Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Minutes of the Annual Meeting (October 24-25, 2011):

Monday, October 24: The Administrative Assistant, Dr. David Benfield, talked about NRSP-9 (National Research Support Project) National Animal Nutrition Program, organized by NIFA. An important topic of discussion was the NC1040 rewrite, due Sept 2012. Dr. Benfield provided deadline dates and guidelines for the rewrite.

Dr. Steve Smith, USDA-NIFA participated in the meeting via a conference call. Dr. Smith provided NIFA structure, personnel, and funding update. Seven RFA have been released: Foundational Program - Released 1/7/2011; Childhood Obesity Prevention - Released 1/26/2011; Climate Change - Released 09/21/2011; Global Food Security - Released 09/29/2011; Food Safety Released 05/25/2011; Sustainable Bioenergy 09/21/2011; NIFA Fellowships Grant Program - Released 09/21/2011. Opportunities with joint NIH-NIFA, NSF, NIH, and UK programs were presented.

The following station reports were presented: Cornell University (Yves Boisclair); Virginia Tech University (Mark Hanigan); University of California, Davis (Ermias Kebreab); Michigan State University (Michael VandeHaar), Dr. VandeHaar presented a recently awarded NIFA grant (Genomic selection and herd management to improve feed efficiency of the dairy industry); Purdue University (Shawn Donkin); University of Minnesota (Marshall Stern); Ohio State University (Jeff Firkins); University of California, Davis (Jim Fadel); and Pennsylvania State University (Alex Hristov).

Extensive discussion on NC1040 rewrite took place. First, the objectives of the project were discussed and modifications proposed. The following modified objectives were agreed upon by the Committee:

1. To quantify supply, availability, and interaction of nutrients and bioactive compounds utilized for efficient milk production while reducing environmental impact.

2. To identify and quantify molecular, cellular, and organismal signals that regulate partitioning and efficient conversion of nutrients to milk.

3. To integrate nutrient flow, regulation, and genomic information using a systems approach to improve dairy herd efficiency and sustainability.

Tuesday, October 25 First, the Committee elected new officers and a venue for next year's meeting: Chair and Secretary for the 2012 meeting: Jong-Su Eun (Utah State University) and Yves Boisclair (Cornell University), respectively. It was decided that the 2012 meeting will be held in Salt Lake City, UT, October 22 - 23.

Discussion on NC1040 Objectives and Title continued. It was decided that the title will remain unchanged: Metabolic Relationships in Supply of Nutrients for Lactating Cows.

The following dates for the project rewrite were specified (dates start in the fall, one year prior to the project's expiration date):

September 15: Deadline to submit a request to write a proposal in NIMSS and upload the Issues and Justifications section.

October 15: Deadline to upload the Objectives section in NIMSS. Please contact the NCRA office when this is complete and we will send out the national request for participation.

November 15: All participants and their AES offices should have submitted completed Appendix E forms into NIMSS.

December 1: Completed proposal is due in NIMSS in its entirely. Failure to meet this deadline may result in the project not being reviewed and renewed this round.

December 15: AA review forms due in NIMSS.

Mid-late December: All proposals are sent to NC regional review committees (NCACs) and multistate research committee (MRC)

Late March/Early April: Final project reviews and decisions made at the NCRA Spring meeting. The NCRA office will notify project Administrative Advisors (AAs) of results and send any requested revisions to project AAs by mid-April.

June 1: All proposal revisions must be completed in NIMSS.

Mid-July: the NCRA reviews all revisions and makes any remaining project decisions. When your project is approved, it will be assigned a new NC number unless a request to retain the old designation was submitted with the proposal.

September 30: Old projects expire.

October 1: New projects begin.

March 31: Termination reports for expired projects due in NIMSS.

The following Committee was selected to coordinate the project rewrite:

Chair: Dr. John McNamara
Coordinator for Objective 1: Dr. Jeff Firkins (Assistants: Dr. Alex Hristov and Dr. Lou Armentano)
Coordinator for Objective 2: Dr. Barry Bradford (Assistants: Dr. Yves Boisclair and Dr. Shawn Donkin)
Coordinator for Objective 3: Dr. Mark Hanigan (Assistants: Dr. Ermias Kebreab and Dr. Jim Fadel)
Coordinator on Logic Model: Dr. Mike VandeHaar

There was a discussion on how to deal with committee members who do not come to committee meetings and/or do not submit annual reports. It was decided that Dr. Benfield will ask these members if they would continue their membership in NC1040.

The meeting adjourned.

