Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting was called to order at 1:00 pm, July 31st, by Chair Kevin Kenworthy. Dr. Gerald Arkin, (S-009 Administrative Advisor and Assistant Dean of UGA Griffin Campus) welcomed the group. He encouraged discussion of this program with administrators of each state to get further support. The 2011 minutes were approved (Fred Allen/Tom Stalker). Kevin Kenworthy appointed Paul Raymer and Mari Marutani to nominate an incoming secretary and Fred Allen and Emerson Shipe to propose the meeting site and dates for 2013 meeting. A report was distributed from Peter Bretting, Office of National Programs. Gary Pederson presented a summary of the report including personnel changes, proposed budget increases, ARS location closures, NP 301 new project plans, NPGCC meeting, and NGRAC organizational teleconference. The S-009 Multistate Project was submitted by Gary Pederson and nominated by the Southern Directors for the 2012 National Excellence in Multistate Research Award. If awarded, the S-009 advisory committee will decide how to use the prize. Kudos to Gary for submission of the proposal (Kevin and committee members). Gary Pederson presented the current status of the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit collection. There are 91,259 accessions in the collection with 80,142 available and 88,669 backed up. Increases in back-up, seed germination test, and digital photos were noted. Regeneration was also conducted at other institutions (e.g. 108 wild peanut spp. accessions at NC). Regeneration priority is based on the number of seed requests, longevity of stored seeds, and % germination. An increase in seed distributions to foreign countries was reported for 2012. A concern expressed was that we should be able to receive seeds from those countries where we send seed. However, some countries will not send seeds to the U.S., although original seeds were sent or collected from those countries. Dave Pinnow presented a historical review of the pathology and germination labs and his responsibilities. His current work involves disease screening, diagnosis, quarantine work, applied pathology research, and research support including detection and classification of Sweetpotato Leaf Curl Virus (SPLCV). Since 2002, germination tests have been completed for 81.6% of all accessions. Re-testing of accessions will start in 2013 in addition to keeping current with new regenerations. Ming Li Wang presented his biochemical research focusing on the use of oil content and fatty acid composition analysis to characterize germplasm. Major oilseed crops in collection were peanut, castor bean, sesame, and minor oilseed plant species including hibiscus, okra, watermelon, pepper, squash, and pumpkin. Tom Stalker led a discussion of the Nicotiana collection at North Carolina State Univ. There are little or no resources for conservation of Niconiana germplasm. Suggestions of possible places to maintain wild species and important germplasm may be at pharmaceutical companies, botanic gardens, or possibly USDA. The S-009 Project is up for renewal in 2013. Gary Pederson reported that the group needs to work on preparation of the Development Committee request. The committee decided to work on wording of new objectives at this meeting rather than discuss state reports in detail. A tentative schedule for the next 10-year project was 1. Develop new objectives (Aug. 10); 2. Prepare Development Committee request (Aug. 31); 3. Prepare first draft of new project (Oct. 31); 4. Committee review and edit the project plan (Nov. 2012  Jan. 2013); Complete final draft (Jan. 31, 2013); Enter project in NIMSS, request participation, peer review, and make corrections (Feb.  May, 2013); and complete project plan (June 2013). Gary will report on S-009 10-year progress at SAAESD meeting at New Hampshire in September 2012. The meeting was adjourned at 4:50 pm. The meeting re-convened at 8:00 am Aug. 1st with a tour of the new 4 C cold room and building addition. There are humidity problems that must be fixed before the cold room can be used. Surplus items were shown that were obtained from three ARS location closures including lab supplies, farm equipment, and vehicles. New plot land was shown in a 17 acre fenced area on Westbrook Farm near campus. The meeting continued with a lengthy discussion leading to the proposal of four objectives in the new S-009 project: Objective 1: Acquire and conserve genetic resources of crops and related wild species of importance to the Southern Region such as sorghum, peanut, watermelon, chili peppers, warm-season grasses, cowpea, clover, tropical/subtropical legumes, and others. Objective 2: Conduct genetic characterizations and phenotypic evaluations of the conserved crops and related wild species for commercially important genetic and agronomic traits. Objective 3: Incorporate characterization and evaluation information into the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) or other public databases. Objective 4: Distribute genetic resources and associated information to researchers, educators, and plant breeders in the Southern Region and worldwide. New officers for 2013 will be Chair, Mari Marutani, and Secretary, Fred Allen. The 2013 meeting will be held at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Balm, Florida on July 30-31, 2013. Kevin Kenworthy will organize the meeting and send detailed information later. Announcements were made about plant breeding positions at University of Florida and Clemson University. The meeting was adjourned at 11:00 am (Fred Allen/Tom Stalker).

