Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Wednesday, May 16th Vice-Chair Ogejo conducted the meeting in place of Chair Gates who was not available to attend. Discussion of needs for 1025. With the focus of the meeting being development of a new proposal, we began with some groundwork discussion and review of last years notes. Is 1025s work redundant to that of 1032? - Consensus was No. S-1032 has a much broader, system perspective. - There is an unmet need to do indoor animal environment work. - Its OK to have our research inform S-1032s work, but S-1025 needs to differentiate itself in proposed and completed work. What incentives exist for keeping S-1025 active? - Institutional benefit is derived from multi-state activity, but no additional funds are available to support more multi-state activity and states have individual discretion on how they allocate multistate [Hatch] funds. - More funding going to larger, multistate efforts, as well as to integrated projects. What do we want to achieve as a group? - Focused research - Collaborative activity (research, publications, etc.) Would our needs be met by a coordinating committee? - Probably not as rigorous requirements for proposal and reporting. - Coordination is desirable, but not the desired goal. The majority viewpoint at the end of this discussion was that there is a need for the committees research and it is preferable to achieve desired objectives as a research committee. We adjourned for lunch and afternoon tour of MSUs animal Ag. research facilities, including: - MSU Air Quality Facility - MSU Anaerobic Digestion Research and Education Center - MSU Campus Plug-Flow Digester, Algae Raceways, and Composting Facility Thursday, May 17th The morning discussion focused in on the three proposal objectives: Obj. 1  Measure and model source, fate and transport of [air]* emissions from food animal production facilities. (Teng Lim and Al Heber leading) We noted that foundational emissions measurements are probably 90% done other than GHG. Needs remain for: - Continued publication and dissemination of National Air Emission Monitoring Study. - Inclusion of findings into process-based models (e.g. DairyGEM). - Additional study of particulates (esp. fine and nanoparticulates), bioaerosols, and PRRS potentially, with growing potential for NIH funding. - Addressing odor and complaints. Obj. 2  Develop, evaluate and demonstrate effective mitigation strategies. (Lingying Zhao and Gary Riskowski leading) Discussion revealed continued (e.g. regulation) and expanding (e.g. PRRS and foam) needs for improved mitigation technologies, with specific mentioning of: - Dietary manipulation, scrubbers, biofilters, electrostatic particulate systems - Do include GHG - Modeling effects of different systems Dissemination and resulting impact of research could be improved via: - Organizing a conference for researchers  output is a monograph (symposium w/ ASABE?) - Developing virtual tours of alternatives  part of integrated project, CIG, industry collaboration? Obj. 3  Develop, evaluate and demonstrate food animal production facilities that adapt to climate change, accommodate public health, animal welfare, feed and energy efficiency, and food safety needs, and improve environmental quality. (Larry Jacobson leading) The discussion on this objective moved toward developing new/improved design guidelines for livestock and poultry facilities, and addressing competing/conflicting needs. Ideas being worked on / to work on included: - Developing a sustainability matrix - Needs of sow facilities wo/gestation stalls - New designs in swine housing - Cooling needs and options for climate changes - Indoor environment of deep-bedded beef barns - Implementing new manure systems - Filtering barns - Improved control strategies Officers are Jactone Arogo Ogejo as Chair, Eric Cortus secretary and Rick Stowell as Vice Chair.

The S-1025 "Systems for controlling air pollutant emission and indoor environments of poultry, swine, and dairy facilities" multi-state project was initiated in the year 2006 and ended on September 30, 2012. The project was a collaborative effort that drew participants from 20 state universities, USDA ARS stations, and universities abroad. The participants included scientists and engineers from the states of Alabama (AL), Arkansas (AR), Florida (FL), Georgia (GA), Illinois (IL), Iowa (IA), Kentucky (KY), Michigan (MI), Minnesota (MN), Missouri (MO), Nebraska (NE), New York (NY), North Carolina (NC), North Dakota (ND), Ohio (OH), Pennsylvania (PA), Indiana (IN), South Dakota (SD), Texas (TX), and Virginia (VA). The participants addressed the subject of air quality associated with livestock and poultry production. Air quality and in particular, emissions of