Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The NC 228 technical committee meeting was held on Friday November 7, 2003 at Grant Park Room in the Congress Hotel, Chicago, IL. Dr. Jack Gelb, Chair of NC228 opened the meeting at 2 PM. Welcomes and introductions followed.

Dr. Khan, the elected NC-228 Secretary this year, was unable to attend the meeting due to another commitment. Dr. Wu kindly agreed to record the minutes.

Dr. Klausner (Administrative Advisor to NC-228) reviewed the time line for the renewal project submission (December 1, 2003) and approval process.

Dr. Peter Johnson (USDA, CSREES) updated the Committee on the following:
1. Personnel updates.
2. A new issue-based CSREES web site will be launched in March 2004.
3. Competitive Programs. Discussed the FY2003 appropriations and the scope of the NRI with special reference to the Integrated Projects programs. Discussed the FY2004 NRI program dates, award sizes and the new Coordinated Agricultural Projects (CAP) program. Avian Influenza was identified for poultry in FY2003; the proposals submitted for that disease were not funded, but one larger consortia proposal approach received a favorable review. An AI proposal will again be eligible for submission in FY2004. Dr. Gelb agreed to e-mail the poultry disease (AIV) scientific community in order to initiate a planning meeting in January 2004. A detailed CSREES budget summary for FY2001-2004 was also discussed."
4. Future Poultry Disease/Issue Priorities. CSREES has begun soliciting input from federal, state and local partners to advise the CAP program. For example, animal agricultural coalition membership, were asked to identify 3-5 issues/diseases from coalition membership for the animal component of the Animal Biosecurity Program. Dr. Johnson requested that NC-228, as a multi-state committee, provide consensus feedback by identifying and prioritizing poultry diseases for future consideration. The committee discussed many poultry diseases and prioritized them. The following diseases were prioritized. 1. Newcastle disease 2. Avian coronaviral diseases 3. Infectious bursal disease. Dr. Gelb agreed to inform Dr. Johnson of the NC-228 recommendations.

Elections of officers were not held this year. For 2004, Dr. Gelb will continue as Chair and Dr. Khan as Secretary.

The committee spent considerable time and effort developing the renewal project. Additional work on the final revision was assigned. The revisions of various sections were to be returned to Dr. Gelb for compilation of the final draft of the proposal. Dr. Gelb agreed to e-mail the participants the final draft for one last review prior to the submission deadline.

All participants in the renewal project were asked to contact their Experimental Station Directors to update the Participant List (Appendix E) of the renewal project.

The 2002-2003 Annual Station Reports were discussed from 8 AM-5 PM, Saturday, November 8. Dr. Gelb requested the Station Reports be e-mailed to him for preparing the final composite report for 2002-2003. The meeting was adjourned at 5 PM.

Objective 1. Determine the pathogenesis and interactions of specific agents.

AVIAN FOWLPOX
Immunization of chickens with two avian poxviruses (Hawaiian goose pox and Palila pox) from Hawaiian endangered forest birds did not provide protection against fowlpox virus indicating that these viruses are biologically different from fowlpox virus (Illinois).

AVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS (APV)
Epidemiologic studies showed the incidence of APV in Minnesota between 1999 and 2002 still high (> 36%), and that the virus was spreading, albeit slowly, to neighboring states (Minnesota).

INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS (IBV)
Quantitative RT-PCR was found to be a suitable procedure for measuring IBV and NDV following coinfection with vaccine strains. IBV replication interfered with the growth of a commercial B1 NDV and highly attenuated CA B1 NDV strains in embryonated eggs. In chickens, Ca strain NDV replication was greatly diminished by IBV. NDV did not affect IBV growth. QRT-PCR can be used to determine the interference potential of NDV and IBV strains in combination vaccines (Delaware).

INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS (IBDV)
Suppression of bursal B cell proliferation after inoculation with DNA constructs expressing the IBDV VP243 polyprotein gene from either classical STC or variant E strain identified IBDV VP243 polyprotein as a mediator of virus-induced immune suppression (Indiana).

Amino acid residues at positions 253 and 284 in VP2 protein are important for viral entry and virulence, and VP1 protein is involved in the efficiency of viral replication and virulence of IBDV in vivo (Maryland).