The complete accomplishments section for the 2012 S-009 annual report is located at the S-009 website (www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=9514). A summary of the accomplishments from the Griffin location and S-009 cooperators is listed below. USDA, ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit: A total of 91,259 accessions of 1,548 plant species were maintained in the Griffin plant genetic resources collection. Over 87.8% of accessions were available for distribution to users and over 97.2% were backed up for security at a second location. Bulk seed samples for 67,241 accessions were maintained at -18 C for long-term storage with seed of the remaining accessions stored at 4 C. A total of 32,512 seed and clonal accessions in 946 separate orders were distributed upon request to scientists and educators in 47 U.S. states and 45 foreign countries. Acquisitions made to the collection included 176 sorghum, 230 pepper, 90 warm-season grass, 32 cowpea, 12 peanut, 13 vegetable, and 10 other accessions. A plant collection trip in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina added 39 naturalized Sorghum halepense, 14 switchgrass, and 3 indiangrass accessions to the collection. Seed regenerations and characterization were conducted on 815 peanut, 77 cowpea, 113 warm-season grass, 150 pepper, 301 legume, new, and misc. crop, 127 annual clover, and 32 other vegetable accessions. Peanut accessions were regenerated with cooperators in Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Texas. Over 200 pepper accessions were grown in California for characterization and recording of digital images. Digital images of sorghum, cucurbit, cowpea and warm-season grass accessions, and seed oil and fatty acid content of okra and watermelon, peanut core fatty acid content, and sorghum 100-seed weight data were added to the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Long-term maintenance of 242 wild peanut and 411 warm-season grass clonal accessions was continued in the greenhouse with an additional 47 napiergrass accessions maintained in the field. A total of 24 bermudagrass and 725 sweetpotato accessions were maintained in tissue culture. Germination testing has been conducted on 73,274 accessions (over 81% of collection) since 2002. In cooperation with industry, differential sets of four vegetable crops were distributed to researchers for identification of disease races. Photoperiod-sensitive Teramnus and annual clover accessions were regenerated in the winter greenhouse. Seed oil content and fatty acid composition was determined for the entire U.S. collections of kenaf, roselle, okra (oil content only), and two pumpkin species. Morphological descriptor, oil content, fatty acid composition, and genetic variability data are being used to develop a core subset from the U.S. castor bean collection. With cooperators in Kansas, a total of 300 sorghum accessions were selected for biomass evaluation in the field from 1,000 accessions genotyped by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis. Variation for phytochemicals including flavonol content, oil content, fatty acid composition, and anthocyanin index were determined in lablab, desmodium, roselle, and/or kenaf accessions. Variation in glucose content was found in sunn hemp accessions. Six clonal little bluestem lines were evaluated in the field for ornamental cultivar development. Salt tolerance screening was conducted on the U.S. zoysia collection. Alabama: Current work focuses on evaluation, utilization and breeding of sunn hemp and sericea lespedeza. Auburn University and the Ala. Agric. Expt. Stn. released the sunn hemp cultivars AU Golden and AU Durbin. These cultivars can be used as fodder and as cover crops. Sericea lespedeza is being evaluated for control of gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants and for condensed tannin content in cooperation with colleagues at Auburn, GA, LS, AR, and USDA. Evaluation, utilization and breeding of upland cotton is conducted with cotton accessions evaluated for resistance to heat and drought. We have fine-tuned our evaluation process, and have been able to get repeatable results for increased tolerance to heat at both vegetative and reproductive stages. Advanced lines from crosses between putative heat tolerant accessions and adapted germplasm in the field are being evaluated. A study on exotic germplasm introgression impacts on cotton yield and fiber quality traits has been concluded and will be published. Florida: The state of Florida was very active in 2011 for plant genetic resources distribution. According to records provided by S-9, 29 different individuals requested materials from 19 different genera of plants and a total of 2,532 unique PIs distributed. Affiliation of individuals obtaining materials included University of Florida scientists, USDA scientists, private research organizations, private citizens, and public schools. Most individuals who responded to a request for information indicated a high level of satisfaction with materials provided and appreciation for the availability of the germplasm. Georgia: During 