SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: S300 : Mosquito and Agricultural Pest Management in Riceland Ecosystems
- Period Covered: 01/01/2001 to 12/01/2001
- Date of Report: 06/10/2002
- Annual Meeting Dates: 02/24/2001 to 02/24/2001
Participants
[Minutes]
Accomplishments
Objective 1: To determine the best chemicals to use in riceland systems in terms of their providing maximum control of rice pests (especially the rice water weevil) and riceland mosquitoes while causing the least amount of harm to non-target organisms.
Research continued with the goals of optimizing the efficacy of diflubenzuron (Dimilin), lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate and Warrior), and fipronil (Icon seed treatment) for control of the primary rice plant pest (rice water weevil) and of other rice plant pests. Evaluation of experimental insecticides, that may provide cost-effective pest control with minimal effects on non-target organisms, was also conducted; zeta-cypermethrin (Fury, Mustang), V-10101, Messenger (harpin proteins) and thiamethoxam (Adage seed treatment) were studied. Integrating the management of rice plant arthropod pests with mosquito pests is a primary goal of this objective. Adage and Icon seed treatments were the most effective products for rice water weevil control in studies conducted in LA. Of the products applied to foliage, Dimilin was the most effective and Fury the least effective. Two applications of Karate and Fury were required to give long-lasting control. A pre-flood application of Karate was as effective as a single post-flood application of Karate in LA and CA studies. Similarly, a tank-mix of Karate and Dimilin was no more effective than applications of Karate or Dimilin alone in LA and CA studies. The residual activity of Fury was inferior to that of Karate in LA studies and the inverse was found in AR studies; studies in CA and TX identified no significant differences in rice water weevil control with these two products. V-10101 was only moderately effective at all locations and Messenger was ineffective for rice water weevil control. Additional studies were conducted with these products targeted against rice stink bug and Mexican rice borer; the latter pest is a relatively new pest into the TX system.
Field studies were continued in AR to define the proper number and placement of the floating aquatic barrier trap for monitoring rice water weevil adults and in CA to determine the applicability of the trap to this production system. Benefits noted include assessment of adult levels within the 10 to 14 day application window required to determine need of insecticide application; however some problems also exist. Use of this trap will help better define the need for post-flood applications; these applications have the potential to most severely disrupt natural controls of blood-sucking arthropods.
A. quadrimaculatus control with a granular, slow-release Bti formulation, LarvX Sgr was evaluated against VectoBac in AR. At 48 hours posttreatment, control of 2nd to 4th instar larvae was 87% and 86%, respectively, in the plots treated with the low rate of LarvX SG and the VectoBac standard. BASF AC 836 and 519 (chemical family Semicarbazones) were tested against Psorophora columbiae and Cx. salinarius larvae in laboratory and small riceplots in AR. The EC formulation provided excellent control for 5 days posttreatment. No other formulations were effective in the field. Two formulations (corncob, VBC-60021; and the effervescent pellet, VBC-60030 SK) were evaluated for initial and residual activity against laboratory-reared 3rd instar A. quadrimaculatus introduced to the tubs. At 2 days posttreatment, populations were reduced in VBC-treated tubs by 82%, while VBC-60030 SK provided poor control (14% larval reduction). Both formulations lost larvicidal activity at 5 days posttreatment (23% control by VBC-60021). This technology could have applications for management of rice plant pests as well as for mosquitoes in ricelands. Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionsis (Btt), and other microbials, have activity against rice water weevil but consistency, residual, and product placement are challenges. Laboratory and semi-field evaluations in FL of the two granular formulation insect growth regulators, Altosid and Pyriproxyfen, were conducted against laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. taeniorhynchus, A. quadrimaculatus, Cx. nigripalpus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Altosid XR-G resulted in variable levels (<39 - 100%) of inhibition of adult emergence in the six species monitored for six weeks posttreatment under both test conditions. Ae. taeniorhynchus was the most susceptible to Altosid and Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most tolerant as was Ae. albopictus. In contrast, Pyriproxyfen GR at comparable treatment rates to Altosid XR-G, gave very high levels (over 80 to 100% in most cases) of initial and long-term (residual) reductions of the tested species in the laboratory as well as outdoors in experimental tubs. In many species, pyriproxyfen induced complete inhibition of adult emergence for several weeks posttreatment even at the low rate.
In CA, multi-year laboratory selection projects designed to delay the onset of resistance to the bacterial larvicide Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) and to test whether susceptibility can be restored in BS-resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus were carried out. Susceptible and resistant mosquito strains were selected with either Bs alone or the combination of Bs and the cytolytic toxin (Cyt 1A) from Bti. No changes of resistance levels have been detected in the susceptible series to date. TAES continued to conduct insecticide susceptibility monitoring tests on select populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the rice-producing region of southeast Texas. Populations of this species in Orange County, TX, continue to be susceptible to all commonly-used mosquito adulticides due to the insecticide resistance management program that was implemented several years ago. An elevation in tolerance to malathion in a select population of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Galveston County, TX, was detected during 2001; and it has been recommended that an insecticide resistance management program be. A garlic-based mosquito repellent formulation designed to protect outside premises from mosquito attack was tested in two urban/suburban settings; no effect on mosquito activity was seen.
