Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The annual meeting was held on Monday, March 12 in conjunction with the Western Society of Weed Science annual meeting at the Peppermill Resort in Reno, Nevada. The meeting was called to order by Chair Ian Burke at 1:00 pm. The meeting started with an update from Administrative Advisor Donn Thill regarding the current status of the WERA077 working group. Thill reminded the group that the WERA077 working group is hosted in a particular region, but can include members from any state, including those from both the public and private sector. A brief discussion of the WERA077 Chair's responsibilities was also conducted. Dan Ball described the Chair's role as to announce the meeting, get location for meeting (usually dovetailed with WSWS meetings), and get state representatives to submit a short report documenting their activities and outputs. Along with this discussion, a conversation was held discussing ways to increase attendance and participation. It was mentioned that the committee used to be named "Annual Grass Weeds in Wheat," but has since been retitled to "Invasive Weeds in Wheat." There was also discussion regarding interest in including other small grains in the committee, including barley, and retitling the committee as "Invasive Weeds in Cereal Crop Systems." No formal decisions were made regarding name changes. As part of discussion, Chair Ian Burke discussed the potential for the group to submit a collaborative proposal to AFRI regarding weed control in wheat. Chair Ian Burke expressed concern that a multi-state grass weed control in wheat proposal would likely not be funded unless it included a significant genomic and genetic component. Additionally, Burke said that these proposals do not require matching funds, but have a maximum award of $500,000. The concern among the group was that this level of funding does not justify including many collaborators. Potential proposal ideas included wheat/rye genetic interactions and variability (or Italian ryegrass, downy brome, etc.) and resistance mitigation (ALS-resistant downy brome, for example). As an alternative to an AFRI proposal, Fabian Menalled suggested that we could develop a smaller project that included multiple states, such as characterizing weed variability across a large geographic area. This type of project would involve little work for each state, but could be put together into a publishable manuscript or used as the foundation for a large scale research proposal. During general discussion, Chair Ian Burke discussed the current status of the jointed goatgrass project and website. He reported that the website is hosted at Washington State University, but there have not been any recent activity or updates. At this time, there are no plans to update the website with new information; however, it has been designed to provide information for other grass weed species in addition to jointed goatgrass. Though there is no available funding from the jointed goatgrass project, this website could still be used and updated. Finally, discussion regarding a meeting time for next year's WERA077 meeting. Most in attendance agreed that a meeting on Monday afternoon prior to the WSWS meetings was satisfactory. However, this time does conflict with the WSWS board meeting and will likely prevent many people from attending the meeting. Therefore, it was agreed upon by the group to meet on the Thursday afternoon at the conclusion of the 2013 WSWS meetings. The meeting room should be reserved in December, as this is the time frame when Phil Banks is reserving meeting space for the upcoming WSWS meetings. During discussion regarding the 2013 WERA077 committee meeting it was also mentioned that the group should invite small grains weed scientists and other interested people from other states that are not represented (e.g. South Dakota and Texas). In addition, it was mentioned that an advertisement should be placed in the WSWS newsletter prior to the meeting to extend this invitation to anyone that is interested, including anyone from private industry. At the conclusion of the meeting, an election was held for Vice-Chair/Secretary for 2012-2013. Fabian Menalled was nominated by Drew Lyon. His nomination was seconded by Dan Ball. The group voted unanimously to elect Menalled for Vice-Chair Secretary. Joe Armstrong will move into the Chair role for 2012-2013.