aerial pollutants from animal feeding operations is a complex issue and a growing concern nationally. To tackle the challenges of this subject, the participants in the S-1025 project used multi-disciplinary and multistate collaborative approaches, involving scientists and engineers from within and across institutions with complementary expertise to effectively address the concerns. The researchers quantified beneficial effects of nutrition, manure management, air cleaning, and ventilation approaches, to facilitate the development of cost-effective solutions for the mitigation of air quality issues. The findings from their work was presented at different professional meetings, published in peer reviewed journals, published as extension factsheets, as well as articles in the popular press. The project also mentored and trained graduate students, post-doctoral researchers. The objectives and detailed outcome of the project are outlined below. PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1. Develop and improve sustainable technologies and systems to measure, model and control indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings. 2. Quantify animal response to thermal environments, develop and improve methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability. 3. Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well being. ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS Objective 1: Develop and improve sustainable technologies and systems to measure, model and control indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings Under this objective, work involving measurement and development and evaluation of mitigation techniques of air pollutants from animal feeding operations was conducted. A summary of the activities and accomplishments are summarized below. Measurement " Fifteen institutions including Purdue, University of California at Davis, Washington State University, Texas Agri-Life, Iowa State University, University of Missouri, University of Idaho, University of Minnesota, South Dakota State University, Cornell University, North Carolina State University, University of Illinois, Zhejiang University, and Uludag University completed a comprehensive field measurements of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC), methane (CH4), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, total suspended particulate (TSP), and odor emissions from swine, layer, broiler and dairy farms. These measurements were conducted under the umbrella the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) managed by Purdue University. These measurements were made to establish the baseline concentrations of these aerial pollutants in emissions from animal feeding operations. The team also conducted sensory odor measurements to estimate odor emitted from land application of dairy and swine manure, from digested and undigested dairy manure, and from biofilter mitigated layer house exhaust air. The NAEMS study enabled the development of a data acquisition software that can be used for both lab and field studies. The data acquisition software developed for the NAEMS has been used in 13 states for 8 laboratory and 25 long-term field studies and had handled three billion data points by 2010, about 65% of the worlds agricultural air quality data in the past five decades. The software is also being adopted in new projects in the U.S. (North Carolina State University, Texas A&M, University of Missouri, University of California at Davis, and Washington State University) and in China (Zhejiang University and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science). Sixteen new air sampling systems were built at Purdue University and used in 9 states and also adopted in China. A new flow sensor under commercialization will fill a technical gap for continuously and directly measuring airflow from large fans. " OH, MI, and MN conducted a study to understand how indoor thermal environment impacted the prevalence of salmonella in swine finishing barns. As part of their study, they developed a wireless data collection and monitoring system. The data collected was then used to refine a wireless sensor network for monitoring indoor environment for swine production facilities. " SD, USDA-ARS MARC, IA, and NE conducted a study to establish baseline emissions data for mono slope beef cattle facilities to evaluate differences in emissions and barn air quality due to season, time of day, growth cycles of animals and building management. Additional research emphasis was placed on methods to measure the airflow through naturally-ventilated facilities. " In MN, researchers assessed (i) whether 24-hour bag sampling is an effective method for measuring and monitoring biofilter performance