Mike VandeHaar (Michigan State University, Obj. 2 and 3): Studies with calves conducted at Michigan State University showed that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids tended to decrease the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF± and reduce the temperature increase in response to a Pasteurella vaccine. Results indicate that supplementation may affect the ability of the calves to respond to a disease challenge. Several studies were conducted in collaboration with Wageningen University investigated the effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the expression of lipogenic genes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), in the bovine mammary gland. Results demonstrate that acetate upregulates the expression of ACC and SCD1 in MAC-T cells, which indicates that acetate may increase de novo synthesis and desaturation of fatty acids in the bovine mammary gland. In another study, 12 cows in mid-lactation were fed diets with varying concentrations of protein (11, 15, and 19% CP with added CP mostly from expeller soybean meal) for 11-day periods in a Latin square design. Biopsies of mammary and liver tissues were collected on day 11. Milk protein output was decreased about 15% in the low protein diets. Cows fed low protein compensated for low protein intake by improved efficiency of protein use and by decreased body N balance. Liver genes were previously reported with some genes of protein catabolism and ureagenesis being down-regulated by low protein. In mammary tissue, we found that low protein increased expression of aminopeptidase N (ANPEP), a peptide transporter, and cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1). The work on the Spartan Dairy Ration Evaluator/Balancer 3.0 program was completed and was released for sale in October 2011 with an update to fix minor bugs this past summer. We anticipate coding for an optimizer module in the next year.

Louis Armentano (University of Wisconsin, Obj. 2): Data from three experiments were used to evaluate the relationship between milk C17:0 to C15:0 and plasma NEFA concentrations. The PROC REG procedure of SAS was used to evaluate data from all 3 studies (n = 205 observations). The concentration of plasma NEFA was regressed on the ratio of milk C17:0 to C15:0 and milk C18:0 to C14:0 using the stepwise procedure to select the best model, evaluating if there was a relationship. The effects of trial, period, treatment, and cow were ignored and therefore the model was not adjusted. The ratio of C18:0 to C14:0 was dropped from the model since it did not meet the P < 0.15 significance level for entry. The R2 = 0.54 (P < 0.001) for C17:0 to C15:0 and this was not improved by adding C18:0/C14:0. When C18:0 to C14:0 was used alone, the R2 = 0.40 (P < 0.001). C17:C15 did not appear related to C18:C14. Results from observing this relationship suggest that using the ratio of milk C17:0 to C15:0 in experiments may assess a loss of body weight and mobilization of adipose stores as indicated by increased plasma NEFA concentrations.

Alex Hristov, Kevin Harvatine, and Gabriella Varga (Pennsylvania State University, Obj. 1 and 2): A study was conducted to investigate the effect of rumen-protected Met (RPMet) supplementation of LowCP diets on dairy cow performance. Results showed that reduced CP diets (LowCP), supplemented with rumen-protected amino acids maintained milk production similar to the high-CP diet, except that protein concentration was significantly decreased without RPMet supplementation. Nitrogen losses and ammonia emissions from manure were dramatically decreased with the LowCP diets. Another experiment investigated the effect of dietary CP level and rumen-protected Lys (RPLys) and RPMet supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of amino acids (AA) and recovery in milk protein in dairy cows. Results showed that supplementation of LowCP with RPLys and RPMet increased ATTD of total intake Lys and Met, respectively. Supplementation, however, reduced the apparent efficiency of utilization of total intake Lys and Met for milk protein secretion. The apparent efficiency of utilization of all dietary AA for milk protein secretion was increased by decreasing dietary protein intake. The effects of dietary supplementation with Origanum vulgare L. leaves (OL) on production and milk fatty acid (FA) composition was investigated in an experiment with 8 ruminally-cannulated Holstein cows. Oregano leaves fed at 250 to 750 g/d decreased linearly DMI and tended to quadratically increase milk yield in dairy cows. Feed efficiency was increased with all OL inclusion levels. Oregano leaves tended to decrease methane production in the rumen and milk fatty acid composition. The effect of timing of feed intake on the pattern of milk synthesis was studied in a crossover design trial with 20 Holstein cows. Milk yield was different by time (P<0.001) with peak yield at 0200 h and 2000 h and a nadir at 1400 h. There was a treatment by time interaction for milk fat percent, but 4x fed resulted in higher milk fat percent at all time points compared to 1x fed (0.22 to 0.45% higher; P<0.05). Daily fat yield was increased 0.13 kg/d by 4x feeding (P< 0.001). However, milk protein percent and daily yield were higher in 1x fed (0.1% and 0.05kg/d; P<0.001). This study found that dairy cows have a circadian pattern of milk synthesis that is responsive to the timing of feed intake. Two experiments tested the effect of fatty acid supplements on milk production and composition. Results showed that Ca-FA (Megalac) decreases milk fat content relative to free FA high in palmitic acid in high producing cows but not in low producing cows. Under some circumstances, free FA high in palmitic acid can increase yield of milk and of milk components.

