Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Sunday, June 5th, Business meeting Welcome and participant introductions - Greg Evanylo Update from Project Director Lee Sommers - Update on USDA and National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). Roger Beachy is no longer the NIFA director. Update on the Agricultural Experiment Station, including Roadmap for Food and Agriculture research (http://escop.ncsu.edu/docs/scienceroadmap.pdf), which includes 7 grand challenges. Greg Evanylo has received state reports from most of the participants on time and will be preparing the annual report due 60 days after the annual meeting. Venues for 2012-2014 annual meeting were finalized as: Seattle/Tacoma  2012, Denver  2013, Chicago - 2014. Sally Brown will host the Seattle/Tacoma meeting in 2012. (An email survey following the meeting identified June 24-26 as the dates for the 2012 meeting.) The group voted for the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago to host the annual meeting once every 2-3 years. Greg Evanylo provided the order of presentations for the technical presentations. Technical Meeting Agenda Monday June 6 Selected oral presentations: The research-regulations nexus GDG-gypsum and spent foundry sand and the As and chromate problems at EPA, Chaney Hawaii soil As limit, Hue EPAs regulatory limits for emerging constituents- Brobst conference call Basis for wastewater application rate, Elliot Reclaimed water for ecological use and EDC activity assessment by YES, Brown Use of field capacity as basis for regulated recycled water application rate in Virginia, reduction of mine land restoration biosolids reclamation rate, P basis for biosolids application, Evanylo Lunch and bus tour of Penn States Living Filter Selected oral presentations: Urban soil remediation Use of soil amendments/residuals for restoration of urban land for "urban ag," Basta Field based evaluations of lead and arsenic transfer from contaminated urban soils to plants, Hettiarachchi Food waste residuals use, Thies and Morash Effects of residuals on urban soils, Sally Brown [The subgroup decided to write an outreach/extension bulletin on urban soil assessment and remediation. Nick Basta agreed to prepare an outline upon which individual chapters would be based.] Tuesday, June 7th Emerging contaminants Fate, transport and risk assessment of biosolids-borne triclosan, O'Connor The occurrence of carbamazepine in wastewater irrigated soils: Land use differences, Watson Transport of manure-borne hormones through tile-drained fields, Lee (remote Skype presentation) Climate change Use of biosolids for lignocellulosic-based energy crop production, Silveira Switchgrass and other warm season grass production on mined land reclaimed with manure and paper mill sludge, Stehouwer Spectroscopic techniques for assessing sequestered C stability, Jinling Li Noon: Adjourn Meeting Lunch and tour of Marcellus Shale hydraulic fracturing site

Objective 1: Evaluate the chemistry and bioavailability of trace elements, organic microconstituents and nutrients in residuals and residuals-amended soils to assess the environmental and health risks. The research performed to accomplish objective 1included a) direct chemical measurements of nitrogen, phosphorus, trace elements, and organic compounds in the applied residual and upon transformation and/or transport through the environment and b) bioassays to assess bioavailability. Researchers from Colorado State University (CSU), University of Florida (UF), Mississippi State University (MSU), Pennsylvania State University (PSU), Purdue University (PU), the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC), and Agriculture Canada (AgCan) performed research to measure the forms, amounts and effects (transport and/or bioavailability) of organic microconstituents in land applied residuals. A collaborative project between the UF (OConnor) and the MWRDGC (Cox and Hundal) was performed to investigate the fate and transport of biosolids-borne triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), antimicrobial chemicals commonly found in biosolids at concentrations that can make biosolids a major source of the chemicals in the environment. The research focused on determining the sorption-desorption, degradation, mobility, plant and animal availability, and soil microorganism impact characteristics of the compounds to assess the risk of the chemicals to humans and the environment. Work on biosolids-borne TCC is now published in three 2010 journal articles by Snyder et al., and a final risk assessment paper is planned for 2011. Work on TCS has followed the same general experimental design as with TCC (batch sorption-desorption studies and column studies to assess TCS expected and observed mobility, greenhouse and field studies to assess phytoavailability to and accumulation by