Objective 2: To determine the best nonchemical tactics to use in riceland systems to manage problems with rice pests, weeds, and mosquitoes.
Susceptibility of common rice varieties to key arthropod pests was evaluated. The resistance to rice water weevil of approximately 100 lines of rice from various geographic sources was compared in a field study in LA. Although larval densities differed significantly among lines, no highly resistant lines were found.
Several other cultural control measures for rice plant pests were evaluated including the effects of delayed flooding, early planting, shallow flooding, and fertilization of rice fields. Young plants appear to be less tolerant of feeding by larvae than older plants, and feeding by large larvae appears to be more deleterious than feeding by smaller larvae. These results provide the biological rationale for the cultural practice of delayed flooding. The influence of planting date on yield loss from the rice water weevil was investigated in LA. Plots of rice planted in late March, before initial emergence of weevils, had lower densities of rice water weevil larvae approximately 3 weeks after flooding than did rice planted one month later. The impact of rates of N fertilization on the ability of rice to tolerate feeding by the RWW was investigated in experiments replicated in LA, TX, and AR. Higher rates of N fertilization were associated with higher densities of weevil larvae; however, yield losses were not reduced by higher rates of fertilization.
Biological control using mosquitofish , reduction of surface coverage by emergent vegetation, and both temporal and spatial changes in water quality affected mosquito (Culex spp.) populations at a constructed treatment wetland in southern CA. As compared to a previous design in which 80% of the wetland surface was covered by emergent vegetation and mosquitofish were absent from the wetland ecosystem, host-seeking adult mosquito populations were reduced up to 50-60 fold during the third year after reducing vegetated coverage of the wetland surface to 50% and adding mosquitofish. Ammonium nitrogen additions to constructed treatment wetland research cells in CA did not sustain mosquito production and failed to produce a significant increase of mosquito abundance as compared to control research cells.
Objective 3: To develop a database on the bionomics of rice pests, riceland mosquitoes and beneficial aquatic fauna coming to associate with harvested rice fields flooded during the winter.
The effects of rice straw management and winter flooding of rice fields on populations of mosquitoes, and other aquatic invertebrates including predators were evaluated for the third year with the plots under the same management regime. Rice straw burning is being phased out in CA to improve air quality, and more farmers are now either discing straw into fields and/or flooding fields in winter to decompose straw and attract waterfowl. In both 1999 and 2000, Cx. tarsalis larvae were much more abundant in winter-flooded fields where rice straw was not burned. Winter flooding also benefited most other aquatic invertebrates, including predators of mosquitoes, however the additional predators did not yield adequate natural mosquito control. Populations of rice plant pests were also monitored during the rice growing season in plots that had been winter-flooded vs. no flood during the winter. Consistent with past years, rice water weevil larval populations were nearly twice as prevalent in the non-flooded as in the winter-flooded areas.
Objective 4: To update and refine existing databases on the local distribution, genetic relationships and disease vector potential of mosquito species occurring in rice-producing areas of the U.S.
Investigations are ongoing to study biology, ecology and pathogen compatibilities of A. quadrimaculatus and Cx. salinarius in IL and AR. A cooperative Arbovirus Surveillance Program to monitor mosquitoes and birds for arbovirus activity was established in AR. Multi-county collections of mosquitoes were tested for eastern equine encephalitis and west Nile virus (WNV). Dead birds were tested for WNV. Mosquitoes were collected bimonthly from 19; of the 14,560 mosquitoes (425 pools) tested, none were virus-positive. Dead birds (265 specimens in 23 species) from 62 counties were tested for WNV. Four blue jays in 3 counties were WNV positive. These infections are the first reported cases of WNV in AR. Twenty three species records from 7 counties were established including 5 new counties for Ae. albopictus. Initial laboratory studies in IL have provided results that indicated the reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of St. Louis encephalitis virus was valid for the detection of SLE and WNV in both immature and adult stages.
Spatial and temporal distributions of chironomid larvae were examined monthly for two years in Lakes Dora, Yale, and Wauberg in FL. In Lake Dora, G. paripes larvae comprised only 7.6% of total chiromid larvae during both years of the study; Tanytarsini predominated forming 74.3% of total midge larvae collected in this lake. In constrast in Lake Yale, G. paripes formed 25.4% of total annual collection. Developmental requirements of G. paripes were studied and the developmental zero growth was estimated at 9 degrees C. Degree-day requirement for G. paripes development from egg to adult was estimated at 717 degree-days above 9 degrees C.
TAES initiated research on the effects of different temperatures and humidity levels on the survivorship of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus eggs. Laboratory colonies of these two species were established using wild-caught specimens from the Galveston, TX area.
