biomass-fueled ethanol plant on the economics and logistics of manure distribution in the Texas Panhandle. Dr. Marek presented his dissertation research at the 2012 annual meeting of S-1032 in East Lansing, MI. Task C. Define the measurable quantity(ies) that properly describe(s) the ecological footprint of animal agriculture, which is its true impact. Station: Minnesota Project: Reducing the Environmental Footprint of Swine Buildings or the Green Pig Barn (GPB) project Progress: All four versions of the GPB project are expected to save energy in the winter due to better insulation and environmental control. Reduced emissions are also expected due to the lack of long term manure storage inside/under the barn and to the incorporation of barn cooling. Building construction costs per pig space, which includes an outside, covered, in-ground concrete manure storage tank, are expected to be 1.3 to 2 times higher than typical construction of the baseline TV barn. These costs are offset by a projected 3-7% increase in average daily gain and 5-10% decrease in feed consumption per pound of pork produced. Using these assumptions in a standard economic projection, annualized net present value per pig space is between $2.43 and $9.03 with 6.0 to 12.8 years to payback over the baseline tunnel ventilated facility. Task D. Assessment of the model structure through application to feed-to-field situations. Station: Texas Project: Self-study: information-, network-, and game-theoretic principles applicable to modeling the sustainability of livestock-intensive agro-ecosystems Progress: Dr. Brent Auvermann explored the information- and network-theoretic approach of Dr. Robert Ulanowicz to describe and quantify the contribution of system structure (as opposed to mere input/output metrics) to the overall sustainability of ecosystems. Dr. Auvermann also explored the applications of game theory to modeling binary transactions between a manure supplier and a manure user. Game-theoretic considerations provided the context for a 3-hour guest lecture to PhD students in Systems Agriculture at West Texas A&M University. Objective 2. Continue the development and performance evaluation of process-level strategies and tactics to reduce environmental pollution at the process level from confined animal feeding operations. Task A. Develop management tools, strategies and systems for land application of animal manures and effluents that optimize efficient, environmentally friendly utilization of nutrients and are compatible with sustained land, air and water quality. Sub-Task i. Methods to reduce nutrient movement from land application sites into surface and groundwater. Station: North Dakota Project: Demonstration and Evaluation of Vegetative Buffer Strips to Minimize Runoff Pollution from Feedlot Progress: Significant runoff data were collected in 2010. Results indicated that the vegetative filter strips (VFS) reduced the concentration of total solids (TS) by 33.73%, total suspended solids (TSS) by 67.97%, total phosphorous (TP) by 29.87%, ortho-phosphorous (OP) by 19.27%, ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) by 31.76%, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) by 35.56%, and potassium (K) by 19.80%. Performance of the VFS indicated that it can be used to reduce runoff pollution that comes directly from a feedlot into the VFS without passing through a settling basin. A longer buffer length may be required to reduce soluble pollutants. Station: Texas Project: Instruction for manure treatment and design Progress: Dr. Saqib Mukhtar delivered three USEPA Region 6 invited presentations on: Manure storage and treatment structure design for EPA's no discharge requirements; lagoon management; and lagoon closure and post-closure requirements. Eighty participants included poultry and beef producer commodity group representatives, EPA inspectors, consulting engineers, technical service providers, NRCS engineers and technicians, Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board employees, and TCEQ and State environmental quality agency inspectors from Oklahoma and Arkansas attended this CAFO Enforcement Workshop. January 10, Addison, Texas. Sub-Task ii. Quantify gaseous emissions into the air from land application sites. Sub-Task iii. Reduce movement of zoonotic pathogens and antibiotics from land application sites. Sub-Task iv. Improve accuracy of manure land application in accordance with best management practices for nutrient planning. Station: Illinois Project: Extension Certified Livestock Manager Training Progress: Continued training program for Illinois livestock