Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Steve Noffsinger opened the meeting and welcomed all to the W-2150 meeting at the Verdanza Hotel, San Juan Puerto Rico. Since the incoming vice chair, Rubella Goswami, will be taking a job in the private sector out of bean research, she has indicated that she will be unable to be the incoming vice chair for W-2150 and a new nominee will be needed. S. Singh moved, M. Brick second to move Karen Cichy from the current secretary to vice chair, then nominate a new secretary. Motion carried. Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla was nominated for the responsibility of secretary by Shree Singh, and this was seconded by R. Goswami. Motion carried. Introductions of all present were made. S. Noffsinger, Chair of the W2150 thanked Molly Welsh for taking minutes for the last meeting. P. McClean passed a motion to approve the last meeting's minutes and J. Steadman approved. Station reports followed: COLORADO Mark Brick reported on the release of CO55-646, which is an upright pinto. There were 39,000 acres planted in CO this year, the least since WWII. Steve Bebee asked if there was an update on cancer prevention work with Henry Thompson. Mark said that there is difficulty in obtaining funding. The momentum on the public health initiative was there but is still unfunded. MARYLAND Marcial (Talo) Pastor Corrales reported that there is a new source of rust resistance, PI 310762, that provides resistance to bean rust races that overcome Ur-11; James Kelly reported the re-occurrence in MI of new strains of rust the pathogen that appeared in 2007 and that overcame the resistance of Ur-3. Talo reported that he would be willing to help and collaborate to start new crosses with genotypes with genes of interest such as Ur-5 and Ur-11 that are resistant to the new races in MI and ND. Talo said that if anyone had any interesting crosses with Ur-11 and/or Ur-5, he could screen under greenhouse conditions. Talo said that Ur-5 is still effective. Juan Osorno asked about lines which have a combination of Ur-5 and Ur-11; Talo replied that we do not have this currently. Talo also mentioned that he was working with Jim Steadman to gather more information regarding the new isolate in the NE, CO area that is also overcoming Ur-3. Talo said that the strategy for single gene resistance is not a viable option; it is better to combine two and preferably more effective rust resistance genes in the development of new cultivars with broad resistance to rust. NEBRASKA Jim Steadman indicated that he had made a presentation at the BIC on white mold multisite resistance screening and pathogen characterization and thus was not going to repeat that information. With regards to rust, Jim said that there are a lot of samples with teliospores and that he is in the process of increasing spores to be used for inoculation; additionally, there were a lot of seed mixes such as GN Coyne that has resistance to rust but similar seed as GN Orion that does not have resistance when planted in the same fields. Growers thought Coyne was losing resistance, but Orion with a different phenotype was the only variety with pustules. Similarly, GN Beryl looks identical to GN Beryl R, but does not have rust resistance and a seed mix makes Beryl R look susceptible. It appears that there are no new rust races in NE. The great northern variety Coyne released in 2008 performed well in 2011. About 160,000 lb of Coyne were planted in 2011. Coyne had significantly less bacterial diseases and had larger seed and better seed quality. Carlos is also screening CIAT's core collection to bacterial wilt and 1684 accessions (99.1%) were susceptible to one bacterial wilt isolate. Carlos also is working with Tim Porch in the shuttle breeding program between PR and NE. They have co-released two black bean lines. Putative sources of drought tolerance will be evaluated in a new annual trial, the Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN). Carlos asked for volunteers to grow the lines in the DBDN as well as for contributing lines. Lines from the US and CIAT's core collections will be screened for reaction to bacterial wilt isolates. WASHINGTON: Phil Miklas started his report with the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN), and that 2011 will be the 62nd annual report. There was discussion on finding the reports of CDBN before 2000 and to make it available to the community. Phil then started his report on WA. There were 16 acres of field trails including CDBN, WRBT, BWMN, Legume IPM-PIPE, and BeanCAP Drought; 142 RILs from Roza/Buster QTL drought study (Urrea), BNF (Pulse CRSP)-low & high N, inoculate (Cichy). Additionally Phil has his regular breeding trials (low inputs yield trial), breeding trials (high inputs), white mold trials, and have increased lines for the Andean Diversity panel. There was significant discussion on the Andean Diversity Panel (Pulse CRSP). Miklas continued on his reporting of specific activities in WA to include tagging the sd trait, yield, canning quality and cooking time (Osorno, Cichy, Bett), bacterial wilt resistance QTL mapping (Parthiba Balasubramanian), virus testing and screening. M. Welsh announced that she is retiring end of fiscal year 2012 and encourages the