Research continued with the goals of optimizing the efficacy of diflubenzuron (Dimilin), lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate and Warrior), and fipronil (Icon seed treatment) for control of the primary rice plant pest (rice water weevil) and of other rice plant pests. Evaluation of experimental insecticides, that may provide cost-effective pest control with minimal effects on non-target organisms, was also conducted; zeta-cypermethrin (Fury, Mustang), V-10101, Messenger (harpin proteins) and thiamethoxam (Adage seed treatment) were studied. Integrating the management of rice plant arthropod pests with mosquito pests is a primary goal of this objective. Adage and Icon seed treatments were the most effective products for rice water weevil control in studies conducted in LA. Of the products applied to foliage, Dimilin was the most effective and Fury the least effective. Two applications of Karate and Fury were required to give long-lasting control. A pre-flood application of Karate was as effective as a single post-flood application of Karate in LA and CA studies. Similarly, a tank-mix of Karate and Dimilin was no more effective than applications of Karate or Dimilin alone in LA and CA studies. The residual activity of Fury was inferior to that of Karate in LA studies and the inverse was found in AR studies; studies in CA and TX identified no significant differences in rice water weevil control with these two products. V-10101 was only moderately effective at all locations and Messenger was ineffective for rice water weevil control. Additional studies were conducted with these products targeted against rice stink bug and Mexican rice borer; the latter pest is a relatively new pest into the TX system.
Field studies were continued in AR to define the proper number and placement of the floating aquatic barrier trap for monitoring rice water weevil adults and in CA to determine the applicability of the trap to this production system. Benefits noted include assessment of adult levels within the 10 to 14 day application window required to determine need of insecticide application; however some problems also exist. Use of this trap will help better define the need for post-flood applications; these applications have the potential to most severely disrupt natural controls of blood-sucking arthropods.
A. quadrimaculatus control with a granular, slow-release Bti formulation, LarvX Sgr was evaluated against VectoBac in AR. At 48 hours posttreatment, control of 2nd to 4th instar larvae was 87% and 86%, respectively, in the plots treated with the low rate of LarvX SG and the VectoBac standard. BASF AC 836 and 519 (chemical family Semicarbazones) were tested against Psorophora columbiae and Cx. salinarius larvae in laboratory and small riceplots in AR. The EC formulation provided excellent control for 5 days posttreatment. No other formulations were effective in the field. Two formulations (corncob, VBC-60021; and the effervescent pellet, VBC-60030 SK) were evaluated for initial and residual activity against laboratory-reared 3rd instar A. quadrimaculatus introduced to the tubs. At 2 days posttreatment, populations were reduced in VBC-treated tubs by 82%, while VBC-60030 SK provided poor control (14% larval reduction). Both formulations lost larvicidal activity at 5 days posttreatment (23% control by VBC-60021). This technology could have applications for management of rice plant pests as well as for mosquitoes in ricelands. Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionsis (Btt), and other microbials, have activity against rice water weevil but consistency, residual, and product placement are challenges. Laboratory and semi-field evaluations in FL of the two granular formulation insect growth regulators, Altosid and Pyriproxyfen, were conducted against laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. taeniorhynchus, A. quadrimaculatus, Cx. nigripalpus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Altosid XR-G resulted in variable levels (<39 - 100%) of inhibition of adult emergence in the six species monitored for six weeks posttreatment under both test conditions. Ae. taeniorhynchus was the most susceptible to Altosid and Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most tolerant as was Ae. albopictus. In contrast, Pyriproxyfen GR at comparable treatment rates to Altosid XR-G, gave very high levels (over 80 to 100% in most cases) of initial and long-term (residual) reductions of the tested species in the laboratory as well as outdoors in experimental tubs. In many species, pyriproxyfen induced complete inhibition of adult emergence for several weeks posttreatment even at the low rate.
In CA, multi-year laboratory selection projects designed to delay the onset of resistance to the bacterial larvicide Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) and to test whether susceptibility can be restored in BS-resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus were carried out. Susceptible and resistant mosquito strains were selected with either Bs alone or the combination of Bs and the cytolytic toxin (Cyt 1A) from Bti. No changes of resistance levels have been detected in the susceptible series to date. TAES continued to conduct insecticide susceptibility monitoring tests on select populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the rice-producing region of southeast Texas. Populations of this species in Orange County, TX, continue to be susceptible to all commonly-used mosquito adulticides due to the insecticide resistance management program that was implemented several years ago. An elevation in tolerance to malathion in a select population of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Galveston County, TX, was detected during 2001; and it has been recommended that an insecticide resistance management program be. A garlic-based mosquito repellent formulation designed to protect outside premises from mosquito attack was tested in two urban/suburban settings; no effect on mosquito activity was seen.
Objective 2: To determine the best nonchemical tactics to use in riceland systems to manage problems with rice pests, weeds, and mosquitoes.