State reports Montana-submitted by Fabian Menalled Our research focused on several areas related to weed biology, ecology, and management. Among them: Evaluation of multi-trophic pest interactions in agricultural systems. Wheat stem sawfly, Fusarium crown rot, and cheatgrass form a multitrophic pest complex that threatens the economic and environmental sustainability of wheat cropping systems in the Northern Great Plains. To assess the interactions between these pest groups we selected three 1ha fields within commercial farms in Montana. Sites (Amsterdam, Ulm, and Havre) were selected to represent commercial operations with different pest pressure. In each location, treatments included three hard spring wheat varieties: Choteau, a solid stem, Fusarium tolerant variety; Reeder, a hollow stem, high yield variety, and McNeal, a hollow stem and drought tolerant variety. At each site, wheat stem sawfly abundance, Fusarium infection rates, and crop and weed emergence rate, density, biomass, and seed production were evaluated using 0.485 m diameter rings. At the plot level, we obtained visual estimates of cheatgrass canopy cover, seed yield, and biomass. Role of wheat variety, weed biotype, and stress on virus transmission and crop-weed competitive interactions. Stakeholders across the Great Plains and Pacific Northwest region have identified wheat viruses and grassy weeds as having major impacts on yield and grain quality. To respond to this concern we conducted greenhouse and field studies to investigate the role of weed species and environmental stress on crop-weed competitive interactions. Field studies at the MSU Post Farm included spring wheat plots growing with a factorial combination of 1) four weed species (none, Avena fatua, Bromus tectorum and Setaria vridis), 2) four levels of available soil nitrate (20, 100, 200 and 300 lbs/acre), and 3) with or without Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Crop and weed performance (survival, biomass, and seed production) was compared across N, and WSMV inoculation treatments. Study the impact of strategic grazing of grain stubble and weeds with sheep on weed community and population dynamics. This study is being conducted at a 45 different 0.2 hectare plots in a grain production system. The cropping systems include 1) continuous spring wheat, 2) alfalfa, and 3) a three-year rotation that includes spring wheat, spring planted forage pea/hay barley, and summer fallow managed either as no-till with sheep grazing, minimum tillage with herbicide applications, or mechanical tillage. This system is currently being transitioned to organic production. A. fatua and B. tectorum populations as well as weed community dynamics are being evaluated in permanent plots. Effectiveness of newly developed herbicides for weed control in Montana's agriculture. Every year, new herbicides and re-formulations of existing products are released into the market. As part of a service to Montana agricultural producers and in close collaboration with the Industry, we conducted herbicide screening trials to assess the effectiveness of these products under a range of environmental and crop conditions representative of Montana's agriculture. This study is being developed with the help of Mr. Edward S. Davis, Weed Research Associate, MSU. Idaho submitted by Don Morishita Several studies were conducted in Idaho. One of the studies was a long-term Group 2 herbicide resistant crop rotation experiment. This study was completed after 10 years. A group of studies evaluated grass weed control in dryland and irrigated wheat. Grasses evaluated included wild oats, downy brome, Italian ryegrass and rattail fescue. A final study examined pyroxsulam and florasulam persistence in pulse crops. Treatments included simulated winter-kill of wheat, simulated carrover to legumes, combination carryover to legumes, winter and spring wehat plant-back, and tillage effect on carryover. Nebraska-submitted by Drew Lyon Three field studies related to winter annual grass weeds in winter wheat were completed in 2011 at the High Plains Ag Lab near Sidney. The first study was initiated in the fall of 2010 to look at flucarbazone (Pre-pare) applied PRE to winter wheat in combination with other herbicides for downy brome control in no-till winter wheat. The late summer and early fall of 2010 was very dry. Winter wheat and downy brome emergence was very poor in the fall. Luckily, late fall and winter precipitation was sufficient to get wheat and brome to emerge in the spring of 2011. Despite the very dry conditions in the fall, several PRE treatments provided superior downy brome control compared to spring-applied treatments. Two of the best treatments included Pre-Pare applied in the fall followed by spring applications of ARY-0922-001 and either ARY-0454-105 or PowerFlex. Winter wheat yields tended to be greater in treatments containing Pre-Pare in the fall than in treatments without a fall application of Pre-pare. The second completed study compared spring applications of two formulations of pyroxsulam (PowerFlex and PowerFlex HL) for downy brome control in winter wheat to sulfosulfuron (Maverick), propoxycarbazone (Olympus) and propoxycarbazone + mesosulfuron (Olympus Flex). Emerged downy brome plants were in the 1- to 3-leaf stage and were 1 to 3 inches