Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

MINUTES

2011 Meeting of the Multistate Project W2147
December 2, 2011

Mission Inn, San Diego Western Room,
Riverside, CA
Jennifer Parke, Acting Chair
Jianjun Hao, Secretary
James Borneman, local arrangements

Members in attendance:

James Borneman, Jennifer Parke, Jianjun Hao, Tim Paulitz, Gary Harman, Gary Yuen, George Abawi, Michael Stanghellini, Michael Kahn (Administrative Advisor), Ole Becker, Antoon Ploeg, Darin Eastburn.

The meeting began with the chairs welcome statement, followed by round table introductions being made informally among the attendees.

Michael Kahn was introduced as the USDA Administrative Advisor. He talked briefly about the multi-state project, followed by some questions.

Gary Yuen was elected to be the secretary for 2012. Riverside (Mission Inn) was decided to be the location of 2012. Meeting date will be determined by email communications.

Borneman described ongoing work related to the characterization of Dactylella-based suppression of the sugar beet cyst nematode.

Paulitz described work on the phz+ strains related to soils suppressive to Rhizoctonia. Disease suppression was analyzed using pyrosequencing.

The group started on state reports. Detailed accomplishments and plans for future work can be found in the full annual report of the committee (which will be sent to all committee members via e-mail at the time of submission).

Parke reported her extension and education work on Phytophthora ramorum in nursery and forestry, including website and best nursery practice method.

Hao discussed on Pythium spp. in carrot from California and Michigan, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a biocontrol agent, chestnut extract, and essential oils for disease control.

Following a break, the group discussed on the new proposal due on January 13, 2013. Paulitz went through what has been done on the revision based on the previous version, followed by a short discussion.

Membership in the new proposal renewal was discussed.

Yuen talked about characterization and sequencing of Lysobacter enzymogenes, his teaching and research program.

Abawi discussed on the Cornell Soil Health program and the website, as well as soil management using cover crops.

Harman talked about the mechanisms of Trichoderma spp. on plant growth enhancement.

Stanghellini reported on the relationship between Olpidium bornovanus and Monosporascus cannonballus for disease expression.

Eastburn presented on soybean disease suppression using cover crops.

Ploeg talked about the effect of mustard meal on nematode control.

Becker discussed a patent product for nematode control.

A picture was taken for the group.

In the last section, the group discussed on the proposal writing. All four objectives from current project remain with slight modifications. Each objective was assigned to several members for drafting.

Submitted: Jianjun Hao

Accomplishments 2011 W-2147

Objective 1. To identify and characterize new biological agents, naturally suppressive soils, cultural practices, and organic amendments that provide control of diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens.

CA- A greenhouse bioassay to determine the presence of biological suppressiveness against the beet cyst nematode. In a survey with mustard-greens, two of 48 soils from fields in southern California tested positive for significant suppressiveness against H. schachtii. The data furthermore suggested that various soil textures allow for suppressiveness against H. schachtii. The number of white female nematodes visible through the transparent surface of the test container was correlated with the number of extractable cysts per 100 g soil. Thus, female counts provided good estimates of the final H. schachtii population density. The percentage of parasitized eggs was an unsuitable predictor of soil suppressiveness for this nematode.

CA- A native chytrid induces germination of root pathogen. Olpidium bornovanus was isolated from native desert soils which indicate that Olpidium bornovanus, like Monosporascus cannonballus, are indigenous root-infecting, soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. Additionally, O. bornovanus was identified as the soil microbe involved in the induction of gerrmination of ascospores of Monosporascus cannonballus.

CA- Biocontrol of sugar beet cyst nematode. The suppression of a beet cyst nematode population (Heterodera schachtii) in a field site on the UCR Agricultural Operations is primarily due to the nematophagous fungus Dactylella oviparasitica. Parasitism of the eggs does not appear to play a major role in the population suppression of H. schachtii. The main targets are developing (sedentary) 3rd and 4th stage juveniles and females. No viable eggs developed in parasitized females that were eventually destroyed. We determined the relationships between the amounts of the fungus Dactylella oviparasitica and the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii. We anticipate that monitoring both the Dactylella oviparasitica and Heterodera schachtii population levels will lead the development of a more effective predictive tool for making sugar beet planting decisions.

IL-Fall cover crops for management of diseases in soybean. A project to evaluate the effect of various fall planted cover crop treatments on diseases in subsequent soybean crops was initiated in the fall of 2010, with soybean crops planted in the spring of 2011. Cover crop treatments include cereal rye, rape, canola, white mustard, and winter fallow. Plots were established at six locations, three on-farm and three on-station in east-central, southern, and western Illinois, with the cooperation of the University of Illinois, Southern Illinois University, and Western Illinois University. At each location cover crops were planted in the fall of 2010, with rye rape and fallow treatments at the on-farm locations, and all five treatments at the on-station locations. Soil samples were collected in the fall of 2010 (to establish baseline values), and again in the spring of 2011, shortly after planting the soybean crop, two to three weeks after incorporation of the cover crop debris. Sub-samples of the soils were taken and used for determining population levels of soybean cyst nematodes (SCN) and for DNA extraction. The DNA extracts are being used to determine population levels of selected soybean pathogens and for ARISA analysis to establish microbial community profiles for each soil sample. The remainder of the soil sample for each plot is being used for greenhouse bioassays to evaluate the disease suppressiveness of the soils to selected soybean pathogens (Fusarium virguliforme and Rhizoctonia solani) for each cover crop treatment.

MI- Characterization of bacterial strain BAC03 for disease control. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BAC03 displayed a broad spectrum of antagonistic activity against bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. In greenhouse assays, BAC03 applied in soil significantly reduced scab severity, promoted the growth in both potato and radish, and reduced S. scabies population. Foliar spray with BAC03 did not significantly affect disease severity and plant growth. BAC03 applied in soil inhibited the emergence of radish seedlings, but did not affect potato emergence from seed tuber. An antimicrobial substance extracted from BAC03 by ammonium sulfate precipitation was identified as an LCI protein using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The liquid culture of BAC03 and extracted substance were stable under a wide range of pH, chemicals, and temperatures. The downside of BAC03 was that it affected the emergence of most tested plants, but not potato seed tuber. Therefore, B. amyloliquefaciens strain BAC03 displayed strong antimicrobial activities, suppression of potato common scab and enhanced plant biomass. LCI protein is an important factor for disease suppression. Strain BAC03 has the potential to be developed and marketed as a commercial biocontrol agent.

