Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The 2005 annual meeting of S-1010 was held at Colonial Williamsburg, VA. Meeting called to order by Chair, Tom Hunt (NE), at 2:00 pm, Sunday 3/13/05. The afternoon focus was on soybean aphid-specific objectives. ONeil reviewed the newly funded NCSRP grant, Biological Control of the Soybean Aphid which includes research teams from IN, IL, IA, MN, WI, MI, and USDA ARS in DE. Ragsdale reported that the final year of a Soybean Aphid NCSRP (year 3 of 3) grant was funded and notification will be forthcoming to all collaborators (KS, NE, IA, ND, WI, IN, MI, and OH). Numerous soybean aphid research projects were discussed covering such topics as biocontrol, population dynamics, host plant resistance, threshold development, distribution and sampling. The Sunday meeting adjourned at 5:15 pm. The executive committee meeting followed the general session at 5:20 pm. The nomination committee was formed (Bob ONeil and Wayne Bailey) and directed to nominate a secretary for 2006 to serve as chair in 2007. Location of the next meeting discussed. On Monday 3/14/05 Hunt called the meeting to order at 8:00 am. Rick Meyer, S-1010 CSREES advisor reported on the Presidents proposed budget, including the redirection of Hatch and other dollars to NRI. Meyer emphasized that all stakeholders need to make law makers aware of their concerns and issues. Meyer also reported on a plan to write a history of the committees accomplishments. David Boethel, S-1010 Administrative Advisor, discussed his views on the impact of the presidents budget proposal. Beothel also emphasized the importance of collaboration when examining such questions as soybean aphid DNA fingerprinting, suction trap data coordination, and other soybean aphid management issues (e.g. effects of soybean rust fungicides). Discussion turned to the federal E-Extension program. A subcommittee of Tom Hunt, Ames Herbert and Randy Higgins will look into insuring correct soybean insect recommendations are presented in the federal E-Extension system. Dave Holshouser, Extension Soybean Specialist in Virginia, gave a presentation on soybean production in VA. Diane Bellis, United Soybean Board, gave an overview on the soybean check-off funded programs. State reports were presented in order of project objectives. The Monday meeting adjourned at 5:00 pm. On Tuesday 3/15/05 Hunt called the meeting to order at 8:00 am. Discussion of objectives continued. Ames Herbert, VA Tech, was elected S-1010 Secretary for 2007. The 2006 S-1010 Annual Meeting was tentatively scheduled for April 2-3 in St. Louis, MO just prior to the 2006 IPM Symposium (starting early Sunday morning at 9:00 am, continuing all day Monday). An attempt will be made to interact with other soybean related regional projects that also are meeting in conjunction with the IPM Symposium. Local arrangements will be coordinated by Ron Hammond and Wayne Bailey, but much of the hotel reservation, etc. will be in conjunction with the National IPM Symposium. A letter from S-1010 will be sent to Susan Ratcliffe (2006 IPM Symposium) proposing a symposium on soybean aphid and soybean rust. Matt ONeal will help coordinate this effort, inviting people who have data on fungicide and insecticide interactions and their effect on soybean aphid and soybean rust. Discussion was to have soybean aphid, bean leaf beetle and possibly other insect data taken from the soybean rust sentinel plots. Hunt and Hammond will pursue this idea and contact those directing the soybean rust sentinel plot program. Dave Voegtlin offered to service a suction trap or two for other states. Traps cost around $1500/trap. He will serve one trap for other states if they can pay for the trap. Claudio Gratton would like to have aphid samples along with plant samples sent to him so he can begin looking at isotope distribution in an attempt to identify the likely source of aphids found on soybean throughout the region. Meeting was adjourned at 11:30 a.m. Tuesday morning.