in height. Additional downy brome emerged after POST applications were made. Downy brome plant density was moderate to high. Winter wheat plants had from 1 to 3 tillers and an extended leaf height of 4 to 5 inches. Winter wheat stands were also affected by the dry fall. Stands were thin and erratic in the fall, but improved in the spring. However, like the downy brome, some wheat plants did not emerge until after the POST treatments were applied. No crop injury was observed in this study. Both formulations of PowerFlex provided similar control of downy brome. Downy brome control with both formulations of PowerFlex was similar to the control provided by the other herbicides in the study (Olympus, Olympus Flex, and Maverick). However, as observed in previous research with these products, spring applications resulted in commercially unacceptable control of downy brome. No differences in winter wheat grain yields were observed. The third study was initiated to evaluate crop tolerance and the control of downy brome and feral rye with Beyond and an experimental formulation of Beyond in 2-gene Clearfield winter wheat. Spring treatments were made to downy brome and feral rye on April 11, 2011. All herbicide treatments except Beyond + NIS and BAS 720 06H without MSO or NIS provided excellent control of downy brome and feral rye. Although the benefits of MSO over NIS were not readily evident for downy brome control, MSO did appear to improve control of feral rye compared to NIS, especially when MSO was applied at the 1% v/v rate. All herbicide treatments greatly reduced foreign material contamination of the harvested wheat grain compared to the nontreated check. All herbicide treatments except Beyond + MSO resulted in significantly greater wheat yields than the nontreated check. No specific extension programming focused on invasive weeds in winter wheat in 2011 or early 2012. Oregon-submitted by Daniel Ball, Andrew Hulting, and Carol Mallory-Smith A statewide effort focusing on evaluation of newer herbicide products for management of invasive weeds in wheat-based cropping system was undertaken in 2010-2011. Studies in western Oregon focus on grass control in winter and spring wheat. Control of Italian ryegrass, California brome, downy brome and rattail fescue in winter wheat are being evaluated with a range of preemergence, early postemergence and postemergence applications of herbicides in several studies. A number of winter wheat studies have been initiated to compare Italian ryegrass and rattail fescue control between preemergence and early postemergence applications of Axiom and preemergence applications of pyroxasulfone (KIH-485, Zidua). Rattail fescue, California brome and downy brome control in winter wheat are being evaluated with fall versus spring timing applications of herbicides. Results indicate that applying postemergence herbicides such as PowerFlex, Goldsky and Osprey to winter wheat by approximately the end of November provide the best control of these weedy grass species compared to a spring application in most western Oregon production systems (in the absence of a preemergence application of Axiom). Four studies also were established through cooperation with wheat growers in commercial production fields where populations of suspected multiple resistant (Group 1 and/or 2) Italian ryegrass populations are present to evaluate herbicide combinations for the management of these difficult to control biotypes. A preemergence or early postemergence application of pyroxasulfone (KIH-485, Zidua) or Axiom followed by a spring application of PowerFlex or Osprey provided the best control of these Italian ryegrass populations in all of the studies. Postemergence applications alone did not provide significant control of these Italian ryegrass populations. Trials in eastern Oregon focused on improving effectiveness of downy brome control with preemergence applications of PrePare, Axiom, Far-Go, or pyroxasulfone (KIH-485, Zidua) compared to commercial standard treatments. Because of the current, heavy reliance on Group 2 (sulfonylurea and imidazolinone) herbicides for downy brome control, information on effectiveness of herbicides with differing modes of action will facilitate future resistance management strategies. Another trial was conducted under eastern Oregon conditions to evaluate PowerFlex effectiveness for control of rattail fescue. Results of this study indicate only a moderate level of efficacy for rattail fescue suppression. Other trials were conducted in eastern Oregon to evaluate new herbicide combinations for broadleaf weed control in direct-seeded winter and spring wheat. Huskie herbicide continues to exhibit excellent activity on key broadleaf weeds in wheat including prickly lettuce, Russian thistle, and tumble pigweed. A new herbicide from Syngenta, Pulsar, also exhibited very good