producers, and collaborated with other states in helping them use and develop similar efforts. Held training sessions for custom manure haulers. Task B. Development, evaluation, and implementation of methodology, technology, and management practices to reduce water pollution potential from animal production systems. Sub-Task i. Develop and evaluate innovative applications of engineered biological treatment processes to stabilize waste, reduce odor, and manage nutrients. Station: Auburn Project: Maximizing the composting efficiency of swine mortality disposal Progress: During two-stage, static pile composting, the compost mass decreased 22%. If the finished compost is recycled as bulking agent, 80% of the compost weight generated in one compost bin can be used as an ingredient to compost another bin of mortalities. The finished compost contains about 35% moisture; it has no noxious odors, and contains on a wet ton basis about 50 lbs of nitrogen, 100 lbs super-phosphate and 61 lbs of potash. Station: Michigan Project: Milking Center Wastewater Management Progress: A Michigan bark filter mounds is currently being monitored for the removal of carbon and nutrients and for metal leaching. Good nutrient removal has been observed but metal leaching is occurring from the soil column under the mound. A vertical flow wetland was also evaluated and proved to be very effective and after 2 years of operation, minimum maintenance has been required. A project has been initiated to develop design criteria for both technologies that will lead to the development of a standard. The Michigan filter mound has been shown to be effective for traditional pollutant removal although the importance of metal mobilization and techniques to minimize must be further understood. Development of design criteria for the constructed vertical flow wetland is ongoing. A project is ongoing to provide the needed data so standards for each can be developed. Station: Texas Project: Evaluation of solids-separation methods for flushed dairy manure Progress: Evaluated the "weeping wall" passive solids-separation technique for flushed dairy manure. Sub-Task ii. Develop and evaluate vegetated or aquaculture-based treatment systems for treating wastewater or runoff from concentrated feeding operations or land application sites. Station: Michigan Project: Farm Runoff Treatment Using Vegetated Filter Strips Progress: Three agricultural filter strips were assessed for the treatment of dairy farmstead waste. Soil type was a significant factor in predicting removal rates. Sandy soils resulted in lower average concentrations of COD, ammonia, and TKN in the subsurface, compared to sandy loam soils. Sandy loam soils increased manganese leaching, as compared to sandy soils. Nitrate concentrations were above standard drinking water limits in leachate. The difference in performance is attributed to the increase in oxygen diffusion through the sandy soil resulting in more complete carbon removal and the prevention of anaerobic conditions that result in metals serving as electron acceptors and becoming mobile. Sub-Task iii. Develop and evaluate physical and chemical treatments for recovering or stabilizing manure solids or manure treatment by-products for improved utilization alternatives. Station: North Carolina Project: Ammonia Adsorption on Activated Carbon Progress: We investigated ozonated granular activated carbon (OGAC) as an ammonia adsorbent in aqueous systems to determine the (1) effectiveness of ozone loading on adsorption capacity of activated carbon in aqueous ammonia solutions, (2) kinetics and adsorption isotherms of ammonia adsorption, and (3) effect of volatile organic compounds on adsorption of ammonia from the aqueous phase. Batch experiments indicated that ozonation for 30 min doubled the adsorption capacity of granular activated carbon due to increased surface oxygen species on activated carbon, though the maximum capacity was lower than reported elsewhere. Station: Texas Project: Non-invasive determination of ash, moisture, and higher heating value in solid cattle manure using visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Progress: Made progress toward development and field validation of a quick, in situ method for classifying the higher heating value (HHV) of solid cattle manure before it leaves the feedyard. This method represents an important tool in monetizing the intensive management of feedyard corral surfaces that is required to generate as-collected manure with high biofuel value and low ash potential. Sub-Task iv. Develop and evaluate biological or thermochemical treatment of animal manures and