Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Colin Kaltenbach (AZ) called the meeting to order and provided a discussion of W-2173, the new 5 year project which was approved by the Multistate Review Committee with some suggested changes. He went through the changes requested with the need to have these implemented in the write-up within the next week. These changes included; 1) incorporate the 3rd output in the Statement of Issues and Justification, 2) Conduct a CRIS/NIMSS search and address potential duplication, 3) Reword farm animal sustainability to ensure it is measurable, 4) Redraft the Outcomes and Potential Impacts to address ways the end user will benefit, 5) Clarify how the milestones are time-linked accomplishments, and 6) Consider bolstering the outreach plan, especially since the projects deals with issues of great public interest. Project Presentations by Station Followed; 1) Kifle Gebremedhin (NY) Cooling cows by wetting the udder, 2) John Gaughan (University of Melbourne, Australia) Heat index for dairy cattle, 3) Terry Engle (CO) Humane hypobaric hypoxia euthanasia for pigs and Hydrogen sulfide production in the rumen of feedlot of cattle, 4) Bob Godfrey (UVI, St. Croix) Evaluation of heat indices in Senepol Cattle and long haired sheep, 5) Bob Collier and John Smith (AZ) Use of conductive cooling for lactating dairy cows, Regulation of Heat Shock Factor I gene expression, and Effects of heat stress on placental and mammary development during pregnancy, 6) Cassandra Tucker and Karin Schutz (CA) Effect of shade on cattle behavior, and Physiological and behavioral responses to sprinklers, 7) Anne Parkhurst (NE) Thermal Hysteresis, 8) Ignacy Miztal (GA) Genetics of heat tolerance for Holsteins, General impact of selection in farm species on stress tolerance, and Use of genomics for selection, 9) Terry Mader (NE) Maintaining cattle comfort under environmental stress and Generalized linear mixed model analysis to determine factors contributing to summer feedlot deaths, 10) Don Spiers (MO) Adaptation in cattle (Romosinuano vs Angus), Studying heat stress and fescue toxicosis using field and chamber approaches, Predictors of heat stress in cattle using 24-h measurements, and Evaluation of infrared heat gun effectiveness, 11) Reinaldo Cook (OR) Determine how stress affects immune system in cattle, and Stress and inflammation, 12) Angela Green (IL) Cattle temperament and response to positive reinforcement during handling, Validation of GPS unit accuracy, and Vocalizations in pigs in response to heat challenge, 13) C.N. Lee (HI) Nutrition stress and reproduction and Effects of pasture quality on embryonic health. Business Meeting: The business meeting was opened by C.N. Lee, current Chair. The first order of business was to appoint a new secretary to serve in 2012. John Arthington is the current secretary and will host the meeting next year in Orlando (25 and 26 August, 2012). John Gaughan agreed to serve as the Secretary for 2012 and to host the meeting at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia in 2013. The group then broke up into collaborative discussions. The following collaborations were established; 1) Cornell University, The University of the Virgin Islands, The University of Hawaii and The University of Arizona will continue their T-STAR grant funded work on evaporative heat loss in tropical breeds. Work in 2012 will focus on long-haired sheep and estimating pattern of sweating rate, 2) The University of Arizona, Cornell University and Kansas State University will collaborate on use of conductive cooling for dairy cows, 3) The University of Missouri, University of Nebraska, Kansas State University and University of Queensland will develop an AFRI proposal for Climate Change and Beef Production (grazing and feedlot). Research, Extension and Teaching will be included, 4) The University of Missouri and University of Nebraska will continue their collaboration on estimating hysteresis during heat stress in cattle, 5) The University of Arizona will provide data to the University of Nebraska to estimate hysteresis in dairy cow heat stress data sets, 6) The University of Arizona, University of Missouri, Colorado State University, Iowa State University, Virginia Polytechnic University and Cornell University will collaborate on developing an AFRI proposal for Climate Change and Dairy Production (grazing and confinement). Research, Extension and Teaching will be included, 7) The University of Hawaii, Colorado State University and Oregon State University will collaborate to estimate effects of organic trace mineral supplementation during late gestation on calf birth weight and performance of the calf. Heat stress in feedlot cattle will also be studied. Coat color, water quality and heat dissipation will be evaluated as factors affecting thermal response, 8) The University of California, Davis and University of Arizona will collaborate to study behavioral responses to cooling strategies. This will include new approaches to analyzing Pendent G Hobo data loggers which measure posture, 9) The University of California, Davis and University of Nebraska will collaborate to evaluate hysteresis in cattle studies carried out by the UC Davis, 10) The University of Illinois and University of California, Davis will collaborate on sensor development and monitoring applications, 11) The University of California, Davis and Clay Center will collaborate on monitoring and sensor development and swine vocalization responses to environment, 12) Several Universities plan to submit a paper for a special issue of the Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, and 13) The University of Hawaii, Cornell University and Mississippi State University will collaborate on alternative cooling strategies for lactating dairy cows.

Objective 1: Identify measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of stress and immune responses (ARS-IN) The influence of heat load (UV intensity) during late gestation on the microbial exposure and immune competence of dairy calves was studied. The side and udder of the cows had greater aerobic bacteria, but no differences in coliform counts were detected. Toll-like receptor 4 only tended to be greater at wk 2 for summer-born calves. However, TNF-± expression was greater at wk 2 and tended to be greater at wk 1 for spring calves. (IN and HI). (CO) Fifty-eight nursery pigs (5.6 ± 1.3 kg) were utilized to compare physiological, behavioral, and neurophysiological parameters of hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) euthanasia. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included euthanasia method: A) hypobaric hypoxia (approximate ascension of 36.9 m/sec) or B) CO2 gas (induction of approximately 20% of the chamber volume/minute) and 2) health status: A) healthy or B) moribund. There were no differences for epinephrine or norepinephrine between euthanasia method (P = 0.21) or health status (P = 0.62) of piglets. There was a sample by health interaction (P = 0.04) for cortisol. Moribund pigs exhibited higher post-euthanasia cortisol values than healthy pigs (P = 0.001). (HI) Cornell, Hawaii and Mississippi State conducted a short intensive study comparing the wetting of udders of lactating cows vs conventional wetting on the backs. Control animals were not wetting. Wetting was following with fan or without fan. Physiological response parameters were respiration rates, rectal temperature by digital thermometer 10 min. following treatment, vaginal temperature by water-temp. probes, dorsal skin temperature by digital infra-red thermometer and infra-red thermography on dorsal skin and udder skin surfaces. The dynamic response from wetting the udder resulting in lower body temperatures suggest an alternative cooling system that potentially