weed control activity under eastern Oregon conditions. Trial results from 2010-11 and earlier eastern Oregon weed control trials are available on-line at http://oregonstate.edu/weeds/. During 2010-11, weed management Extension presentations were made to wheat producers in Forest Grove, Albany, Salem, Mt. Angel, Corvallis, Klamath Falls, Pendleton, Condon, Hood River, LaGrande, Walla Walla, WA, and Worland, WY, among other locations throughout Oregon and the PNW. Topics covered included precision application of herbicides for weed management, herbicide resistance management, herbicide mode of action, Russian thistle control, carryover potential for Beyond herbicide in wheat, and Italian ryegrass, rattail fescue and downy brome control in winter and spring wheat. Formal field tours or research results were conducted with industry groups and growers at the Columbia Basin Ag Research Center in Pendleton, the Hyslop Ag Research Farm near Corvallis and in Yamhill County. A. Hulting and D. Ball continue to serve as Associate Editors for the PNW Weed Management Handbook and edit and update several wheat-related weed management chapters in the handbook on a yearly basis: http://pnwhandbooks.org/weed/. In addition, A. Hulting in collaboration with M. Flowers, OSU Extension Cereals Specialist, developed, hosted and team taught with five other OSU faculty (J. Hart, A. Ross, C. Mundt, G. Fisher and C. Mallory-Smith), the 2010 OSU Extension Wheat Production Short Course held in Corvallis, Oregon. The well received course covered a range of wheat production topics and was attended by western OR wheat growers, industry field personnel, regional ag chemical industry personnel and OSU research and Extension faculty and graduate students. Relation to Other Research: Cooperative projects between researchers at Washington State University, University of Idaho, and OSU's Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center have recently investigated the influence of rainfall zone and preplant tillage on Beyond herbicide persistence in an array of PNW dryland agroclimatic zones. The eastern Oregon weed science team continues to cooperate with the OSU wheat breeding program to identify 2-gene winter wheat lines with improved tolerance to Beyond herbicide treatments. Two-gene Clearfield varieties have dramatically improved herbicide tolerance which will allow for improved weed control treatments for weed species such as feral rye. Surveys, funded in part by the Oregon Wheat Commission and the Agricultural Research Foundation, of jointed goatgrass and wheat X jointed goatgrass hybrids present in wheat fields across eastern Oregon are ongoing. These surveys will be used to help inform management decisions to maintain the utility of the Clearfield production system across the state. The statewide program also continues to work with a variety of university and industry collaborators to identify herbicide resistant weed species in a range of cropping systems and to improve management of these biotypes in many crops, including wheat. A. Hulting and M. Flowers have initiated studies in 2010-11, in collaboration with A. Ross and P. Hayes, which will quantify the potential and identify agronomic barriers for alternative winter cereal grain production, including different wheat varieties and market classes, in western Oregon in both conventional and organic production systems. These studies are funded by the Agricultural Research Foundation and an organic production special grant program administered by OSU. Oklahoma-submitted by Joe Armstrong Herbicide-resistant weeds continue to be one of the most significant pest management concerns for wheat producers in Oklahoma. ALS-resistant Italian ryegrass is prevalent throughout much of Oklahoma and has been well documented with state-wide surveys and field and greenhouse testing. Currently, there have not been any reports of ACCase-resistant or glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass. ALS-resistant cheat (Bromus secalinus) has been documented in two counties, but does not appear to be widespread at this point. Other weeds that are suspected to be developing resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides include marestail, flixweed, and bushy wallflower. Current research and extension efforts at Oklahoma State include evaluation of preemergence (pyroxasulfone, metribuzin + flufenacent, etc.) and postemergence (pyrasulfatole, fluthiacet, carfentrazone) herbicide options, comparing postemergence application timings, improving weed control through crop rotation, and monitoring the development and spread of herbicide-resistant weeds with surveys and greenhouse testing. The most significant effort to improve control of grass weeds in winter wheat has been the "Okanola" project initiated by Dr. Tom Peeper in 2003. The purpose of this project is to introduce