Mild and intermediate vaccine strains of IBDV interfered with the in vivo replication of a virulent IBDV (Ohio). Knowledge of host-virus interactions is important for designing control strategies.

MYCOPLASMOSIS
Additional experiments in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells confirmed that attenuated strains of MG penetrated as or more efficiently than pathogenic strains, thus indicating that intracellular invasion is not necessarily linked to virulence (Delaware).

Preliminary findings indicated that in a health survey of Mycoplasma gallisepticum-free wild house finches, other biotic cofactors, such as West Nile virus and feather mites, may influence host susceptibility to M. gallisepticum infection and sustain outbreaks during periods of low disease transmission. Under laboratory conditions, a high survival rate and recovery of individually caged house finches following experimental infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum was associated with the use of controlled environmental conditions, acclimatization, a high plane of nutrition, and low stocking (housing) density (North Carolina).

NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS (NDV). Using the embryonated chicken egg as a model system to evaluate virulence properties of NDV, embryos from eggs inoculated with different NDV isolates were compared for virus distribution in the tissues and membranes. Low-virulence strains were detected exclusively in the cells of the chorioallantoic membrane, whereas more virulent NDV isolates and mutated strains that had been demonstrated to have acquired virulence for chickens were widely disseminated in chicken embryo tissues (USDA, ARS, SEPRL).

PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA
Differential gene expression profiles for Pasteurella multocida under natural infection and in various experimentally-induced stresses continue to be examined (Minnesota).

Objective 2. Surveillance, occurrence and consequences of agents and host variation on disease susceptibility.

AVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS
APV infection was diagnosed for the first time in Ohio in a turkey breeder flock and was associated with a severe drop in egg production. The diagnosis of APV will necessitate initiation of surveillance and control measures (Ohio).

APV was identified from 12 APV antibody-positive wild birds and it was determined through sequence analysis of the glycoprotein, matrix and fusion genes that the wild bird viruses are closely related to viruses found in domestic poultry (USDA, ARS, SEPRL).

MYCOPLASMOSIS
Using the putative cytadhesin protein pvpA gene of M. gallisepticum, three different RFLP groups and 16 genotypes were evident from 55 house finch isolates evaluated suggesting a greater degree of polymorphism than previously recognized by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) studies. Isolates from five MG outbreaks in commercial poultry flocks during 2001, the tail end of the epidemic that began in 1999, were unique RAPD types and could be associated with a backyard flock or live bird market. These sporadic cases did not result in widespread epidemic transmission that occurred previously. It appears that backyard flocks and/or live bird markets were important reservoirs of MG infections (North Carolina).


Objective 3. Develop new and improved methods for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of avian respiratory diseases.

INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS
Chickens vaccinated at hatching have T and B-lymphocytes reactant to the IBV-S protein that should elicit some level of cellular and humoral response to IBV infection. An IBV DNA S vaccine was expressed in all lymphoid organs (Connecticut).

AVIAN FOWLPOX
Chickens immunized with genetically modified fowlpox virus (i) lacking any sequences of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in its genome or (ii) containing only REV envelope gene in its genome provided protection against two field strains of fowlpox virus (Illinois).

AVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS
An APV vaccine licensed by the USDA and several other vaccine viruses are being evaluated. In addition, the genome sequencing of APV has just been completed, paving way for generation of reverse genetic system for vaccine development and further characterization of the virus. Host gene expression patterns following APV infection and immunosuppressive effects were assessed. (Minnesota).

INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS
Two plasmids encoding chicken IFN- or large segment protein of IBDV given at separate sites did not enhance protection of chickens against IBD by DNA vaccination, but two plasmids given at the same site showed an adverse effect on protection of chickens against IBD by DNA vaccination (Indiana).

Amino acid mutations were identified in a neutralizing epitope of an IBDV quasispecies and molecular epidemiology of genetic mutations in a region of the VP2 gene encoding a neutralizing epitope of IBDV was initiated. Determining how quasispecies contribute to the antigenicity and pathogenicity of IBDV will aid in the development of better vaccines and control measures. (Ohio).