food-chain crops, earthworm accumulation studies, and biodegradation and extractability studies to assess persistence of the parent compound and metabolites. Work is detailed in the PhD dissertation of Manmeet Waria (2011), and summarized below. The typical concentration range for TCS in biosolids analyzed by Waria and reported in numerous published studies is 10-20 mg TCS/kg biosolids. The mean value of 18 mg/kg agrees with the mean value reported in the TNSSS (16 mg/kg). The water solubility of TCS depends on pH (pKa = 8.14), which is expected to affect TCS behavior in high pH soils and in lime-stabilized biosolids. The partitioning coefficient of TCS, normalized to OC content (log Koc= 4.7), is constant across soil, biosolids, and biosolids-amended soils. Desorption is strongly hysteretic; thus, biosolids TCS is expected to have limited mobility in soils. Column leaching studies confirm retention of TCS within the zone of biosolids incorporation. Greenhouse and field studies utilizing biosolids-borne TCS confirmed minimal phytoavailability. Biosolids-TCS was accumulated by, but was not toxic to, earthworms; a conservative estimate of the earthworm bioaccumulation factor was ~10. There was no effect of biosolids-borne TCS on microbial respiration and N-cycling. TCS degrades to methyl-TCS (Me-TCS) with a 50% disappearance time of ~100 days. Plants, soil, and earthworms from fields equilibrated with biosolids-borne TCS contained no detectable Me-TCS,which is more hydrophobic than TCS. A preliminary risk assessment identified the same predator-earthworm pathway as being potentially limiting for TCS as Snyder suggested for TCC. Accounting for TCS degradation significantly reduces estimated risk, and using realistic mean (95th percentile biosolids-TCS concentrations) practically eliminates estimated risk. Further refinement of the risk assessment, is necessary to confirm the initial estimates of risk. Mississippi State University researchers have also been studying the fate of TCS and TCC in biosolids-applied soils in terms of 1) developing cost-effective and reliable analytical methods for detection at trace levels in complex environmental matrixes and 2) understanding transformation kinetics and pathways. A cost-effective and reliable HPCL/UV analytical method for trace level detection of TCS and TCC in biosolids and biosolids-applied soils was developed and reported in the Journal of AOAC International. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) able to selectively bind TCS and TCC was prepared using noncovalent molecular imprinting methods. The prepared MIP was evaluated as a selective sorbent in SPE for sample cleanup before HPLC-UV analysis of TCS and TCC in soil and biosolids samples. Compared to commercially available C18 SPE sorbent, the molecularly imprinted SPE (MISPE) developed in this study was more efficient for the cleanup of extracts of soil and biosolids samples prior to the analysis of TCC and TCS using HPLC-UV. Significant reduction of analytical cost was achieved because one MISPE can be reused up to 35 times and HPLC-UV instead of HPLC/MS can be used for instrumental analysis following sample cleanup by MISPE. The result of a laboratory microcosm study on TCS and TCC transformation in biosolids-applied Marietta fine loam and McLaurin coarse loam was reported in the Journal of Environmental Quality. Transformation of TCC in both soils was slower than that for TCS. After 100 d, 53 ± 1% and 71 ± 2% of the initially added TCC and only 2.8 ± 0.35% and 6.2 ± 0.80% of initially added TCS remained in Marietta fine loam and McLaurin coarse loam, respectively. The results suggest that abiotic processes have greater effect than biotic processes on TCC transformation. Addition of biosolids to the two soils slowed the transformation of both compounds, indicating interactions between both compounds and biosolids may adversely affect their transformation in soils, an important factor that must be included in models predicting environmental fate of biosolids-associated PPCPs. A laboratory soil column study to investigate the transport and transformation of TCS and TCC in a biosolids-surface applied soil was completed in 2010 and included in a manuscript submitted to the Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Significantly more TCS than TCC was transformed. Surface application of biosolids retarded their transformation. Downward movement of TCS and TCC occurred within 10-cm soil depth. Only small percentages of the transformed TCS and TCC appeared after 101-day column study, indicating that either the investigated transformation pathways were not significant or rapid transformation of the those products had occurred. Abiotic oxidative transformation of TCS by Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite was investigated in combination with computational modeling