J.W. Schroeder and Marc Bauer (North Dakota State University, Obj. 1): A study with 40 lactating cows was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining regionally grown byproducts into supplements on milk yield and composition. The control diet was composed of corn silage, alfalfa haylage, alfalfa hay, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal, vitamins, and minerals and fed in a total mixed ration. The treatment-fed cows received a diet replacing soybean meal with canola meal, reducing the portion of corn gluten meal, and adding field peas, beet pulp pellets, corn distillers grains with solubles, wheat middling, and soybean hulls in place of cracked corn. The inclusion of the byproducts to the treatment diet did not alter DMI, body condition score, or weight gained when compared to cows fed the control diet during the experimental period. Results showed that dairy cow lactation diets supplemented with 16% of DM as byproduct resulted in similar production outcomes for actual milk yield and milk composition.

Shawn Donkin (Purdue University, Obj. 1 and 2): A replicated 4x4 Latin square design study investigated the effect of supplying different levels of lysine to dairy cows on gene expression in the liver and mammary gland. The study also evaluated effects on milk production and composition and fecal and urinary nitrogen concentrations. The study is the first to encompass production, nitrogen balance, and gene expression data with increased supply of lysine through by-passing the rumen. These results may aid in understanding the mechanisms by which liver responds to alteration of lysine supply. Another experiment with 30 multiparous early lactation Holstein cows examined the effect of protein balance in early lactating dairy cattle on expression of AASS, a committing step in lysine catabolism by liver, and ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC), a general indicator of protein utilization and ureagenesis. No significant correlations between gene expression and positive protein balance were observed. The data indicate that expression of lysine catabolism and ureagenic genes in the liver are responsive to protein balance in early lactating dairy cattle and suggest enhanced sensitivity when protein is limiting. The objectives of a 3rd experiment were to clone the promoter region of bovine PEPCK-M, to determine the transcription factor binding sites within the proximal promoter region and determine the response of bovine PEPCK-M to nutrients and hormones. Data from this experiment suggest that PEPCK-M may be regulated by propionate supply to kidney which may serve to enhance the capacity for mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate flux and gluconeogenesis.

Barry Bradford (Kansas State University, Obj. 1 and 2): A study evaluated the effects of supplementing commercial rumen-protected amino acids in a diet that was predicted to have marginally deficient lysine and methionine supply. Ninety-six lactating Holstein cows (33 first lactation; 63 second or greater lactation), averaging 186 days in milk, were enrolled in this study. Results demonstrated little response to the supplementation of the rumen-protected amino acids lysine and methionine. Given the results, it is likely that the diet fed to control cows was not deficient in these amino acids or the supplemental amino acid products that were used did not efficiently escape ruminal degradation. Another study with 32 Holstein transition cows investigated the effects of monensin on metabolic profile and feeding behavior of transition dairy cows. As expected, intake was noticeably different pre- and postpartum; however, the dramatic decrease in meal duration for postpartum cows compared with prepartum cows likely reflects differences in feeding behavior of cows in tie-stall vs. pen housing rather than a true stage of production effect. Milk production and concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, and solids-non-fat did not differ between dietary treatments. Monensin decreased plasma ²-hydroxybutyrate on day 4 postpartum. The increase in liver TG concentration was significantly greater for the control compared to monensin. Results suggested that monensins ability to limit BHBA concentrations in postpartum cow may be related to its effects on feeding behavior and/or hepatic fatty acid oxidation.

Donald Beitz (Iowa State University, Obj. 2): A study with 48 late lactation dairy cows (24 Holsteins and 24 Jerseys) were used in a study designed to examine how feeding probiotic Bovamine® to dairy cows in late lactation might transform their ruminal microbiome to improve nutrient digestibility and procure energy for efficient productivity. Results from the study suggested that feeding Bovamine® to lactating dairy cows during late lactation favorably transforms their digestive system microbiome to maintain the Firmicutes:Bacteroides ratio elevated in the rumen. The Firmicutes genus has been closely associated with improved nutrient digestibility and enhanced energy capture. These data suggest significant implications to transition and early lactation high producer dairy cows.