community to make their voice be heard for her replacement. Mark Brick inquired if the pulse groups had weighed in on this. S. Noffsinger suggested that the Director of the Pacific West area could be contacted. Further discussion ensued. IDAHO: Shree Singh reported that he has three small projects. The white mold project was funded through the National Sclerotinia Initiative, and then breeding pinto beans for the Idaho bean industry. He also participated in testing regional and national nurseries and trials. For pinto breeding, 1400 lines were evaluated and the number of lines that seem promising has been reduced to 650 lines; further evaluation is ongoing to reduce to 120 lines. He said most of them are the upright type, probably their maximum yield potential is about 4000 lbs/acre. For white mold, about 400 interspecific lines from three species of the secondary gene pool have been evaluated. These were derived from three P. coccineus accessions, one P. costaricensis, and one P. polyanthus. Furthermore, he evaluated 81 interspecific breeding lines derived from P. coccineus received from Jim Beaver. Forty-two of the selected lines are very resistant to white mold; Howard Schwartz and Shree are close to pyramiding genes and some of these lines have the highest levels of resistance. Shree evaluated the National Bean White Mold Nursery, National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery and the Western Regional Bean Trial from Miklas, Brick, and Urrea. Also, he yield-tested two breeding lines from Jim Kelly. PUERTO RICO Tim Porch reported work from the USDA-ARS in PR. He reported on two lines (both black), from the shuttle breeding program. CBDN is going to be started and they are thinking about 20 lines will be selected. They also started working on the BeanCAP material for drought. The genetic analysis on the large drought population is going to be started. Some new material from interspecific crosses of P. acutifolius x P. vulgaris is being started. Discussion followed on the quality of the tepary bean. Beaver reported on the release of the line with resistance to BCMV and BCMNV with the USDA and the University of Nebraska. They will also be releasing pink and black beans. Additionally, Beaver reported on 45 lima beans lines. NORTH DAKOTA Juan Osorno reported that the growing season was not good this year and he lost several trials, although not entire locations. There is a 50% reduction in bean acreage this year compared to last year. Seed darkening is a big issue. Juan mentioned that there were specialty crop funds that have come down to the states and Juan and Miklas are working together on the seed darkening problem. There were many lines which were ready to go under Ken Grafton's work, and Juan has a small red that is ready to go. This line has the best resistance to bacterial blight NDZ06249. Phil McClean reported that the BeanCAP received the last two years of funding. This will save funds on reagents. BeanCAP is a poster child for Feed the Future and to make sure that we as a community are there. Phil also asked if anyone is thinking about the Specialty Crops Research Initiative (SCRI). Paul Gepts answered that this is still preliminary but that he has talked to Jim Myers and Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla on pod quality. MICHIGAN: Jim Kelly reported on the work done in MI. They participated in the BeanCAP and shovelomics. They are in the process of bringing out a white kidney similar to Beluga, and also a pink and a new pinto full season variety, so that this can be crossed to white mold resistant lines from Miklas and then released as a germplasm release. Dr. Singh asked about the resistances that the new white kidney has, and it is BCMV. There is a 15% yield increase over Beluga. Karen Cichy reported on the low raffinose lines. They screened the 1000 tilling lines and found 16 lines with reduced sugar levels; of these four are favorable and they have planted these in the greenhouse and to determine if they have low sugars. WISCONSIN: Jim Nienhuis reported on the work that they were doing with Karen Cichy on BNF in snap bean with Eagle x Puebla 152. Karen analyzed the population in the field and they did it in the greenhouse. There was no correlation seen in this work. Jim has brown spot, root rot, and virus nurseries, and had to give up the white mold nursery. Jim also reported about a 10-day organic agriculture workshop organized in Wisconsin, and there are a lot of participants from Latin America; he opened this to others in the bean community who would like to participate in this and asked if members could spread the word about this. NEW YORK: Phillip Griffiths reported on progress of work in NY. He reported on materials to be released in the next 12 months. He reported that for snap bean, virus work is one of the most important focuses in NY. CALIFORNIA: Paul Gepts reported on work being carried out in his lab for genes expressed in pods. He suggested that in comparison to the Arabidopsis genes, there may be a difference as related to pods in beans vs. siliques in Arabidopsis and Brassicas. Paul Gepts is trying to use GIS information for understanding adaptation in lima bean. Paul is going to be taking over from Steve Temple's material and will