from pig facilities; whether alternative media are effective at reducing odor, hazardous gas and greenhouse gas emissions; and whether filamentous fungi accumulation on biofilter media is correlated to percent gas reduction and (ii) gas flux rates and estimate emissions from primary sources on dairy operations using sand bedding. They found that emissions flux rates for total reduced sulfur (TRS), hydrogen sulfide and ammonia varied from source and farm. TRS and H2S flux rates were the highest from both intermittent and continuous flow sand lanes and the reception pits at the ends of the continuous flow sand lanes. These results provide dairy producers with information to prioritize source mitigation. " NC State conducted a study that continuously monitored particulate matter (PM) at four ambient sampling locations around a commercial layer (egg production) farm for three years to capture diurnal pattern and seasonal variations at the farm and surrounding areas. The PM monitoring and chemical speciation sampling generated considerable amount of data for characterization of the spatial and temporal variations in PM mass concentration, chemical composition and particle size distribution between source and downwind areas. This examination advanced our understanding of source, fate and transport of aerosols in rural environment. Moreover, key factors that may influence the aerosol source generation were also examined. This identification of the influencing factors will enable industry to develop better management practices for mitigation of PM emissions The NCSU team conducted projects to measure and model (i) bioaerosol fate and transport in vicinity of a commercial egg production farm and (ii) plume-rise of air emissions from animal housing. They will use the bioaerosol data assess the viability of airborne bacteria and fungi under hot and cold conditions with different relative humidity and solar radiation. The work will include assessing if there is any link between the emissions and possible public exposure under different ambient condition. The results will lead to the understanding of aerosols by identifying and analyzing specific sources and sinks of aerosols in the rural ambient environment. " Researchers at MO analyzed emission rates from various livestock and poultry facilities, and developed different emission models based on latest data set. New websites of air emission models are setup and being improved to offer detailed air emission values for commercial swine operations. Results were reported in several final reports to different funding agencies or institutes. The results are also published in several extension and journal articles, or conference proceedings. Our team continued to enhance multi-agency (USDA-NRCS and Missouri Department of Natural Resources) collaboration and contribute to various extension and research effort. The team updated Missouri Department of Natural Resources Manure Storage Design Regulations. Mitigation " OH and MN worked on developing wet scrubbers as a technology to recover NH3 from covered manure storages, poultry composting, deep pits under swine buildings. The recovered NH3 can then be used a liquid nitrogen fertilizer. " MN and TX developed a cost efficient surface aeration system for use by livestock producers to ameliorate air pollution caused by the odor emanating from the current liquid manure storage facilities such as lagoons, earthen basins, and ponds is needed on many farms in the United States " MN, IA, IN, and TX developed correlations between odor sensory measurements and malodorous individual compounds from animal buildings. This research allows more targeted approaches to specific segments of the odor emitted from animal production buildings. " MN and IA investigated how to mitigate NH3 and PM emissions from turkey production buildings not to exceed regulatory thresholds for CERCLA and EPCRA (100 lbs/day). Sources including dry litter and wet liquid manure as in pig and dairy facilities were investigated. " MN worked on the reduction of NH3, H2S, and odor emissions from pig houses with deep pit manure storage. They reported that these pollutants can be reduced by replacing pit fans with fans exhausting from the wall in mechanically ventilated deep pit pig buildings. Even if producers want to continue to use pit fans, there is a larger benefit to treating the pit fan exhaust air with an air emission control technology before treating the wall exhaust air. The partitioning of air emissions between the pit and wall fan airstreams has been unknown and is valuable for regulatory purposes and to assist in the design of emission control technologies that are used. " NC evaluated a field scale ozonation technology for reducing NH3 and pathogens