Mark Hanigan (Virginia Tech University, Obj. 2): An in vitro study investigated the effects of acetate and essential amino acids (EAA) on ATP levels and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). There were no significant interactions between acetate and EAA on the ATP content or the phosphorylation of AMPK. ATP concentrations were highly correlated (r = - 0.90) with AMPK phosphorylation. In MAC-T cells, AMPK phosphorylation was responsive to ATP concentrations as observed in other cell types. Essential AA were much more potent in eliciting an ATP and AMPK response suggesting that these cells have limited ability to metabolize acetate. An experiment with 14 multiparous and 10 primiparous Holstein cows and 24 multiparous Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows (used in a Youden square design consisting of 8 treatments and 3 periods) investigated if the typical reduction in milk yield associated with feeding a low protein diet to lactating dairy cows could be avoided by dietary supplemention with one or more ruminally protected (RP) AA (Met, Lys, Leu). Results suggested that supplementation of individual AA or combinations of 2 AA, but not a combination of all 3, prevented a reduction in milk yield when dietary protein levels were reduced to 14% of dietary dry matter. In vitro experiments studied the effects of nitrate, ionophores, sulphate, and corn gluten feed on methane production from hay and TMR diets. Total gas production was reduced when nitrate was present in study 1, but the reduction was not significant in study 2. These results suggest that nitrate can be used as a strategy to reduce methane production in cattle. Eight lactating cows with similar milk production but varying MUN levels were used in a study to test the hypothesis that on a common diet, MUN concentrations would be inversely correlated with gastrointestinal entry rates (GER) of urea. Contrary to our hypothesis, MUN was not correlated with GER (P = 0.42). GER variation may be driven more by fermentable carbohydrate supply, than by urea concentrations in blood. Thus MUN was driven by urea synthesis (UER) and urinary urea excretion was driven by blood urea concentrations as reflected by MUN. MUN was not an indicator of GER.

Jeff Firkins (The Ohio State University, Obj. 1): A continuous culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding Rumensin and Cinnagar® (essential oil from cinnamon and garlic) in diets on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Results showed that Rumensin and Cinnagar tended (P = 0.06) to interact for methane production. Under the conditions of this study, there was no additive response for Rumensin® and Cinnagar® to decrease protozoal counts or methane production. Two experiments studied phagocytosis on Entodinium caudatum and Epidinium caudatum as affected by the concentration of fluorescent beads, glucose and feeding regime. It was demonstrated that as protozoa ingest their feed/substrate, they tend to take up less bacteria (as represented by bacteria-sized beads). Isotrichids are far more prone to migration and chemorepellence (as to GTP, a universal protist signal for lysed cells) compared with entodiniomorphids. The model developed suggests that entodiniomorphids more continuously sense and pass from the rumen with particles while integrating chemotaxis with cell growth to maintain population density as cells pass the rumen.

Keith Cummins (Auburn University, Obj. 2): Work continued on 2-D gel proteomics of muscle from cows before and just after the onset of lactation. Current research focuses on separating proteins of differing solubility. Preliminary evaluation of the data indicates that eliminating the low solubility actin and myosin from the 2-D gels will allow identification of more proteins in muscle that are altered by the onset of lactation.

Brian Bequette and Rich Erdman (University of Maryland, Obj. 2): An experiment with 4 rumen fistulated lactating Holstein cows was conducted to test the hypothesis that increased availability of short and medium chain fatty acids (SMCFA) might rescue conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) induced MFD in lactating dairy cows. Results showed that SREBP-1 rather than PPAR-³ was a more likely regulator of mammary lipogenic gene expression. It was also concluded that CLA induced MFD was due to a general down-regulation in mammary gene expression and not simply a deficiency in SMCFA precursors for mammary TG synthesis. Another study tested the hypothesis that the perceived need for inclusion of alfalfa in corn silage based diets for lactating dairy cows is due to differences in minerals (K and Ca) and DCAD effects rather than alfalfa hay per se. A feed efficiency response with the CS-DCAD diets was observed, which was consistent with other published results where dietary K was used to increase DCAD. A series of experiments are planned for the next year that will examine the effects of DCAD on feed efficiency using either added dietary K or Na to increase DCAD. Another experiment with wether sheep aimed to determine the effect of butyrate on urea recycling by infusion of butyrate into the rumen. [15N2]Urea was continuously infused IV for the last 5 d, and all urine and feces were collected. The results suggest that butyrate does not increase urea recycling to the gut compared to acetate. However, the reduction in urea synthesis coupled with increased capture of recycled urea-N by gut microbes suggests that butyrate enhanced overall capture of feed and urea derived ammonia by microbes. The aim of a 4th study was to determine whether ruminal propionate increases urea recycling, gluconeogenesis or both in growing sheep. Under the conditions of the experiment, infusion of propionate into the rumen did not affect urea synthesis and recycling compared to the isoenergetic control (acetate), despite the fact that plasma urea concentration was higher with propionate infusion. The increase in gluconeogenesis with propionate infusion increased the supply of glucose for peripheral tissue metabolism and likely spared amino acids for protein synthesis. In another study, a metabolomics profiling strategy was used to investigate metabolic transitions of the rat (CD-1) from mid-pregnancy to early lactation. Analysis of the metabolomics data detected 445 plasma and 517 liver components. However, many of these were found to be false-positives. Therefore, there is a need to further standardize the automation for high-throughput metabolomics data generation.