approach. Part of the result of this study was published in the Environmental Science and Technology. Significant TCS polymerization was observed when TCS was exposed to Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite in aqueous solution. Compared to TCS, the solubility of polymerized TCS products can be reduced more than 4000 times, resulting in significantly less bioavailability and movement in the environment. The result from this study has demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite as in situ remediation material for other related PPCPs. Work in collaboration with MWRDGC on fate of selected PPCPS in long term land-applied biosolids was published in the Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. The levels of TCC, TCS, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in biosolids from 16 U.S wastewater treatment plants and in soils from field plots receiving annual applications of biosolids for 33 years were evaluated. Each of the four contaminants evaluated were detected in most of the biosolids at concentrations up to >1,000 mg/kg. They were detected at ¼g/kg levels in the biosolids-amended soil, but their concentrations decreased sharply with increasing soil depth, indicating limited soil leaching of those compounds. Most of the PBDEs and a small percentage of 4-NP, TCC, and TCS remained in the top 120-cm soil layer. These data suggest slow degradation of PBDEs but rapid transformation of 4-NP, TCC, and TCS in the biosolids-amended soils. Clotrimazole is a broad-spectrum antimycotic drug incompletely degraded during sewage treatment. It is a suspected endocrine disrupting chemical that could potentially reach agricultural land via the application of biosolids. In the absence of any environmental fate data, AgCan researchers evaluated the persistence and dissipation pathways of (3)H-clotrimazole during laboratory incubations of agricultural soils. Clotrimazole was removed from a loam, a sandy loam, and a clay loam, with formation of nonextractable residues being the major sink for (3)H. Their parent compound did not mineralize to any extent, and rate of dissipation was slower at a lower temperature. Diclofenac, 2-[2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetic acid, is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug whose consumption by carrion eaters has been responsible for the catastrophic decline in vulture populations in India and Pakistan. Diclofenac could potentially reach agricultural lands through the application of municipal biosolids. 14C-Diclofenac was rapidly mineralized when added to soils varying widely in texture. Over a range of temperature and moisture conditions, extractable 14C-diclofenac residues decreased with half lives <5days. No extractable transformation products were detectable by HPLC. Tenofovir (9-(R)-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-adenine) is an antiretroviral drug widely used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and Hepatitis B virus infections. It is rapidly excreted in the urine and could potentially reach agricultural lands through the application of municipal biosolids or wastewater. The persistence of tenofovir in selected agricultural soils was evaluated because of the absence of any environmental fate data. Tenofovir was relatively persistent in soils, there were no extractable transformation products detected, and the response of mineralization to soil temperature and heat sterilization indicated that the molecule was biodegraded by aerobic microorganisms. Sorption isotherms with dewatered biosolids suggested that tenofovir residues could potentially partition into the particulate fraction during sewage treatment. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS), and metals were monitored in tile drainage and groundwater following liquid (LMB) and dewatered municipal biosolid (DMB) applications to silty-clay loam agricultural field plots. Key PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, -209) comprising 97% of total PBDE in LMB, had maximum tile effluent concentrations ranging from 6 to 320 ng/L during application-induced tile flow. Total PBDE loading to soil via LMB and DMB application was 0.0018 and 0.02 kg total PBDE ha/yr, respectively. Total PBDE concentration in soil (0-0.2m) 599 days after both applications was 115 ng/g dw. The only PFAS found above detectable limits in tile drainage from the application plots were PFOS (max conc = 17 ng/L) and PFOA (12 ng/L). Metals in tile for the LMB were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in control. Tilling the soil prior to surface application of LMB will reduce application-based PBDE and metal contamination to tile drainage and shallow groundwater. In Colorado, a field-scale study was conducted to assess the potential for runoff of seventeen hormones from an agricultural field