mortalities for conversion into renewable energy and/or value-added products. Station: Minnesota Project: Lactic acid fermentation using dairy manure as the sole carbon and nitrogen source Progress: The project has been completed with optimal physical pretreatment conditions for the release of organic matter from dairy manure determined by the orthogonal experiment design. The feasibility and techniques of converting the hydrolysates from dairy manure into lactic acid through fermentation without external nutrients and optimize fermentation conditions to enhance lactic acid production was investigated. Results showed that the optimum conditions for release of protein, carbohydrate, and total phosphorus were pH 2.0 under reaction temperature of 90 oC with particle size < 0.15mm, under which the carbohydrate and protein release rates could reach 373.36 and 233.36%, and total phosphorus concentration could be increased from 0.21 mg/l to 6.29 mg/l. This project has the potential to produce lactic acid from nearly 640 million tons of dairy manure produced annually in the United States, thus minimizing pollution problems in land application of manure and protect water quality. Project: Co-digesting the wasted milk from dairy operations with cattle slurry to reduce water pollution Progress: The project has been completed. A total of seven milk addition levels in terms of percent liquid volume in the digester were tested, i.e., 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 14%, and 19%, together with a control (no milk addition). The results clearly indicates that the added milk can be digested thoroughly and the biogas productivity can be increased with the increasing milk amount in the digester content (from 5.6% at 1% milk to 103.8% at 19% milk). However, the CH4 concentration in the biogas produced could decrease slightly with the increasing milk content in the digester. Whether milk can be digested in an anaerobic digester has been an unanswered question for many dairy producers employing anaerobic digesters. A large COD loading to the digester was suspected to be able to disrupt the digestion process so the impact of this project lies in that it alleviates such a fear and dairy farmers can adopt anaerobic digesters on their farms without concern about the milk leaking to the manure that goes to the digester. Sub-Task v. Develop and evaluate feeding strategies as a means of reducing water quality impacts and transfer findings to industry for implementation. Station: Michigan Project: Biomass Energy Inventory to Support Renewable Energy Development Progress: Databases for large farms, landfills, wastewater treatment plant biosolids, schools, universities, and prisons were incorporated into the interactive, GIS based Michigan Biomass Inventory. Net energy modeling for 5 conversion technologies (anaerobic digestion, gasification, ethanol, biodiesel, and direct combustion) is incorporated into the tool. Currently, the databases are being updated, food processing waste is being added, and the databases are being mined to locate the best locations to initiate waste to resource technologies. Further, spreadsheets for all energy conversion technologies will be available to be used independently of the mapping tool. The Michigan Biomass Inventory returns the amount of waste biomass available for the selected site and specified radius and estimates the net energy available for waste to resource conversion technologies. The resource also allows for the estimation of the best locations to site a waste to energy technology. Project: Biogas Potential Assay in Support of Renewable Energy Progress: Over 250 biomass blends, including various animal manures and food processing wastes, have been tested to determine their biogas potential. The percentage of methane and carbon dioxide produced and the amount of COD and volatile solids reduction are monitored. These biogas assays help determine if further consideration for establishing a renewable energy system is warranted for a specific waste blend. A database is available that shows the results from testing. Further, the impact of amendments such as trace nutrients, enzymes, and microorganisms on the digestion process has been tested on several blends. A database of the anaerobic digester biogas potential from blended wastes, including manure and food processing residuals, has been established. Project: Effect of amino acid formulation and supplementation on nutrient mass balance in turkeys. Progress: Nutrient mass balances were determined for turkeys fed 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design to investigate