continue his work. Paul is concerned about what will happen after his own tenure at UCD. Paul suggested that the area of domestication for lima bean is very narrow. Paul is in contact with ICARDA. DELAWARE: Currently there is no member from DE in the W2150; Kal Kalavacharla will be completing the membership process, and updated the members on the work being done in common bean in Delaware. His work in transcriptomic analysis is meant to add value to the various genome sequencing projects that are ongoing, and he will be developing a portal in GBROWSE for comparing the sequences from the transcriptome studies to soybean genome. This will also include the future common bean sequences. He is also beginning to evaluate the reaction of the Crg gene (required for Ur-3 mediated resistance) with other races avirulent on Ur-4 and Ur-6. He mentioned the NSF-funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates program in Molecular Genetics & Genomics. Future items: Steve Noffsinger suggested that the members need to think about the secretary for the future W2150 session in advance. He said that he had three names to include: Emily Ernest, Janice Rueda, Khwaja Hossain as potential candidates for the position of secretary. There was also discussion on where the next meeting is to be held. There was a suggestion that this could be held in conjunction with the Canadian Pulse group in Niagara Falls, ON in November 2012. We have since been informed that we can hold the meeting in Niagara Falls. Respectfully submitted Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla

e-report CALIFORNIA Participant: Gepts, P. The PhaseolusGenes (http://phaseolusgenes.bioinformatics.ucdavis.edu/ ) database consists of three hyperlinked components. First, a searchable marker table with essential information such as marker and PCR primer sequences, linkage group (when available), and publication reference and URL. Second, a genome browser based currently on the soybean whole-genome sequence while awaiting the availability of the three whole-genome sequences of bean, with tracks for different categories of sequence-based markers, such as STS, SSR, and SCARs. Currently, the PhaseolusGenes database includes information on 2350 markers, 44% of which have been genetically mapped. The most important categories include 78 SCAR markers (mainly tagging resistance genes), 986 STS markers mainly describing synteny between beans and other legumes such as cowpea, soybean, Medicago truncatula, and Lotus japonicas, and 1262 SSR markers. A 1x raw DNA sequence from methyl-filtrated BAT93 DNA sequence (263.5 Mbp or ~44% of the bean genome) has yielded over 160,000 microsatellite motifs (considering repeat motifs with 2 to 6 bp and at least 4 repeats). This represents an average of 1 SSR/1,650 bp. When considering only those motifs repeated at least 10 times, the number of microsatellites is reduced to ~7,000 or 1 SSR/38,000 bp, still a sizable number for a high-density molecular linkage map. The sequence reads containing SSR motifs have been mapped onto the soybean whole-genome sequence displayed in the PhaseolusGenes genome browser. The CMap representation will include seven molecular linkage maps for bean, including Bean01 [BAT93 x Jalo EEP558 (BJ population); from LIS: http://www.comparative-legumes.org/, Mesoamerican x Andean; 234 markers, mainly phenotypic, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SCAR, and allozyme]; Bean02 [McClean 2007; BJ population; from LIS; 450 markers, mainly g STS markers], Bean03 (BJ population; Navarro Gomes and Gepts, unpubl. res.; STS markers, including g, Leg, Bng, and D markers; 485 markers), Bean 04 [BJ population; Galeano et al. 2011; 424 markers, mainly SNPs], Bean05 [DOR364 x BAT477, intra-gene-pool, Mesoamerican; Galeano et al. 2011; 291 markers, mainly SSR, RAPD, AFLP], Bean06 [Dorado364 x G19833, Mesoamerican x Andean; Galeano et al. 2011; 499 markers, mainly SSR, SNP, STS], and Bean07 (consensus map, with 1010 markers, mainly SSR, SNP, STS). e-report COLORADO Participants: Brick, M.A , Schwartz, H.F. Colorado State University coordinated the Legume IPM-PIPE national network of sentinel plots throughout 20 states of the U.S. to monitor for the occurrence of soybean rust (SBR), common rust, root rots, soybean aphid, legume viruses (e.g., Bean common mosaic, Alfalfa mosaic, Beet curly top), white mold and common bacterial blight. Each State Coordinator: (1) confirmed involvement of local cooperators and provided diagnostic training; (2) established linkage with the State Diagnostician (National Plant Diagnostic Network contact) to share primary pest information on pest and disease monitoring in Sentinel Plots and/or commercial legume fields during the season; and (3) established linkage with the USDA/CSREES PIPE Web Site and protocol to access resources and upload weekly survey data that was then made available to the public at http://sbrusa.net/. During the last 5 years, the Legume IPM-PIPE project has evolved in its scope and interactivity with state, regional, and national stakeholders and organizations involved with the production, pest management (emphasis upon IPM strategies including selection of disease resistant varieties, planting clean seed, suitable crop rotation, scouting