Susceptibility of common rice varieties to key arthropod pests was evaluated. The resistance to rice water weevil of approximately 100 lines of rice from various geographic sources was compared in a field study in LA. Although larval densities differed significantly among lines, no highly resistant lines were found.
Several other cultural control measures for rice plant pests were evaluated including the effects of delayed flooding, early planting, shallow flooding, and fertilization of rice fields. Young plants appear to be less tolerant of feeding by larvae than older plants, and feeding by large larvae appears to be more deleterious than feeding by smaller larvae. These results provide the biological rationale for the cultural practice of delayed flooding. The influence of planting date on yield loss from the rice water weevil was investigated in LA. Plots of rice planted in late March, before initial emergence of weevils, had lower densities of rice water weevil larvae approximately 3 weeks after flooding than did rice planted one month later. The impact of rates of N fertilization on the ability of rice to tolerate feeding by the RWW was investigated in experiments replicated in LA, TX, and AR. Higher rates of N fertilization were associated with higher densities of weevil larvae; however, yield losses were not reduced by higher rates of fertilization.
Biological control using mosquitofish , reduction of surface coverage by emergent vegetation, and both temporal and spatial changes in water quality affected mosquito (Culex spp.) populations at a constructed treatment wetland in southern CA. As compared to a previous design in which 80% of the wetland surface was covered by emergent vegetation and mosquitofish were absent from the wetland ecosystem, host-seeking adult mosquito populations were reduced up to 50-60 fold during the third year after reducing vegetated coverage of the wetland surface to 50% and adding mosquitofish. Ammonium nitrogen additions to constructed treatment wetland research cells in CA did not sustain mosquito production and failed to produce a significant increase of mosquito abundance as compared to control research cells.
Objective 3: To develop a database on the bionomics of rice pests, riceland mosquitoes and beneficial aquatic fauna coming to associate with harvested rice fields flooded during the winter.
The effects of rice straw management and winter flooding of rice fields on populations of mosquitoes, and other aquatic invertebrates including predators were evaluated for the third year with the plots under the same management regime. Rice straw burning is being phased out in CA to improve air quality, and more farmers are now either discing straw into fields and/or flooding fields in winter to decompose straw and attract waterfowl. In both 1999 and 2000, Cx. tarsalis larvae were much more abundant in winter-flooded fields where rice straw was not burned. Winter flooding also benefited most other aquatic invertebrates, including predators of mosquitoes, however the additional predators did not yield adequate natural mosquito control. Populations of rice plant pests were also monitored during the rice growing season in plots that had been winter-flooded vs. no flood during the winter. Consistent with past years, rice water weevil larval populations were nearly twice as prevalent in the non-flooded as in the winter-flooded areas.
Objective 4: To update and refine existing databases on the local distribution, genetic relationships and disease vector potential of mosquito species occurring in rice-producing areas of the U.S.
Investigations are ongoing to study biology, ecology and pathogen compatibilities of A. quadrimaculatus and Cx. salinarius in IL and AR. A cooperative Arbovirus Surveillance Program to monitor mosquitoes and birds for arbovirus activity was established in AR. Multi-county collections of mosquitoes were tested for eastern equine encephalitis and west Nile virus (WNV). Dead birds were tested for WNV. Mosquitoes were collected bimonthly from 19; of the 14,560 mosquitoes (425 pools) tested, none were virus-positive. Dead birds (265 specimens in 23 species) from 62 counties were tested for WNV. Four blue jays in 3 counties were WNV positive. These infections are the first reported cases of WNV in AR. Twenty three species records from 7 counties were established including 5 new counties for Ae. albopictus. Initial laboratory studies in IL have provided results that indicated the reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of St. Louis encephalitis virus was valid for the detection of SLE and WNV in both immature and adult stages.
Spatial and temporal distributions of chironomid larvae were examined monthly for two years in Lakes Dora, Yale, and Wauberg in FL. In Lake Dora, G. paripes larvae comprised only 7.6% of total chiromid larvae during both years of the study; Tanytarsini predominated forming 74.3% of total midge larvae collected in this lake. In constrast in Lake Yale, G. paripes formed 25.4% of total annual collection. Developmental requirements of G. paripes were studied and the developmental zero growth was estimated at 9 degrees C. Degree-day requirement for G. paripes development from egg to adult was estimated at 717 degree-days above 9 degrees C.
TAES initiated research on the effects of different temperatures and humidity levels on the survivorship of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus eggs. Laboratory colonies of these two species were established using wild-caught specimens from the Galveston, TX area.
Impacts
- Research conducted in 2001 resulted in significant progress in understanding the biology and ecology of mosquitoes and crop production insects associated with the rice agroecosystem and other wetlands.
- Rice entomologists are striving to derive improved management schemes for key rice plant pests that stress the use of reduced risk insecticides, more judicious use of insecticides, cultural control measures and/or biological control measures.
- Research results on improved rice arthropod pest management will reduce costs of production for growers, protect the environment, along with the most important benefit of conserving natural enemies of mosquitoes and mitigating mosquito production from ricelands.