Gale Bateman (Provimi, Obj. 1 and 3): The impact of feeding various fats and fatty acids on castrated Holstein calf performance was evaluated in 3, 56-d trials. Results showed that addition of soy oil to starter and grower feeds reduced ADG while adding NeoTec4 fatty acids to milk replacers, starter and grower feeds increased ADG and hip width change. A series of studies was conducted with the objective to determine the effect of supplementing milk replacer (MR) with 1% NeoTec4, a commercially available blend of butyric, coconut, and flax oil, on calf growth, feed efficiency, and indices of immune function when the calves were fed 28% CP MR at a high rate of intake (powder fed at 2% of BW). Supplementation of MR with NeoTec4 improved some immune responses, which may partly explain the reduction in scours and concurrent improvements in growth rate and feed efficiency. A data set was constructed from individual calf means gathered in the Nurture Research Center and used in a meta-analysis to parameterize an empirical model predicting growth measures for neonatal calves. The dataset contained 993 observations from 20 research trials conducted in all seasons of multiple years. The final model for total ADG indicated that increasing total starter intake or total milk replacer intake improved calf growth. Also increasing milk replacer CP % or fat % increased growth. Increased sickness (as measured by increased abnormal fecal scores) or increased BW at day 0 decreased ADG. Growth of neonatal dairy calves appears more controlled by nutrient intake and their interactions than surrogates for health status of the calves (abnormal fecal scores and serum protein concentration) or environmental temperature.

Marshal Stern (University of Minnesota, Obj. 1): A continuous-culture study was conducted to evaluate effects of lignosulfonate and polysaccharide-protected minerals on in vitro rumen fermentation, ruminal and post ruminal partition of Cu, Zn and Mn. Results showed that addition of lignosulfonate induced major changes in ruminal fermentation. Protected minerals decreased rumen soluble Cu and increased bacterial Cu and Zn without affecting predicted post ruminal release of minerals. An in vitro study investigated the effect of dietary roughage and sulfur concentration on hydrogen sulfide production from corn-based diets containing dried distillers grains. Results from this experiment indicated that distillers grains inclusion generally increased batch culture pH, and compared with control, sulfur addition increased total ¼g H2S production and concentration in rumen gas. Another in vitro rumen experiment assessed the effect of 5 levels of bismuth subsalicylate on H2S release and rumen metabolism during 2 consecutive 24-h periods. All levels of bismuth subsalicylate increased (P < 0.05) valeric acid molar proportion compared with 0% BSS. Compared with the control, gas production decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of 2 and 4% bismuth subsalicylate by 12 and 25%, respectively. All concentrations of BSS reduced (P < 0.05) H2S production by 18, 24, 82 and 99% for 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% BSS, respectively. Results indicate that bismuth subsalicylate can markedly decrease H2S production.