and confirmation of economic threats from disease organisms and insect pests, and timely application of pesticides as needed) and marketing of legumes (emphasis on non-soybean crops). Commercial dry bean production in Colorado was estimated at 39,000 acres in 2011. The Dry Bean Breeding Project evaluated more than 12,000 lines in the breeding program and increased pure seed of two promising pinto breeding lines in western Colorado. The breeding program collaborated with state experiment station personnel from MI, NE, and ND as well as the USDA and private seed companies in the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery, the Western Regional Bean Trials and the Colorado Crops Testing Program to evaluate elite lines. White mold disease reduces yield annually from 10 to 30 percent. During 2011, this project conducted a replicated field trial in white mold-infested grower fields to investigate the role and value of cultural practice modification that compared the added value of fungicide when promising dry bean varieties are grown under varying irrigation systems. An ongoing germplasm improvement project with the University of Idaho (Shree Singh) is designed to pyramid white mold resistance from Phaseolus species of the primary and secondary gene pools and introgress the highest levels into pinto bean, the largest market class in the USA and North America. Research to evaluate fiber, sucrose, and oligosacharide content of beans was conducted on a diverse set of germplasm. Breeding activities continue to incorporate novel sources of resistance to foliar rust, white mold disease, root pathogens, and bean common mosaic virus resistance. e-report IDAHO Participant: Singh, S.P. The major research activities during the year included (1) evaluation of the regional and national cooperative nurseries, and (2) breeding for white mold resistance. A brief account of these activities is reported here. The evaluation of the regional and national cooperative nurseries in 2011 included the Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) with 25 dry bean cultivars and breeding lines, national Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) with 32 genotypes, and National Bean White Mold Nursery (BWMN) comprising 13 dry and green bean breeding lines and cultivars. The WRBT and CDBN were evaluated in replicated trials in the field under high inputs at Kimberly for general adaptation, growth habit, days to maturity, 100-seed weight, and seed yield. Seed is being cleaned for measuring yield, seed weight, and post-harvest seed coat color darkening. The BWMN with three replicates was evaluated under severe disease pressure in the greenhouse at Kimberly. Dry bean genotype A 195 exhibited the highest level of resistance to white mold. For breeding for white mold resistance, approximately 145 breeding lines and families derived from over a dozen inter-gene pool and interspecific crosses along with five controls were screened in the greenhouse, using the ND710 pathogen isolate and multiple inoculations and evaluations. With an increasing number of inoculations (from 1 to 3) and delaying evaluations (evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post inoculation), the disease severity index increased. Thus, our preliminary results indicate that for breeding for higher levels of white mold resistance it may be worth considering use of multiple inoculations and evaluations. Approximately 650 families (F1:4 and F1:5) of pinto market class derived from 19 populations were tested for general adaptation, plant type, maturity, and seed characteristics. Harvested seed from 127 families is being used for characterizing for post-harvest seed coat color darkening. e-report MARYLAND Participant: Pastor Corrales, M.A. The Andean common bean AND 277 has the Co-1(4) and the Phg-1 alleles that confer resistance to 21 and eight races respectively, of the anthracnose (ANT) and angular leaf spot (ALS) pathogens. Because of its broad resistance spectrum, Co-1(4) is one of the main genes used in ANT resistance breeding. Additionally, Phg-1 is used for resistance to ALS breeding. In this study, we elucidate the inheritance of the resistance of AND 277 to both pathogens using F2 populations from the AND 277 × Ruda and AND 277 × Ouro Negro crosses and F2:3 families from the AND 277 × Ouro Negro cross. Ruda and Ouro Negro are susceptible to all of the above races of both pathogens. Co-segregation analysis revealed that a single dominant gene in AND 277 confers resistance to races 65, 73, and 2047 of the ANT and to race 63-23 of the ALS pathogens. Co-1(4) and Phg-1 are tightly linked (0.0 cM) on linkage group Pv01. Through synteny mapping between common bean and soybean we also identified two new molecular markers, CV542014450 and TGA1.1(570), tagging the Co-1(4) and Phg-1 loci. These markers are linked at 0.7 and 1.3 cM, respectively from the Co-1(4)/Phg-1 locus in coupling phase. The analysis of allele segregation in the BAT93/Jalo EEP558 and California Dark Red Kidney/Yolano recombinant populations revealed that CV542014(450) and TGA1.1(570) segregated in the expected 1:1 ratio. Due to the physical linkage in cis configuration, Co-1(4) and Phg-1 are inherited together and can be monitored indirectly with the CV542014(450) and