utilizes less water (KS) Crossbred heifers (n=30; 448 ± 27 kg initial BW) were used in an randomized complete block experiment to assess impact of exercise regimen on serum IGF-1 and insulin, plasma glucose and lactate, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics. Heifers were stratified by initial BW and body condition and assigned randomly, within strata, to Sedentary and Exercised groups. This trial provided preliminary data indicating that moderate physical activity may be a potential alternative production practice for cattle producers that could improve animal welfare. (MN) Previous studies have indicated that fear can induce chronic stress, alter behaviors, and reduce productivity. As a trait of personality, fearfulness may be determined by genetics and regulated by CNS and hormones. The objective of this study was to assess differences in serum prolactin and cortisol levels between fearful and less fearful sows. Results indicate sow fearfulness as measured in this study was not related to circulating concentrations of prolactin or cortisol pre- and post-farrowing. Fearfulness in sows is not associated with prolactin and cortisol levels pre- and post-farrowing. (MN) Previous studies have indicated that rearing environment in early life affects behavioral development, which consequently modifies behavioral response of pigs to stressful environments in later stages of the production. A study was conducted to investigate effects of group-farrowing system on behavior of growing pigs at mixing. A total of 216 pigs at 8 weeks of age with equal number of pigs that were born and reared in a group-farrowing system and in a confinement system were used. The reduced aggression in pigs reared in group-farrowing system could alleviate injuries and associated stress caused by mixing. Group-farrowing systems may enhance social skills, and thereby enhance welfare of offspring at mixing in later stages of the production. (MS) We have developed in vivo mammary imaging capabilities for the dairy cow for the real-time monitoring of mastitis. After overcoming significant regulatory hurdles, we have successfully initiated the in vivo imaging in the dairy cow to assess the progression of experimentally induced mastitis. These are the first to take biophotonic imaging to the field in the dairy cow, and for the real-time monitoring of bacterial pathogenesis as it occurs. We have also successfully achieved assessments of antibiotic efficacy in real-time in vivo with this model system in a series of clinical case studies. These studies are aiding in the establishment of novel animal models of animal disease and for assessing methods for therapeutic intervention in cattle. (MS) New studies have been initiated using Doppler Sonography to assess blood flow, vasodilation and circulatory phenomenon as they relate to changes in the production environment and/or livestock behavior. The preliminary findings demonstrated that treatment with acetylsalicylic acid improved uterine arterial blood perfusion in beef cows and thus, may be an economical means of enhancing reproductive efficiency in postpartum cows. There was a relationship between temperament and some important indicators of the animals physiological status (e.g., internal body temperature and pulsatility index). (MO) Heat stress studies are often conducted using short-term, controlled laboratory exposures or long-term field exposures. Two controlled heat challenges were conducted. During the heat challenge trials, steers were given similar types of diets to maintain the pasture treatment states. Telemetric temperature transmitters in each rumen monitored core temperature. Some variables (e.g., feed intake, sweat rate, and rumen temperature) showed no change between tests, while others (e.g., rectal temperature) showed adaptation. (MO) Little is known about adaptive differences in bovine species raised in separate thermal environments for generations. Heat-sensitive angus steers (ANG) from Missouri (MO; n=5) and Oklahoma (OK; n=5) were tested against each other along with a heat-tolerant breed called Romosinuano (RO; n=5), and housed in the Brody Environmental Chambers (University of Missouri). Steers were maintained at 19-22oC (TN) through day 8, followed by 2 weeks of cycling heat stress (HS: ANG 26-36 oC; RO 30-40 oC). RO were kept at a higher ambient temperature to incur the same levels of HS as ANG. MO Angus displayed more thermal plasticity when compared to OK. While RO have some similarities with Angus, they can withstand higher environmental temperatures. (MO) This study identified shifts in predictors of thermal strain for heat-tolerant and-sensitive breeds of Bos taurus cattle that occur with adaptation to heat stress. Heat-sensitive Angus steers from Oklahoma (n = 6 per trial) and Missouri (n = 6 per trial) were compared against heat-tolerant Romosinuano steers (n = 5 per trial. Air temperature (Ta), rectal temperature (Tre) and respiration rate (RR), as well as skin temperatures for ear, shoulder, rump, upper tail and lower tail were measured hourly for 24 h during one day midway through each temperature interval. Rump and shoulder sites were better Tre predictors under all conditions. Use of only times when daily Ta increased (0500 to 1500 h) further improved predictions. Trunk temperature, and not RR or Ta, during the daily temperature rise is the best predictor of rectal temperature across heat-tolerant and -sensitive breeds. The best predictor of thermal strain in heat-tolerant and sensitive Bos taurus cattle is trunk skin temperature during the rise in daily air temperature. (MO) There is little information regarding the differences in febrile response of heat-tolerant and sensitive Bos taurus cattle to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Likewise, there has been no comparison of febrile responses across different regions of the body. Eighteen month-old Angus and Romosinuano heifers, all derived from Florida, were fitted with ruminal telemetric transmitters (Tru), rectal temperature dataloggers (Tre), and vaginal temperature dataloggers (Tvg). Ambient temperature (Ta) was within cycling thermoneutral range for one week, followed by cycling heat stress for another two weeks. On Day 20, an E coli LPS challenge was administered intravenously. Although Tvg increased by over 2°C 6 h post-LPS injection (P<0.05), there were no general breed or environment differences. These results show that there are regional differences in thermal response to LPS injection, with Tre providing the greater separation across breed and environment (NE) Estimated Heat Load and Lag Associated with Thermal Hysteresis in Cattle. Thermal hysteresis in cattle becomes visible when the phase diagram of body temperature (Tb) vs ambient temperature (Ta) exhibits a loop. The objectives of this project are 1) to develop three statistical methods to characterize thermal hysteresis, 2) to fit parameters of thermal hysteresis ellipse and estimate the lag and area, 3) to compare parameters from three methods in simulated data, and 4) to compare estimated area and lag along with their standard errors. The ability to accurately quantify the heat load area and lag associated with a hysteresis loop is an important tool for assessing the energy accumulated by an animal during heat stress. The accumulated energy indicates the degree of thermoregulatory control, which is related to the animal's heat dissipation capabilities and ultimately to productive performance during HS, and survival under extreme conditions. (NE) Compared steer body temperature time series between thermoneutral and thermal challenging environments. This study investigates time series of cattle housed in controlled chambers under thermoneutral (TN) and a sinusoidal heat challenge. For both conditions, body