MYCOPLASMOSIS
Pure M. gallisepticum cultures were isolated from fast-growing mixed contaminating mycoplasma cultures using an inexpensive gentomycin invasion assay taking only about two-weeks compared to months needed using colony picking procedures. The technique will increase the number of MG isolates to be recovered and therefore improve diagnostic identification efforts during future outbreaks. Sequencing of the Mycoplasma synoviae genome with Minnesota is continuing. The information will be used to develop better diagnostic, prevention (vaccine) and control measures (Delaware).

Polymerase chain reaction test sensitivity was increased by sampling the choanal cleft compared to conjunctiva for detecting MG infections in house finches with no clinical signs or lesions. However, either site could be used for sampling in finches with lesions (North Carolina).

NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS.
The delivery of DNA to the avian embryo for immunization has been optimized. Using the reverse genetics technology, a recombinant NDV vector carrying the VP2 gene of IBDV protected chickens against both viruses (Maryland).

Composting resulted in the inactivation of NDV and avian encephalomyelitis virus. The methodology used has contained the viruses within the compost pile. These preliminary findings indicate that composting is proving to be a safe and environmentally friendly and feasible way to dispose of large amounts of contaminated animal carcasses that may occur in such catastrophic disease events as avian influenza and Newcastle disease (Iowa).

A real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test (RRT-PCR) was developed for exotic Newcastle disease and validated through the cooperation of SEPRL, APHIS National Veterinary Services Laboratories, and the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System. The test was adopted for use by the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) (USDA, ARS, SEPRL).

ORNITHOBACTERIUM RHINOTRACHEALE
A temperature sensitive mutant vaccine against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was developed (Minnesota).

Work Planned for the Coming Year.

INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS
In ovo IBV DNA, viral vector vaccination trials and protection studies will continue (Connecticut).
Evaluate the replication interference potential of NDV and IBV vaccine strains. Characterize genotype PA/1220/98 and related isolates from geographically widespread regions in the USA. Evaluate NDV as a vector for delivering IBV S antigen (Delaware).

INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS
Indiana will study the long-term effect of VP243 polyprotein on immune response of chickens, and other chicken cytokine genes on immunomodulation and protection of chickens against IBD by DNA vaccination.

NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Iowa will continue the planned work with regards to biosecurity and composting.

Maryland will introduce other avian genes in NDV to evaluate the efficacy of an attenuated recombinant NDV vaccine, and also evaluate IBDV vaccine in ovo, using broiler chickens.

MYCOPLASMAS
Complete the M. synoviae genome sequence project (Delaware).

INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS
Studies will continue on IBDV interference. Surveillance for APV will be intensified. Production of monoclonal antibodies to IBDV will continue (Ohio).

Molecular epidemiology studies on IBDV will continue using real-time RT-PCR.

Abdel-Alim, G.A. and Y.M. Saif: Pathogenicity of embryo-adapted serotype 2 OH strain of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens and turkeys. Avian Dis. 46:1001-1006, 2002.

Alkahalaf AN, Halvorson DA, Saif YM. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and virus neutralization test for detection of antibodies to avian pneumovirus. Avian Dis 46:700-703. 2002.

Alkhalaf, A.N. and Y.M. Saif. Lack of antigenic relationships between avian pneumovirus and four avian paramyxoviruses. Avian Dis. 47:175-179, 2003.

Alvarez R, Lwamba H., Kapczynski DR, Njenga MK, Seal B. Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence-based analysis of the avian metapneumovirus type C cell attachment glycoprotein gene: Phylogenetic analysis and molecular epidemiology of U.S. Pneumoviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 41:1730-1735. 2003.

Bennett RS, McComb B, Shin HJ, Njenga MK, Nagaraja KV, Halvorson DA. Detection of avian pneumovirus in wild Canada (Branta canadensis) and blue-winged teal (Anas discors) geese. Avian Dis. 46:1025-1029. 2002.

Boyce JD, Wilkie I, Harper M, Paustian ML, Kapur V, Adler B. Genomic scale analysis of Pasteurella multocida gene expression during growth within the natural chicken host. Infect Immun. 70:6871-6879, 2002.