a new crop in Oklahoma that would provide winter wheat producers with a viable and profitable rotation crop to control grass weeds. Winter canola acreage reached a record high during the 2010-2011 growing season at 120,000 harvested acres and it is expected that winter canola will be harvested on approximately 200,000 acres in 2012. While the winter canola acreage is small in comparison to winter wheat, the relatively rapid adoption does indicate that producers are seeking new options to control winter grass weeds and improve wheat production. Washington-submitted by Ian Burke Research. Trials in eastern Washington focused on downy brome, Italian ryegrass, and rattail fescue control. Control of Italian ryegrass, downy brome, and rattail fescue were evaluated with a range of preemergence, early postemergence and postemergence applications of herbicides in several studies in all rainfall zones. Studies included applications of single active ingredients compared to chemical control systems. Evaluation of two-gene Clearfield varieties continued in collaboration with regional wheat breeders. Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) is a problematic weed for small grain producers in the Pacific Northwest. Trials were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at the Palouse Conservation Field Station near Pullman, WA to evaluate control of rattail fescue in winter wheat utilizing postemergence herbicides and application timings. Fall applications consisted of a prepackaged mixture of flufenacet (304 g ai ha-1) and metribuzin (76 g ai ha-1). Early spring and late spring applications consisted of pyroxsulam (18.4 g ai ha-1); mesosulfuron-methyl (15 g ai ha-1); or a prepackaged mixture of florasulam (1.8 g ae ha-1), fluroxypyr (105 g ae ha-1), and pyroxsulam (11 g ae ha-1). Additionally, sequential treatments that included a prepackaged mixture of flufenacet and metribuzin applied post-plant preemergence followed by a late spring application of pyroxsulam, mesosulfuron-methyl; or a prepackaged mixture of florasulam, fluroxypyr, and pyroxsulam. All non-sequential early and late spring applications included were applied with and without ammonium sulfate (1,700 g ha-1). Visual assessment of rattail fescue control, rattail fescue biomass collected prior to grain harvest, and grain yield were used to evaluate treatment efficacy. In 2010, treatments that received a fall herbicide application controlled between 75% and 92% of rattail fescue, while treatments that did not receive a fall application only controlled between 13% and 38% of rattail fescue. Rattail fescue biomass collected prior to grain harvest was less in treatments receiving a fall herbicide application compared with control. However, rattail fescue biomass in treatments receiving a fall application was not different than early spring applications of pyroxsulam or mesosulfuron-methyl with ammonium sulfate. Grain yield in 2010 was higher in treatments receiving sequential herbicide applications than in control treatments. In 2011, similar relationships were observed in regards to visual assessment of rattail fescue control, biomass, and grain yield however treatments were not statistically different in 2011 and therefore results could not be averaged over year. Understanding how crop rotation and terrain influence the weed seed bank may help identify field-related factors that contribute to increased or decreased weed pressure. A no-till, multi-year cropping systems study with six different three year rotations of spring wheat - winter wheat - alternative crop rotation (winter or spring plantings of barley, triticale, canola, or pea) was initiated in 2001 at the Washington State University Cook Agronomy Farm near Pullman, WA. Soil cores were taken in 1999 and 2010 from 369 geo-referenced locations across the farm to analyze the weed seed bank. Samples were exhaustively germinated and germination was recorded weekly by species over the course of the study. The data were analyzed using Poisson generalized linear model (GLM) and zero-inflated Poisson regression model. In 2010, the wild oat population had decreased to the point that statistical analysis was not possible. Crop rotations could not be analyzed in the 2010 zero-inflated Poisson regression due to reduced weed populations. In 1999 and 2010, mayweed chamomile was negatively correlated with elevation, slope, and transformed aspect when analyzed using Poisson GLM. In 2010, spring barley, canola, and wheat were negatively correlated with mayweed chamomile. In 1999 and 2010, global irradiation and slope were negatively correlated with common lambsquarters, while elevation and wetness index were positively correlated. In 2010, spring barley, canola, and pea were negatively correlated with common lambsquarters. In 1999 and 2010, elevation was negatively correlated with mayweed chamomile when analyzed using zero-inflated Poisson regression. In 1999, slope and global irradiation were negatively correlated with common lambsquarters.