temperature (Tb), and its relationship to air temperature (Ta) are examined and compared. The objective is to quantify the smoothness of the Tb series and to use this quantify to identify difference between TN and HS in the controlled chambers where Ta is regulated. Smoothness for single dimension (Tb) is measured via Hurst Exponent, and smoothness for two dimensions (Tb-Ta) is measured by comparing hysteresis area and perimeter estimations from ellipse model with ones from alpha-hull method. The hysteresis loop formed by the Tb-Ta relationship can be estimated by an ellipse during HS. During TN stage the shape of the hysteresis loop is more variable. This study provides a tool to discriminate between thermoneutral and heat stress stages when steers are housed in controlled chambers under thermoneutral and a sinusoidal heat challenge. This is a first step in helping researchers identify when the animal is experiencing HS in the field and help them discover effective management strategies. (OR) Fourteen weaned Angus steers (BW = 191 ± 2.1 kg, age = 167 ± 4.7 d) fitted with indwelling jugular catheter and rectal temperature (RT) monitoring device were ranked by BW and assigned to receive 1 of 3 treatments (i.v.): 1) 0.1 ¼g of bovine corticotrophin-release hormone (CRH)/kg of BW (CRH1; n = 5), 2) 0.5 ¼g of bovine CRH/kg of BW (CRH5; n = 5), and 3) 10 mL of saline (0.9 %; n = 4). The bovine acute-phase response stimulated by CRH infusion is depended on the dose of CRH applied, and on the subsequent response in circulating cortisol. (OR) The acute-phase protein response is an important component of the innate immune system, but can be highly detrimental to cattle productivity. A comprehensive understanding of the causes and mechanisms that stimulate the bovine acute-phase protein response is required for development of management strategies to modulate this immune reaction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if feed and water restriction stimulates an acute-phase protein response in overtly healthy beef steers. Feed and water restriction elicits an acute-phase protein response in overtly healthy beef cattle, which may be detrimental subsequent health and productivity parameters. (OR) The objective was to evaluate the effects of temperament on performance and carcass traits of feeder calves originated from a range cow-calf operation. Ninety-seven Angus × Hereford calves (62 heifers and 35 steers) were evaluated for BW and temperament at weaning (d 0). Temperament was assessed by chute score (13 scale) and exit velocity (EV), which was subsequently converted into an EV score (1 = EV < 1 SD from the mean; 2 = EV within 1 SD from the mean, and 3 = EV > 1 SD from the mean). Aggressive temperament is detrimental to performance and profitability of range-originated feeder calves at weaning and upon slaughter. (OR) The objective of the present experiment was to assess the effects of temperament on pregnancy rates to fixed-time AI (FTAI) in Bos indicus beef cows. Pregnancy rates to FTAI were negatively affected by exit score (P = 0.05), and the probability of cows becoming pregnant to FTAI was negatively associated with exit score and with actual exit velocity (linear effects, P < 0.01). Excitable temperament is detrimental to pregnancy rates of B. indicus cows assigned to an estrus synchronization + FTAI protocol. (TX) Lack of acclimation in Holstein calves exposed to repeated transport. Little is known about the adaptation of livestock to repeated transport stress. This study determined how repeated transport affected plasma cortisol (CORT) concentrations and post-transport calf behavior. Thirty-six 4-month-old Holstein steer calves were housed in groups of 6 with each group randomly assigned to either transport (T) or control (C) treatments. T calves were transported for 6 h in their groups in a 7.3 m x 2.4 m goose-neck trailer divided into 3 compartments, at an average density of 0.87 m2/calf, every 7 d for 5 consecutive wk. (TX) Repeated transport influences feed intake, but not feed efficiency in holstein calves. Previous studies have determined that stress causes decreases in feed intake and efficiency in cattle, but the effect of repeated transport on these parameters has not been well-studied. This study determined how repeated transport affected feed intake and growth in calves. Thirty-six 4-month-old Holstein steer calves were housed in groups of 6 and each group was randomly assigned to either transport (T) or control (C) treatments. Each calf was assigned to an individual feed bunk and feed intake was recorded daily. Transported and control calves did not have access to feed during treatment. Calves were transported for 6 h in their group of 6 in a 7.3 m x 2.4 m goose-neck trailer divided into 3 compartments, at an average density of 0.87 m2/calf, every 7 d for 5 consecutive wk. These results suggest that calves exposed to repeated transport may decrease feed intake as an initial response to stress, however, overall feed efficiency is not affected and calves may quickly acclimate to repeated transport. (TX) Cortisol and DHEA concentrations in foals identified as high versus low behavioral responders during weaning. Weaning of young animals from their dams has been shown to induce stress. Frequent whinnying and increased movement displayed by foals are common behavioral indicators of distress. The objective of this study was to determine if cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) differed among foals identified as high versus low behavioral responders during weaning. Fifteen 5 to 6 month-old Quarter Horses were weaned by removal and relocation of their dams. This study suggests that foals who demonstrate a high behavioral reaction to weaning may actually be experiencing a similar amount of distress (indicated by plasma cortisol and DHEA) as foals who demonstrate little behavioral response. Objective 2: Identify and assess genetic components of animal stress and well-being (MO) Fescue toxicosis may result from intake of ergot alkaloids found in endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue. The liver is the major organ involved in the pathology of fescue toxicosis, as it is the site where the toxic ergot alkaloids are metabolized. A study was performed to determine if intake of E+ fescue affected expression of detoxification enzymes and antioxidants in cattle. Missouri- (MO; n=10; 513±13.6 Kg BW) and Oklahoma- (OK; n=10; 552.8±12.0 Kg BW) derived Angus steers, maintained at 19-22°C air temperature, were fed diets containing either endophyte-free (E-) or E+ seed (30 ¼g ergovaline/Kg BW/day) for 8 days. Fescue toxicosis in the absence of heat stress affects over 50 genes involved in Phase II conjugation reactions, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid metabolism. (MO) Previous studies have shown that a breed heat-tolerant Bos taurus cattle (i.e., Romosinuano; RO) maintain a lower core temperature than more heat-sensitive Angus cattle (ANG) even with a lower respiration rate during heat stress. A new study was performed to further identify regional skin differences between RO (Florida-derived; n=5) and ANG (Missouri/Oklahoma-derived; n=10). Animals were tested in the Brody Environmental Chambers (University of Missouri), with an adjustment period of 8 d at thermoneutrality (TN; 19-22°C), followed by 2 weeks of cycling heat stress (HS; 26-36°C). A thermal imaging camera (Fluke Corp., Everett, WA) created thermal images of hooves, legs, rump, and shoulder areas during TN, early HS (HS1; d 10) and late HS (HS2; d 21) periods. Increased heat dissipation through the leg may be a major avenue by which the heat-tolerant breed may efficiently radiate excess heat to the environment and maintain a lower core body temperature. (NY) Body Temperature