The committee was very active in 2004, as evidenced by numerous publications, research projects, and grant dollars secured. Good progress was made on the project objectives and 2004 milestones. Meeting attendance was extremely high with 32 participants, including 4 graduate students and representatives from the provincial governments of Quebec and Ontario. Milestones for 2004 were: Evaluation of standard sampling protocols for soybean aphid. Continued evaluation of multiple tactics for soybean aphid management. Continue management studies of bean leaf beetle and bean pod mottle virus. Continue threshold studies with value-added soybeans and when grown under various stresses. Determine the establishment of released natural enemies. Continue with plot work with LAI measurements and aerial color and infrared photos. Begin to develop vegetative indices from infrared photos using the ArcView GIS software Objective 1. Characterize the dynamics and impact of evolving insect pests and optimize insect management as an integral element of developing cropping systems. The committee has been very successful in attaining funding related to soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) biology and management. These projects are excellent examples of multi-state, multi-discipline projects that allow for stakeholder input. These funds include a USDA RAMP grant (Mich. State as lead institution), and two NCSRP funded grants lead by Purdue and the Univ. Minnesota. In addition, several state commodity boards and the provincial governments of Quebec and Ontario directly fund soybean aphid projects. This support has led to a rapid development of soybean aphid sampling procedures and economic thresholds that have been adopted throughout the United States and Canada where the soybean aphid is found. The basic threshold of 250 aphids/plant, 80% of the plants infested and populations increasing was found to hold true for soybeans from flowering through beginning seed stages (R1-R5). This value of this work has most recently recognized by an Entomological Society of America special project team award, Consensus Recommendation for Soybean Aphid Control, presented by the Board Certified Entomologists (BCE) at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the ESA. In Minnesota progress was made on a speed scouting protocol (a sequential sampling plan) that has the potential to dramatically reduce soybean aphid scouting time, which will in turn increase adoption of soybean aphid sampling and threshold recommendations by growers. Studies examining host plant resistance to soybean aphid was also fruitful. Soybean accessions were found to differ in response to soybean aphid and genes were identified that express resistance to soybean aphid. As soybean cultivars are developed from these sources of resistance, growers will benefit from the wider choice of germplasm and a reduction in insecticide use can be anticipated. Various insecticide use studies were conducted, including insecticide efficacy studies (including seed treatments), herbicide/insecticide tank mixes, fungicide/insecticide tank mixes, and application studies. These studies generated useful information that will be used to optimize insecticide management of soybean aphid, when warranted. Studies were completed on high sucrose soybeans grown under multiple stresses. Results indicate that injuries affected yield by lowering the leaf area during pod filling. In general, relationships between defoliation and yield loss (as indicated through LAI) were not different between added-value and conventional soybeans. However, under stress conditions such as drought high sucrose soybeans appeared to show more susceptibility to defoliation. Studies were also completed on the effects of seedling defoliation on weed management. Results indicate that early season defoliation gives a significant competitive edge to weeds, and when defoliators are present weed management operations must start earlier in the season. Edamame soybean (green edible soybean) is an emerging specialty crop and research is defining the production challenges facing this crop. Research indicated that these varieties can experience severe stink bug damage. In addition, preliminary work has indicated that determinate varieties may be less susceptible to soybean aphid than indeterminate varieties. Useful management information was generated for a variety of other insect pests, such as the use of reduced risk pesticides to control stink bug, insecticide efficacy trials various Lepidoptera defoliators and Dectes texanus, and documenting the level of resistance of corn earworm populations to pyrethroids. Results from studies will be incorporated into soybean IPM programs resulting in 1) reduced environmental disruption caused by over use of insecticides and 2) increased profitability for farmers. Objective 2. Define insect-vector ecology and virus-disease relationships and develop management strategies. Research was conducted to determine if soybean aphid was a vector of potyviruses, specifically Potato Virus Y. Although this virus does not replicate in soybean, potato growers are encouraged to use soybean as a crop border for high value seed potato fields. Soybean aphid was found to be a good Potato virus Y (PVY) vector of all strains of the virus, so the aphid is now a major vector of concern in the potato industry. The aphids ability to vector other viruses is being investigated. It is imperative to know the vector capability of this exotic aphid as it may be a key vector in other cropping systems. Other studies on bean leaf beetle and bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) has indicated that controlling the beetle to control BPMV (seed treatments, conventional insecticide treatments) has variable results in regions outside of Iowa (e.g. Nebraska) where the original research was conducted. Research also was conducted that indicated that the use of soybeans resistant to bean leaf beetle feeding to may prevent the spread of bean pod mottle virus in the field. Objective 3. Biological control of the soybean aphid in North America. In addition to the progress made on soybean aphid sampling and economic thresholds, other projects are making significant progress on biological control programs involving native and exotic natural enemies of soybean aphid. Several exotic biocontrol agents are being evaluated for possible release in North America. Life history and ecological studies were conducted with native and introduced natural enemies (e.g. Orius insidiosis, Harmonia axiridis), the goal being to eventually incorporate this information into management recommendations. For example, it appears that aphid predation in fall by Harmonia may be a key to the multi-year cycle of soybean aphid. Harmonia will follow aphids into the buckthorn and may be a key regulatory agent of soybean aphid on the overwintering host. Insecticide use studies also generated information that will be useful in understanding the effect of insecticide treatment on the soybean aphid natural enemy complex. Objective 4. Apply geospatial and precision technologies to advance pest management in soybeans. Research continued on the utility of remote sensing methods for determination of soybean leaf area index (LAI) and percent canopy light interception (LI). Vegetation indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), and simple ratio (SR)] were measured using surface digital photography. All three vegetation indices closely tracked differences in LAI and LI, NDVI showing the greatest accuracy in predicting LAI and LI. Across an LAI range of 0.0 to 3.08 and an LI range from 10 to 80%, each gradation was reflected in a significant increase in NDVI. Similar results occurred for GNDVI and SR. When completed, this work will allow growers/consultants to identify fields and regions within fields that are at risk and then target sampling procedures. It was recognized that the cost of obtaining multispectral imaging of a soybean crop needs to be reduced for the application of this technology to be used by consultants and efforts are underway to use less sophisticated equipment to estimate LAI. Plans for 2005 Plans for the coming year include continued evaluation of sampling protocols for soybean aphid, continued evaluation of multiple tactics for soybean aphid management, evaluation of soybean aphid natural enemies, and studies examining soybean aphid biology and ecology. The goal is to achieve soybean aphid IPM programs for each affected state. Research will also continue on bean leaf beetle and bean pod mottle virus and adapting remote sensing technology for soybean pest management. Management of other pests, such as stink bugs, Lepidoptera defoliators and pod-feeders, slugs and D. texanus, will be researched and data extended to stakeholders.

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