2011, sixty-nine different requests for plant germplasm were made to the S-009 Unit by citizens of Georgia. As a result of these requests, 614 plant accessions were supplied to University and USDA scientists, consultants, seed companies, gardeners, and citizens of Georgia. The most requested crops were sorghum, warm-season grasses, peanut, and pepper. UGA currently has active cultivar development programs in soybean, peanut, small grains, cotton, turf grasses, forages, blueberries, pecan, grape, and numerous ornamental crops that frequently utilize the plant genetic resource collections. These cultivar development programs have released 10 cultivars since the beginning of 2011. In addition, research programs in crop science, horticulture, plant pathology, entomology and other disciplines continue to utilize the genetic resources of the S-009 Unit in both basic and applied research projects designed to address the needs of Georgia and U.S. agriculture. For example, the entire available seashore paspalum (warm-season turfgrass) collection was screened for salt tolerance in 2010 and work is underway to develop molecular markers that could be used by breeding programs to improve salt tolerance in grasses. A large portion of the zoysiagrass collection was screened for salt tolerance earlier this year. Guam: Zea mays (Guam Field Corn) was distributed to the Island of Tinian of the Commonwealth of Northern Marianas for regeneration and conducting subsequent tests as a supplement in animal feeds. The study on regeneration of Crotalaria juncea (PI 652939, Texas 374) found that plants produced flowers or flower buds but no seeds were formed due possibly to self-incompatibility. Clones of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Ma'afala originated from Samoa was obtained for field evaluation in Guam. Seeds of five Jatropha curcas lines were obtained for field evaluation. The field trial of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) was conducted with 14 accessions obtained from USDA/ARS/PGRCU Griffin GA, and a local check (a Taiwan variety commonly used in Guam) in calcareous Guam cobbly clay soil (pH 7.8, RCB, 10 plant/plot; 4 replications) from 3/25/11 to 5/20/11 during the dry season. The majority reached the reproductive stage at 30 days after sowing seeds except three accessions, PI 468956 (Tropic Sun), PI 561720 (IAC-1), and PI 234771 that remained vegetative much longer ending up to accumulate much greater biomass at harvest. Early maturation was observed with accessions of PI 250487 (K679) and PI 322377 (IRI2473). Louisiana: Seed of Desmanthus illinoensis received from the NPGS will be combined with other native materials and used for variety development. Malvaceae family species are being screened for odd-chain unsaturated fatty acids in their seed oils. These fatty acids were identified in the initial accessions and additional accessions will be screened. Interest exists to find higher concentrations of unusual odd-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Goal is to understand the role of alpha-oxidation in plants and can we develop cotton varieties with altered fatty acid composition; Thespesia populnea shows promise. Research on Ipomoea accessions include evolutionary ecology, molecular evolution and population genetics of genes involved in flower color, as well as the phylogenetic systematics of morning glories (species of the tribe Ipomoeae). Recent efforts include investigating the symbiotic relationship between ergot producing fungi and morning glories. Rice and red rice lines were used to investigate the genetics of photoperiodic flowering response. Fructescens lines are being evaluated for Tabasco pepper production and processing properties. Accessions of Hibiscus sabdariffa were evaluated for impact on the urban forest (M.S. research). New Ipomoea batatas germplasm was acquired from Uruguay for skinning resistance research. North Carolina: Faculty in the Crop Science and Horticultural Science Departments at NC State University conduct research on strawberry, blueberry, brambles, tree crops, ornamentals, maize, soybean, peanut, cotton, tobacco, small grains, turfgrasses, sweet potato, cucurbits, and other crops. Priorities are on incorporating disease and insect resistance, abiotic stress resistance, and quality factors into improved breeding lines and cultivars. Plant introductions are critical components of plant improvement programs, and NCSU scientists make use of germplasm maintained in the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). During the past year, 12 individuals received 1,737 entries that were been introduced to NC from the Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station, including species of cultivated and wild peanut, sorghum, cowpea, pepper, sesame, watermelon, warm season grasses, eggplant, and Ipomoea. In addition, the Plant Breeding Center is supporting a large group of plant breeding graduate students, many of whom are involved with plant germplasm collections. The U.S. collection of cultivated and wild Nicotiana species is maintained at NCSU and numerous seed requests are filled annually