MI- Microbial community in response to disease suppressiveness. Our results suggest that this suppressive soil has a makeup of bacterial microbes that is different than an adjacent disease infected field. A total of 1,124 OTUs were detected and 565 OTUs (10% dissimilarity) were identified in disease conducive soil and 859 in disease suppressive soil including 300 shared both between sites. Common phyla based on relative sequence abundance were Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Sequences of Lysobacter were found in significantly higher numbers in the disease suppressive soil, as were sequences of Group 4 and Group 6 Acidobacteria. These bacteria have been proven to suppress Rhizoctonia solani, Streptomyces scabies, and Verticillium longisporum. The relative abundance of sequences identified as the genus Bacillus was significantly higher by an order of magnitude in the disease conducive soil. Fluorescent pseudomonads, Bacillus spp. and non-pathogenic Streptomyces spp. were also associated with the disease suppression. This will help to inform and develop biologically based sustainable disease management practices to reduce pathogen populations in soil and therefore help the potato industry in Michigan by reducing the economic and environmental impacts of PCS disease control.

NM- Plant extracts to control Verticillium dahliae. A growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts (4%) from sprouted and non-sprouted oat, wheat, and forage sorghum on chile pepper colonization by Verticillium dahliae. Soil infested with Verticillium dahliae was treated with either each extract or water (control). At five weeks after emergence, isolation frequency of V. dahliae from seedlings of a chile pepper cultivar planted in the treated soil was greatest in control soil and soil treated with extracts from sprouted and un-sprouted sorghum, and was lowest in soil treated with extracts from sprouted and un-sprouted oat and wheat. These results suggest that crop residues from wheat and oat may reduce chile pepper colonization by V. dahliae.

NY- A membrane-based multi-pathogen detection macroarray developed in 2009 continues to be used in new projects including detection of pathogens in irrigation water, and to detect and identify pathogens in the rhizosphere following various mixed-species green manure treatments. We tested 20 irrigation sites across NY in 2010 and 2011, and are currently analyzing the data. In 2010, multiple species of Pythium and Phytophthora were identified, as well as many bacterial species including Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. For the mixed-species green manure treatments, we are collaborating with Brian McSpadden-Gardener (Ohio State University). Because of variable results observed in 2010 and 2011, the experiment will be repeated again in 2012.

NY- Trichoderma helps plants deal with stress. The mechanism of many of these effects has a common element; which is enhancement of redox potential of plants. Stresses, whether biotic or abiotic, frequently result in accumulation of toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Photosynthesis also may produce levels of ROS, especially the superoxide anion, that probably decrease photosynthetic efficiency. Plants have mechanisms for redox control, including conversion of the superoxide anion via superoxide dismutase (SOD), and systems to cycle antioxidants from oxidized to reduced forms. This cycling is critical to maintaining healthy redox levels in plants, and under stress, plants do not keep up with the demand. Trichoderma spp. trigger increased expression of genes encoding SOD and the antioxidant cycling enzymes, and so can dramatically reduce effects of stress and improve photosynthetic efficiency.

OH- Characterization of sampling and selection factors on the diversity of bacteria to be screened for biocontrol activities: We developed a multivariate sampling and marker-based selection strategy that significantly increase the diversity of bacteria recovered from plants. In doing so, we quantified the effects of varying sampling intensity, media composition, incubation conditions, plant species, and soil source on the diversity of recovered isolates. Subsequent sequencing and high-throughput phenotypic analyses of a small fraction of the collected isolates revealed that this approach led to the recovery of over a dozen rare and, to date, poorly characterized genera of plant-associated bacteria with significant biopesticide activities. Overall, the sampling and selection approach described led to an approximately 5-fold improvement in efficiency and the recovery of several novel strains of bacteria with significant biopesticide potential.

OH- The basis of general suppression of E. coli O157:H7 assessed using community profiling: All sources of bedding displayed a heat sensitive suppressiveness to the pathogen. Differences in suppressiveness were also noted between different samples at room temperature. All bedding substrates were able to reduce E. coli populations by over 10,000-fold within 7 to 15 dpi regardless of sampling date. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was used to identify bacterial populations potentially associated with the noted suppression of E. coli O157:H7 in sand bedding. Eleven of these terminal restriction fragments (TRF) were overrepresented in paired comparisons of suppressive and non-suppressive specimens at multiple sampling points, indicating that they may represent environmentally stable populations of pathogen suppressing bacteria. Cloning and sequencing of these TRF indicated that they represent a diverse subset of bacteria, belonging to the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroidetes, Gamma proteobacteria and Firmicutes, only a few of which have been previously identified in livestock manure. Such data indicate that diverse bacteria contribute to the microbial suppression of E. coli and this information may be used to develop new options for mitigating the risk and dispersal of zoonotic bacterial pathogens on dairy farms.

OR- Conducted an international webinar and co-organized a grower workshop on the importance of water for managing waterborne pathogens.

OR- Developed and launched an international website and companion open-source online journal on forest Phytophthora species, many of which are vectored by the nursery plant trade.

OR- Produced a grower manual for how to implement a systems approach for managing pests and disease in horticultural nurseries, and conducted a grower workshop on systems approaches.

WA- Survey of Rhizoctonia species in cereal-producing regions of the US The first phase of understanding soilborne pathogens is to delineate the extent of the problem and the species composition. We have completed a two-year survey of soils around the U.S., using baiting from soil and identifying the Rhizoctonia groups using sequencing of the ITS region. We have found that R. oryzae (Waitea circinata) and R. solani AG-2-1 are common in most areas. Surprisingly, R. solani AG-8, the cause of bare patch, has not been found outside of the Pacific Northwest.

WA- Survey of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) species in Eastern Washington. Despite the prevalence of cereal cyst nematode in NE Oregon, where it was discovered in 1984, little is known about the distribution of this nematode in Washington State. We completed two years of preliminary surveys. We found high populations of this nematode in the Palouse area of eastern Washington. This is a higher precipitation area with annual cropping and a 3-year rotation with a legume. Despite the use of a non-host every 3rd year, this nematode has built up to high populations and may be limiting yields. We also initiated testing of germplasm in sites naturally infested with cereal cyst nematode. We found that lines with the Cre 1 gene showed resistance, as measured by fewer immature cysts on the root system.

Objective 2 To understand how microbial populations and their gene expression are regulated by the biological (plants and microbes) and physical environment and how they influence disease.

MS- Transcriptomic dissection of the interaction between Oryza sativa and Burkholderia glumae We are studying the interaction between Oryza sativa and Burkholderia glumae, a soil-borne pathogen and the causative agent of the rice panicle disease. Our objective is to identify differentially expressed genes between a susceptible (CL151) and resistant (CL161) rice genotype, in two developmental stages (seedling and flowering) upon inoculation by B. glumae (strain gr4, kindly provided by Dr. Milton, LSU) and understand the disease process to elucidate the resistant pathway. In this study, we are interested in the gene expression immediately following inoculation. Total RNA was extracted from the tissue samples. Illumina libraries will be constructed from 150-200 bp size range fragments, which will be used for HiSeq2000 sequencing. Genomic DNA was also collected for quantification of the bacterial growth in each sample to be correlated with the gene expression analysis.