and Behavioral Activities of Four Breeds of Heifers in Shade and Full Sun. Four breeds of heifers, 8 of each breed, were housed in two types of feedlot pens  one with shade and the other with no shade (exposed to full sun). The breeds were: black Angus, white Charolais, tan-colored MARC I and dark-red colored MARC III. The objectives were to determine whether shade made a significant difference in thermal responses (animal activities and vaginal temperature), and determine the effect of hair-coat color on body temperature due to solar exposure. Providing shade is critical for cattle in feedlots as it would provide a shield from direct solar load, especially for animals with black and dark-colored hair coats. In the USA, however, feedlots continue to be without shades. Providing shade lowered the vaginal temperature especially for the black and dark-red-colored heifers. Cows activities, in terms of lying down or standing up, is affected by the presence or absence of shade. (TX) Effects of acute and chronic stress on immune- and inflammatory-response gene expression in beef calves. Transport stress research has shown correlations between stress, morbidity, and mortality in calves subjected to the traditional U.S. market system, indicating compromised immune function. The objective of this study was to determine if expression of specific immune- and inflammatory-response genes differed between calves that were subjected to an acute stress (AS, weaned and handled for 1.5 h) and a chronic stress (CS, weaned, handled and transported over 3-4 d. Two groups of forty calves, Bos taurus (n = 20) and Bos indicus cross (n = 20), weighing 181kg to 250kg were used in this study. Similar cortisol concentrations in both the AS and CS calves indicate that both groups experienced significant stress. However, the gene expression differences show a greater immune response in the calves subjected to CS, indicating that these measurements may be more useful than cortisol for identifying detrimental long-term stress. (UVI) Body temperature measurements of Senepol and crossbred calves in the tropics. This study was conducted to evaluate body temperature of tropically adapted Senepol (SEN; n = 18) and crossbred (SENX; n = 11; Charolais X Angus X Senepol) calves at 118 d of age. Thermal imaging of the left and right side of each calf was done in a shaded pen to determine temperature of areas over the shoulder, ribs and rump. Senepol and crossbred calves had similar body temperatures in tropical conditions. (UVI) Evaluating the influence of breed on hair coat characteristics and body temperature of hair sheep in the tropics. St. Croix White sheep are adapted to the hot, humid tropics but the Dorper breed was developed in an arid environment and may not be as adapted to high heat and humidity. The objective of this project was to compare body temperature and hair coat traits of St Croix White and Dorper x St Croix White hair sheep in the tropics. During the sampling period ambient conditions were 26.7 °C, 89.7 % relative humidity and a THI of 78.7. Objective 3: Development of management strategies and/or tools to enhance farm animal sustainability under conditions of climatic change or other stressful environments (AZ) The Effect of Feed-Line Soaking and Niashure® (NI) on Heat-Stressed Lactating Holsteins Results indicate that the effect of feed-line soaking reduced body temperature indices while NI supplementation in addition to soaking did not further reduce core temperatures of lactating dairy cows. This completes the evaluation of Niacin as a dietary aid to improve response of cattle to thermal stress. Although we did achieve slight reductions in body temperature we were not able to demonstrate improved performance in treated animals. (AZ) Groundwater Cooling For Dairy Cows was investigated. Various forms of evaporative cooling are currently heavily used in the dairy industry for reducing heat stress in cattle and Evaporative cooling in the arid southwest imposes high water and electrical costs and has low effectiveness in the humid southeastern U.S. Conductive cooling using groundwater offers a low-cost alternative or enhancement of current cooling management strategies. However, it is clear that use of groundwater for conductive cooling is a viable management opportunity for dairy producers in the summer. A new approach to conductive cooling using groundwater to reduce bedding temperature is proposed. Successful implementation of this technology on farms will reduce carbon and water footprint of dairies especially in the arid southwest. (ARS-IN) A heat stress study was completed (IN NE) that investigated the benefit of providing a commercially available antioxidant (Agrado Ultra®) prior to and during heat stress in laying hens. Common indicators of heat stress occurred; increased core body temperature, decreased body weight, liver, and spleen weight. Heat stress also increased heterophil lymphocyte ratio, a common indicator of stress, and increased heat shock protein (HSP)70 concentration and HSP70 mRNA expression. Blood gas analysis indicated respiratory alkalosis that is evident in control fed but not Agrado fed hens. Hens under HS were observed to have decreased levels of vitamin A and E concentrations and lower glutathione peroxiase activity. Agrado Ultra® supplementation functioned to inhibit the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD as well as the increase of carbonyl in hens under HS. (ARS-NE) Prediction model for feedlot cattle susceptibility to heat stress. The extreme effects of heat stress can cause losses exceeding 5% of all the cattle on feed in a single feedlot. These losses can be devastating to feedlot producers. Animal heat stress is a result of the combination of three different components: environmental conditions, animal susceptibility, and management. ARS Researchers at (Clay Center, NE) developed a model to predict individual animal susceptibility to heat stress. The model summarize effects of animal color, sex, species, temperament, hair thickness, previous exposure to hot conditions, age, condition score, previous cases of pneumonia, previous other health issues, and current health into a single value of susceptibility to heat stress. Model validation assessed ten hypothetical animals and the output was tested against the experts' opinions. The model accurately predicted susceptibility. (CA) Sprinklers effectively reduce heat load in cattle. In some studies, however, cattle readily use sprinklers, while others find that they either avoid or show no preference for it. These studies differ in many ways including previous experience of the animals and the amount of water delivered. Our objective was to test preferences for the amount of water delivered using animals that had no previous experience with man-made water cooling. Each group was tested with two nozzle types that delivered different amounts of water in a cross-over design (1.3 L/min vs. unsprinkled control; 2.6 L/min vs. unsprinkled control). Preferences and behavioral responses can be used to evaluate responses to environmental conditions. In addition, Naïve cattle will readily choose to use overhead sprinklers in this study. The amount of water sprayed influenced preferences for water cooling. (CO) Crossbred yearling steers (n = 432) were used to study the effects of Cattlyst and Aureomycin (CA) vs. Rumensin and Tylan (RT) and variation in Sulfur (S) intake on rumen fluid pH and rumen gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration. An unbalanced randomized block design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was utilized. Factors included feed additive (CA vs. RT) and S concentration (constant vs. variable). The variable concentration (VAR) was intended to simulate the use of random loads of wet