applied with biosolids. Significantly higher concentrations of multiple estrogens (<0.8 to 25.02 ng L-1), androgens (<2 to 216.14 ng L-1), and progesterone (17.4 to 98.9 ng L-1) were observed in runoff samples taken 1, 8 and 35 days after biosolids application. Androgen runoff concentrations declined from day 1 to day 35 after biosolids application, but the concentrations observed 35 days after biosolids application were still higher than concentrations known to affect the endocrine system of aquatic organisms. Biosolids did not adversely affect earthworms (A. trapezoides) monitored in a biosolids-amended Colby (Aridic Ustorthents)-Adena (Ustic Paleargids) soil. The fate and transport of manure-borne hormones in agro-ecosystems remains poorly understood. Of particular environmental concern are the natural hormones 17²- and 17±-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3), testosterone (TST), and androstenedione (AND) and the synthetic hormones 17²- and 17±-trenbolone (TB) and trendione (TND). Purdue University researchers assessed the hydro-chemo dynamics of natural and synthetic androgens and estrogens measured in tile drains and agricultural ditches and resulting hormone loads on a farm as a function of manure management practices. Animal wastes were land-applied through lagoon effluent pivot irrigation (beef, dairy, and poultry effluent), solids broadcasting (beef and dairy), and subsurface injection (swine). Hormone concentrations in the tile drains increased during effluent irrigation and storm events, whereas leaching of hormones in solid manure occurred due to rainfall or snow melt. Hormones persisted over the winter, with increased concentrations coinciding with early thaws and snow melt. Hormones were detected in greater than 80% of samples collected at each station, with estrone being detected the most frequently and estriol the least. Natural androgens were detected more frequently than synthetic androgens, which were detected in fewer than 10% of the samples. The highest concentrations of hormones in the ditch waters were observed in June, likely posing a threat to fish during their early developmental stages, with total estrogens exceeding 100 ng/L and total natural androgens approaching 40 ng/L. These concentrations were associated with dairy effluent irrigation; however, the frequency of detection of hormones was higher for fields that had received higher applications of dairy solids. Therefore, it is likely that dairy effluent irrigation may cause short-lived high concentrations, whereas the application of solid wastes may cause more chronic exposure to aquatic organisms. The PU researchers work with biosolids has been limited to identifying the PPCPs that exist in biosolids at a high enough concentration to allow good quantitation of release kinetics from the biosolids. Extraction of biosolids for total PPCPs was done as well as equilibration with water to estimate biosolid-water partition coefficients. Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, TCS and TCC were measured at high enough concentrations in the biosolids to initiate kinetic release studies. The first set of release experiments reflected the majority of the PPCPs are released within a few hours. Atorvastatin levels in the biosolids were relatively low (< 100 mg/kg dry biosolids). The distribution in carbamazepine in the soil profile beneath wastewater-irrigated forested land and cropped land was determined by PSU researchers. Based on the application time period, it is expected that carbamazepine has been applied in irrigation water for about 25 years. Results indicated approximately 15 years worth of carbamazepine accumulated in the surface 30 cm of both soils, with near surface concentrations being higher in the forested soil, consistent with organic carbon distributions. Researchers from Ohio State University (OSU), University of California-Riverside (UCR), University of Hawaii (UH), and PSU performed research to measure the types, forms, amounts, and effects (i.e. bioavailability) of inorganic elements in land-applied residuals. Deindustrialization of urban areas during the past two decades has resulted in a large amount of vacant land. Cities in Ohio and elsewhere have established stabilization projects to facilitate the redevelopment of vacant urban land for agriculture/gardening and creation of parks, playgrounds and other commons. Historical soil contamination presents the greatest challenge to urban vacant land reuse. In 2008, the Cuyahoga County (OH) Board of Health determined that 42% of children had elevated blood Pb levels. It is important to assess Pb lead content in these areas prior to reuse to prevent exposure to harmful levels of Pb. Most urban soils are not tested for Pb because of the high costs associated with sampling and analysis. Research conducted by OSU researchers with OSU