Campion, L.. Assessment of interference between live infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus vaccines using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Proc. Seventy-fifth Ann. Mtg. Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases. University of Maine, Orono, Maine. June 11-13, 2003.

Caterina, K., M. I. Khan, T. Grishick and S. Frasca. Development of multiplex PCR for avian enteric pathogens.52nd Western Poultry Disease Conference, Sacramento, California. March 8-11, 2003.

Chang, HC, Lin, TL, and Wu, CC. DNA vaccination with plasmids containing various fragments of large segment genome of infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccine, 21: 507-513. 2003.

Chary, P., S. Rautenschlein, M. K. Njenga, and J. M. Sharma. Pathogenic and immunosuppressive effects of avian pneumovirus in turkeys. Avian Dis. 46:153-161. 2002.

Chen, H., Matsuoka, Y., Swayne, D., Chen, Q., Cox, N.J., Murphy, B.R., Subbarao, K. Generation and characterization of a cold-adapted influenza A H9N2 reassortant as a live virus vaccine candidate. Vaccine. 21:1974-1979. 2003.

Cook W, Charlton K, Ley D. Testing recommendations for wild turkeys. 52nd Annual Wildlife Disease Association Conference, Program and Abstracts (pp. 84-86), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, August 11-14, 2003.

Dar, A.M., Munir, S., Goyal, S.M., and Kapur, V. 2003. Sequence analysis of the matrix (M2) protein gene of avian pneumovirus recovered from turkey flocks in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:2748-2751. 2003.

Dar, A.M., Munir, S., Goyal, S.M., and Kapur, V. A single subtype of avian pneumovirus circulates among Minnesota turkey flocks. J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 14:371-376. 2002.

Fabis, J. J., Z. Xie and M. I. Khan. Delineation of IBV-Recombinant plasmid DNA in embryonating and hatched chicks. 140th annual American Veterinary Medical Association Convention and Meeting, & XIII Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association. Denver, Colorado. July 19-23, 2003.

Gelb, J., Jr. and B. S. Ladman, Infectious bronchitis update-Current thinking on controlling IB. Is it working or is it the lull before the next storm? Proc. North Atlantic Poultry Health and Management Conference. Portsmouth, New Hampshire. March 26-27, 2003.

Gelb, J., Jr. Future challenges and opportunities in poultry disease epidemiological methodology. Proc. Seventy-fifth Ann. Mtg. Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases. University of Maine, Orono, Maine. June 11-13, 2003.

Gelb, Jr., J., L. Campion and B. S. Ladman. Replication interference associated with infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus co-infections. Proc. AVMA/AAAP Ann. Mtg. AVMA Convention Notes (Poultry section) compact disc. Denver, Colorado. July 19-23, 2003.

Glanville, T. D., T. L. Richard, J. D. Harmon, D. L. Reynolds, S. S. Sadaka and S. Akinc. Environmental Impact & Biosecurity of Composting for Emergency Disposal of Livestock Mortalities. Paper No. 032262. Presented at the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 2003 Annual International Meeting. Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003.

Goyal, S.M., Lauer, D., Friendshuh, K. and Halvorson, D.A. Seroprevalence of avian pneumovirus in Minnesota turkeys. Avian Dis. 47:244-250, 2003.

Hartup BK, Stott-Messick B, Guzy M, Greiner EC, Ley DH. Health Survey of Mycoplasma gallicepticum-free house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) from Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2003 (in press).

Huang, Z., Y. Elankumaran, A. Panda, Y. S. Abdul, and S. K. Samal. Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing the VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) provides protection from IBDV challenge. Twenty-second Annual Meeting of American Society for Virology, July 12-16, Davis, CA. 2003.

Jackwood D. J., and S. E. Sommer. Identification of infectious bursal disease virus quasispecies in commercial vaccines and field isolates of this double-stranded RNA virus. Virology. 304:105-113. 2002.

Jackwood, D. J. and S. E. Sommer. Characterization and sequence comparison of infectious bursal disease virus quasispecies. XIII Congress of the World Vet. Poultry Assoc. 2003.

Jackwood, D. J. and S. E. Sommer. Molecular epidemiology of infectious bursal disease viruses: Use of real-time RT/PCR to detect new variants. XIII Congress of the World Vet. Poultry Assoc. 2003.