TGA1.1(570) markers. The common bean rust disease and high ambient temperatures (heat stress) limit snap bean production in many of tropical and temperate regions. A collaborative project between Dr. Phillip Griffiths, Cornell University, Dr. Timothy Porch, USDA-ARS, Mayaguez, PR, and M.A. Pastor-Corrales, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, developed snap bean lines combining broad-spectrum rust resistance with heat tolerance for tropical agroecosystems. Eight breeding populations were developed by hybridizing BelJersey-RR-15 and BelFla-RR-1 (each containing the Ur-4 and Ur-11 rust resistance genes) and the heat tolerant snap bean breeding lines HT601, HT603, HT608, and HT611. F2-F4 generations of the populations were evaluated under greenhouse conditions and selected for heat tolerance while simultaneously selecting for the rust resistance genes Ur-4 and Ur-11. Three heat tolerant F5 lines homozygous for Ur-4 and Ur-11 genes, were selected together with a rust resistant but heat sensitive control. These and twelve cultivars adapted to different geographical regions, were evaluated for their reaction to rust and yield at six field sites in East Africa, and for their response to high ambient temperature in Puerto Rico. Rust incidence and severity was high at three of the East African trial sites. Two of the 12 cultivars were resistant to rust at most of these sites, and three of the four breeding lines were resistant at all sites and fixed for the Ur-4 and Ur-11 rust genes. The Ur-11 gene was effective at conferring rust resistance at all sites. Two of the cultivars with the Ur-5 gene tested were resistant to rust at most but not all sites. Yield in Puerto Rico was strongly correlated (R2=0.71, P<0.001) with that of the hottest site in East Africa, highlighting the similarity in genotypic response to high temperatures at the two distinct sites. The newly developed rust resistant and heat tolerant breeding lines showed stable yield at the East African sites with contrasting mean ambient temperatures compared to the cultivars presently grown in the region. Two of these lines, HT1 and HT2, were confirmed to be homozygous for Ur-4 and Ur-11 and with high heat tolerance under both greenhouse and field environments. e-report MICHIGAN Participants: Kelly, J.D., Bennink, M., Cichy K.A. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 32 yield trials in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, BeanCAP and the National Sclerotinia Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico in 2011. All yield trials at Frankenmuth were direct harvested, whereas the large-seeded kidney, cranberry, white mold and BeanCAP drought trials at Montcalm were rod-pulled and biomass was calculated on the drought trial. The BeanCAP drought trial showed good early moisture stress but following late July rains, the entire trial re-grew, resulting in high yields and later maturity throughout. In addition to yield and agronomic data, roots were sampled and rated and biomass and harvest index were recorded. White mold infection was slow to develop in 2011 and never reached high levels of severity. A total of 5600 plots were harvested for yield in 2011 and over 2600 single plant selections were made in the early generation nurseries. Other studies included the evaluation of two RIL populations for reaction to potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae), 130-entry black bean RIL population for nitrogen-fixation, certified organic variety trial, a cooperative canning trial with a private company, three BeanCAP nurseries, and the first flor-de-mayo and mayacoba trials. The USDA-ARS East Lansing Dry Bean Genetics Program has conducted germplasm screening to identify beans with low levels of oligosaccharides. A population of 1200 chemically mutagenized beans of the cultivar BAT 93 was analyzed for seed raffinose, stachyose, and sucrose levels via high performance liquid chromatography. Average levels of these three sugars were 0.45%, 1.4% and 2.1% of the dry weight of uncooked seed. The initial screen identified 28 lines that were outliers for one or more of the compounds measured and subsequent screening revealed 4 potential mutant lines. Characterization of the raffinose synthase and stachyose synthase genes in common bean seed is underway and genome screening has revealed this family to contain 13 genes. e-report NEBRASKA Participants: Steadman, J. R.,Urrea, C. A. One contribution to this multistate project is the coordination of national white mold (WM), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, common bean resistance screening nurseries. Field nurseries located in areas with a WM history in six states representing the major production areas provided data that we analyze and summarize. Also, seven greenhouse straw tests provided data for bean lines in early generations, some with crosses to other Phaseolus species and lines with limited seed were evaluated. A preliminary assessment of the data shows two pinto lines and one small red line with partial resistance and adaptation to production areas. A second contribution is the evaluation of a national bean rust nursery in cooperation with USDA-ARS, Beltsville. Agronomic traits and rust reaction evaluation data