Cuyahoga County Cooperative Extension on soil assessment of human health risk of Pb in soil from 60 vacant land sites was performed. The researchers discovered that several inexpensive agricultural laboratory methods provide accurate data to assess risk from soil Pb in urban soils. These data were presented at local, regional, and national meetings. At UCR, labile pools (E value) of Cd and Zn in ten soils were quantified using ICP-MS measurements of 114Cd and 111Cd and 68Zn and 66Zn that are needed for stable isotope dilution (SID). The ten soils contained from 130 to 19,600 mg/kg total Zn, and from 11 to 62 mg/kg total Cd. On average, the labile pools predicted by SID (E-values) represented 45% of the total Cd, but only 25% of the total Zn, a trend that was consistent across all soils and independent of soil pH, organic carbon, or clay content. The Cd extracted by 0.05 M EDTA, 1 M CaCl2, 0.05M Ca(NO3)2, and 0.01M Ca(NO3)2 were well-correlated with both total Cd and E-value for these 10 soils, suggesting that any f these chemical extractions could be used to predict bioavailability of Cd. UCR researchers completed the first set of experiments using the two earthworm species (E. fetida and L. terrestris) to assess bioavailability. In general, the Cd and Zn concentrations in the whole-body digests were highly correlated with E-values, but also with total metal concentrations in the soils. With this particular group of soils, these two parameters were sufficiently correlated (r = 0.93 for Cd; r = 0.88 for Zn) that it made it difficult to ascertain whether E-values are sufficiently superior predictors of metal accumulation in invertebrates to justify the extra effort required for their determination. The results are one of the first comprehensive studies of trace- metal bioavailability to soil invertebrates employing isotope dilution techniques. University of Hawaii researchers used earthworms to assess As bioacccessibility in high-arsenic soils in a bench experiment. Eisenia fetida were raised in a soil mixture containing five levels of As: 20, 90, 160, 230, and 300 mg/kg as total As, or 1.27, 2.97, 5.40, 6.76, and 8.16 mg/kg as bioaccessible As. The worms were grown for 28 days in a thin layer of old lettuce and other vegetable discards, which were placed on top of the As-contaminated media. Worm growth rate peaked at the second lowest levels of soil As (90 mg/kg total As or approximately 3.0 mg/kg bioaccessible As); however, the growth started to decline when soil As exceeded 125 mg/kg (total) or 4.2 mg/kg (bioaccessible). A total phosphorus (TP) mass balance was performed by PSU researchers for cropped and forest sites that had been irrigated with secondary wastewater effluent for about 40 years. The mass balance indicates that 63% and 70% of net (applied minus harvested) TP could not be accounted for in the top 75 cm of soil in the field and forest, respectively. Because the cropped field was sampled at summit landscape positions, it is likely that surface runoff and subsurface lateral flow of effluent P is partially responsible for the deficit of P in the 0-75 cm soil layer. Moreover, changes in the P-retention ability of the soil and the high hydraulic loading rate has probably caused leaching of P below the 75 cm depth. The capacity of the soil to assimilate and renovate effluent-applied P has been reduced as a result of irrigation with wastewater. Leaching of P is generally not considered an environmental issue at most effluent irrigation sites; however, leaching of P could potentially impact groundwater where effluent is sprayed on forested soils of low P-sorbing capacity and overlying shallow groundwater. Copper, which forms strong complexes with soil organic matter, also appears to have leached to a greater extent from the surfaces layers in the wastewater-irrigated forest. One field day was held at the experiment site and was attended by 40 individuals from mining industry and state regulatory agency staff. Reports have been presented at mining and reclamation meetings. Objective 2: Evaluate the agronomic and environmental benefits/advantages of land applying residual by-products and/or substituting such materials for fertilizers. Studies have been conducted by researchers at CSU, UH, MWRDGC, Kansas State University (KSU), University of Minnesota (UM), PSU, Virginia Tech (VT), and University of Washington (UW) to assess the benefits of nutrients, organic matter and other constituents in biosolids and similar residuals on improving the properties of disturbed/poor/contaminated soils for enhancing vegetative growth, soil health, and water quality, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Improving N use efficiency of land-applied residuals is important to produce optimum crop yields and reduce water quality impairment risk. Researchers at CSU developed a three-dimensional