Avila-Garcia, W. V., E. Sanchez, A.G. Hulting and C. Mallory-Smith. 2011. Altered target site conferring glufosinate resistance in Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum). Pest Manag. Sci. (Accepted For Publication 9/26/11). Borrelli, K., R. Koenig, R. Gallagher, D. Pittman, A. Snyder, E. P. Fuerst, I. C. Burke, and L. Hoagland. 2011. Alternative Strategies for Transitioning to Organic Production in Direct-Seeded Grain Systems in Eastern Washington II: Nitrogen Fertility. J. Sustain. Agr. (In Press). Burrows, M., E. Davis, F. Menalled, B. Jenks, J. Knodel, M. Wunsch, and S. Markell. 2011. 2012. Pulse Pest calendar. MSU Extension and NDSU Extension. Davis, P.B., F. Menalled, R.K.D. Peterson, and B. Maxwell. 2011. Refinement of weed risk assessments for biofuels using Camelina sativa as a model species. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 989-997. Felix, J., J. T. Dauer, A. G. Hulting and C. Mallory-Smith. 2011. Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) growth and tuber production in response to glyphosate and experimental adjuvant. Weed Technol. (In Press). doi: 10.1614/WT-D-11-00066.1 Flowers, M., C.J. Peterson, A.G. Hulting, J. Burns, S. Guy, and J. Kuehner. Skiles Soft White Wheat Variety Guide. EM 9004-E 2010. 9 pp. http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/15300/1/em9004.pdf Flowers, M., C.J. Peterson, A.G. Hulting, J. Burns, S. Guy, and J. Kuehner. ORCF-103 CLEARFIELD* Soft White Winter Wheat Variety Guide. EM 9006-E 2010. 11pp. http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/15319/1/em9006.pdf Gallagher, R. S., D. Pittmann, A. M. Snyder, R. T. Koenig, E. P. Fuerst, I. C. Burke and L. Hoagland. 2010. Alternative strategies for transitioning to organic production in direct-seeded grain systems in Eastern Washington I: Crop Agronomy. J. Sustain. Agr. 34:483-503. Hulting, A. G., J. T. Dauer , B. Hinds-Cook, D. Curtis, R. M. Koepke-Hill and C. Mallory-Smith. 2011. Management of Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) in western Oregon with preemergence applications of pyroxasulfone in winter wheat. Weed Technol. (Accepted For Publication 8/18/11). Hulting, A.G., C. Mallory-Smith, and D.A. Ball. The OSU Weed Science Group: Enhancing Control of Winter Annual Grasses in Winter Wheat with Preemergence Herbicides. In, Oregon Wheat, August 2011. Intanon, S., A. Perez-Jones, A. G. Hulting and C. Mallory-Smith. 2011. Multiple Pro197 ALS substitutions endow resistance to ALS inhibitors within and among Anthemis cotula populations. Weed Sci. 59:431-437. Kniss, A.R., D.J. Lyon, J.D. Vassios, and S.J. Nissen. 2011. MCPA synergizes imazamox control of feral rye (Secale cereale). Weed Technol. 25:303-309. Lehnhoff; E.A., F. Menalled, and L. Rew. 2011. Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) establishment in its most Northern range. Invasive Plant Science and Management 4: 58-65. Mallory-Smith, C., A. G. Hulting, D. Thill, D. Morishita, and J. Krenz. Herbicide-Resistant Weeds and Their Management. PNW 437. 2007. Revised by J. Campbell, C. Mallory-Smith, A. Hulting and D. Thill in April 2011. 5 pp. http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/pdf/PNW/PNW0437.pdf Riar, D. S., I. C. Burke, J. P. Yenish, and K. Gill. 2011. Physiological and genetic basis for 2,4-D resistance in prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola). J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:9417-9423. Riar, D. S., J. P. Yenish, D. Ball, and I. C. Burke. 2011. Efficacy of postemergence herbicides with a reduced herbicide applicator in fallow. Weed Technol. 25:447-453. Schat, M., S. Sing, R. Peterson, F. Menalled, and D. Weaver. 2011. Growth inhibition of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (L.) Miller, in response to herbivory by the biological control agent Mecinus janthinus Germar. Journal of Entomological Science 46:1-15. Sciegienka, J., E. Keren, and F. Menalled. 2011. Impact of root fragment dimension, weight, burial depth, and water regime on Cirsium arvense emergence and growth. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91:1027-1036. Sciegienka, J., E. Keren, and F. Menalled. 2011. Interactions of two biological control agents and a herbicide for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) suppression. Invasive Plant Science and Management 4: 151-158. Smith. R., M.R. Ryan, and F. Menalled. 2011. Direct and indirect impacts of weed management practices on soil quality. Soil Management: Building a Stable Base for Agriculture. J. Hatfield and T. Sauer (eds.) Weise, J.L., E. Keren, and F. Menalled. 2011. Native wildflower species seedling tolerances to post-emergence herbicides. Native Plants Journal 12: 31-36.