Jackwood, D. J., and S. E. Sommer. Virulent vaccine strains of infectious bursal disease virus not distinguishable from wild-type viruses with the use of a molecular marker. Avian Dis. 46:1030-1032. 2002.

Jackwood, D. J., B. D. Spalding, and S. E. Sommer. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detection and analysis of nucleotide sequences coding for a neutralizing epitope on infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis. 47:738-744. 2003.

Jackwood, D. J., Q. Zhang and Y. M. Saif. Effect of infectious bursal disease on Campylobacter shedding in chickens. XIII Congress of the World Vet. Poultry Assoc. 2003.

Jacobs AJ, Njenga MK, Seal BS, Kavanaugh, D. Subtype B metapneumovirus resembles subtype A more closely than C or human metapneumovirus with respect to the phosphoprotein, and second matrix and small hydrophobic proteins. Virus Res. 92:171-178. 2003.

Jacobs, J.A., Njenga, M.K. Alvarez, R., Mawditt, K., Britton, P., Cavanagh, D., Seal, B.S. Subtype B avian metapneumovirus resembles subtype A more closely than subtype C or human metapneumovirus with respect to the phosphoprotein, second matrix and small hydrophobic proteins. Virus Res. 92:171-178.2003.

Jirjis FF, Noll SL, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Shaw DP. Pathogenesis of avian pneumovirus infection in turkeys. Vet Pathol.300-310. 2002.

Jirjis, F.F., Noll, S.L., Halvorson, D.A., Nagaraja, K.V., Townsend, E.L., Goyal, S.M., and Shaw, D.P. Rapid detection of avian pneumovirus in tissue culture by microindirect immunofluorescence test. J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 14:172-175. 2002.

Kapczynski, D.R., Hilt, D., Shapiro, D., Sellers, H.S., Jackwood, M.W. Protection of chickens from infectious bronchitis by in ovo and intramuscular vaccination with a DNA vaccine expressing the S1 glycoprotein. Avian Dis. 47:272-285. 2003.

Kapczynski, D.R., Sellers, H.S., Rowland, G., Jackwood, M.W. Detection of in ovo inoculated infectious bronchitis virus by in situ hybridization in epithelial cells of the lung and bursa in chickens. Avian Dis. 46: 679-685. 2002.

Kapczynski, D.R., Sellers, H.S., Simmons, V., Schultz-Cherry, S. Sequence analysis of the S3 gene from a turkey reovirus. Virus Genes. 25: 95-100. 2002.

Khan, M. I. Molecular biology of bacteria. Symposium on "Molecular biology made easy". American College of Poultry Veterinarian. Sacramento California. March 8, 2003.

Khan, M. I. Avian Pathogenic Mycoplasmas. PCR detection of Microbial Pathogens. Methods in Molecular Biology. eds. J. Frey and K. Sachse. Humana Press Inc. Totowa, NJ. Inc. Totowa, NJ. pp.203-229, 2003.

Kim, T-J, Schnitzlein, W.M., McAloose, D., Pessier, A.P. and Tripathy, D.N. Characterization of an avianpox virus isolated from an Andean condor (Vultur gryphus). Veterinary Microbiology 96: 237-246. 2003.

Kollias GV, Sydenstricker KV, Kollias HW, Ley DH, Hosseini PR, Connolly V, Dhondt AA. Experimental infection of individually caged house finches with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2003 (in press).

Kommers, G.D., King, D.J., Seal, B.S., Brown, C.C. Pathogenesis of chicken-passaged Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens and wild, and exotic birds. Avian Dis. 47:319-329. 2003.

Kommers, G.D., King, D.J., Seal, B.S., Brown, C.C. Virulence of six heterogenous-origin Newcastle disease virus isolates before and after sequential passage in domestic chickens. Avian Pathology. 32:81-93. 2003.

Ladman, B. S., C. R. Pope, A. F. Ziegler, T. Swieczkowski, and J. M. Callahan, and J. Gelb, Jr. Protection of chickens following live and inactivated virus vaccination against challenge with nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus PA/Wolgemuth/98. Avian Dis. 46:938-944. 2002.