in broiler houses. Their field evaluation suggested that ozonation does not effectively remove ammonia from air inside the broiler houses. In some instances, ozonation caused a negative effect on feed conversion. The concluded that ozonation technique is not effective for ammonia mitigation in the animal facilities is not recommended. They also modeled NH3 emissions from broiler litter based on total nitrogen pH and moisture content of the litter. " Managing and/or controlling emission from animal feeding operations using shelterbelts was also a topic of interest for many institutions. OH and IA developed a model and conducted field measurements to evaluate the dispersion of particulate matter from CAFOs as affected by vegetation and buildings near the sources of air pollutants. SD, MN, and NE evaluated the impacts of shelterbelts and bio-curtains on the effectiveness of reducing odor and H2S from CAFOs. They found that the greatest percent reduction in gas concentration is immediately downwind of the shelterbelt. In AR, vegetative buffer consisting of evergreen and deciduous trees/tall bushes planted downwind of tunnel ventilation fans were evaluated for mitigation of emissions from broiler houses. Vegetative buffer is a natural barrier for gaseous and dust exhausted from broiler facilities. Structural windbreak provided immediate mitigation effect for reducing wind speed generated by exhaust fans and served as a screen for dust emission. The results from the study in AR were used to develop guidelines and recommendation for the design and maintenance of vegetation and structural windbreak. The guidelines can be used by livestock producers and environmental consultants interested in adopting the shelter belt technology. " Cleaning the exhaust air from animal buildings as a method of managing pollutants was a subject of investigation by several institutions. The main technology investigated was biofiltration. SD, MN, IL, NE, MO, and NC were involved in studies on the use of biofilters to reduce aerial pollutants from animal housing. The team from SD and MN completed the design and testing a vertical biofilter for treating exhaust air from swine barns. Their focus was on evaluating design parameters that minimized the effects that settling of media in the filter has on the operation efficiency of the biofilters. In AR, installation of biofilters on broiler barns was shown to be efficient in removing ammonia from the exhaust air thus contributing to environmental quality and sustainability of poultry production. The environmental impacts of biofilters are minimal as the captured ammonia is immobilized to microbial biomass as wells as nitrate. " Mitigation of ammonia and other aerial pollutant emissions from poultry houses using different litter management methods were conducted by researchers in AL, AR, VA and IL. Researchers in AL evaluated the use of different litter amendments and litter type on ammonia emissions. They observed that: 1) litter treatments are effective in reducing litter pH and ammonia volatilization and extending the useful life of litter, 2) not all litter treatments are equally effective and higher levels of treatment may be required to provide long-term effectiveness, and 3) litter treatment usage provides the producer with methods for improving the economic viability of their poultry production facility. In AR, research focused on the evaluation of windrowing litter between flocks as a litter management method. In-house litter windrowing during downtime of broiler production are effective in reducing Clostridium and E. coli populations. However, ammonia emissions during windrow construction and destruction were high due to exposure of nitrogen compounds to the air during physical disturbance. The 8 to 12-day processes do not seem to change either carbon to nitrogen ratio or soluble P concentration. The windrowing process does not seem to be having a negative impact on litter characteristics pertinent to soil application/fertility, or be improving the litter quality (in regard to fertility). Researchers at VA and IL evaluated the use of a novel biodegradable litter amendment made from agricultural residues on the reduction of ammonia emissions from broiler houses. The material traps ammonia in litter through conversion to non-volatile salts and reduces ammonia levels in and emissions from broiler houses. This product also increases the fertilizer value of poultry litter by improving the N and P balance of the litter and reduces odor complaints. The product is different from the inorganic acid based litter amendments - it is biodegradable and in addition to improving the air quality in poultry houses, it will make the litter more amenable as an organic fertilizer to the