the effects of diets with 100 or 110% of NRC (1994)-recommended amino acid (AA) formulation and diets containing 2 (Lys and Met) or 3 (Lys, Met, and Thr) supplemental AA. All feed and litter entering and leaving the rooms were quantified and analyzed for nutrient content. Air emissions were measured throughout the 20-wk study. The results illustrated the fate of N, P, and S in a turkey production system and demonstrated the potential for reducing nutrient excretion and air emissions from turkeys through diet modification of AA. The N loss estimated from the mass balance approach (9.6%) was comparable with the measured N loss as air emission (11.9%). Partitioning of P averaged 31.9 and 68.1% for retention and excretion, respectively. Partitioning of S averaged 27.5, 72.1, and 0.5% for retention, excretion, and air emission, respectively. Station: Indiana Project: Evaluation of feed ingredient digestibility and differences between broilers and laying hens Progress: We evaluated feed ingredient digestibility between chicken strains. Results show that the same feed ingredient (MBM or DDGS) from different locations (or processing techniques) varied widely in digestibility. Apparent ileal digestibility of MBM in broiler chickens range from Met, 76-88.4%; Lys, 76.6-88.3%, and Thr, 72.4-82.7%. Generally, hens had 7.2%-units less CP digestibility of all DDGS samples after standardization. For MBM samples, 4 of the 7 had lower digestibilities of CP by hens when compared to broilers (7.4%-units on average). In conclusion, the need to have separate amino acid digestibility data for laying hens and broiler chicks, as results from one strain were not predictive of the other. Digestibility from some co-product feed ingredients have lower amino acid digestibility for laying hens when compared to that of broiler chickens. Therefore, strain specific feed ingredient databases for amino acid digestibility may be warrented in order to prevent lower than predicted utilization of amino acids for optimal productivity and increased nitrogen excretion. Task C. Develop and evaluate methodology, technology, and management practices to reduce odors, gases, airborne microflora, particulate matter, and other airborne emissions from animal production systems. Sub-Task i. Develop standard methods of collection, measurement, and mitigation of airborne emissions (odors, gases, particulates, endotoxins, pathogens, and other materials) from animal production operations. Sub-Task ii. Emission control technology development, evaluation and selection for site-specific cases. Station: Illinois Project: USDA Integrated Gas-phase Biofilter Grant Proposal Progress: Long-term bench-scale experiments showed the effects of cycling media moisture content on ammonia mitigation and nitrous oxide production, indicating time-varying changes in the microbial populations that exist in media biofilms. The moisture sensing and control device was modeled, a new prototype rebuilt, and extensive testing was performed in various biofilter media under a variety of moisture conditions. Field Demonstration Unit: Two novel biofilter containers were constructed at the University of Illinois Ag Engineering Farm. Construction time-and-materials studies were conducted to estimate economic viability of each type of biofilter container and subsystem. South Dakota State University and University of Missouri Tests: Further experience with the large-scale vertical biofilter container was obtained at the commercial farm installation, with the cooperation of the farm staff. Prediction models for nitrous oxide formation related to media moisture content were proposed and tested. These models will help biofilter designers and operators avoid creation of excess greenhouse gases otherwise caused by improper control of biofilters. Improved design of the novel moisture sensing system is nearly complete, which will greatly enhance odor and ammonia mitigation performance of biofilters, reduce the need for biofilter media moisture monitoring by the operators, and reduce release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Station: North Dakota Project: Efficacy of a microbial additive in reducing odor, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide emissions from farrowing-gestation swine operation Progress: No significant differences in terms of odor, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide concentrations and emissions were found between treated and untreated units. Overall, the microbial treatment had very little effect in reducing odor, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide emission. Station: Texas