LaFleur, D., H. Kim, and D.N. Foster. Expression of the chicken homologue of the mouse double minute 2 gene. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1574:277-282. 2002.

Ley DH, Martinez A, Vaillancourt J-P. Mycoplasma gallisepticum outbreaks in North Carolina, 1999-2001: Lessons learned from the tail end of the epidemic curve. XIII Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association, Co-sponsored by the American Association of Avian Pathologists and the American Veterinary Medical Association, Program and Abstracts (pp. 203), and 2003 AVMA Convention Notes CD, Denver, CO; July 19-23, 2003.

Ley DH, Swarthout E, Sydenstricker K, Kollias GV, Dhondt AA. Mycoplasma gallisepticum conjunctivitis in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). Correlations among clinical signs and detection by polymerase chain reaction from conjunctival and choanal swabs. 52nd Annual Wildlife Disease Association Conference, Program and Abstracts (pp. 32-33), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, August 11-14, 2003.

Ley DH. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed., BW Calnek, HJ Barnes, CW Beard, LR McDougald, YM Saif, eds. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, pp. 722-744. 2003.

Lin, TL, Wu, CC, Chang, HC, and Hsieh, MK. DNA vaccination against classical and
variant infectious bursal disease virus. Proc. of the DNA Vaccines 2002 Conference. p. 51. 2002

Lopes V, Back A, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Minimization of pathologic changes in Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in turkeys by temperature-sensitive mutant strain. Avian Dis. 46:177-185. 2002.

Lopes VC, Back A, Shin HJ, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Development, characterization, and preliminary evaluation of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale for potential use as a live vaccine in turkeys. Avian Dis. 46:162-168. 2002.

Lopes VC, Velayudhan B, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Survival of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in sterilized poultry litter. Avian Dis 46:1011-1014. 2002.

Lwamba HC, Bennett RS, Lauer DC, Halvorson DA, Njenga MK. Characterization of avian metapneumoviruses isolated in the USA. Animal Health Res. Rev. 3:107-117. 2002.

Lwamba HC, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Turpin EA, Swayne D, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Antigenic cross-reactivity among avian pneumoviruses of subgroups A, B, and C at the matrix but not nucleocapsid proteins. Avian Dis 46:725-729. 2002.

Malik, Y.S., Olsen, K., Kumar, K., and Goyal, S.M. In vitro antibiotic resistance profiles of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains isolated from Minnesota turkeys during 1996-2002. Avian Dis. 47:588-593. 2003.

Mauro, L.J. and D.N. Foster. Regulators of Telomerase Activity. Am. J. Respitory Cell Molec. Biol. 26:521-524. 2002.

Moura, L., and V. N. Vakharia. Development and evaluation of an in ovo DNA vaccine against Newcastle disease virus. 8th Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Assn. and the American Association of Avian Pathologist, July 19-23, 2003, Denver, CO. 2003.

Munir S, Kapur V. Regulation of host cell transcriptional physiology by the avian pneumovirus provides key insights into host-pathogen interactions. J Virol. 77:4899-4910. 2003.

Njenga MK, Lwamba HCM, Seal BS. Metapneumoviruses in birds and humans. Virus Res: 91:163-169. 2003.

Oshop, G. L., S Elankumaran, V. N. Vakharia, and R.A. Heckert. In ovo delivery of DNA to the avian embryo. Vaccine 21, 1275-1281. 2003.

Patnayak, D.P., Munir, K. and Goyal, S.M. The role of vaccine inoculation routes on protective immunity against avian pneumovirus. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 1:122-126. 2003.

Patnayak, D.P., Sheikh, A.M., Gulati, B.R. and Goyal, S.M. Experimental and field evaluation of a live vaccine against avian pneumovirus. Avian Pathol. 31:377-382. 2002.

Paustian ML, May BJ, Cao D, Boley D, Kapur V. Transcriptional response of Pasteurella multocida to defined iron sources. J Bacteriol.184:6714-6720. 2002.

Perkins, L.E.L., Swayne, D.E. Susceptibility of laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) to H5N1 and H5N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Avian Dis. 46: 877-885. 2002.