supported a number of pinto and great northern lines with excellent seed quality, yield potential, architecture and rust/common blight resistance that could be released. A third contribution is the identification of anastamosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani, cause of root rot and damping off of bean and other crops grown in rotation with dry beans such as sugar beet. This R. solani isolate information can be used to screen drought and heat tolerant bean germplasm for root rot/damping off resistance using a newly developed root rot test. From the shuttle breeding program between Nebraska and Puerto Rico, 348 early generation lines were tested under terminal drought conditions. About 1189 individual plants were selected and will be tested in 2012 in Puerto Rico for drought and heat tolerance. Twenty elite lines will be increased in New Zealand for further testing in the 2012 DBDN. Two lines, MST-1 and SN-DT1, with drought/heat and multiple disease resistance, were released by UNL and the USDA-ARS Puerto Rico. From a Buster/SER22 cross, 345 F5:7 RILs were tested in replicated trials under drought and non-drought stress at Mitchell, NE in 2011. Seed yield and 100-seed weight under terminal drought stress was reduced by 60 and 3%, respectively, compared to non-stress. The same set of RILs will be evaluated in Juana Diaz, PR and in Mitchell, NE in 2012. From 1,700 CIAT core collection accessions, 1,685 (99.2%) were susceptible to a local bacterial wilt isolate. Fifteen accessions were resistant to the isolate and to another 6 bacterial wilt isolates. Eight wild beans, 2 P. coccineus, 1 P. acutifolius and 2 cultivated beans were resistant to all isolates tested. We participated in the regional bean trials, MRPN, WRBT (coordinator), and the CDBN. e-report NEW YORK Participants: Halseth, D.E., Griffiths, P.D. A major emphasis of our variety testing program over the past ten years has been on light red kidneys developed by Dr. Don Wallace, with 4 of the light red kidney lines tested in 2011 coming out of his program. These include 773-V98 (now named Wallace, U. S. Plant Variety Protection Certificate No. 200,900.281, Bean, field, Wallace, date issued: November 9, 2009), 1062-V98, NY104 and NY105. Both of these NY lines have been sent to Idaho for commercial seed increase and very limited seed should be available in 2012 for grower trials. One of the primary purposes underlying the Wallace crosses and the new breeding lines has been to identify lines with yield and canning quality comparable to or higher than RedKanner, but with earlier maturity. The Extension dry bean program evaluated 177 new and standard varieties and breeding lines, including those in early stages of development from our own crosses. Trialed material included lines and varieties developed out of public programs and private commercial companies in the US and Canada. The national Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery was planted at Freeville in 2011 with 25 entries from several dry bean classes. Yield, maturity, seed size and canning data from all trials will be published in our annual New York State Dry Bean Variety Trials report. Cultivar testing over the past ten years has been primarily on light red kidneys developed by Don Wallace with 4 of the light red kidney lines tested in 2011 coming out of his program. These include: 773-V98 (now named Wallace), 1062-V98, NY104 and NY105. Both of the NY lines have been sent to Idaho for commercial seed increase and limited seed should be available in 2012 for grower trials. One of the primary purposes underlying the breeding program has been to identify lines with yield and canning quality comparable to or higher than RedKanner, but with earlier maturity. White mold tolerant lines from the Griffiths program were included in Halseth/Sandsted field research plots in summer 2011. White mold resistant red kidney and black bean breeding lines have been developed following selection of materials in greenhouse white mold screens 2001-2011. These lines were initially based on material derived from crosses of Cornell lines with Red Kanner and Wallace lines (white mold lines were derived from Redkote2 x NY6603 and NY6633 x Redkote2) for light red kidney material, crosses with T-39 for black bean material and Montcalm for dark red kidney material. From initial selection work Cornell 605 (LRK) proved to be the most promising breeding line performing consistently well in multi-state trials. Populations have subsequently been derived from crosses to CELRK, Cabernet and Wallace. Populations have also been generated from Cornell 611 x Cabernet, Cornell 607 x Montcalm and Cornell 609 x T-39 crosses that were selected at the F5 stage in fall 2011 following two rounds of selection from materials developed in 2010. The white mold resistant lines were inoculated with W-2150 multi-state entries in 2011 to compare with other national breeding lines and varieties in replicated greenhouse trials. Virus resistance in snap bean breeding lines was selected in multiple greenhouse screens in 2011, introgressing genes controlling resistance to CMV, BYMV, CYVV and BCMV/BCMNV. This work included introgression of known genes including a CYVV resistance gene from clipper, bc-3 and the I-gene, new