Project: Broad-spectrum research on emission mechanisms, emission rates, emission fluxes, and abatement measures for particulate matter and gas-phase pollutants from cattle feedyards and open-lot dairies. Progress: Auvermann and collaborators established baseline emission rates for ammonia and PM from cattle feedyards and dairies; evaluated several candidate abatement measures; and assigned preliminary cost/benefit indices to abatement measures. Maghirang, Amosson, Auvermann et al. estimated the cost/benefit ratio of solid-set sprinklers for control of feedyard PM10 at approximately $0.30 per lb of PM10 reduced. Sub-Task iii. Develop and evaluate feeding strategies as a means of reducing water quality impacts and transfer findings to industry for implementation. Station: Michigan Project: Effect of amino acid formulation and supplementation on air emissions from turkeys Progress: Turkeys were fed diets with 100% or 110% of NRCrecommended amino acid (AA) formulation when the diets contained either two or three supplemental AA. The 100% NRC diets contained less N compared to the 110% NRC diets. Diets containing three AA had less N content. Feed intake and bird weight were not affected by diet. Feeding the 100% NRC diets resulted in 9% less cumulative N intakes and 12% less cumulative NH3 emissions compared to the 110% NRC diets. Formulation with three supplemental AA resulted in 25% less cumulative NH3 emissions, compared to the two supplemental AA diet. The toms fed the 100% NRC diets generated lower emission rate of NH3 and H2S. The study demonstrated the potential of reducing NH3 and H2S emissions from turkeys through diet modification of AA while maintaining acceptable production performance. No diet effect was observed on greenhouse gas emissions (N2O and CH4). Project: Feeding DDGS to swine and resulting impact on air emissions Progress: A corn- and soybean meal-based control diet (Con), a diet containing 20% DDGS with inorganic trace mineral sources (20In), and a diet containing 20% DDGS with organic trace mineral sources (20Org) were compared. No animal performance differences were observed. Total daily H2S emission mass was greater in rooms where the 20In diet was offered compared with other rooms. No dietary effect was observed when H2S emissions were adjusted for S consumption. Compared with NH3 emitted from the Con diet, the daily mass of NH3 emitted decreased by 7.6% when pigs were fed 20In and increased by 11.0% in rooms where the 20Org was fed. On a N consumption basis, feeding swine 20In significantly reduced NH3 emissions compared with 20Org and Con, whereas NH3 emissions from pigs fed 20Org were significantly greater than emissions from pigs fed the Con diet. Feeding DDGS with either inorganic or organic trace mineral sources increased the daily emission mass of CH4. Station: Indiana Project: Effect of dietary adipic acid and corn dried distillers grains with solubles on laying hen performance and nitrogen loss from stored excreta with or without sodium bisulfate Progress: We evaluated the effects of dietary adipic acid (0 or 1 percent) or DDGS (0 or 20 percent) for laying hens (2 x 2 factorial arrangement of diets) and subsequent influence of diet and manure amendment on nitrogen loss during storage for 14-days with or without 8.8 kg/100 m2 of sodium bisulfate. Diet supplementation with adipic acid had no influence on manure N loss during storage, whereas manure from hens fed 20 percent DDGS lost 32 percent more N during the first 7 d of storage vs. manure from hens eating no DDGS. Surface amendment of manure with sodium bisulfite resulted in a 41 percent reduction in manure N loss during the first 7 days of storage and a 14.7 percent reduction from 7 to 14 d of storage. Therefore, manure amendment with sodium bisulfite resulted in a 26 percent reduction in N loss during manure storage for 14 d. No synergy was noted between dietary strategies (DDGS or adipic acid) and post-excretion amendment (Na bisulfite) were noted in reducing nitrogen volatilization. Sodium bisulfite amendment to excreta was the most efficatious in reducing nitrogen volatilization during short-term (14 day) manure storage.