distillers grains (WDG). Random numbers were generated for each d of the study. High S diets (S = 0.60% of DM) were fed to VAR on d associated with an even number. Low S diets (S = 0.48% of DM) were fed to CON all d of the study and to the VAR only on d associated with an odd number. These data indicate that rumen H2S concentration was related to rumen fluid pH suggesting that management of rumen pH is likely a key in dietary S management. (HI) Hawaii, Purdue and USDA-ARS completed the analyses of samples collected from calves born in winter versus summer of 2010. Cows calving in summer vs winter months (cool) had higher counts on hide and udder surfaces. Subsequent analysis of nasal swaps showed that calves borned in summer had higher levels of aerobes compared to spring calves. There were no counts for summer vs winter colostrum samples, winter calves had higher levels of coliform in nasal and rectal swap samples. Calves borned in summer also had lower TNR-±. This study suggest that heat load in late pregnancy affects calf immunity. Heat load in summer resulted in higher bacteria counts in hides and udder of cows. Heat load in late pregnancy further impacted the immune response of calves which may affect morbidity and mortality. (MN) A major concern about group-housed gestating sows is aggression at mixing, which impairs both welfare and performance of sows. Aggression is associated with excitement, and suppressing excitement at mixing reduces aggression. Tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, reduces aggression in humans and several species of farm animals. But effects of Trp supplementation on controlling aggression among gestating sows has not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine effects of dietary Trp supplementation on mixing-induced aggression and the associated stress, and on reproductive performance in gestating sows. Sows (n = 168) were mixed in groups of 21 ± 2.8 in 8 pens after weaning, with 4 pens assigned to the control diet, and 4 pens assigned to the high-Trp diet (2.3 times the dietary Trp fed to control sows 3 d before and after mixing. Supplementation of Trp at 2.3 times Trp level in the control diets for 3 d before and after mixing did not effectively reduce aggression and the associated stress in sows. (MS) Two-stage weaning can potentially reduce stress associated with abrupt weaning of calves. British crossbred beef cattle (n=96 cow-calf pairs) were used to evaluate three weaning methods: "one-size fits all" nose-clips (ONE), adjustable size nose-clips (ADJ), and fence-line weaning (FL). In a fourth control treatment group (CTRL) calves remained in pastures with their dams. Nose-clips were placed on ONE and ADJ calves on d -4 and FL calves were placed in pastures adjacent to their dams on d -4. All calves were completely separated from cows the morning of d 0. Calves wore bite counters and IceTag" sensors in order to evaluate pre-separation grazing behavior and locomotor activity. The data indicate that use of these gradual weaning methods did not greatly alter behavior of calves during the first stage of the weaning process compared with calves that continued to nurse. (NE) Investigated Factors Contributing to Summer Feedlot Deaths. Cattle deaths at a single Midwestern feed yard in July 2010 were analyzed for factors contributing to deaths during intense warm weather conditions. Daily pen, cattle, and feed type traits were recorded. In addition, both quantity and associated changes of daily feed intake were examined to assess effects of metabolic heat flux. Major interest was on the type of ration and dietary feed additive consumed. Increasing pen space/animal decreased deaths in lighter weight groups but not in heavier cattle. For all pen areas, heavier cattle maintain larger odds of death than lighter cattle. The Beta-agonists, Zilmax and Optaflexx, were not found to be contributors to cattle death. (NY) Alternative Cooling of Dairy Cows by Udder Wetting. Heat stress is a major inhibitor of production in livestock operations, causing severe economic loss. The objective of this study was to explore an alternative way to cool cows in time of heat stress. The procedure followed was to compare wetting the udder only to wetting the body, which is commonly practiced. Twelve pregnant, lactating Holstein cows were used in the study. The cows were exposed to four treatments each day over 4 days. The treatments were: (1) wetting the body without blowing air (n = 72), (2) wetting the body and blowing air (n = 24), (3) wetting the udder only without blowing air (n = 72) , and (4) wetting the udder and blowing air directly towards the udder (n = 24). The results suggest that udder wetting is as effective as body wetting. In addition to alleviating heat stress of dairy heifers, if an effective system to cool the udder of cows is developed, it will result in significant savings in water and energy use. (OR) Two experiments were conducted to compare ruminal, physiological, and performance responses of forage-fed cattle consuming grain-based supplements without (NF) or with the inclusion (10%; DM basis) of a rumen-protected PUFA (PF) or SFA source (SF). Supplements were offered and consumed at 0.6 % of BW/animal daily (DM basis). In Exp. 1, DMI and ruminal in situ forage degradability were evaluated in 3 Angus × Hereford cows. In Exp. 2, preconditioning DMI, ADG, carcass traits, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, FA, acute-phase proteins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed in 72 Angus × Hereford steers receiving supplement treatments during a 28-d preconditioning period. All steers were transported to a commercial growing lot after preconditioning (d 1), and later moved to an adjacent commercial finishing yard (d 144) where they remained until slaughter. PUFA supplementation did not impact ruminal forage degradability, but impaired DMI in beef cows. Further, PUFA supplementation to steers during preconditioning reduced plasma concentrations of TNF-± following transportation, and benefited growing lot ADG and carcass marbling. (OR) Three experiments were designed to compare performance, physiological, ruminal, and thyroid gland responses of forage-fed cattle consuming grain-based supplements without (CO) or with the inclusion of camelina meal (CAM). In Exp. 1, preconditioning (PC) and feedlot receiving (FR) performance, cortisol, fatty acids, and acute-phase response were assessed in 60 Angus x Hereford steers receiving treatments during a 28-d PC and FR periods. In Exp. 2, DMI, in situ forage degradability, and plasma CCK were evaluated in 9 Angus x Hereford steers fitted with ruminal cannulas. Exp. 3, acute-phase response and thyroid hormones were evaluated in 14 Angus steers fitted with a jugular catheter. Camelina meal supplementation did not impair thyroid gland function, alleviated the acute-phase response, and benefited feedlot feed efficiency if supplemented during PC only. (OR) Thirty-eight Angus × Hereford heifers were initially evaluated, within 45 d after weaning, for body weight (BW) and puberty status (d 0 and 10), and temperament by measurements of chute score and exit velocity (d 10 only). On d 11, heifers were stratified by puberty status, temperament, BW and age, and randomly assigned to receive or not (control) an acclimation treatment. Acclimated heifers were exposed to a handling process 3 times weekly (Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays) for 4 weeks (d 11 to 39 of the experiment). The acclimation treatment was applied individually to heifers by processing them through a handling facility, whereas control heifers remained undisturbed on pasture. Acclimation to human handling after weaning reduced circulating concentrations of substances associated with behavioral stress and