Ermias Kebreab, James Fadel, and Heidi Rossow (University of California, Davis; Obj. 1, 2, and 3): A study evaluated extant volatile fatty acid (VFA) stoichiometric models for their capacity to predict VFA molar proportion and CH4 using independent data sources. Results showed that variation among stoichiometric models in predicting VFA production will have a major influence on the accuracy of estimated enteric CH4 production. Currently, CH4 inventory is usually based on IPCC Tier 2 approach, which compared to other models showed a higher prediction error in estimating CH4 emissions. There may be a need for more mechanistic approaches that consider nutritional and microbial factors rather than empirical models that relate VFA molar proportions to nutritional factors. The objective of another study to estimate and assess trends in enteric CH4 emissions from the beef cattle population in Manitoba (Canada) using mathematical models. Results indicated that enteric CH4 estimates and emission trends in Manitoba were influenced by the type of model and beef cattle population. As such, it is necessary to use appropriate models for reliable estimates for enteric CH4 inventory. A more robust approach may be to integrate different models by using mechanistic models to estimate regional Ym values which are then used as input for IPCC Tier-2 model. In a 2nd study of these series, mechanistic and empirical models were used to predict enteric CH4 emissions from 2 summer pasture systems and 4 winter feeding strategies for cow calf production in the western Canadian Parkland. It was concluded that a more comprehensive assessment is required to determine the net contribution of extended grazing or drylot feeding programs to greenhouse gas mitigation strategies for beef production. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of forage proportion in the diet on efficiency of utilization of energy for milk production using a database containing energy balance observations on 600 individual dairy cows was assembled from 35 calorimetry studies conducted in the UK. The analysis demonstrated that as the forage proportion in the diet increases by 0.01, the efficiency of utilization of ME for milk production decreases by 0.32%. However, the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth and efficiency of utilizing body stored for milk production were not affected by forage to concentrate ratio. Another study evaluated dynamic, mechanistic, thermal balance models for Bos indicus and Bos Taurus. The Thompson model (2011), a mathematical heat balance model, was evaluated through the use of two local and one global sensitivity analyses and tested against independent datasets. The sensitivity analyses show that only six parameters require precise estimates, while the others require only reasonable estimates. A field study investigated if the rations fed to milking dairy cows supply the same nutrient profile as the rations formulated by the nutritionist. In October-January of 2010-2011, TMR ration and residual feed samples were collected for 7 weeks at 3 dairies in the Tulare area. Data showed that dairies are fairly good at loading the intended mix of ingredients however, there is a wide range associated with loads indicating that large deviations do occur. Based on these preliminary results, feeding recommendations have been made. Data from 4 more dairies are being collected. Once the error associated with feeding and its impact on milk production has been assessed, the next step is to examine nutrient balance across the cow and pen for nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus.

Jong-Su Eun (Utah State University; Obj. 1 and 2): A lactation trial with 9 multiparous Holstein cows was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing whole safflower seeds (SS) on ruminal fermentation, lactational performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles. Results showed that supplementing diets with whole SS at 3% of dietary DM can be an effective strategy of fat supplementation to lactating dairy cows without negative impacts on lactational performance and milk FA profiles. In a dual-flow continuous culture system study, the effects of of ruminal temperature and forage-to-concentrate ratio in lactation dairy diets on in vitro fermentation characteristics were investigated. Results suggested that during high ruminal temperature as experienced by cows under heat stress nutrient digestion, energy utilization, and microbial protein synthesis are altered.

Yves Boisclair (Cornell University; Obj. 2): Regulation of the fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) system in periparturient dairy cows was studied. Plasma FGF21 was measured in cows over the last 4 weeks of pregnancy and the first 8 weeks of lactation. Data suggested that liver and white adipose tissue are the major FGF21 target tissues during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. It was concluded that the FGF21 system is dynamically regulated at the level of the ligand in early lactating dairy cows and could be involved in regulating oxidative capacity of the liver and lipid mobilization from white adipose tissue.

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Knowlton. 2011. 2010 national survey of barriers related to precision phosphorus feeding. J. Dairy Sci. 94(E-Suppl. 1): 736. Hill, T. M., H. G.Bateman II, J. M. Aldrich, and R. L. Schlotterbeck. 2011. Impact of feeding various fats and fatty acids on dairy calf performance, health, and markers of immunity. J. Dairy Sci. 49 E-suppl 1:263 Hill, T. M., M. J. VandeHaar, L. M. Sordillo, H. G. Bateman II, and R. L. Schlotterbeck. 2011. Effect of fatty acid intake by dairy calves on performance, health, and markers of immunity. J. Dairy Sci. 49 E-suppl 1:263 Hill, T. M., M. J. VandeHaar, L. M. Sordillo, H. G. Bateman, and R. L. Schlotterbeck. 2011. Effect of fatty acid intake by dairy calves on performance, health, and markers of immunity. J. Anim. Sci. 89 (Suppl 1):263. Hristov, A. N. 2011. Diet formulation as an effective tool for mitigating the environmental impact of dairy and beef cattle operations. J. Dairy Sci. 94(Suppl. 1):448 (Abstr.). Hristov, A. N., M. Hanigan, A. Cole, R. 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