- Improved protection of human and animal health will be realized through these research efforts as will as improved rapport with populated areas, i.e., urban zones, due to the lower levels of pestiferous mosquitoes.
- Results were disseminated to producers via extension meetings and publications and mosquito entomologists continued to provide updated research results and management guidelines to clientele including mosquito control districts, farmers and government health officials.
- New pests continue to plague entomologists working in riceland ecosystems such as the Mexican rice borer, which is a potentially important rice plant pest, and the West Nile Virus (a mosquito borne disease), which was found in the core of the rice production area in 2001 (Arkansas). These spread and potential impacts of these new pests was evaluated.
Publications
Ali, A. R. J. Lobinske, R. J. Leckel, Jr., & D. S. Emminger. 2001. Efficacy of STRIKE (s-methoprene) pellets against pestiferous Chironomidae (Diptera) in marked plots in Lake Monroe, central Florida. The Abstract Book, 67th Annual Meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association, Dallas, Texas, 26 p.
Ali, A., Rui-De Xue, & D. R.. Barnard. 2001. Laboratory and field evaluation of insect repellents as oviposition deterrents and as larvicides of mosquitoes. Program and Abstracts Book, 3RD International Congress of Vector Ecology, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 65- 66.
Bernhardt, J.L. 2000. Stink bugs. Rice Journal. 103:14-15.
Bernhardt, J.L. & D.T. Johnson. 2001. Verification of a monitoring program for rice water weevil adults. Pages 99-105, In Ark. Rice Research Studies 2000. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Series 485.
Bernhardt, J.L. 2000. Why do some rice varieties have more rice stink bug damage than others?. Proc. 28th Rice Technical Working Group. Louisiana Agric. Exp. Stn., Crowley, LA. Pp. 78 (abstract)
Bernhardt, J.L. 2000. Rice Insects. Pages, 101-112, In Rice Production Handbook. Univ. of Ark. Coop. Ext. Ser. MP 192. Little Rock, AR.
Bernhardt, J.L. & K.A.K. Moldenhauer. 2000. Screening for susceptibility to discolored kernels: Results from the Arkansas rice performance tests. Pp.136-146. In, Ark. Rice Res. Studies 1999. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Series 476.
Dennett, J.A., Lampman, R.L., Novak, R.J. & Meisch, M.V. 2000. Evaluation of methylated soy oil and water-based formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and golden Bear Oil (GB-1111) against Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae on small rice plots. J. American Mosquito Control Association, 16: 342-345.
Dennett, J. A., C.L. Meek, & M.V. Meisch. 2001. Efficacy of VectoLexrWDG against Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Psorophora columbiae larvae in Arkansas and Mississippi rice. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assn. 17: 231-238.
Dennett, J. A. & M.V. Meisch. 2001. An aquatic light trap designed for live capture of predatory Tropisternum sp. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) larvae in Arkansas rice fields. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assn. 17: 268-272.
Dritz, D.A., S.P. Lawler, J. Albertson, W. Hamersky & J. R. Rusmisel. In press. The impact of Bti on the survival of the endangered tadpole shrimp Lepidurus packardi. Proceedings of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California.
Ghonaim, M. F., & A. Ali. 2001. An annotated checklist of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) of Egypt. The Abstract Book, 67th Annual Meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association, Dallas, Texas, 25 p.
Ghonaim, M. F., & A. Ali. 2001. A review of the genus Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Egypt with a description of a new species. The Abstract Book, 67th Annual Meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association, Dallas, Texas, 25 pp.
Ghonaim, M. F., H. H. Fadl, A. A. Ibrahim, & A. Ali. 2001. An annotated checklist of the Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) of Egypt. Oriental Insects 35: 247 ?258.
Ghonaim, M. F., A. A. Ibrahim, & A. Ali. 2001. A review of the genus Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Egypt with description of a new species. Oriental Insects 35: 39-47.
Godfrey, L. D., T. D. Cuneo, &C. L. Alexander. 2000. Refined understanding of rice water weevil biology to optimize management efficacy. 28th Rice Technical Working Group Report. p. 72.
Godfrey, L. D., R. R. Lewis, & E. T. Blanco. 2001. Can in-field monitoring be used to improve rice water weevil management? Calif. Rice Experiment Station Field Day Report. pp 19-20.
Godfrey, L. D., R. R. Lewis, & C. J. Yip. 2001. Status report on post-flood Rice water weevil control tools - Year 1. Calif. Rice Experiment Station Field Day Report. pp 33-36.
Godfrey, L. D., T. D. Cuneo, & R. R. Lewis. 2000. Annual report comprehensive research on rice, RP-3. pp. 117-144.
Godfrey, L. D., T. D. Cuneo, & R. R. Lewis. 2000. 31st Annual report to the California rice growers. Protection of rice from invertebrate pests. pp 27-29.
Hix, R.L., D.T. Johnson, & J.L. Bernhardt. 2001. Trapping adult rice water weevils, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with aquatic barrier traps. Eviron. Entomol. 30:770-775.