Adedokun, S.A., O. Adeola, C. Parsons, M.S. Lilburn, and T.J. Applegate. 2011. Factors affecting endogenous amino acid flow in chickens and the need for consistency in methodology (review). Poult. Sci. 90:1737-1748. Adedokun, S.A., P. Jaynes, R.L. Payne, and T.J. Applegate. 2011. Determination of ileal digestibility of amino acids from feed ingredients for laying hens and broilers. Poult. Sci. 90(Suppl. 1): 85. Auvermann, B. W., T. Applegate, J. Classen, K. Heflin, G. W. Marek, D. Meyer, W. Powers-Schilling, and K. Zering. 2011. A conceptual framework for dynamic modeling of stocks and flows of mass and energy in livestock- and poultry-intensive agro-ecosystems. Draft unpublished manuscript. Auvermann, B. W., and K. D. Casey. 2011. Feedyard dust control in an epic Panhandle drought, 2010-2011. Bulletin SP-417, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, College Station, TX. Bonifacio, H., R. G. Maghirang, E. B. Razote, B. W. Auvermann, J. P. Harner III, J. P Murphy, L. Guo, J. M. Sweeten, and W. L. Hargrove. 2011. Particulate control efficiency of a water sprinkler system at a beef cattle feedlot in Kansas. Transactions of the ASABE 54(1):295-304. Borhan, M. S., S. C. Capareda, S. Mukhtar, W. B. Faulkner, R. McGee and C. B. Parnell, Jr. 2011. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ground Level Area Sources in Dairy and Cattle Feedyard Operations. Atmosphere (2) 303-329. Borhan, M. S., S. C. Capareda, S. Mukhtar, W. B. Faulkner, R. McGee and C. B. Parnell, Jr. 2011. Determining Seasonal Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ground-Level Area Sources in a Dairy Operation in Central Texas. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 61: 786-795. Classen, J.J., Rice, J.M, McNeill, J.P. and Simmons, O.D. III., 2011. Design and evaluation of a discreet sampler for waste treatment lagoons. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 27(6):1007-1014. DeOtte, R. E., B. W. Auvermann, W. Powers-Schilling, J. Classen, K. Zering, T. Applegate, and D. Meyer. 2011. A national research network for environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable production of animal protein using information-theoretic and dynamic modeling tools. Preproposal submitted to the National Science Foundation Sustainablility Research Network program. $12,000,000. (not funded) Game theory, the Joker, and eBay: an introduction to heuristic modeling, WTAMU guest lecture, July 7 (Drs. B. A. Stewart and David Lust, instructors). Guo, L., R. G. Maghirang, E. B. Razote, and B. W. Auvermann. 2011. Laboratory evaluation of the dust control effectiveness of pen surface treatments for cattle feedlots. Journal of Environmental Quality 40(5):1503-1509. Hiranuma, N., S. D. Brooks, J. Gramann, and B. W. Auvermann. 2011. High concentrations of coarse particles emitted from a cattle-feeding operation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(16):8809-8823. Jacobson, L.D., Schmidt, D.R., Lazarus, W.F. and Koehler, R. 2011. Reducing the Environmental Footprint of Pig Finishing Barns. Paper #1110589. Presented at Annual International Meeting of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), August 7-10, 2011 in Louisville, KY. Jacobson, L., A. Sutton, H. Xin, R. Massey, F. Mitloehner, and B. W. Auvermann. 2011. Air issues associated with animal agriculture: A North American perspective. Ames, IA: Council on Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) (published 05 May 2011). Kim, E.J., P.L. Utterback, T.J. Applegate, and C.M. Parsons. 2011. Comparison of amino acid digestibility of several feedstuffs determined with the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay and the ileal amino acid digestibility chick assay. Poult. Sci. 90:25112519. Kim, Y. I., J.S. Bae, K.S. Jee, T. A. McCaskey and W.S. Kwak. 2011. Effects of feeding a dry or fermented restaurant food residue mixture on performance and blood profiles of rats. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 24 (12):1744-1751. Larson, R.; S.I. Safferman. (2011). Vegetative Filter Stripes: Surface and Subsurface Water Quality (Paper No. 096542). Annual ASABE Conference, Louisville, KY. Liu, Z. and W. Powers. 2011. Meta-Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Swine Operations. ASABE Paper No. 1111369. ASAE Annual International Meeting, Louisville, KY, Aug 7  10. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Liu, Z., W. Powers, D. Karcher, R. Angel, and T. Applegate. 2011. Effect of amino acid formulation and supplementation on air emissions from turkeys. Trans. ASABE 54:617628. Liu, Z., W. Powers, D. Karcher, R. Angel, and T. Applegate. 2011. Effect of amino acid formulation and supplementation on nutrient mass balance in turkeys. Poult. Sci. 90: 1153-1161. Li, W., W. Powers, and G. M. Hill. 2011. Feeding DDGS to swine and resulting impact on air emissions. J. Anim. Sci. 89:3286-3299. Love, C.D., Kolar, P., and Classen, J.J., 2011 Adsorption of ammonia on ozonated activated carbon. Transactions of the ASABE 54(5): 1931-1940. Marek, G. W. 2011. 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