NE- Lysobacter enzymogenes as a biocontrol agent of fungal and nematode disease of plants. Strain C3 was demonstrated to produce HSAF (a family of macrocyclic lactams) as one of its important mechanisms of biocontrol. HSAF biosynthetic genes in C3 were partially identified, as was a global regulatory gene clp. Studies in 2011 expanded to include strain OH11 isolated in China. Collaborators in this project sequenced the genome of OH11. By mining the OH11 genome, gene clusters for up to 9 secondary metabolites, including HSAF, were found. The genome sequence revealed all genes in the cluster for HSAF synthesis. In addition, the OH11 sequence revealed that the strain also produces a potent antibiotic (WAP8294A2) with activity against gram-positive bacteria. Although the antibiotic had been reported previously to be produced by a strain of Lysobacter sp., it was not known to be produced by strain C3. Nor has its role in biocontrol been established. Mutant strains deficient in this antibacterial factor have been developed, which will allow definitive testing of biocontrol activity.

OH- Genome sequencing of biocontrol bacteria. We have sequenced and annotated draft genome sequences for Pseudomoans strains Wayn1R, Wood1R, and B001. We have done the same for Chromobacterium sp. C61, Pantoea ananatis B1-9, and Mitsuaria sp. strain H24L5A. These are all now publicly available for comparisons. Preliminary analyses of all indicated a large number of apparently novel operons, the analysis of which will comprise future research efforts to discover novel metabolites and mechanisms of biological control.

OH-Identification and transcriptional analysis of defense genes induced by root colonization by a bacterial biocontrol agent. Root colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana with Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 induces systemic tolerance against diverse pathogens, as well as drought and salt stresses. In this study, we demonstrated that 11 genes in the leaves were up-regulated, and 5 genes were down-regulated as the result of three- to five-days root colonization by P. chlororaphis O6. The identified priming genes were involved in cell signaling, transcription, protein synthesis, and degradation. In addition, expression of selected priming genes were induced in P. chlororaphis O6- colonized plants subjected to water withholding. Genes encoding defense proteins in signaling pathways regulated by jasmonic acid and ethylene, such as VSP1 and PDF1.2, were additional genes with enhanced expression in the P. chlororaphis O6-colonized plants. This study indicated that the expression of priming genes, as well as genes involved in jasmonic acid- and ethylene-regulated genes may play an important role in the systemic induction of both abiotic and biotic stress due to root colonization by P. chlororaphis O6.

WA- Biogeography of phenazine producing Pseudomonas spp. across dryland wheat fallow regions. Over the last 4 years, our group has been describing this unique community that produces significant amounts of phenazine in the roots of dryland wheat, but is displaced by phloroglucinol producers in irrigated wheat or in higher rainfall regions. We have identified 4 main taxonomic clusters by sequencing a number of genes. Two of the clusters are undescribed. One cluster is similar to P. orientalis, and the other to P. lebanesis/synxantha. We looked at the distribution of a collection of over 200 isolates, and tried to correlate it with soil edaphic factors, using canonical correspondence analysis. These included soil texture, organic matter, pH, calcium carbonate, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, and water holding capacity. The correlations were weak, except for a higher association of P. lebanensis with higher sand content.

WA- Microbial communities in responsible for Rhizoctonia decline. We have identified a site in Ritzville, WA that has gone into Rhizoctonia decline after 12 years of continuous wheat and direct seeding (no-till). Disease reached a peak after 5-6 years and has declined significantly from years 7-10. We are using community analysis techniques and 454 sequencing techniques to identify microbes that may be responsible for this. We found a higher frequency of Actinomycetes such as Kineosporia, Arthrobacter, Friedmanniella, Nocardiodes, Blastococcus and Kribbella in the no-till soil. These genera were also more frequent in the bulk soil than the rhizosphere soil. In the long-term conventional soil, Gemmatimonas and Acidobacter groups 1 and 3 were more frequent. In the rhizosphere of diseased plants in patches, Oxalobactereacea, Sphingobacteria, Acetobacteriaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae were were in higher frequency. In the rhizosphere of plants from healthy areas, Gemmatimonas and Acidobacteria group 3 were in higher frequency. Surprisingly, Pseudomonas and Bacillus made up less than 2% of the total sequences.

Objective 3. To implement sustainable management strategies for soilborne pathogens that are biologically based and compatible with soil health management practices.

CA- A biological seed treatment for nematodes. Seed coating with abamectin (Avicta®) provided considerable early season protection against root-knot nematodes in carrot field trials. The active ingredients of the product are metabolites of Streptomyces avermitilis. Preseason cropping with various brassicas and consequent biofumigation by soil incorporation of mowed biomass was not useful under southern California conditions as the cover crops increased root-knot nematode population (M. javanica).

MI- Managing potato common scab using bio-based materials. Essential oils (EOs) from red thyme, oregano, clove bud, citronella java, cinnamon leaf, and bay were all effective for inhibiting S. scabies with Effective concentration fro 50% inhibition (EC50) values between 0.46 to 0.63 ug/ml on average, while EOs from sweet fennel, lavender, palmarosa, peppermint, sage, spearmint, tea tree and rosemary had no impact. Oregano EO reduced the soil population of S. scabies by 10,000 times, while Clove bud EO reduced it by 10 times. Most EOs evaluated were phytotoxic and reduced plant emergence if they were planted or seeded immediately after soil treatment with EOs. In the greenhouse, potato common scab was significantly reduced by BAC03, and horseradish extract. More importantly, BAC03 promoted the growth of potato plants, and induced the plant disease resistance. This effect was strengthened by multiple applications of BAC03 in the soil. Seed treatment with BAC03 protected both potato and radish from disease. The biomass of radish increased as BAC03 applications increased.. BAC03 was able to induce systemic resistance in plants.

MI- Managing soybean white mold using biological control agents. The population of C. minitans was not affected significantly overall by any of the tested chemicals, and mixing period up to 4 hours. Therefore it is safe to mix Contans (C. minitans) in a tank in hours. Coniothyrium minitans was not affected by chemicals such as Eminent, Subdue Maxx, Previcur Flex and Domark, while Trichoderma gamsii and T. asperellum were not affected by Revus, Heritage, and Endura. In the field, both C. minitans and Streptomyces lydicus reduced the sclerotial population of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold incidence, although they did not fully control the disease. There was no difference between fall and spring treatments. Herbicide Cobra significantly reduced the disease incidence.

NY- Cover crops and soil health. A second year evaluation of the replicated 9 cover crop treatments (winter rye grain + hairy vetch, oat, sudex, forage radish, red clover, rapeseed, buckwheat, wheat, and a fallow/control) was completed in 2011. Again, pod yield of snap beans cv. Caprice was highest in the field with the highest soil health quality (Future-IPM production system) and lowest in the conventionally managed field. In the former field, bean yield was highest in the rye+vetch cover crop plots and lowest in the buckwheat plots. Root rot development was moderate to severe, but varied only slightly among the treatments. All cover crop treatments were re-established in the same plots for final evaluations in 2012. The analysis of the data collected in 2011 and previously is continuing.