Hix, R.L., J.L. Bernhardt, & D.T. Johnson. 2000. Monitoring adult rice water weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with an aquatic barrier trap. Proc. 28th Rice Technical Working Group. Louisiana Agric. Exp. Stn., Crowley, LA. Pp.87. (abstract)
Jensen, T., Lampman, R.L., Smaleka, M.C. & Novak, R.J. 2000. Field evaluation of the relative efficacy of commercially available anti-mosquito products in the midwestern United States. J. American Mosquito Control Association, 16: 148-152.
Keiper, J. B., J. Jiannino, M. Sanford, & W. E. Walton. 2001. Biology and immature stages of Typopsilopa nigra (Williston) (Diptera: Ephydridae), a secondary consumer of damaged stems of wetland monocots. Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. Wash. 103: 89-97.
Knight, R. L., W. E. Walton, G. O‘Meara, W. K. Reisen, & R. Wass. 2000. Design strategies for effective mosquito control in constructed treatment wetlands. pp. 425-440. 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control. Vol. 1, Univ. of Florida and International Water Assoc.
Lampman, R. L., Eckenbach, U., Seigler, D. & Novak, R.J. 2000. Laboratory evaluations of methylated soy oil and monoterpenes as mosquito larvicides. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assn, 16: 153-157.
Lawler, S. P., D. A. Dritz, D. Brown, K. Knerl, & D. Lemanager. 2000. Effects of rice straw management on the dynamics of mosquito populations: a food web study. Mosquito Control Research Annual Report 2000: 41-45. Univ. of California and Div. of Agric. and Nat. Res.
McCauley, G.N., & M.O. Way. 2001. Drain and harvest time affects rice grain drying and milling quality. Field Crops Research. in press.
Novak, R.J. & Lampman, R.L. 2001. Public health pesticides. In: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, ED. Krieger, Academic press, NY, 181-201pp.
Olson, J.K. (Ed.) 2001. Assassin Bugs and Kissing Bugs, Bed Bugs, Lice and Mosquitoes, pp. 3-5, 5-6, 8-9, and 12-15, respectively, In: Gold, R.E. and S.C. Jones (Eds.) Handbook of Household & Structural Insect Pests. Entomol. Soc. Amer.: Lanham, MD.
Olson, J.K. (ED.) 2001. Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Texas Mosquito Control Association, Austin, TX. Tex. Mosq. Control Assoc., Huntsville, TX. 32 p.
Primus, T., D. Kohler, M. Avery, P. Bollich, M. Way, & J. Johnston. Novel field sampling procedure for the determination of methiocarb residues on surface waters from rice fields. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. in press.
Reagan, T.E., & M.O. Way, 2001. Mexican rice borer threat. Louisiana Agriculture. 44(4): 17.
Walton, W. E. 2001. Effects of Triops newberryi (Notostraca: Triopsidae) on aquatic insect communities in ponds in the Colorado Desert of southern California. Israel Journal of Zoology 47(4): In press.
Way, M.O., A.M. McClung, & J. Vawter. 2001. Control of Mexican rice borer with Icon 6.2FS, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: F85.
Way, M.O., T.E. Reagan, & F.R. Posey. 2001. Mexican rice borer in sugarcane and rice: significance to Louisiana and Texas industries. Sugar Journal. 64(1): 27-28. (abstract).
Way, M.O., R.G. Wallace, & G.N. McCauley. 2001. Control of rice water weevil in a delayed flood regime using Icon 6.2FS applied to dry or pregerminated seed followed by water-planting, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: F87.
Way, M.O., R.G. Wallace, & G.N. McCauley. 2001. Integrated pest management of rice insects in the southern United States with emphasis on the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings 4th Asia Pacific Conference of Entomology. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. August 14-17, 2001. pg. 96 (abstract).
Way, M.O., R.G. Wallace, M.S. Nunez, A. Dalrymple, V.B. Langston, B. Minton, T. Mize, B. Odle, & G. Schwarzlose. 2001. Insect control in rice. Texas Plant Protection Conference. Corpus Christi, TX. December 3-5, 2001. 13: 15-16. (abstract).
Way, M.O. & R.G. Wallace. 2001. Evaluation of Fury and Karate for control of rice stink bug, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: F86.
Way, M.O. 2001. Efficacy of Icon 6.2FS for rice water weevil control in tilled and conservation-tilled re-planted rice. Proceedings Annual National Conservation Tillage Cotton and Rice Conference. Houston, TX. Jan. 30-31, 2001. pp. 49-50. (abstract).
Wirth, M. C., A. Delicluse, & W. E. Walton. 2001. Lack of cross-resistance to Cry19A from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) resistant to Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Applied and Environ. Micro. 67: 1956-1958.
Wirth, M. C., A. Delicluse, & W. E. Walton. 2001. Cyt1Ab1 and Cyt2Ba1 from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis synergize Bacillus sphaericus against Aedes aegypti and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Appl. Environ. Micro. 67: 3280-3284.