predictive model for wheat yields and grain N removal from a 15-year study involving biosolids addition to a dryland agroecosystem. The model was superior (higher R2 and lower SE) to simple linear and quadratic models. University of Minnesota researchers completed laboratory and greenhouse experiments to characterize N and P availability from biosolids generated from the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District (WLSSD). A regression model developed for soil organic matter was used to estimate potentially mineralizable N and calculate N availability from the biosolids. Biosolids properties were examined using two soil types (clay and sandy loam) and fine mine tailings from the taconite iron industry. The N mineralization model was a good predictor of plant growth and N uptake in the greenhouse study. Results from incubation and greenhouse studies indicated that higher biosolids rates are required on mine tailings than on native soils. Results were disseminated at a full day biosolids workshop in Duluth, MN sponsored by WLSSD and in a biosolids session at the 2010 Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 73rd Annual Wastewater Operations Conference. The fifth year of field experiments investigating use of poultry layer manure for abandoned and active mine reclamation and biomass crop production was completed by PSU researchers. Reclamation treatments were lime+fertilizer, composted layer manure and fresh manure+papermill sludge. The yields of biomass crops (switchgrass, atlantic coastal panic grass and big bluestem) have been greater with the organic amendments (4.5-6 Mg/ha) than with the conventional reclamation amendments (1-2 Mg/ha) and are approaching those obtained on prime farmland. Virginia Tech researchers continued to monitor the prime farmland soil reconstruction experiment established in 2004 at the Iluka Mineral Sands mining site. The four primary treatments (lime and N-P-K fertilizer only; 15 cm topsoil return over limed and P-fertilized tailings; 75 Mg/ha lime stabilized biosolids with conventional tillage; 75 Mg/ha lime stabilized biosolids with no-tillage) were cropped to wheat and soybean in 2010. Crop yields in 2010 were approximately 75% of adjacent unmined prime farmland control plots. The findings and results were disseminated to local landowners, farmers, government representatives and regulators at two on-site field days and provide further justification for higher than agronomic N rates for reclamation of disturbed lands. Researchers from KSU, UW, USACE, and USEPA have collaboratively evaluated trace element chemistry, transformations, transfer from soil to plants, and toxicity amelioration by organic residuals in contaminated urban soils. The researchers evaluated the uptake of trace elements and other contaminants by food crops grown on unamended- and compost amended-mildly contaminated urban soils to develop recommendations for corrective actions to minimize potential contaminant transfer to food crops and gardeners. Evaluation of sites throughout the U.S. is on-going in this USEPA funded project. Sites in Kansas City, MO and Tacoma, WA have been amended with compost and/or a commercial biosolids-sawdust-sand mix (Tagro). Lead concentration in soils ranged from 60 to 385 mg/kg. Compost addition diluted soil Pb concentration by 59%. In compost-added plots, Pb uptake was 59% lower in Swiss chard and 20% lower in carrot compared to the control plots. Lead concentration in tomato was not affected by compost. Compost did not reduce bioaccessible Pb. At the Tacoma site plant, As and Pb concentrations in Tagro+lime added plots were significantly lower than that of the unamended control plots. Working in cooperation with Hetteraichchi at KSU, Chapell at USACE, and Scheckel at USEPA, Brown (UW) evaluated changes in Pb speciation following amendment of a high Fe biosolids compost to Pb contaminated soils. Philadelphia compost was added to a range of Pb/As contaminated soils. In vitro Pb was reduced, but the effects on As were mixed, by the addition of compost to several contaminated soils. Iron-rich composts added to co-contaminated As/Pb orchard soils did not reduce metal availability over 1 year, but the Philadelphia compost reduced Pb availability in this soil. UXAS showed conversion of Pb in the Philadelphia compost-amended soil altered the mineral form of Pb to favor adsorption onto Fe Oxides. Recycling of biosolids onto land may provide benefits beyond those as a source of nutrients and soil property enhancer. One such potential benefit of land-applied biosolids being investigated by members of the W2170 project is the effect on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon budgeting. The GHG balance for different biosolids end use/disposal practices was evaluated by UW researchers as part of an effort sponsored