emerging niche market of organic farming. " Dietary intervention. Researchers at MI, IN, MD, IA, the Netherlands and China collaborated on diet studies to determine formulation, feed ingredient and additive effect on NH3, H2S, CH4 emissions from growing/finishing swine, lactating dairy cows, dairy heifers, beef steers, broiler chickens, laying hens, and turkeys. Overall, the findings illustrated that diet is a potential mitigation strategy for air emissions from livestock production facilities. Specifically, in a turkey production their study demonstrated the potential of reducing NH3 and H2S emissions through diet modification of amino acids while maintaining acceptable production performance. No diet effect was observed on greenhouse gas emissions (N2O and CH4). Results from swine studies demonstrated that DDGS will increase H2S, CH4, NH3, and non- methane total hydrocarbons (NMTHC) emissions from pigs, but organic sources of trace minerals are a promising mitigation strategy to alleviate the adverse effect of DDGS on H2S emissions. Outreach and Extension Education " OH and MI developed curricula for four courses on agricultural air emissions and air/water interface science and b) animal manure management and technology. The courses materials were further developed into distance learning materials and were offered in spring of 2010 and student and peer evaluations conducted in late 2010. " MN, IL, IA, SD, and NE collaborated on an integrated research and extension project addressing mitigation of gas emissions from livestock operations. The research will assess whether 24-hour bag samples are an effective method for measuring and monitoring biofilter performance; whether alternative media are effective at reducing odor, hazardous gas and greenhouse gas emissions; and whether filamentous fungi accumulation on biofilter media is correlated to percent gas reduction. The Extension component engaged stakeholders through conference calls and meetings to identify and address barriers to adopting effective researched mitigation technologies. An economic web-based decision aid is being developed and a series of videos are planned to describe emissions issues and mitigation practices to help people make science-based decisions for managing odor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrous oxide and other gas emissions from livestock and manure storage facilities. The materials will be available on the web through continued technology transfer. Stakeholders and web users will assess the materials to evaluate their impact on decision making. Work on this project continues. " VA is developing an extension outreach program for agricultural air quality. The program focuses on definition of agricultural air quality (AAQ), how it is measured, current regulations or impending regulations for AAQ, and mitigation or air pollution control strategies on farms. Objective 2: Quantify animal response to thermal environments, develop and improve methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability Building Design " SD and MN. Developed a novel design for a swine barn that cleans, conditions and recirculates swine barn air was developed. This new design theoretically improves the thermal environment and improves air quality from grow-finish swine facilities; and also improves feed utilization for swine facilities while reducing air emissions. " AR evaluated alternative cooling systems for tunnel-ventilated commercial broiler houses and compared with two evaporative-cooled houses. Direct surface wetting by overhead sprinkling (operated at 40 psi) achieved satisfactory cooling of birds. Bird performance including feed conversion, livability, and live weights from sprinkler cooling houses and conventional evaporative cooling houses were not significantly different. " Researchers in MN assessed the benefits of a geothermal system on a swine gestation, farrowing, and nursery facility in Minnesota and other facilities in the Midwest. The assessment included pig performance, barn air quality, and direct carbon footprint (site energy use) as well as management required. " MI, IN, MD, IA, the Netherlands and China collaborated collected data to document heat production from todays livestock. Data were collected from 17 different studies associated with growing/finishing swine, lactating dairy cow, dairy heifer, beef steers, broiler chicken, laying hen, and turkey production. The data have been assembled for publication and use in making decisions about ventilation needs in livestock housing. Objective 3. Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well-being. " NCSU team conducted a project of design and fabrication of nine-modular poultry production chamber systems to accurately simulate conditions typical of those observed in commercial broiler production environments serving as a core facility for the studies of air emission, broiler housing ventilation and animal welfare. IMPACTS " The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) study has help establish science-based guidelines for potential regulation of livestock air emissions and to develop strategies for reducing emissions from animal feeding operations. " Biofilter studies from several stations showed the feasibility of using biofilters as mitigation technology for pollutants in swine and poultry farms. The information generated will help producers determine construction methods, costs, and feasibility of implementation on their farms. Biofilters were shown to be very efficient in removing ammonia from the air containing ammonia thus contributing to environmental quality and environmental sustainability of poultry production. The environmental impacts of biofilters are very minimal as the captured ammonia is immobilized to microbial biomass as wells as nitrate. " The new Missouri Manure Storage Design Regulations (10 CSR 20-8.500) is published in the state regulation in April of 2012. The improved details will help clarify many design and planning needs, while updates were included to better reflect the changes required. Publication of the biofilter effectiveness research provides records and recommendations of a simple and low cost biofilter technology tested at a commercial farm. Detailed analysis of the emission data aids better understanding of the nature of the air emissions from commercial facilities. Air emission models help explain the different emission cycles due to season and growth cycles, and provide better understanding and options for more effective mitigation " The development of wireless indoor environment monitoring systems enabled collection of extensive amounts of high quality data and will be of use to other peer researcher collecting similar kind of data to enhance the quality research data collected. " Ammonia recovery technologies developed for animal building exhausts and broiler litter amendments will create a new source of ammonia fertilizer while reducing the detrimental impacts of ammonia emission on health and the environment. " Preliminary findings demonstrate that diet can change air emissions substantially. The impact of these findings is that as we refine diets to reduce emissions without compromising animal performance, producers will have alternatives to engineering strategies to meet environmental objectives. Diet parameters have the potential to be used as a predictor of air emissions from livestock facilities. However, additional emission measurements and inputs across a broader range are needed to continue to develop these types of prediction equations for field applications. There is a need to consider additional variables (e.g. manure ammonium N) to better predict emissions from diet and/or manure constituents. Results illustrate, also, the need to consider how pre- and post-excretion strategies work together when developing an air emissions reduction strategy. Dietary treatment and amendment effects vary between sources and manures. Animal performance needs to be considered and the optimal strategy, relative to goals, selected. " The PM dispersion model development research will provide a new modeling tool for optimizing the design and siting of the CAFO and landscape around it to minimize the impacts on surrounding neighborhoods. " The ammonia estimation tool will supply the Ohio livestock industries with a powerful on-farm NH3 management tool which will lead to efficient management of NH3 emissions, reduction of environmental and health impacts of the industries, increased manure value, and viable and sustainable production operations. " The vegetative or wall windbreaks as natural barrier for gaseous and dust exhausted from broiler facilities will provide immediate mitigation effect for reducing wind generated by exhaust fans and serve as a screen for dust emission. The adoption of these simple yet effective management practices could demonstrate the growers stewardship in reducing environmental impact of confined poultry production. " The information obtained from the developing and testing various bedding materials is very timely for meeting the needs of the poultry industry since there has been a shortage of pine shavings and sawdust that has always served as the industry standard as bedding materials. Alternative sources of quality bedding materials need to be evaluated and considered for their absorbability, quality, and cost prior to large-scale use by the industry. " The use of stakeholders such as livestock and poultry producers, agricultural equipment suppliers, state