Xue, Rui-De, D. R. Barnard, & A. Ali. 2001. Laboratory and field evaluation of insects repellents as oviposition deterrents against the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Med. Vet. Entomol. 15: 126-131.
Xue, Rui-De, D. R. Barnard,& A. Ali. 2001. Laboratory and field evaluation of insect repellents as larvicides against the mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Anopheles albimanus. Med. Vet. Entomol. 15: 374-380.
Ali, A., Rui-De Xue, & D. R.. Barnard. 2001. Laboratory and field evaluation of insect repellents as oviposition deterrents and as larvicides of mosquitoes. Program and Abstracts Book, 3RD International Congress of Vector Ecology, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 65- 66.
Bernhardt, J.L. 2000. Stink bugs. Rice Journal. 103:14-15.
Bernhardt, J.L. & D.T. Johnson. 2001. Verification of a monitoring program for rice water weevil adults. Pages 99-105, In Ark. Rice Research Studies 2000. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Series 485.
Bernhardt, J.L. 2000. Why do some rice varieties have more rice stink bug damage than others?. Proc. 28th Rice Technical Working Group. Louisiana Agric. Exp. Stn., Crowley, LA. Pp. 78 (abstract)
Bernhardt, J.L. 2000. Rice Insects. Pages, 101-112, In Rice Production Handbook. Univ. of Ark. Coop. Ext. Ser. MP 192. Little Rock, AR.
Bernhardt, J.L. & K.A.K. Moldenhauer. 2000. Screening for susceptibility to discolored kernels: Results from the Arkansas rice performance tests. Pp.136-146. In, Ark. Rice Res. Studies 1999. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Series 476.
Dennett, J.A., Lampman, R.L., Novak, R.J. & Meisch, M.V. 2000. Evaluation of methylated soy oil and water-based formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and golden Bear Oil (GB-1111) against Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae on small rice plots. J. American Mosquito Control Association, 16: 342-345.
Dennett, J. A., C.L. Meek, & M.V. Meisch. 2001. Efficacy of VectoLexrWDG against Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Psorophora columbiae larvae in Arkansas and Mississippi rice. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assn. 17: 231-238.
Dennett, J. A. & M.V. Meisch. 2001. An aquatic light trap designed for live capture of predatory Tropisternum sp. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) larvae in Arkansas rice fields. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assn. 17: 268-272.
Dritz, D.A., S.P. Lawler, J. Albertson, W. Hamersky & J. R. Rusmisel. In press. The impact of Bti on the survival of the endangered tadpole shrimp Lepidurus packardi. Proceedings of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California.
Ghonaim, M. F., & A. Ali. 2001. An annotated checklist of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) of Egypt. The Abstract Book, 67th Annual Meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association, Dallas, Texas, 25 p.
Ghonaim, M. F., & A. Ali. 2001. A review of the genus Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Egypt with a description of a new species. The Abstract Book, 67th Annual Meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association, Dallas, Texas, 25 pp.
Ghonaim, M. F., H. H. Fadl, A. A. Ibrahim, & A. Ali. 2001. An annotated checklist of the Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) of Egypt. Oriental Insects 35: 247 ?258.
Ghonaim, M. F., A. A. Ibrahim, & A. Ali. 2001. A review of the genus Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Egypt with description of a new species. Oriental Insects 35: 39-47.
Godfrey, L. D., T. D. Cuneo, &C. L. Alexander. 2000. Refined understanding of rice water weevil biology to optimize management efficacy. 28th Rice Technical Working Group Report. p. 72.
Godfrey, L. D., R. R. Lewis, & E. T. Blanco. 2001. Can in-field monitoring be used to improve rice water weevil management? Calif. Rice Experiment Station Field Day Report. pp 19-20.
Godfrey, L. D., R. R. Lewis, & C. J. Yip. 2001. Status report on post-flood Rice water weevil control tools - Year 1. Calif. Rice Experiment Station Field Day Report. pp 33-36.
Godfrey, L. D., T. D. Cuneo, & R. R. Lewis. 2000. Annual report comprehensive research on rice, RP-3. pp. 117-144.
Godfrey, L. D., T. D. Cuneo, & R. R. Lewis. 2000. 31st Annual report to the California rice growers. Protection of rice from invertebrate pests. pp 27-29.
Hix, R.L., D.T. Johnson, & J.L. Bernhardt. 2001. Trapping adult rice water weevils, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with aquatic barrier traps. Eviron. Entomol. 30:770-775.
Hix, R.L., J.L. Bernhardt, & D.T. Johnson. 2000. Monitoring adult rice water weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with an aquatic barrier trap. Proc. 28th Rice Technical Working Group. Louisiana Agric. Exp. Stn., Crowley, LA. Pp.87. (abstract)
Jensen, T., Lampman, R.L., Smaleka, M.C. & Novak, R.J. 2000. Field evaluation of the relative efficacy of commercially available anti-mosquito products in the midwestern United States. J. American Mosquito Control Association, 16: 148-152.