by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Different treatment processes, including anaerobic digestion, lime stabilization, dewatering and end use options including combustion with heat/energy recovery, composting and land application were included in this evaluation. A spreadsheet tool that includes default emissions and sequestration factors was developed. Data from a number of municipalities in California with different treatment processes were input to the model. Anaerobic digestion plus land application was the overall best practice for GHG emissions, resulting in net credits. Combustion, particularly at temperatures that commonly occur in multiple hearth furnaces or fluidized bed facilities, resulted in the most significant emissions as a result of the formation of N2O. Higher burn temperatures eliminate N2O formation but result in increased NOx emissions. The results from this study were published in Environmental Science and Technology. The model was used to calculate the GHG balance for the MWRDGC biosolids program using historical and new data. The MWRDGC biosolids are used as Class B cake on farmland and as landfill daily cover. The lagoon-aged air-dried biosolids are used on turf on urban areas and as landfill final cover. Unsuitable biosolids are disposed in landfills. The C credits and debits for each of MWRDs biosolids end uses were evaluated based on operations data for 2001 and 2008. Debits are due to fossil fuel use and fugitive gas emissions, and credits result from replacement of fertilizer by biosolids and soil carbon sequestration. The utilization of Class B biosolids in landfills showed a C debit due to the N2O and CH4 emissions. The beneficial use of biosolids as fertilizer on farmland and turf fertilizer, and landfill final cover resulted in C credits primarily through C sequestration and the offset of fertilizer use. The lagoon-aging of biosolids, which causes loss of C, was the major factor controlling the differences in credits among the beneficial use practices. Despite the higher consumption of fuel for transportation to farmland, the utilization of Class B centrifuge cake biosolids resulted in higher GHG credits than the use of lagoon-aged air-dried biosolids in urban areas. Overall, net GHG emissions were highest for landfill disposal, and were similar among the beneficial uses: farmland fertilizer, urban turf fertilizer, and landfill final cover. The study demonstrated, based on operations data, showed that land application of biosolids for primary benefit as a nutrient source, also contributes to mitigation of GHG emissions. The UW researchers conducted two surveys of long term biosolids and compost amended sites to quantify soil carbon storage and changes in soil physical properties including bulk density and water holding capacity. Sites sampled included coal mine sites restored with biosolids composts in PA and WA, gravel sites in New England and Canada, and a hard rock mining site in Canada. This sampling was done in parallel with sampling done by USEPA at biosolids amended mine sites. The sampling showed persistent increases in soil C sequestration in sites restored with organic amendments in comparison to conventional restoration practices. The other sampling was limited to WA, where similar and statistically significant C storage occurred at all sites that received organic amendments. A number of sites showed significant increases in plant available water. Another potential benefit from land-applied biosolids is their capability to increase plant drought tolerance due to the activity of humic acid-based biostimulants that act like plant hormones auxin and gibberllins. Field studies conducted by VTresearchers on coarse-textured soils in 2010 demonstrated the beneficial effects of biosolids on partial drought-amelioration in a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation under both conventional and no-tillage practices. The calculated agronomic N rates of both lime-stabilized and anaerobically digested biosolids provided plant available N at levels intermediate to three rates of synthetic fertilizer N, according to soil (PSNT) and plant tissue (earleaf, corn stalk nitrate) indicators of N availability. However, both biosolids treatments increased corn grain yield above that from the fertilizer treatments during the drought-stricken 2010 season. The 1x and 1.5x N fertilizer rate and two biosolids treatments increased photochemical efficiency and plant indole acetic acid and t-Zeatine Riboside concentrations 20 days before and at silking. Yields of soybean grown in soil amended with the agronomic N rates of biosolids for corn planted on the same plots the preceding year were higher than those not previously receiving biosolids. Soil acidity is a serious constraint for crop production worldwide. Soil acidity is conventionally corrected by applications of