NY- Tillage, rotation, and soil health. In collaboration with the Cornell soil health team, the combined effects of tillage practices (No-till/ridge-till, Zone-till, Plow-till), cover crops (Rye grain, Vetch, Fallow), and crop rotation (Vegetables vs. Grain/Forage/Vegetable) were evaluated by planting all the 72 plots to snap bean cv. Caprice in 2011. Pod yield of bean was highest in the ridge-till and zone-till plots and was lowest in the plow-till plots. Root rot severity on bean roots was moderate and was only lower on roots of plants grown on the ridge-till plots. Again, reduced tillage practices appear to improve measured soil health indicators, but final data analysis is still in progress.

WA- Brassica seed meals can suppress diseases in apple replant. Brassica seed meals are as effective as fumigation in overcoming replant disease, but only when applied the previous fall before planning. These include Brassica juncea- (oriental mustard), Brassica napus (canola) and Sinapis alba (white mustard). In a long-term organic trial in apples, these seed meal treatments reduced populations of Pratylenchus penetrans more than fumigation with Telone C-17. At 17 months, these treatments resulted in apple seedling growth comparable to the fumigant, significantly greater than the non-treated control.

WA- Testing of organic seed treatments for pea and corn. In replicated field trials at two locations in 2011, organic seed treatments were tested for control of Pythium damping-off. At Mt. Vernon, no treatment was effective on peas, except for Apron. For sweet corn, primed seed and Natural II significantly increased emergence. At irrigated trials at Boardman, OR, under high disease pressure, seed priming and Nordox increased emergence and yield of peas. At Soap Lake, with less disease pressure, treatments had no effect on emergence, but Nordox and Mycostop increased plant height of peas.

Objective 4. Provide outreach, education, extension and technology transfer to our clients and stakeholders- growers, biocontrol industry, graduate and undergraduate students, K-12 students and other scientists.

All- This group conducts outreach and extension to growers, outlined in the publication section under Extension Publications and Outreach. http://phytophthora.pppmb.cals.cornell.edu/

NE- Gary Yuen at University of Nebraska-Lincoln co-teaches the only distance-delivered biological control course in the nation. Biological Control of Pests, delivered via the internet, reaches 20 to 25 graduate students every other spring semester. Yuen also teaches Introductory Plant Pathology to 40 to 50 undergraduate students every fall semester. In this course, biological control is presented as a critical component of integrated disease management. In both courses, examples of research and implementation from W2147 are used to illustrate these facets.

NY- Disease management strategies for Phytophthora capsici. In 2011, Smart gave 8 talks to growers, extension educators and industry representatives on strategies to control Phytophthora blight. Additionally, a new web-site has been developed that will provide fact sheets and information that can be downloaded. The site can be found at _______________________

NY- Major outreach activities dealing with root health, soil health and/or root diseases in 2011. A cover crop field day was held at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY on October 19, 2010. Twenty-five growers and extension educators participated in a discussion focused on the project objectives, available results, and each was provided with plot maps for personal viewing of the 4 study fields. Abawi on behalf of collaborators made presentations at the Soil Health Session at the Empire State Fruit and Vegetable Expo in Syracuse, NY on January 27, 2011 (80 growers and other agricultural service providers in attendance), at the 2011 NYS Dry Bean meeting held in Stafford, NY on March 3, 2011 (70 in attendance), at the Delaware Fruit and Vegetable Conference held in Harrington, Delaware on January 19, 2011 (100 in attendance), and 7 additional presentations at formal and informal meetings. Furthermore, new participatory training workshops on the identification, assessment and management of soilborne plant pathogens in vegetable production systems in the NE region were initiated in 2011 in collaboration with Beth Gugino (Penn. State University) and Jim LaMondia (Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station) with financial support from the NE-SARE program. The first workshop has been scheduled for December 7, 2011 in Windsor, CT,; whereas 6 additional workshops will be presented during the next two years. The target audiences for these workshops are growers, extension educators, crop consultants, IPM practioners, and other agricultural service providers.

NY- Outreach to K-12 students. We have continued our outreach program to third-grade students in the Geneva City School District (Geneva, NY). Part of this outreach includes a summer science camp, where students study different aspects of food production utilizing a garden that they plant at their school. One week of the 5-week program focuses on the importance of healthy soil to producing healthy vegetables.

NY- Undergraduate research experience. In 2009, the Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Department on the Geneva Campus of Cornell University established a summer scholars program to increase the involvement of undergraduate researchers in applied agricultural sciences. Each summer, several students are involved with projects that are part of the W2147 multi-state project. During the summer of 2011, three students in the Smart lab were working on Phytophthora capsici detection in 1) irrigation water and 2) tomato plant rhizosphere samples and the third student worked on the population biology and evolution of the pathogen. Additionally, an undergraduate student in the Abawi lab worked on nematode problems in vegetables.

WA- Researchers at USDA-ARS in Pullman have developed outreach programs with elementary and high schools on the Colville Reservations, including monthly classes and a summer camp. They also sponsor summer internships and work with Bellevue Community College.

WA. L. du Toit has a 40% extension appointment, and devotes much of her time to extension presentations and training growers, state department of agriculture personnel, consultants, and seed industry personnel in vegetable disease diagnosis and management. Lindsey presents her vegetable seed pathology research to stakeholders in the Pacific Northwest (ID, OR, WA), as well as to end users of vegetable seed produced in this region (e.g., AZ, CA, MI, Ontario) and international seed industry players in the U.S., Canada, Denmark, England, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and South Africa).