both to U.S. and international individuals and organizations. An attempt is being made to create a duplicate collection of the Arachis species and there are currently 428 at NC State University of the 607 accessions in the USDA collection. In addition, the USDA peanut curator sent more than 250 accessions of cultivated and wild Arachis species for seed regeneration in North Carolina during the past year. Oklahoma: Plant germplasm distribution data received from S-9 indicate that 529 plant accessions maintained at the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA were distributed to organizations or individuals in Oklahoma the last year. The accessions were distributed in 13 requests. The requested plant germplasm in 2011 included sorghum (Sorghum bicolor and S. intrans) (465 accessions), sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) (11 accessions), Zoysiagrass (Zoysia sp.) (46 accessions), Lablab legume (Lablab purpureus) (1 accession), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) (2 accessions), and African bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis) (4 accessions). Receivers of the plant accessions represent researchers of Oklahoma State University, USDA-ARS laboratories, local companies and individual Oklahomans. Puerto Rico: Eighteen quenepa (Melicoccus bijugatus) cultivars are in the seventh year of evaluation at Juana Díaz and Lajas. The cultivar with the highest yield per tree was Carmen, with 76 pounds, followed by Tuna with 65 pounds and Sabana Grande with 30.8 pounds. Citrus germplasm collections are being maintained in screenhouses at Isabela and Rio Piedras. The highest yielding rootstocks of Tahiti lime are HRS 812 and rough lemon, with 85.8 and 104.5 pounds, respectively. Nova mandarin trees are being propagated for a rootstock trial. Two tannier hybrids with yellow flesh, Superkelly and Nazareno, were evaluated using planting material treated with the biological fungicide Companion (Bacillus subtilis GB03) or limestone application. Seeds of 21 upland rice varieties were requested from CIAT and the Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center and planted for seed increase. An additional 28 upland varieties from Brazil, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, Bangladesh and the USA were requested and will be increased for local evaluation. USDA germplasm requests in Puerto Rico in 2011 include 11 accessions of watermelon, 7 cowpea, 1 pumpkin, 1 eggplant, and 1 okra. New crop germplasm projects include evaluation of accessions of breadfruit and achachairu (Garcinia sp.), screening of citrus rootstocks for Phytophthora resistance, and evaluation of traditional varieties produced by the Agricultural Experiment Station. South Carolina: A total of 476 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2011: Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 30 Citrullus, (watermelon) accessions; J. Allen, Rebellion Farm, 6 Sesamum (sesame); S. Bell, Liberty Christian Academy, 1 Pennisetum (pearl millet); F. Cates, Western Seed Multiplication, 7 Vigna (cowpea); D. Gilbert, Laherne Farms, 20 Capsicum spp. (pepper); Dr. Howard Harrison, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 4 Ipomoea (sweetpotato); W. Jones, University of South Carolina, 287 Sorghum spp. (grain sorghum); Dr. C. Kousik, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 96 Citrullus spp.; Dr. S. Kresovich, University of South Carolina, 5 Sorghum accessions; M. McMillan, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 15 Capsicum accessions; and Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 5 Citrullus accessions. Graham oat (formerly designated SC96-1246), developed by W.D. Graham, B. Edge, C.R. Ray, and Carl Myers, has been released by the Clemson University Experiment Station. It is a mid to late maturity oat variety and was released because of its excellent seed yield potential. CaroTiger peach (formerly designated SC82035-13-48), developed by D.W. Cain, D.R. Layne, and W.C. Newall, Jr., has been proposed for release by the Clemson Experiment Station. CaroTiger is a high quality, attractive, late-season peach for both the commercial shipping and local, retail markets. Fruit has consistent large size (averaging >7.62 cm (3 in.) in diameter or larger) and trees bear a full crop. Fruit shape, color, and overall attractiveness is excellent. Fruit are freestone, have very good eating quality, do not get soft too fast, have melting flesh, normal acidity and excellent sugar content. Tennessee: A number of projects are being conducted at the University of Tennessee in which plant introductions are being utilized in research. Three switchgrass PIs are being intercrossed with two experimental lines and two released cultivars for the purpose of developing new synthetic varieties of switchgrass. Early generation lines from the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project, expired PVP lines, and other germplasm obtained from NC-007 maize collection are being crossed with elite adapted lines. Progeny from crosses are advanced by traditional breeding methods, to develop new maize parental lines. Data