Keiper, J. B., J. Jiannino, M. Sanford, & W. E. Walton. 2001. Biology and immature stages of Typopsilopa nigra (Williston) (Diptera: Ephydridae), a secondary consumer of damaged stems of wetland monocots. Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. Wash. 103: 89-97.
Knight, R. L., W. E. Walton, G. O‘Meara, W. K. Reisen, & R. Wass. 2000. Design strategies for effective mosquito control in constructed treatment wetlands. pp. 425-440. 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control. Vol. 1, Univ. of Florida and International Water Assoc.
Lampman, R. L., Eckenbach, U., Seigler, D. & Novak, R.J. 2000. Laboratory evaluations of methylated soy oil and monoterpenes as mosquito larvicides. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assn, 16: 153-157.
Lawler, S. P., D. A. Dritz, D. Brown, K. Knerl, & D. Lemanager. 2000. Effects of rice straw management on the dynamics of mosquito populations: a food web study. Mosquito Control Research Annual Report 2000: 41-45. Univ. of California and Div. of Agric. and Nat. Res.
McCauley, G.N., & M.O. Way. 2001. Drain and harvest time affects rice grain drying and milling quality. Field Crops Research. in press.
Novak, R.J. & Lampman, R.L. 2001. Public health pesticides. In: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, ED. Krieger, Academic press, NY, 181-201pp.
Olson, J.K. (Ed.) 2001. Assassin Bugs and Kissing Bugs, Bed Bugs, Lice and Mosquitoes, pp. 3-5, 5-6, 8-9, and 12-15, respectively, In: Gold, R.E. and S.C. Jones (Eds.) Handbook of Household & Structural Insect Pests. Entomol. Soc. Amer.: Lanham, MD.
Olson, J.K. (ED.) 2001. Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Texas Mosquito Control Association, Austin, TX. Tex. Mosq. Control Assoc., Huntsville, TX. 32 p.
Primus, T., D. Kohler, M. Avery, P. Bollich, M. Way, & J. Johnston. Novel field sampling procedure for the determination of methiocarb residues on surface waters from rice fields. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. in press.
Reagan, T.E., & M.O. Way, 2001. Mexican rice borer threat. Louisiana Agriculture. 44(4): 17.
Walton, W. E. 2001. Effects of Triops newberryi (Notostraca: Triopsidae) on aquatic insect communities in ponds in the Colorado Desert of southern California. Israel Journal of Zoology 47(4): In press.
Way, M.O., A.M. McClung, & J. Vawter. 2001. Control of Mexican rice borer with Icon 6.2FS, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: F85.
Way, M.O., T.E. Reagan, & F.R. Posey. 2001. Mexican rice borer in sugarcane and rice: significance to Louisiana and Texas industries. Sugar Journal. 64(1): 27-28. (abstract).
Way, M.O., R.G. Wallace, & G.N. McCauley. 2001. Control of rice water weevil in a delayed flood regime using Icon 6.2FS applied to dry or pregerminated seed followed by water-planting, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: F87.
Way, M.O., R.G. Wallace, & G.N. McCauley. 2001. Integrated pest management of rice insects in the southern United States with emphasis on the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings 4th Asia Pacific Conference of Entomology. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. August 14-17, 2001. pg. 96 (abstract).
Way, M.O., R.G. Wallace, M.S. Nunez, A. Dalrymple, V.B. Langston, B. Minton, T. Mize, B. Odle, & G. Schwarzlose. 2001. Insect control in rice. Texas Plant Protection Conference. Corpus Christi, TX. December 3-5, 2001. 13: 15-16. (abstract).
Way, M.O. & R.G. Wallace. 2001. Evaluation of Fury and Karate for control of rice stink bug, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: F86.
Way, M.O. 2001. Efficacy of Icon 6.2FS for rice water weevil control in tilled and conservation-tilled re-planted rice. Proceedings Annual National Conservation Tillage Cotton and Rice Conference. Houston, TX. Jan. 30-31, 2001. pp. 49-50. (abstract).
Wirth, M. C., A. Delicluse, & W. E. Walton. 2001. Lack of cross-resistance to Cry19A from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) resistant to Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Applied and Environ. Micro. 67: 1956-1958.
Wirth, M. C., A. Delicluse, & W. E. Walton. 2001. Cyt1Ab1 and Cyt2Ba1 from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis synergize Bacillus sphaericus against Aedes aegypti and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Appl. Environ. Micro. 67: 3280-3284.
Xue, Rui-De, D. R. Barnard, & A. Ali. 2001. Laboratory and field evaluation of insects repellents as oviposition deterrents against the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Med. Vet. Entomol. 15: 126-131.
Xue, Rui-De, D. R. Barnard,& A. Ali. 2001. Laboratory and field evaluation of insect repellents as larvicides against the mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Anopheles albimanus. Med. Vet. Entomol. 15: 374-380.