Refereed Publications and Abstracts Abawi, G. S., C. H. Petzoldt, B. K. Gugino, and J. A. LaMondia. 2011. Prioritizing cover crops for improving root-health and yield of vegetables in the Northeast. Phytopathology 101: S1 (Abstr.). Alcala, A. C., Paulitz, T. C., Porter, L. D., and du Toit, L. J. 2011. Profile of Pythium spp. in certified organic fields for vegetable production in central Washington. APS Annual Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, 6-10 August 2011. Phytopathology 101:S4. http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/Documents/2011_Meeting_Abstracts/a11ma21.htm Balaji, V. and Smart, C.D. 2011. Over-expression of snaking-2 and extension-like protein genes restricts pathogen invasiveness and enhances tolerance to Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Transgenic Research (in press). Balaji, V., Sessa, G., and Smart, C.D. 2011. Silencing of host basal defense response-related gene expression increases susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana to Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Phytopathology 101:349-357. Becker, J.O., and J. Smith Becker 2010. A screening and optimization test for nematicidal seed coatings. J. Nematology 42:233. Becker, J.O., J. Nunez, and A. Ploeg 2010. Abating root-knot nematode damage in fresh carrot production. J. Nematology 42:232-233. Bennypaul, H.S., Mutti, J., Kumar, N., Rustgi, S., Okubara, P.A., Gill, K.S. 2011. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of genes expressed in root, leaf and meiotic tissues of wheat. Functional Integrative Genomics. DOI: 10.1007/s10142-011-0245-0. Chekali, S., Gargouri, S., Paulitz, T.C., Nicol, J., Rezgui, M. 2011. Effects of Fusarium culmorum and water stress on durum wheat in Tunisia. Crop Protection 30: 718-725. Cho SM, Park JY, Han SH, Anderson AJ, Yang KY, Gardener BBM, and Kim YC. 2011. Identification and transcriptional analysis of priming genes in Arabidopsis thaliana induced by root colonization with Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6. The Plant Pathology Journal, 23:272-279. D'Aes, J., Khuong, H.G., De Maeyer, K., Pannecoucque, J., Forrez, I., Ongena, M., Dietrich, L.E., Thomashow, L.S., Mavrodi, D.V., Mavrodi, O.V., Hofte, M. 2011. Biological control of Rhizoctonia root rot on bean by phenazine- and cyclic lipopeptide-producing Pseudomonas CMR12a. Phytopathology. 101:996-1004. De Luna, L.Z., Kennedy, A.C., Hansen, J.C., Paulitz, T.C., Gallagher, R.S., Fuerst, E.P. 2011. Mycobiota on wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seed and their caryopsis decay potential. Plant Health Progress. doi:10.1094/PHP-2011-0210-01-RS. doi:10.1128/AAC.05370-11 du Toit, L.J. 2011. Effects of soil fumigation and seed treatments on seed transmission of Verticillium in spinach. Page 41, International Spinach Conference, 3-4 October 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (poster). http://spinach.uark.edu/Spinach%20Conference%20Program%20Final%20092611.pdf du Toit, L.J. 2011. Selecting a spinach seed health assay for Verticillium: Results of an ISHI ring test. Page 28, International Spinach Conference, 3-4 October 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (paper). http://spinach.uark.edu/Spinach%20Conference%20Program%20Final%20092611.pdf du Toit, L.J., and Correll, J.C. 2011. Assessing the significance of seedborne Verticillium in spinach. Page 18, Programme and Abstracts, 47th Congress of the Southern African Society for Plant Pathology, 23-26 January 2011, Kruger National Park, South Africa. Dung, J., du Toit, L.J., and Johnson, D.J. 2011. Verticillium wilt of skullcap and potential for pathogen dissemination via seeds and stems. Plant Disease 95: 1147-1152. Dung, J.K., du Toit, L.J., Gatch, E.W., and Johnson, D.A. 2011. Cross-pathogenicity of Verticillium dahliae isolates from skullcap and peppermint. Phytopathology 101:S247. 2010 APS Pacific Division/Canadian Phytopathological (CPS) annual meeting, Vancouver, BC. http://www.apsnet.org/members/divisions/pac/meetings/Pages/2010MeetingAbstracts.aspx Dunn, A.R., Milgroom, M.G., Meitz, J.C., McLeod, A., Fry, W.E., McGrath, M.T., Dillard, H.R., and Smart, C.D. 2010. Population structure and resistance to mefenoxam of Phytophthora capsici in New York State. Plant Disease 94:1461-1468. Gatch, E.W., and du Toit, L.J. 2011. Managing Fusarium wilt in spinach seed crops using limestone and a soil bioassay. Phytopathology 101:S248. 2010 APS Pacific Division/CPS annual meeting, Vancouver, BC. http://www.apsnet.org/members/divisions/pac/meetings/Pages/2010MeetingAbstracts.aspx Grünwald, N. K., Martin, F. N., Larsen, M., Sullivan, C., Press, C. M., Coffey, M. D., Hansen, E. M., and Parke, J. L. 2011. Phytophthora-ID.org: A sequence based Phytophthora identification tool. Plant Dis. 95:337-342. Handiseni, M., Brown, J., Zemetra, R., and Mazzola, M. Herbicidal activity of Brassicaceae seed meal amended soils on emergence and growth of wild oat (Avena fatua), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflex) and prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola). Weed Technol. 25:127-134. 2011 Hao, J. J., Liu, H., Gonzalez, I. R. D., Lu, X. H., and Fulbright, D. 2011. Antimicrobial activities of chestnut extracts for potential use managing soilborne plant pathogens. Plant Disease. (In press). Hao, J. J., Meng, Q., Rosenzweig, N., Lu, X., and Liu, H. 2010. Managing potato common scab by enhancing soil health. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO. Link: http://www.glexpo.com/abstracts.php. Harman, G. E. 2011. Multifunctional fungal plant symbionts: new tools to enhance plant growth and productivity. New Phytol. 189:647-649. Harman, G. E. 2011. Trichodermanot just for biocontrol anymore. Phytoparasitica Guest Editorial. 39: 103-108. Harman, G. E., Obregón, M. A., Samuels, G. J. and Lorito, M. 2010. Changing models for commercialization and implementation of biocontrol in the developing and developed world. Plant Dis. (feature article). 94:928-939. Harper, K., Smart, C.D. and Davis, R.M. 2011. Development of a DNA-based macroarray for the detection and identification of Amanita species. Journal of Forensic Science 56: 1003-1009. Hooks, C., Wang, K.H., Ploeg, A.T., McSorley, R. 2010. Using marigold (Tagetes spp.) as a cover crop to protect crops from plant-parasitic nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology. Vol. 46: p.307-320. Kandel, S., Elling, A., Smiley, R.W., Garland-Campbell, K, Nicol, J.M. and Paulitz, T.C. 2011. A survey of root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) in the dryland wheat production areas of eastern Washington. Presented at the 50th Annual meeting of the Society of Nematology, Corvallis, OR, July, 2011. Kelley, E., and Hao, J. 2010. Effect essential oils on inhibition of Phytophthora capsici. Phytopathology 100: S60 (abstr.). Kim, Y.C., Leveau, J., McSpadden Gardener, B.B. Pierson, E.A., Pierson, L.S. III, and C.-M. Ryu. 2011. The multifactorial basis for plant health promotion by plant-associated bacteria. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 77:1548-1555 Lamprecht, S. C., Tewoldemedhin, Y. T., Calitz, F. J., and Mazzola, M. Evaluation of strategies for the control of canola and lupin seedling diseases caused by Rhizoctonia anastomosis groups. European Journal Plant Pathology 130: 427-439. 2011. Lamprecht, S. C., Tewoldemedhin, Y. T., Hardy, M., Calitz, F. J., and Mazzola, M. Effect of cropping system on composition of the Rhizoctonia populations recovered from canola and lupin in a winter rainfall region of South Africa. European Journal of Plant Pathology 131:305-316. 2011. Li, Q., Mavrodi, D.V., Thomashow, L.S., Roessle, M., Blankenfeldt, W. 2011. Ligand binding induces an ammonia channel in 2-amino-2-desoxyisochorismate (ADIC) synthase PHZE. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286:18213-18221. López-Pérez, J.A., Roubtsova, T., de Cara-Garcia, M., Ploeg, A.T. 2010. The potential of five winter-grown crops to reduce root-knot nematode damage and increase yield of tomato. Journal of Nematology. Vol. 42: p.120-127. Lorito, M., Woo, S. L., Harman, G. E. and Monte, E. 2010. Translational research on Trichoderma: from omics to the field. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 48: 395-417. Lou, L., G. Qian, Y. Xie, J. Hang, H. Chen, K. Zaleta-Rivera, Y. Li, Y. Shen, P. H. Dussault, F. Liu, and L. Du. 2011. Biosynthesis of HSAF, a tetramic acid-containing macrolactam from Lysobacter enzymogenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc.133:643-645. Lu, X. H., Davis, R. M., and Hao, J. J. 2011. Comparative study of Pythium species causing carrot cavity spot in California and Michigan. Phytopathology 101: S110 (abstr.). Lu, X. H., Hausbeck, M. K., Liu, X. L., and Hao, J. J. 2011. Risk assessment of Phytophthora capsici resistant to fluopicolide. Phytopathology 101: S110. (abstr.). Lu, X. H., Hausbeck, M. K., Liu, X. L., and Hao, J. J. 2011. Wild type sensitivity and mutation analysis for resistance risk to fluopicolide in Phytophthora capsici. Plant Disease 95: 1535-1541. Lu, X. H., Livingston, S., Nunez, J. J., Davis, R. M., Hao, J. J. 2011. Pythium species associated with carrot cavity spot and their fungicide sensitivity in California and Michigan. Plant Disease. (In press). Mastouri, F., T. Bjorkman, and G.E. Harman. 2010. Seed treatments with Trichoderma harzianum alleviate biotic, abiotic and physiological stresses in germinating seeds and seedlings. Phytopathology 100:1213-1221. Mastouri, F., T. Bjorkman, and G.E. Harman. 2012. Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 enhances antioxidant defense of tomato seedlings and resistance to water deficit. Molec. Plant Microbe Interact. accepted with revision Mavrodi, D.V., Joe, A., Mavrodi, O., Hassan, K.A., Weller, D.M., Paulsen, I.T., Loper, J.E., Alfano, J.R., Thomashow, L.S. 2011. Structural and functional analysis of the Type III secretion system from Pseudomonas fluorescens Q8r1-96. Journal of Bacteriology. 193:177-189. Mazzola, M. Advances in Brassica seed meal formulation for apple replant disease control. Pages 6.1-6.4 in, Proceedings Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. MBAO, Fresno, CA. 2011. Mazzola, M. Potential of biofumigation for soilborne pest control in strawberry. Pages 47.1-48.2 in, Proceedings Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. MBAO, Fresno, CA. 2011. Meng, Q. Liu, H., and Hao, J. 2011. An inhibitory effect of a novel Bacillus sp. strain against potato common scab. Phytopathology 101:S119. (abstr.). Meng, Q. Yin, J. F., Rosenzweig, N., Douches, D., and Hao, J. J. 2011. Biological characteristics of suppressive soil to potato common scab in Michigan. Plant Disease. (Accepted) Meng, Q., Adesemoye, A. O., Kirk, W. W., Hao, J. 2011. Genetic and morphologic diversity of Streptomyces species that cause potato common scab in Michigan. Phytopathology 101: S244. (abstr.). Meng, Q., Cui, X., Bi, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, X., and Hao, J. 2011. Biological and genetic characterization of Phytophthora capsici mutants resistant to flumorph. Plant Pathology 60:957-966. Moebius-Clune, B.N., O.J. Idowu, R.R. Schindelbeck, H.M. van Es, D.W. Wolfe, G.S. Abawi, Gugino, B.K., 2011. Developing Standard Protocols for Soil Quality Monitoring and Assessment. In: Bationo, A.; Waswa, B.; Okeyo, J.M.; Maina, F.; Kihara, J.M. (Eds.) Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa: Exploring the Scientific Facts. Springer. ISBN: 978-90-481-2541-8. Ochiai, N., Dragila, M. I., and Parke, J. L. 2011. Pattern swimming of Phytophthora citricola zoospores: an example of microbial bioconvection. Fungal Biology 115:228-235. Okubara, P.A., Jones, S.S. 2011. Seedling tolerance to Rhizoctonia and Pythium in wheat chromosome group 4 addition lines from Thinopyrum spp. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 33: 415-422. Parke, J. L. and Rizzo, D. M. 2011. Phytophthora ramorum. Forest Phytophthoras 1(4). DOI: Paulitz, T.C. 2011. Disease management. In: Hatfield, J.L. and Sauer, T.J., editors. Soil management: building a stable base for agriculture. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. p. 265-274. Paulitz, T.C. and Steffenson, B.J. 2011. Biotic stress in barley: disease problems and solutions. In: Ullrich, S.E., editor. Barley: improvement, production and uses. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell. Ploeg, A., J. Nunez, and J.O. Becker. 2010. Cover cropping and seed coating to mitigate root-knot nematode damage in carrot. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences (Comm Agr Appl Biol Sci) 75: 476. Poole, G., Smiley, R. Paulitz, T.C., and Garland-Campbell, K. 2011. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Fusarium crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum) in two spring wheat populations. Phytopathology 101: S144. (abstr.). Rosenzweig, N., and Hao, J. 2011. Characterizing microbial communities of potato common scab suppressive soil using pyrosequencing. Phytopathology 101: S156. (abstr.). Rosenzweig, N., Tiedje, J. M., Meng, Q., Quensen III, J. F., and Hao, J. J. 2011. Soil microbial communities associated with potato common scab suppressive soil. Plant Disease. (Accepted) Sanogo, S., Liess, L., and Richman, R. 2011. Mycelial growth and sporangial production of Phytophthora capsici as affected by extracts from pecan tissues. Phytopathology 101:S159. Schroeder, K.L,. Shetty, K.K. and Paulitz, T.C. 2011. Survey of Rhizoctonia spp. from wheat soils in the U.S. and determination of pathogenicity on wheat and barley. Phytopathology 101: S161. (abstr.). Shoresh, G. E. and Harman, G. E. 2010. Differential expression of maize chitinases in the presence or absence of Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 and indications of a novel exo- endo-heterodimeric chitinase activity. BMC Plant Biology 10:136. Published on line http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/10/136. Shoresh, M., Harman, G. E. and Mastouri, F. 2010. Induced systemic resistance and plant responses to fungal biocontrol agents. Annu. Rev. Phytopathology 48: 21-43. Spies, C. F. J., Mazzola, M., and McLeod, A. Characterization and detection of Pythium and Phytophthora species associated with grapevines in South Africa. European Journal Plant Pathology 131:103-119. 