was analyzed from seven environments in 2011 to evaluate field performance of soybean glyphosate resistant line TN06-140RR (currently cultivar USG 75T40). The female parent was GP-280 in the USDA Germplasm Collection and the male pollen donor line was GP-318 that contains two exotic pedigree sources (PI 227333 and PI 91730-1) that collectively contributed less than 10% of the genes to U.S. soybean cultivars. Other soybean breeding lines (TN05-5018, TN08-101, and TN09-008) were developed from PIs and material from the USDA germplasm collection. Sister lines of the mid-oleic registered germplasm line N98-4445A donated elevated oleic acid through crosses with glyphosate resistant versions of crosses of the registered cultivar 5601T and the registered germplasm line TN93-99 to produce new progeny lines with better biodiesel properties and oxidative stability than two commercial cultivars. Fourteen niger accessions from the USDA Germplasm collection were evaluated for seed production potential and agronomic traits to develop populations from which to select improved lines as new cultivars. Texas: In collaboration with researchers from Texas Tech Health Science Center, sweetpotato accessions were screened for in vitro activity against certain types of cancer cells. Both Setaria spp. and Panicum spp. germplasm are being screened for susceptibility to Panicum mosaic virus. USDA-ARS in Lubbock is working on abiotic stress tolerance in sorghum. GRIN as been an excellent source of germplasm for the program. Sorghum accessions are currently being used in a study to identify genes controlling floral initiation. We are sequencing candidate genes and comparing the alleles in the different genotypes. Hundreds of sorghum accessions have been evaluated for use in the TAMU sorghum energy breeding program. Sorghum and switchgrass germplasm accessed from GRIN by NexSteppe, Inc. will be utilized for elite line and hybrid development. Four sorghum lines have been examined for their performance in response to southwestern corn borer and fall armyworm. The Wind Erosion and Water Conservation unit at the Cropping Systems Research Lab in Lubbock is investigating the effect of abrasion by wind borne sand on crop plants. The investigation has been expanded from cotton to sorghum. Sorghum accessions are being used in a project that is examining the origin of Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense), a project dedicated to understanding the genetic control of rhizome growth in sorghums, and a breeding project aimed at the development of perennial sorghum varieties for use as grain, forage, and/or bio-energy feedstocks. Virgin Islands: Sorrel, Hibiscus sabdariffa, hybrids were developed through controlled crosses between Caribbean varieties or between Caribbean and African varieties. Hybrid vigor was apparent in the first generation as indicated by stronger growth, increased branching and larger fruit. Fifty sorrel lines from the USDA Germplasm Repository were evaluated for tolerance to high pH (above 8.0) calcareous soils of the Virgin Islands. One line, PI 274245, was found to be resistant to the calcareous high pH soils with no indication of chlorosis. Sweetpotato grown in the US Virgin Islands is plagued by the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius). A trial was set up to monitor weevil populations during sweetpotato production. Pheromone bait was used to attract weevils and monitor their population over time. The weevil population increased during the first four weeks and stabilized through the thirteenth week. Beauregard-14 and Bonita had the greatest total and marketable weight per plant and were two weeks earlier than the other varieties. Early sweetpotato varieties were more resistant than late maturing varieties. Four varieties had low or no weevil damage which made them more marketable. Beauregard-14, Bonita, Evangeline and Liberty averaged over two marketable roots per plant. From this initial trial, Beauregard-14, Bonita, Evangeline and Liberty have production potential for the US Virgin Islands.

Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit Barkley, N.L., Pinnow, D.L., Wang, M.L., Ling, K., Jarret, R.L. 2011. Detection and classification of sweetpotato leaf curl virus (SPLCV) isolates in the U.S. sweetpotato germplasm collection via a real-time PCR assay and phylogenetic analysis. Plant Disease. 95(11):1385-1391. Barkley, N.L., Pittman, R.N., Wang, M.L. 2011. Utilization of SNP, SSR, and biochemical data to evaluate genetic and phenotypic diversity in the U.S. peanut germplasm collection. Meeting Abstract. Peanut CRSP Strategic Research Conference, 12/11-15/2011, Malta. Fountain, J.C., Qin, H., Chen, C.Y., Dang, P.M., Wang, M.L., Guo, B. 2011. A note on development of a low-cost and high throughput SSR-based genotyping method in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanut Science. 38:122-127. Harrison Dunn, M.L., Pinnow, D.L. 2011. Germination of southern ecotypes of switchgrass germplasm. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. San Antonio, TX (Oct. 16-19, 2011). 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