genes introgressed from scarlet runner beans, great northern beans, black beans and navy beans. Differential reactions to multiple virus inoculations was also undertaken in breeding lines and cultivars to identify different gene segregations, optimal combinations, cross resistance and genetic control for re-assembling the optimal combination into commercial cultivars. Evaluating breeding lines selected for resistance to multiple viruses based on the sources initially selected for CMV, BYMV, CYVV and BCMV sources has resulted in a major step forward in understanding the genetic control mechanisms and the desirable gene combinations resulting in cross resistance (resistance to one virus providing resistance to other viruses) combinations for protection against the major viruses being studied. An understanding of the major genes involved with resistance to these viruses is now becoming clear, enabling a change in breeding strategy to fast-track introgression of these resistance genes. e-report NORTH DAKOTA Participants: Osorno, J, McClean, P The main activities involving our station in this multistate project were related to the development of resistance to the new race of bean rust found in Stampede. Progeny tests made in the greenhouses at NDSU and in collaboration with Dr. Talo Pastor-Corrales at USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, allowed us to increase the number of resistant plants from 50% to 90% by selecting for the Ur-11 gene. Seed increases have been made in collaboration with Dr. Phil Miklas at USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA. Additional activities involving this multistate project are the screening of breeding lines for white mold, root rots, common bacterial blight, halo blight, and brown spot, and drought tolerance, among others. Screening of genotypes tolerant to drought conditions and mapping of potential new QTLs in a RIL population of (Buster x SER-22) is underway in collaboration with Dr. Carlos Urrea at UNL and Dr. Tim Porch at USDA-TARS. Germplasm exchange has been facilitated by some regional trials such as the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), among others. Finally, the first canning tests were made at our new canning facilities shared with the Northern Crops Institute. In the future, canning tests could be offered to other breeding programs and other institutions interested. Two lines with potential resistance to white mold have been shared through the National White Mold Nursery (NWM) with excellent results so far. e-report OREGON Participant: Myers J.R. The main focus of the breeding program is to develop white mold resistant bush blue lake green beans. Our long term approach has been to introgress resistance from P. coccineus using the backcross-inbred (BCIB) method. Three populations have been studied (OR 91G/PI25596, OR 91G/PI433251B and OR 91G/PI433251B) and five QTL have been identified on Pv02, Pv03, Pv05, and Pv09. The populations had severe segregation distortion and not all linkage groups were represented in each population. Segregation distortion took the form of too many heterozygotes and too few of the donor parent alleles. Residual heterozygosity is probably retained long after it should have decayed by selection for normal phenotype, which favors the heterozygous condition over homozygous P. coccineus alleles in a P. vulgaris background. As for the missing linkage groups, these appeared to be missing at random since polymorphic markers (with positions known from P. vulgaris SSR maps) were present for each linkage group in each population. These five QTL are being validated by crossing to OSU5613 BBL green bean and Beryl great northern. Segregation for selected markers and phenotypic expression will be examined in the F2 and higher generations where families can be produced for phenotyping. A total of 19 BCIB lines from all three populations are being used in these crosses. BBL advanced lines with the NY6020 partial resistance were developed by selecting in two seasons under moderate white mold pressure. Lines were also selected for improved plant architecture. These were screened in a greenhouse straw test and with the Pv07 and Pv08 QTL markers and 101 lines were retained which had the desired markers and showed some resistance in the straw test. An advanced breeding line, OSU 6443 is being considered for release. It has about 1/2 T/A higher yield advantage over OSU 5630, and possesses very high quality pods and a significantly better growth habit. e-Report PUERTO RICO Participants: Beaver, J.S, Alameda, M., Zapata, M., Porch, T. The white bean breeding line PR0442-28, which combines resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV and yields as well as Verano was released as Beniquez. The pink bean breeding line PR0401-259, that combines resistance to BGYMV, BCMV, common bacterial blight and web blight, and the black bean breeding line PR0650-31, that combines resistance to BCMV common bacterial blight and web blight, were released as improved germplasm. The UPR participated in the release of multiple-stress-tolerant black bean germplasm lines TARS-MST1 and SB-DT1. White bean breeding lines that combine resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV, BCMV, common bacterial