and county regulators, local-county and township elected officials, medical and public health professionals, veterinary medicine professionals, Extension educators and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to provide input to direct development of an economic web-based decision aid and a series of videos on air emissions issues, selecting mitigation practices and sources of additional science-based information for review before making decisions improves acceptability and implementation of mitigation technologies. " Water is a valuable resource in agricultural production. Overhead sprinkling system costs about ¼ to install compare to evaporative cooling pad system. With an estimated 17,000 poultry houses in the state of Arkansas and Oklahoma, water footprint of poultry live production can be greatly reduced if each house uses 50,000 gallon less water in the summer for bird cooling annually. Growers who face water shortage, or who use city or rural water, could benefit largely from reduced water footprint at their farm. It also allows poultry farms with no evaporative cooling pads to improve their bird performance and productivity by replacing interior fogging system with controlled sprinkler system. It is imperative that poultry remains profitable in order to keep the poultry industry economically sustainable and competitive in the global market place. " Methods to improve management practices and the use of litter treatments can contribute to improving indoor air quality and reducing emissions from commercial poultry buildings. This information generated from testing different kind of litter is very timely for meeting the needs of the poultry industry since there has been a shortage of pine shavings and sawdust that has always served as the industry standard as bedding materials. Alternative sources of quality bedding materials need to be evaluated and considered for their absorbability, quality, and cost. " The development of the biodegradable litter amendment provides an environmentally friendly method compared to the inorganic acid salts currently used as litter amendment to control ammonia in broiler houses. Above all, if implemented in poultry houses in the Chesapeake Bay, the material will address the mitigation of ammonia which is one of the current TMDL challenges facing the poultry farmers in the Bay. If not met, violation of the TMDL may result in shut down of farms leading to loss of jobs and economic viability of the farming communities.

PEER REVIEWED JOURNALS Akdeniz, N. and K.A. Janni. 2012. Full-scale biofilter reduction efficiencies assessed using portable 24-hour sampling units. J. A&WMA 62(2) 170-182. Akdeniz, N., K.A. Janni, L.D. Jacobson, B.P. Hetchler. 2011. Comparison of gas sampling bags to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and greenhouse gases. Transactions of the ASABE, 54(2): 653-661. Akdeniz,N., K.A. Janni and I.A. Salnikov. 2011. Biofilter performance of pine nuggets and lava rock as media. Bioresour. Technol. 102:4974-4980. Akdeniz,N., K.A. Janni, L.D. Jacobson and B.P. Hetchler. 2011. Comparison of gas sampling bags 1 to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and greenhouse gases. Trans ASABE 54(2): 653-661. Akdeniz, N., L. D. Jacobson, B. P. Hetchler, S. D. Bereznicki, A. J. Heber, E. L. Cortus, T.-T. Lim, K. Y. Heathcote, S. J. Hoff, J. A. Koziel, L. S. Cai, S. Zhang, D. B. Parker, and E. A. Caraway. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 2 - Odor emissions. Transactions of the ASABE, accepted pending revision. Akdeniz, N., L. D. Jacobson, B. P. Hetchler, S. D. Bereznicki, A. J. Heber, E. L. Cortus, T.-T. Lim, K. Y. Heathcote, S. J. Hoff, J. A. Koziel, L. S. Cai, S. Zhang, D. B. Parker, and E. A. Caraway. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 4  Correlations between sensory and chemical emissions. Transactions of the ASABE, accepted pending revision. Bereznicki, S. D., A. J. Heber, N. Akdeniz, L. D. Jacobson, B. P. Hetchler, K. Y. Heathcote, S. J. Hoff, J. A. Koziel, L. S. Cai, S. Zhang, D. B. Parker, E. A. Caraway, T.-T. Lim, E. L. Cortus, and R. B. Jacko. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal building: Part 1 - Project overview, collection methods, and quality control. Transactions of the ASABE, accepted Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, and J. L. Sibley, 2008. Alternative bedding sources for rearing broiler chickens. #T107. Poultry Sci. 87(1):159. Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2009. Litter nutrient estimates for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 88(1):50. Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2009. Trace element accumulation during litter treatment usage for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 88(1):50. Blake, J.P., J.B. Hess, K.S. Macklin and C.A. Wilson, 2008. Evaluation of sulfuric acid application at three levels as a litter treatment for broiler chickens. #74. Poultry Sci. 87(1):24. Blake, J.P., J.B. Hess, K.S. Macklin and C.A. Wilson, 2008. Evaluation of acidifying litter treatments for broiler chickens. #76. Poultry Sci. 87(1):25. Blake, J.P., J.B. Hess, K.S. Macklin, C.A. Wilson, R. N. Lehman, and S. Kocakaya, 2008. Evaluation of liquid aluminum sulfate litter treatment (A-7) at three application rates for broiler chickens. #75. Poultry Sci. 87(1):24. Chai, C.A., J.-Q. Ni, , Y. Chen, C.A. Diehl, A.J. Heber, and T.-T. Lim. 2010. Assessment of long-term gas sampling design at two commercial manure-belt layer barns. Journal of AWMA 60:702-710. Chai, L., J.-Q. Ni, C.A. Diehl, I. Kilic, A.J. Heber, Y. Chen, E.L. Cortus, B.W. Bogan, T.T. Lim, J.-C. Ramirez-Dorronsoro, and L. Chen. 2012. Ventilation rates at large commercial layer houses with two-year continuous monitoring. British Poultry Science 53(1): 19-31. Chen, Y., J.-Q. Ni, C.A. Diehl, A.J. Heber, W.W. Bogan, L. Chai. 2011. Large scale application of vibration sensors for fan monitoring at commercial layer hen houses. Sensors 10(12):11590-11604. Darr, M. J. and L.Y. Zhao. 2008. A model for predicting signal transmission performance of wireless sensors in poultry layer facilities. Trans. ASABE. 51(5): 1817-1827. Darr, M. J., L. Y. Zhao, J. Ni, and C. Gecik. 2007. Robust Sensor for Agricultural Ventilation Fan Monitoring. Transactions of the ASABE. Vol. 50(3): 1019-1027. Darr, M. J., L. Zhao, J.-Q. Ni, and C. Gecik. 2007. A robust sensor for monitoring the operational status of agricultural ventilation fans. Transactions of the ASABE 50(3): 1019-1027. Darr, M. J., L.Y. Zhao, and M. R. Ehsani. 2007. Implementation of Controller Area Networks for Animal Environment Monitoring. ASHRAE Transactions 113(1): 406-413. Gholap, D. B., K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, and S. F. Bilgili, 2011. Evaluation of air and litter quality with microbiological fluctuations in commercial broiler facilities using a biological and a chemical litter treatment. Abstract #194. Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO. July 16-19. Guarino, M., L. D. Jacobson, K. A. Janni. 2007. Dust Reduction from Oil-Based Feed Additives. Vol.23(3): 329-332. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (ASABE). Henry, C.G., D.D. Schulte, S.J. Hoff, L.D. Jacobson, and A.M. Parkhurst. 2011, Comparison of Ambient Odor Assessment Techniques in a Controlled Environment. Trans. ASABE 54(5): 1865-1872. Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2009. Recent Alabama broiler litter usage changes. Abstracts of Alabama Water Resources Conference, Perdido Beach, AL. Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and R. D. Reynnells, 2008. The National Poultry Waste Management Symposium as a forum for discussion on poultry waste management issues. #TP403. Poultry Sci. 87(1):127. Hoff, S.J., D.S. Bundy, M.A. Nelson, B.C. Zelle, L.D. Jacobson, A.J. Heber, J.Q. Ni, Y. Zhang, J.A. Koziel, and D.B. Beasley. 2009. Real-time airflow rate measurements from mechanically ventilated animal buildings. AWMA Journal 59(6):683-694. Hoff, S.J., J.D. Harmon, L. Chen, K.A. Janni, D.R. Schmidt, R.E. Nicolai, L.D. Jacobson. 2009. Partial biofiltration of a hybrid ventilated deep-pit swine finisher. Applied Engineering in Agric. 25(2): 269-280. Hollman, M., W. Powers, A. Fogiel, N. Bello, J. Liesman, D. Beede. 2012. Enteric methane emissions and lactational performance of Holstein cows fed different concentrations of coconut oil. J. Dairy Sci. 95:26022615. Jacobson, L.D., B.P. Hetchler, D.R. Schmidt, R.E., Nicolai, A.J. Heber, J.-Q. Ni, S.J. Hoff, J.A. Koziel, D.B. Parker, Y. Zhang, and D.B. Beasley. 2008. Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Part 3 -Odor Concentrations: AWMA Journal 58: 806-811. Jacobson, L.D., Brian P. Hetchler, Neslihan Akdeniz, Steven Hoff, Albert J. Heber, Ji-Qin Ni, Yuanhui Zhang, and Jacek Koziel. Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project, 2011. Project Summary, pp. 1-13. ASABE On-Line Publication. Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., Schmidt, D.R., Nicolai, R.E., Heber, A.J., Ni, J., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Parker, D.B., Zhang, Y., Beasley, D.B. 2008. Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Part 3 -Odor Concentrations: AWMA Journal 58: 806-811. Jacobson, Larry D. (2007) Animal Structures: Air Quality Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering, 1:1, 1-3, DOI: 10.1081/E-EAFE-120007233. K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, J. B. 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