2011. Spies, C. F. J., Mazzola, M., Botha, W. J., van der Rijst, M., Mostert, L., and McLeod, A. Oogonial biometry and phylogenetic analyses of the Pythium vexans species group from woody agricultural hosts in South Africa reveal distinct groups within this taxon. Fungal Biology115:157-168. 2011. Spies, C.F.J., Mazzola, M., Botha, W. J., Langenhoven, S., Mostert, L., and McLeod, A. Molecular analysis of Pythium irregulare isolates from grapevines in South Africa suggest a single variable species.. Fungal Biology 115:1210-1224. 2011. Stanghellini, M.E. and Misaghi, I.J. 2011. Olpidium bornovanus-mediated germination of ascospores of Monosporascus cannonballus: a host-specific rhizosphere interaction. Phytopathology 101:794-796. Tewoldemedhin, Y. T., Mazzola, M., Botha, W. J., Mostert, L., and McLeod, A. Cylindrocarpon species associated with apple tree roots in South Africa and their quantification using real-time PCR. European Journal Plant Pathology 129:637-651. 2011. Tewoldemedhin, Y. T., Mazzola, M., Botha, W. J., Spies, C. F., and McLeod, A. Characterization of fungi (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia) and oomycetes (Phytophthora and Pythium) associated with apple orchards in South Africa. European Journal Plant Pathology 130:215-229. 2011. Tewoldemedhin, Y. T., Mazzola, M., Labuschagne, I. and McLeod, A. Towards understanding the etiology of apple replant disease in South Africa using a multiphasic approach. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43:1917-1927. 2011. Westphal, A. Williams, M.L. Baysal-Gurel, F., LeJeune, J.T. and B.B. McSpadden Gardener. 2011. General suppression of Escherichia coli O157:H7 indicated in sand-based dairy livestock bedding. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2113-2121. Yan, G.P., Smiley, R.W., Okubara, P.A. 2011. Detection and quantification of Pratylenchus thornei in DNA extracted from soil using real-time PCR. Phytopathology 101.DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-03-11-0093. Yin, C., Jones, K.L., Peterson, D.E., Garrett, K.A., Hulbert, S.H., Paulitz, T.C. 2010. Members of soil bacterial communities sensitive to tillage and crop rotation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42: 2111-2118. Zhang, W, Li, Y, Qian, G., Wang, Y., Chen, H., Li, Y., Liu, F., Shen,Y., and Du, L. 2011. Identification and characterization of the anti-MRSA WAP-8294A2 biosynthetic gene cluster from Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Zeng, W., Kirk, W., Wang, D., and Hao, J. J. 2011. Field management of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean using biological control agents. Biological Control. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.09.012 Zeng, W., Kirk, W., Wang, D., and Hao, J. J. 2011. Use of Coniothyrium minitans and other microorganisms for reducing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Biological Control. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.10.009. Extension Publications Abawi, G. S., C. Petzoldt, and K. Moktan. 2011. Evaluation of cover crops for improving root health and yield of vegetables. The Empire State Fruit & Vegetable Expo, Syracuse, NY. Proceedings, 4 page summary. Abawi, G. S., J. W. Ludwig, and K. Moktan. 2011. Pea root rot and results of variety evaluations. The Empire State Fruit & Vegetable Expo, Syracuse, NY. Proceedings, 4 page summary. Abawi, G. S., T. Porch, and J. D. Kelly. 2011. Field and greenhouse evaluation of bean germplasm to root rot and other diseases in New York, 2010. Bean Improvement Cooperative 54: 142 - 143. Alcala, A.C., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B., Gatch, E.W., Porter, L.D., Coffman, G., and du Toit, L.J. 201_. Evaluation of organic seed and drench treatments for damping-off in pea and sweet corn in Mount Vernon, WA, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 6: submitted Dec. 2011. Alcala, A.C., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B., Gatch, E.W., Porter, L.D., Coffman, G., and du Toit, L.J. 201_. Evaluation of organic seed and drench treatments for damping-off in organic pea crops in the semi-arid Columbia Basin, Oregon and Washington, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 6: submitted Dec. 2011. du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Gatch, E.W., Alcala, A.C., Reed, K., and Holmes, B.J. 2011. Effect of agricultural limestone amendment on Fusarium wilt in a radish seed crop, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:ST001. du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Gatch, E.W., Brissey, L.M., and Holmes, B. 2011. Effect of agricultural limestone amendments on Fusarium and Verticillium wilts in a spinach seed crop, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:V117. Dunn, A.R., Reiners, S. and Smart, C.D. 2011. Cornell Pepper Trials: Yield and Phytophthora Blight Tolerance. Hand out given at an organic pest control meeting and also at the vegetable breeders field day (August, 2011) Dunn, A.R., Smart, C.D., Mazourek, M.M. and Lange, H.W. 2011. Update on Phytophthora Resistant Variety Trials. Proceedings of the 2011 Fruit and Vegetable Expo, Syracuse, NY. Fisher, P., Meador, D., Parke, J., Wick, R., and Argo, W. 2011. Biological water quality. Greenhouse Management (Oct. 2011 issue) http://www.greenhousemanagementonline.com/gm1011-biological-water-quality-irrigation.aspx Gatch, E.W., Derie, M.L., Brissey, L.M., Holmes, B.J., and du Toit, L.J. 2011. Effect of agricultural limestone amendments and nitrogen source on Fusarium wilt in a spinach seed crop, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:V118. Griesbach, J.A., Parke, J. L., Chastagner, G.C., Grunwald, N.J., Aguirre, J. 2011. Safe procurement and production manual: a systems approach for the production of healthy nursery stock. 95 pp. Oregon Association of Nurseries, Wilsonville, OR. http://oan.org/associations/4440/files/pdf/SafeProduction.pdf Jones, L.A., Worobo, R.W. and Smart, C.D. 2011 Preliminary Results of Irrigation Water Sampling. Proceedings of the 2011 Fruit and Vegetable Expo, Syracuse, NY. Kikkert, R. G., G. S. Abawi, and A. G. Tayler. 