blight and rust are being developed. Interspecific (P. vulgaris x P. coccineus) breeding lines were identified at the University of Idaho to have white mold resistance. Resistance to common bacterial blight linked to SCAR marker SAP 6 was found to be conferred by the single dominant gene Xap-1. First pathogenic race of Xap was designated as XapV1. During the past year, common and Lima bean lines from Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska, North Dakota State University and the University of Delaware and the USDA-ARS were advanced one generation in nurseries planted in Puerto Rico. Several black bean lines developed for heat tolerance and tested for drought in the shuttle breeding program between USDA-ARS, U. of Nebraska, and U. of Puerto Rico were released, TARS-MST1 and SB-DT1. ARS participated in the U. of Puerto Rico release of PR0401-259, PR0650-31, and Beniquez, which combine virus, web blight, and CBB resistance. Advanced lines with tropical sources of root rot and CBB resistance and tolerance to low fertility, tested in collaboration with Cornell in Geneva, NY, are being considered for release. Tepary germplasm, with drought and heat tolerance, have been developed with improved seed size. New germplasm from CIAT has been tested under different abiotic and biotic stress conditions and is being selected for inclusion in the conversion program. e-report: WISCONSIN Participant: Nienhuis, J. Sugars, including fructose, glucose, and sucrose contribute significantly to the flavor and consumer acceptance of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Little is known regarding differences in sugar content among snap bean and dry bean cultivars and the patterns of sugar accumulation with increasing pod size. Alcohol-soluble sugar concentration of five snap bean cultivars and one dry bean cultivar planted in field trials was assayed throughout pod development over two years using high-performance liquid chromatography. Significant differences in sugar accumulation patterns and quantity were observed among cultivars. In general, fructose and glucose content decreased while sucrose increased with increasing pod size in snap beans. In contrast, fructose and glucose amounts increased while sucrose concentration remained unchanged with increasing pod size in the dry bean cultivar. No year by genotype interactions were observed for sugar accumulation patterns or sugar amount. e-report: WASHINGTON Participant: Miklas, P. Released two germplasm lines and one cultivar in 2011-2012: USCR-CBB-20 is a cranberry line with improved level of resistance to common bacterial blight, combined with good yield potential (ARS, ID). Krimson is a cranberry bean cultivar with resistance to Beet curly top virus, moderate maturity, and slightly better yield potential than the check cultivar Cardinal (ARS, private industry).USPT-WM-12 is a new pinto bean germplasm release (pending in early 2012) with improved level of partial resistance to Sclerotinia white mold in field and greenhouse. Under field conditions this line has extremely high yield potential under moderate to high white mold disease pressure in Michigan. This pinto also has a surprisingly high level of partial resistance to white mold in the straw tests conducted in WA. USPT-WM-12 also has performed well in the BWMN which test lines for white mold reaction across multiple field and greenhouse environments (ARS, MI, NE-BWMN). Indel markers and whole genome sequence for bean generated by the BeanCAP project, in combination with genomic synteny with soybean, and RNAseq studies, have led to fine mapping the WM8.3 QTL for white mold resistance. Similar work is underway for fine mapping and candidate gene discovery for the WM7.1 QTL conditioning partial resistance to white mold (ARS, NDSU).Additional indel markers from the BeanCAP project are being used to improve marker resolution for a recently discovered QTL for bacterial wilt resistance on Pv7 (ARS, AC-Canada). We are moving the slow darkening trait into pinto beans with higher yield potential and wider adaptation. (ARS, NDSU). To facilitate breeding for slow darkening trait we tagged the sd gene with three SSR markers which were discovered by SNP analysis and whole genome sequencing. One of the markers is within 1 cM of the sd locus and will be useful for MAS (ARS, U. Sask.). Candidate gene analysis for sd is underway. The Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) was conducted in 2011 across ten states (CA, CO, ID, MD, MI, MT, ND, NE, NY, and WA) and Ontario, Canada. There were 24 entries which included three checks. The test materials consisted primarily of pinto beans and a few cranberry, great northern, kidney, and navy beans. The 2011 CDBN final report is currently in preparation and will be published online on the BIC and USDA-ARS-Prosser websites. Three to four rounds of MAS-BC for Co-4(2), SU91, and Ur-5 gene combination (anthracnose, common bacterial blight, rust) in pinto bean with slow darkening trait is nearing Phase I completion. The next Phase II will consist of phenotypic selection among the MAS-BC generated materials for the associated traits which will be conducted in collaboration with others (ARS, CO, ID, MI).

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