Perkins, L.E.L., Swayne, D.E., Varied pathogenicity of a Hong Kong-origin H5N1 avian influenza virus in four passerine species and budgerigars. Veterinary Pathology. 40:14-24. 2003.

Peters, M, Wu, CC, and Lin, TL. Immune suppression induced by infectious bursal
disease virus polyprotein independently of virus infection. Proc. of the 54th North Central Avian Disease Conference. p. 26. 2003.

Pillai, SR, Mays HL, Jr., Ley DH, Luttrell P, Panangala VS, Farmer KL, Roberts SR. Molecular variability of house finch Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates as revealed by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the pvpA gene. Avian Dis. 47:640-648. 2003.

Rautenschlein, S., A. M. Sheikh, D. P. Patnayak, R. L. Miller, J. M. Sharma, and S. M. Goyal. Effect of an immunomodulator on the efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against avian pneumovirus in turkeys. Avian Dis. 46:555-561. 2002.

Reynolds, D. L., S. Akinc and T. Glanville. Biosecurity of Large-Scale Composting. Poster presentation. AAAP / AVMA annual meeting. Denver Colorado. July 19  23, 2003.

Reynolds, D. L., S. Akinc and T. Glanville. Biosecurity of Large-Scale Composting. Poster presentation. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. November 9 -11, 2003.

Saif, Y. M. Molecular Methodologies: Challenges and Opportunities. Proc. 75th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases (NECAD), Orono, Maine, June 12, 2003.

Sato, N., K . Mastuda, C. Sakuma, D.N. Foster, R.W. Oppenheim, H.Yaginuma. Regulated gene expression in the chicken embryo by using replication-competent retroviral vectors. J. Virol 76:1980-1985. 2002.

Shin HJ, Nagaraja KV, McComb B, Halvorson DA, Jirjis FF, Shaw DP, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Isolation of avian pneumovirus from mallard ducks that is genetically similar to viruses isolated from neighboring commercial turkeys. Virus Res 83:207-212. 2002.

Shin, H.J., Cameron K.T., Jacobs, J.A., Turpin, E.A., Halvorson, D.A., Goyal, S.M., Nagaraja, K.V., Kumar, M.C., Lauer, D.C., Seal, B.S., and Njenga, M.K. Molecular epidemiology of subgroup C avian pneumoviruses isolated in the United States and comparison with subgroup A and B viruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:1687-1693. 2002.

Singh, P. and Tripathy, D.N. Fowlpox virus infection causes a lymphoproliferative response in chickens. Viral Immunology 16: 223-227. 2003.

Singh, P. and Tripathy, D.N. Generation and evaluation of recombinant vaccines for protection against fowlpox and reticuloendotheliosis in chickens. Poster No. 49. Program and Abstracts of XIII Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association, Denver, CO. p. 136. 2003.

Singh, P., Kim, T-J and Tripathy, D.N. Identification and characterization of fowlpox virus strains using monoclonal antibodies. J. Vet. Diag.Ivest.15:50-54. 2003.

Singh, P., Schnitzlein, W.M. and Tripathy, D.N. Reticuloendotheliosis virus sequences within the genomes of field strains of fowlpox virus display variability. J. Virology 77:5855-5862. 2003.

Srinivasan, V., Schnitzlein, W.M. and Tripathy, D.N. A consideration of previously uncharacterized fowlppox virus unidirectional and bi-directional promoters for inclusion in homologous recombinant vaccines. Avian Dis. 47: 286-295. 2003.

Subbarao, K., Chen, H., Swayne, D., Mingay, L., Fodor, E., Brownlee, G., Xu, X., Lu, X., Katz, J., Cox, N., Matsuoka, Y. Evaluation of a genetically modified reassortant H5N1 influenza A virus vaccine candidates generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics. Virology. 305:192-200. 2003.

Swayne, D.E. and Halvorson, D.A. Influenza pp. 135-160. In Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R. and Swayne, D.E. (eds.) Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1231 pp. 2003.

Swayne, D.E., King, D.J.. Zoonosis update: avian influenza and Newcastle disease. J. American Veterinary Medical Assn. 222:1534-1540. 2003.

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