hastened puberty attainment in Bos taurus beef heifers. (TN) Effects of PUFA supplementation on growth and physiological indicators of stress in pre- and post-weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to examine the growth and physiological stress response in recently-weaned pigs provided a diet supplemented with É-3 PUFA for approximately 10 d prior to, and 7 d following weaning. Pigs (19 d of age, n = 48) were provided access to 0.7-1.2 kg of a commercially available pre-weaning diet supplemented by weight with 0, 2, or 4% of a commercially available É-3 PUFA source twice each day (16 pigs/dietary treatment). On d 28, pigs were weaned and relocated to nursery pens (8 pigs/pen) by treatment and, from d 29-35, provided ad libitum access to the same diet as received prior to weaning. These data confirm the stressful nature of weaning on the physiology of the pig. Supplementation of a pre-weaning diet with a É-3 PUFA source, at the levels provided here, had minimal influence on modifying this stress response. (TX) Group Pasture versus Stall Housing Effects on Cortisol and DHEA Concentrations in Young Quarter Horses. Individual stall housing of horses is common in the U.S. Whether horses are able to adapt to the stress of isolation, or if this type of housing presents a long-term stress for the animal is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) differed among groups of young horses when housed in individual stalls versus in a group on pasture. Fourteen 2 to 3 year-old Quarter Horses were randomly assigned to either stall or pasture housing for 28 d. Differences in cortisol concentrations between the treatment groups were significant, but diminished toward the end of the study. These results suggest that horses housed in an individual stall over an extended period of time may acclimate to the stress of isolation.

Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Alexander, M. B., T. Friend and L. Haug. 2011. Obedience training effects on search dog performance. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 132:152-159. Doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.008. Bass, P. D., T. E. Engle, K. E. Belk, P. L. Chapman, S. L. Archibeque, G. C. Smith, and J. D. Tatum. 2010. Effects of sex and short-term magnesium supplementation on stress responses and LM quality characteristics of crossbred cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 349-360. Brown-Brandl, T.M. and D.D. Jones. Feedlot Cattle Susceptibility to Heat Stress: An Animal Specific Model. Trans ASABE 54(2): 583-598. 2011. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, R.A. Eigenberg. Temperature and humidity control in indirect calorimeter chambers. Trans ASABE 54(2):685-692. 2011 Bryant, T. C., T. E. Engle, M. L. Galyean, J. J. Wagner, J. D. Tatum, R. V. Anthony, and S. B Laudert. 2010. Effects of ractopamine and trenbolone acetate implants with or without estradiol on growth performance, carcass characteristics, adipogenic enzyme activity, and blood metabolites in feedlot steers and heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 2901v1-20102901. Burdick, N. C., J. A. Carroll, L. E. Hulbert, J. W. Dailey, S. T. Willard, R. C. Vann, R. D. Randel, T. H. Welsh, Jr. 2011. Temperament influences endotoxin-induced changes in rectal temperature, sickness behavior, and plasma epinephrine concentrations in bulls. Innate Immunity. 17: 355-364. (doi:10.1177/1753425910379144) Burdick, N. C., J. A. Carroll, R. D. Randel, S. T. Willard, R. C. Vann, C. C. Chase, Jr., S. D. Lawhon, L. E. Hulbert, and T. H. Welsh, Jr. 2011. Influence of temperament and transportation on physiological and endocrinological parameters in bulls. Livestock Science. 139: 213-221. (doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2011.01.013) Cannata, S., T. E. Engle, S. J. Moeller, H. N. Zerby, A. E. Radunz, M. D. Green, P. D. Bass, and K. E. Belk. 2010. Effect of visual marbling on sensory properties and quality traits of pork loin. Meat Sci. 85:428-434. Carroll, J.A., N.C. Burdick, R.R. Reuter, C.C. Chase, Jr., D.E. Spiers, J.D. Arthington, and S.W. Coleman. 2011. Differential acute phase immune responses by Angus and Romosinuano steers following an endotoxin challenge. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.06.00 Cooke, R. F., and D. W. Bohnert. 2011. Bovine acute-phase response following corticotrophin-release 1 hormone challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 89:252-257. Cooper, T. A., S. J. Jenkins, L. Wojakiewicz, H. G. Kattesh, and C. J. Kojima. 2011. Effects of weaning and syndyphalin-33 on expression of melanocortinergic appetite-regulating genes in swine. Dom. Anim. Endo. Dom. Anim. Endo. 40:165-72. Dorton, K. L., J. J. Wagner, C. K. Larson, R. M. Enns, T. E. Engle. 2010. Effects of Trace Mineral Source and Growth Implants on Trace Mineral Status of Growing and Finishing Feedlot Steers. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 23:907  915. Edrington, T. S., B. H. Carter, R. L Farrow, A. Islas, G. R. Hagevoort, T. H. Friend, T. R. Callaway, R. C. Anderson and D. J. Nisbet. 2011. Influence of weaning on fecal shedding of pathogenic bacteria in dairy calves. Foodborn Pathogens and Disease 8:395-401. Doi: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0686. Edwards, L. N., T. E. Engle, J. A. Correa, M. A. Paradis, T. Grandin, and D. B. Anderson. 2010. The relationship between exsanguinations blood lactate concentration and carcass quality in slaughter pigs. Meat Sci. 85: 425-440. Edwards, L. N., T. E. Engle, M. A. Paradis, J. A. Correa, and D. B. Anderson 2010. Persistence of blood changes associated with alteration of the dietary electrolyte balance in commercial pigs following feed withdrawal, transportation, and lairage, and the effects on performance and carcass quality. J. Anim. Sci. 2139v1-20092139. Edwards, L. N., T. Grandin, T. E. Engle, M. J. Ritter, A. A. Sosnicki, B. A. Carlson, and D. B. Anderson. 2010. The effects of pre-slaughter pig management from the farm to the processing plant on pork quality. Meat Sci. 86:938-944. Edwards, L. N., T. Grandin, T. E. Engle, S. P. Porter, M. J. Ritter, A. A. Sosnicki, and D. B. Anderson. 2010. Use of exsanguinations blood lactate to assess the quality of pre-slaughter pig handling. Meat Sci. 86:384-390. Engle, T. E. 2011. Copper and lipid metabolism in beef cattle: A Review. J. Anim. Sci. 889: 591-596. Garey, S. M., T. H. Friend, D. H. Sigler and L. R. Berghman. 2010. The effects of transport in loose groups vs. individual stalls on glucocorticosteroids and DHEA in yearling horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 30:696-700. Doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.11.003. Koger,T. J., D. M. Wulf, A. D. Weaver, C. L. Wright, K. E. Tjardes, K. S. Mateo, T. E. Engle, R. J. Maddock, and A. J. Smart. 2010. Influence of feeding various quantities of wet and dry distillers grains to finishing steers on carcass characteristics, meat quality, retail-case life of ground beef, and fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 3399-3408. Lay, D. C., H. G. Kattesh, J. E. Cunnick, M. J. Daniels, G. Kranendonk, K. A. McMunn, M. J. Toscano, and M. P. Roberts. 2011. Effect of prenatal stress on subsequent response to mixing stress and a lipopolysaccharide challenge in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 89:1787-94. Legrand, A, Schütz, KE, Tucker, CB. 2011. Using water to cool cattle: Behavioral and physiological changes associated with voluntary use of cow showers. J Dairy Sci, 94: 3376-3386. Li, Y. Z., and L. H. Wang. 2011. Effects of previous housing systems on agonist behaviors of growing pigs at mixing. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 132: 20-26. Li, Y. Z., S. K. Baidoo, L. J. Johnston and J. E. Anderson. 2011. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on aggression among group-housed gestating sows. J. Anim. Sci. 89: 1899-1907. Mader T, J. Nienaber , T. Brown-Brandl 2010. Foreword to special issue LeRoy Hahn. Int J Biometeorol 2010 Nov 5. Mader, T. L., L. J. Johnson, and J. B. Gaughan, 2010. A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 2153-2165. Nevill, C. H., T. H. Friend and A. G. Windom. 2010. An evaluation of exercise pen usage by circus tigers (Panthera tigris tigris). J. Applied Anim. Welfare Sci. 13:164-173. Doi: 10.1080/10888700903583459. Parkhurst, A.M. 2010. Model for understanding thermal hysteresis during heat stress: A matter of direction. Int J Biometeorol 54:637645 DOI 10.1007/s00484-009-0299-z Phillips, K. M., D. M. Ruggio, K. Y. Patterson, J. C. Howe, J. L. Leheska, S. B. Smith, T. E. Engle, A. S. Rasor, and N. A. Conley. 2010. Preparation and characterization of control materials for the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-vaccenic acid in beef. Food Res. Int. 43:2253-2261. Pompeu, L.B., J.E. Williams, D.E. Spiers, R.L. Weaber, M.R. Ellersieck, K.M. Sargent, N.P. Feyerabend, H.L. Vellios, and F. Evans. 2011. Effect of Ascophyllum nodosum on alleviation of heat stress in dairy cows. Prof. Anim. Sci. 27: 181-189. Rhoads, M.L., J.W. Kim, R.J. Collier, B.A. Crooker, Y. R. Boisclair, L.H. Baumgard and R.P Rhoads.2010. Effects of heat stress and nutrition on lactating Holstein Cows: II. Aspects of hepatic growth hormone responsiveness. J. Dairy Sci. 93:170-179. Rogers, W.M., C.A. Roberts, J.G. Andrae, D.K. Davis, G.E. Rottinghaus, N.S. Hill, R.L. Kallenbach, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Seasonal fluctuation of ergovaline and total ergot alkaloid concentrations in tall rescue regrowth. Crop Sci. 51: 1291-1296. Ryan PL, Christiansen DL, Hopper RM, Walters FK, Moulton K, Curbelo J, Greene JM, Willard ST. 2011. A novel approach to monitoring pathogen progression during uterine and placental infection in the mare using biophotonic imaging technology and lux-modified bacteria. J. Anim Sci. first published on January 14, 2011 as doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3629 Scharf, B., M.J. Leonard, R. L. Weaber, T. Mader, L. Hahn, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Determinants of Bovine Thermal Response to Heat and Solar Radiation Exposures in a Field Environment. Int. J. Biometeorology. 55: 469-480. Schutz, J. S., J. J. Wagner, PAS, E. D. Sharman, PAS, N. E. Davis, and T. E. Engle, PAS. 2010. Effect of feeding frequency on feedlot steer performance. Prof. Anim. Sci. 27:14-18. Schütz, KE, Rogers, AR, Cox, NR, Webster, JR, Tucker, CB. 2010. Dairy cattle prefer shade over sprinklers: effects on behavior and physiology. J Dairy Sci, 94: 273-283. Schütz, KE, Rogers, AR, Poulouin, Y, Cox, NR, and Tucker, CB. 2010. The amount of shade influences the behavior and physiology of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 93: 125-133. Seabrook, J. L., R.K. Peel, T.E. Engle. 2011. The effects of replacing dietary carbohydrate with calcium salts of fatty acids on finishing lamb feedlot performance, blood metabolites, muscle fatty acid composition, and carcass characteristics. Small Ruminant Res. 85:97-103. Sexson, J. L., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, and J. W. Spears. 2010. Effects of water quality and dietary potassium on performance and carcass characteristics of yearling steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 26:380-386. Sexston, J. L., J. J. Wagner, J. S. Schutz, J. L. Seabrook, M. J. de Veth, and T. E. Engle. 2010. The impact of trace mineral source, water quality, and short-term choline supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing steer. J. Anim. Sci. 2010-3014v1-20103014. Spears, J. W. and T. E. Engle. 2011. Feed Supplements: Microminerals. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. 2ed. 2: 378-383. Woerner, D. R., J. D. Tatum, T. E. Engle, K. E. Belk, and D. W. Couch. 2011. Effects of sequential implanting and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on carcass characteristics and longissimus muscle tenderness of calf-fed steers and heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 89: 201-209. Books and Book Chapters Collier,R. J., D Romagnolo and L.H. Baumgard. 2011. Lactation (f) Galactopoiesis/Seasonal Effects. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Second Edition, H. Roginski, J. W. Fuquay and P. F. Fox, Ed. Academic Press, NY. Vik3m 38-44. J. Bryant, D. Kishore. 2010. Fescue toxicosis and heat stress: Recent advances. Fescue Toxicosis Session. The International Symposium on Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, June 27  July 1, Lexington, Kentucky, 2011. Roy, K.S., and R.J. Collier 2011. Regulation of Acclimation to Environmental Stress. In: Environmental Physiology of Domestic Animals, R.J. and J.L. Collier Ed. Wiley-Blackwell. Spiers, D.E. 2011. Physiology of temperature regulation in domestic animals. In: Environmental Physiology of Livestock. Eds. R.J. Collier and J. Collier. Wiley-Blackwell. Hoboken, NJ. Spiers, D.E., P. A. Eichen, L. Wax, B. Scharf, R. Settivari, H. Vellios, J. Johnson, Abstracts Adams, A. L., T. H. Friend, G. A. Holub, S. M. Garey, and C. L. Terrill. 2010. Shade utilization and distribution of dairy cows in response to environmental conditions. J. Animal Science 88, Suppl 2, p. 772. Adams, A. L., T. H. Friend, G. A. Holub, S. M. Garey, and C. L. Terrill. 2010. Behavioral responses to feeding regimens, housing and heat stress in dairy calves. J. Animal Science 88, Suppl 2, p.790. Adeniji, O. B., M. O. Smith, and H. G. Kattesh. 2011. Effect of environmental enrichment strategies on behavior and physiology of broiler breeders reared under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Presented at the Poultry Science Association annual meeting, St. Louis, MO. July 2010. Binverse,J.A, J. D. Davis, K. G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee and J.E. Larson. 2011. Alternative cooling of dairy cows by wetting the udder. Joint meeting of ADSA/ASAS. #M275. Boland, H.T., S. T. Willard, K. Umemura, G.Scaglia, J. A. Parish, and T. F. Best. 2011. Pre-separation behavior of calves being weaned by different methods. J. Anim. Sci. 89:9 (E-Suppl.1). Boland, H.T., S.T. Willard, K. Umemura, G. Scaglia, J.A. Parish, and T.F. Best . 2011. Behavior of calves when weaned by nose-clips or fence-line contact. Annual Meeting American Society of Animal Science, New Orleans, LA. July, 2011. Bryant, J., J. Johnson, B. Scharf, D. Kishore, E. Coate, P.A. Eichen, K. Wells, J. Green, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Effect of fescue toxicosis on the expression of selected hepatic genes in Angus cattle. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, and D. W. Bohnert. 2011. Camelina meal supplementation to beef cattle: II. Effects on DMI, in situ forage digestibility, and plasma cholecystokinin concentrations. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 62:387-389. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, D. W. Bohnert, J. Dailey, and J. A. Carroll. Camelina meal supplementation to beef cattle: III. Effects on acute-phase and thyroid responses. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 62:261-263. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, D. W. Bohnert, J. Dailey, and J. A. Carroll. 2011. Camelina meal supplementation to beef cattle: I. Effects on performance, DMI, and acute-phase protein response of feeder steers following transport. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 62:7-10. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, F. N. T. Cooke, and D. W. Bohnert. 2011. Feed and water restriction elicits an acute-phase protein response in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 2):269. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, F. N. T. Cooke, and D. W. Bohnert. 2011. Effects of acclimation to handling on performance, reproductive, and physiological responses of Bos taurus beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 2):498. Chaffin, R.E., B. Scharf, J.S. Johnson, J.K. Bryant, D.K. Kishore, P.A. Eichen, J.A. Carroll, C.C. Chase, S.W. Coleman, N.C. Burdick, R.L. Weaber, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. A comparison of lipopolysaccharide-induced febrile responses across heat-tolerant and sensitive Bos taurus cattle in different thermal environments. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Chaffin, R.E., K.J. Hoernig, J.S. Johnson, J.K. Bryant, B. Scharf, D.K. Kishore, P.A. Eichen, E.S. Dierenfeld, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Use of infrared thermography to identify thermoregulatory differences between heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant breeds of Bos taurus cattle. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Chen, JM, Schütz, KE, Tucker, CB. 2011. Dairy cattle preferences for feed bunks with or without sprinklers in summer. 45th International Society for Applied Ethology, Indianapolis, IN. Clausen, J., A. M. Parkhurst, and T. L. Mader, 2011. Logistic regression analysis to determine factors contributing to summer feedlot deaths. Paper presented at Proc. 23th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Cooke, R. F., D. W. Bohnert, and R. R. Mills. 2011. Effects of temperament on performance and carcass traits of range-originated feeder calves. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 62:148-150. Cooke, R. F., J. A. Carroll, F. N. T. Cooke, B. I. Cappellozza, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, J. Dailey, and D. W. Bohnert. Bovine acute-phase response following different doses of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 2):518. Creighton, T., A.M. Hogg and R.W. Godfrey. 2011. Evaluating the influence of breed on hair coat characteristics and body temperature of hair sheep in the tropics. J. Anim. Sci. (Presented at Southern Section meetings, Feb 2011). Curbelo J., J. Brett, C. Steadman, H. L. Sanchez, T. Rowlison, K. S. Seo, P. L. Ryan, S. T. Willard. 2011. Biophotonic imaging as a method to evaluate efficacy of intramammary antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. 2011 ASAS-ADSA National Meetings, New Orleans, LA. July 10  14, 2011. Eichen, P.A., D.K. Kishore, M.R. Waldron, T.J. Evans, K.L. Fritsche, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Effect of different short- and long-term heat stress exposure period and fescue toxicosis on the immune system. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Garey, S. M., T. H. Friend, L. R. Berghman, D. L. Golden, A. L. Adams, and C. L. Terrill. 2010. Effects of pasture versus stall housing on cortisol and DHEA concentrations in young quarter horses. J. Animal Science 88, Suppl 2, p. 464. Johnson, J.S., J.K. Bryant, B.A. Scharf, D.K. Kishore, E.A. Coate, P.A. Eichen, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Differences in adaptive responses to heat stress comparing heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive cattle over 24-hour periods. Experimental Biology 2011 Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. Jung, S. and S.T. Willard. 2011. Quantitative Bioluminescence Imaging of Functional Estrogen Receptor Activity within Intact Porcine Ovarian Follicles in vitro. 2011 ASAS-ADSA National Meetings, New Orleans, LA. July 10  14, 2011. Legrand,AL, Schütz, KE, Tucker, CB. 2010. Voluntary use of showers: effects on behavior and physiology of dairy cattle in summer. American Dairy Science Assoication, Denver, CO. Li, Y. Z., C. E. Phillips, S. K. Baidoo, and L. J. Johnston. 2010. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on aggression among group-housed gestating sows. Page 43 in Proc. 71st Minnesota Nutr. Conf., Owatonna, MN (Abstract). Li.,X.,F. Yang, A. M. Parkhurst, and D.E.Spiers 2011 Comparing steer body temperature time series between thermoneutral and thermal challenging environments. Paper presented at Proc. 23th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Martin, W.R., T.J. Safranski, D.E. Spiers, and M.C. Lucy. 2011. Effect of parity on thermal response and energy balance (EB) of sows housed at 24-27°C during lactation. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Martins, P. G. M. A., R. Cassiolato, F. Frigoni, M. M. Salin, D. B. Araujo, R. F. Cooke, M. Meneghetti, J. M. B. Vendramini, G. C. Lamb, T. H. Friend and J. D. Arthington. 2010. Evaluation of a distinct white Angus phenotype in southern Florida. J. Animal Science 88, Suppl 2, p. 683. Pan, D., C. N. Lee, M. H. Rostagno, and S. D. Eicher. 2011. Dam heat load affects neonatal calves bacterial prevalence and innate immunity. J. Dairy Sci. 203. Abstract.  Parola, F, Hillman, E, Schütz, KE, Tucker, CB. 2011. Beef cattle preference for sprinklers. 45th International Society for Applied Ethology, Indianapolis, IN. Phillips, C. E., Y. Z. Li, J. E. Anderson, L. J. Johnston, G. C. Shurson, J. Deen, and C. Farmer. 2011. Association of sow fear with prolactin and cortisol concentrations pre- and post-farrowing. National ASAS 7/12/2011, New Orleans (Abstract). Phillips, C. E., Y. Z. Li, and J. Anderson. 2010. Fear response in gestating sows 2010 ISAE, Sweden 8/25/2010 (Abstract) Phillips, C. E., Y. Z. Li, J. E. Anderson, L. J. Johnston, G. C. Shurson, and J. Deen. 2011. Association of sow fear, parity and season with piglet mortality in loose farrowing systems. Midwest ASAS 3/14/2011, Des Moines, IA (Abstract). Rubino, D.L., A.J. Weis, A.M. Hogg and R.W. Godfrey. 2011. Body temperature measurements of Senepol and crossbred calves in the tropics. J. Anim. Sci. (Presented at Southern Section meetings, Feb 2011). Rungruang, S., J. Collier and R. Collier. 2011. Effect of feed-line soaking and Niashure (NI) on heat-stressed lactating Holsteins housed in an evaporative tunnel ventilated barn in Thailand. J. Animal Sci. 89:E-Supple.1. p. 106. Sánchez-Rodríguez, H.L., R. C. Vann, E. Baravik-Munsell, S. Willard, P. L. Ryan. 2011. Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on vasodilatation of uterine arteries, right external iliac arterial blood flow, and pregnancy in beef cows. Annual Meeting American Society of Animal Science, New Orleans, LA. July, 2011. J Anim Sci (Accepted for poster presentation 03-02-2011) Scharf, B.A., J.S. Johnson, H.L. Vellios, R.L. Weaber, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Utilizing laboratory and field studies to determine physiologically adaptive responses of cattle to multiple environmental stressors. Experimental Biology 2011 Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. Schütz, KE, Clark, K, Cox, N, Matthews, LR, Tucker, CB. 2010. Responses to short-term exposure to simulated rain and wind by dairy cattle. 44th International Society for Applied Ethology, Uppsala, Sweden. Spiers, D.E., H.L. Vellios, P.A. Eichen, B. Scharf, J.S. Johnson, D.K. Kishore, and R.L. Weaber. 2011.Predictors of body thermal status in heat-tolerant and sensitive Bos taurus cattle exposed to different thermal loads under controlled conditions. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Stickel, A.D., L.N. Edwards, T.A. Houser, J.R. Jaeger, T.G. Rozell, L.D. Hollis, S. Uwituze, C.L. Vanbibber, K. A. Miller, and J.S. Drouillard. 2011. Moderate exercise alters blood constituents, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in finishing heifers. Accepted to Journal of Animal Science, 2011 National ASAS Meeting, New Orleans, LA. Stickel, A.D., T.A. Houser, L.N. Edwards, J.S. Drouillard, J.R. Jaeger, T.Rozell, L.Hollis, C.L. Vanbibber and K.A. Miller. 2011. 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