2011. Seedling establishment. Legume ipmPIPI Diagnostic Series, http://legume.ipmpipe.org Koening, R., Paulitz, T.C., Schroeder, K.L., Carter, A., Pumphrey, M., Huggins, D. and Campbell, K. 2011. Soil acidity and aluminum toxicity in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest. Washington State University Extension Publication. Lange, H.W. and Smart, C.D. 2011. Efficacy of fungicides for suppression of powdery mildew in acorn squash, 2010. Plant Dis. Mgt 5:V083 DOI:10.1094/PDMR05 Lange, H.W. and Smart, C.D. 2011. Evaluation of bactericides for the management of black rot on cabbage, 2010. Plant Dis. Mgt 5:V084 DOI:10.1094/PDMR05 Miles, E.J., Rangarajan, A. Smart C.D., and Reiners, S. 2010. Cover Crops for Use in Reducing Phytophthora Blight Damage to Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum). Hortscience 45:S226. Parke, J. 2011. A new approach to pests: research into systems approaches is yielding new tools for healthy plant production. Digger 55(8):155-160. Parke, J. L. and Lewis, C. 2011. Protecting container-grown plants. Digger 55(2):41-45. http://www.oan.org/associations/4440/files/digger/Digger_FEB_2011_41-45.pdf Seaman, A.J., Lange, H.W. and Smart, C.D. 2011. Efficacy of OMRI-Approved Pest Control Products. Handout for our organic pest control meeting. August 2011. Smart, C.D. 2011. Tomato Diseases: What do I Have? Proceedings of the 2011 Fruit and Vegetable Expo, Syracuse, NY. Smart, C.D. and Dillard, H.R. 2011. Phytophthora Blight: A New Disease of Snap Beans in NY. Proceedings of the 2011 Fruit and Vegetable Expo, Syracuse, NY. Smart, C.D., Dunn, A.R., Jones, L.A. and Lange, H.W. 2011. Management Strategies for Phytophthora Blight. Proceedings of the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention (p. 81-82). Smart, C.D., Dunn, A.R., Jones, L.A. and Lange, H.W. 2011. Prevention is Key: The best way to control Phytophthora blight is to stop the pathogen from showing up on your farm in the first place. American Vegetable Grower, June 2011 p. 10 Smart, C.D., Herman, M.A.B., Jones, L.A., and Lange, H.W. 2011. Managing bacterial speck and bacterial speck-like diseases on fresh market tomatoes in New York. Proceedings of the 26th annual Tomato Disease Workshop. October, 2011. Wohleb, C.H., and du Toit, L.J. 2011. Bacterial diseases of phytosanitary significance for bean crops in Washington State. Washington State University Extension Fact Sheet FS038E, Pullman, WA. Extension and Outreach Presentations Becker, O. Sugar beet Research Meeting, Brawley/Holtville, CA, May 5, 2011. "Sugar beet cyst nematode in Southern California: new options for IPM" (invited presentation) Becker, O. 22nd Annual Fall Desert Crops Workshop, El Centro, CA, November 29, 2011. "New Developments in Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes." (invited presentation) Becker, O. 50th Society of Nematologists Annual Meeting, Corvallis, OR, July 16-21, 2011. "Investigations into the relatedness of the nematophagous fungi Dactylella oviparasitica and ARF-L." (poster presentation) Becker, O. CA Nematology Workgroup Meeting, UC Davis March 22, 2011. "Biorational and biological control of plant parasitic nematodes." Becker, O. Joint Meeting of the 57th Annual Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens & 43rd Annual California Nematology Workshop, UC Davis, March 21-23, 2011. "Brachypodium: a new model system for plant parasitic nematodes." Becker, O. Port of San Diego-UCCE IPM meeting, Chula Vista, CA, May 19, 2011. "Do soil amendments have activity against plant parasitic nematodes?" (invited presentation) Becker, O. UCR Turf and Landscape Research Field day 2011, Riverside, CA, September 15, 2011. "A new root-knot nematode in Bentgrass." (invited presentation) du Toit, L.J. 2011. Damping-off in carrot. Invited presentation, 35th Internat. Carrot Conf., 30 November  2 December 2011, Johannesburg, South Africa. (invited presentation) du Toit, L.J. 2011. Fusarium and Verticillium in relation to spinach seed. Invited presentation at Rijk Zwaan Seed Co. headquarters, 5 October 2011, Delft, Holland. (invited presentation) du Toit, L.J. 2011. Management of seedborne diseases. Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Conference & Trade Show, 16-17 November 2011, Kennewick, WA. http://www.pnva.org/ du Toit, L.J. 2011. Onion diseases of sporadic occurrence in the Columbia Basin. Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Conference & Trade Show, 16-17 November 2011, Kennewick, WA. http://www.pnva.org/ du Toit, L.J. 2011. Research on efficacy of organic seed treatments for fungal pathogens: Spinach as a case study. Invited presentation at American Seed Trade Association Organic Seed Workshop, Phytosanitary Measures for Organic or Untreated Seed Sold to Mexico, 20 October 2011, Merida, Mexico. (invited presentation) du Toit, L.J. 2011. Rhizoctonia in onion bulb crops: Evaluation of field management practices. Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Conference & Trade Show, 16-17 November 2011, Kennewick, WA. http://www.pnva.org/ du Toit, L.J. 2011. Selecting a spinach seed health assay for Verticillium: Results of an ISHI ring test. International Spinach Conference, 3-4 October 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (paper). (invited presentation) du Toit, L.J. 2011. Through the looking glass: Perspectives from a sabbatical in South Africa. Seminar presented to WSU Dept. of Plant Pathology, 26 October 2011, Pullman, WA. Owen, J., Parke, J. and Fisher, P., Workshop Co-organizers: Water Management for Floriculture and Nursery Crops, Wilsonville and Aurora, OR. Feb. 2-3, 2011. Sponsored by Oregon State University and the Water Education Alliance for Horticulture, University of Florida. 50 participants. Workshop Co-organized Parke, J. 2011. A systems approach for managing diseases in nurseries. Oktoberpest Workshop, N. Willamette Research and Extension Center, Oct. 17, 2011. 40 attendees. Parke, J. Biology of Waterborne Pathogens. Water Management for Floriculture and Nursery Crops, Wilsonville and Aurora, OR, Feb. 2-3, 2011. 50 attendees. Parke, J. Testing Water for Phytophthora. Water Management for Floriculture and Nursery Crops, Wilsonville and Aurora, OR, Feb. 2-3, 2011. 50 attendees. Parke, J. L. 2011. A systems approach for managing Phytophthora diseases in nurseries: the importance of water. Water Education Alliance for Horticulture Webinar, Dec. 13, 2011 archived at: www.watereducationalliance.org/video.asp . 51 attendees (international audience). A webinar. Parke, J. L. 2011. Forest Phytophthoras of the World www.ForestPhytophthoras.org A new website. Paulitz, T.C. 2011. Nematodes: Symptoms and Management. Presented to the Asotin County Extension Grower Workshop, Clarkeston, WA, Dec. 17, 2011. Paulitz, T.C. 2011. Root Disease Research at USDA-ARS, Pullman-Whats New? Spokane Farm Forum, Feb. 2011. (invited presentation) Paulitz, T.C. 2011. Soilborne Pathogens in Wheat- Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, and Cereal Cyst Nematode. Nez Perce County Grower Workshop, Lewiston, ID, Oct. 18, 2011. Paulitz, T.C. and Schroeder, K. 2011. invited seminar Rhizoctonia root rot of cereals: a complex picture at Global Forum on Root Health, West Palm Beach, FL, Feb. 21-24, 2011. (invited presentation) Paulitz, T.C. and Schroeder, K.L. Cook Agronomy Farm Field Day, Pullman, WA, June 23, 2011. Paulitz, T.C. and Schroeder, K.L. Crop Disease Clinic, Spillman Farm, Pullman, WA, July 6, 2011. Paulitz, T.C. Conservation agriculture workshop at CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico, June 13-18, 2011. Laying the ground for sustainable and productive cropping systems. Gave 6 lectures and training sessions. (invited presentation) Schroeder, K.L. and Paulitz, T.C. Gave invited seminar on Rhizoctonia to Syngenta Seedcare meeting, Spokane, WA July 12-14. (invited presentation) Schroeder, K.L. Fairfield Field Day, Fairfield and Rockford, WA, June 21, 2011.