limestone, but limestone may not be available or be too expensive in some areas. Replacement of lime with locally available organic materials to correct soil acidity was studied by UH researchers. A greenhouse study was performed to investigate the effects of approximately 15 Mg/ha (1% by weight) shredded pineapple (Ananas comosus) crowns and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) vines on two acid soils of Hawaii. CaSO4, Ca(OH)2, and MgO at 4 cmolc/kg and an unamended control were employed for comparison. Results indicated that crop residues could be used as a partial substitute for lime in correcting soil acidity. The effectiveness of such soil organic amendments varied with residue type and mode of preparation (i.e., fresh or ashed). A combination of lime and organic materials is recommended for improving soil fertility, enhancing crop growth, and reducing cost. Work planned for 2010-2011: We plan to continue collaborative work on evaluating the chemistry, fate, transport, and bioavailability of PPCPs and EDCs in biosolids-amended and effluent-irrigated soils. These include refining the approach for assessing the release kinetics of selected PPCPs from biosolids. To predict the overall residence time of a PPCP in the upper horizon of soil during which it can be degraded aerobically, both release from the biosolids and sorption by soil will be considered. Computational chemistry will be combined with other investigative approaches to explore PPCP transformation pathways and environmental impacts of PPCP transformation products. We will continue our work on developing cost-effective and sensitive analytical methods for detecting PPCPs and their transformation products in complex matrices. Field research plots will be also established with the dual purpose of evaluating the uptake of perfluoronated compounds in biosolids-amended soil and to compare metal uptake from high metal and modern biosolids. Many of the data from the PPCP research will be translating into journal articles, especially risk assessment-based articles. Researchers have initiated work on coupling a source zone model, transport model, and management decision making model for predicting steroid hormone concentrations in an agricultural drainage network and subsequent transport and persistence of these loads into the watershed. The model will include effluent and solid manure as an input to the source zone and transport model, flexibility for mixed management practices, and incorporation of nutrient transport and tile drain size as a restriction to tile drain flow. These models can easily be adapted for biosolids application and other micropollutants if model parameters can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Simulated rainfall/runoff studies will be performed to investigate the movement and carryover of hormones associated with surface application of biosolids. Manuscripts on hormone release from manure applied tile drained fields will be submitted to journals. Biosolids products from a variety of processes will continue to be assessed as sources of nutrients for vegetative growth in agricultural and non-agricultural eco-systems. Researchers will continue to investigate the beneficial effects of biosolids application on brownfield and other urban soil restoration, especially with regard to As, Pb and other trace inorganic element chemistry and bioavailability. In addition we will be investigating the potential to use biosolids composts, likely in combination with water treatment residuals for use in bioretention systems for Low Impact Development stormwater management projects. The benefits of biosolids use with respect to nutrient cycling and C sequestration will be studied in natural and disturbed soils and between various tillage systems. We have submitted a collaborative, multi-agency grant proposal to USDA to quantify soil carbon storage on farm fields with a history of biosolids application as well as to attempt to quantify N2O emissions from biosolids application sites. Research on the effects of biostimulants in land-applied biosolids on amelioration of drought tolerance will continue.

Colorado State University Ippolito, J.A., K.A. Barbarick, M.W. Paschke, and R.B. Brobst. 2010. Infrequent composted biosolids applications affect semi-arid grassland soils and vegetation. J. Environ. Manage. 91:1123-1130. [JA] Barbarick, K.A., J.A. Ippolito, and J. McDaniel. 2010. Fifteen years of wheat yield, N-uptake, and soil nitrate-N dynamics in a biosolids-amended agroecosystem. J. Agic. Ecosys. Environ. 116-120. [JA] Barbarick, K.A., J.A. Ippolito, N.C. Hansen, and J. McDaniel. 2010. Biosolids application to no-till dryland crop rotations. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR10-4. [TR] Barbarick, K.A. J.A. Ippolito, J., T. Gourd, and J. McDaniel. 2010. Application of anaerobically digested biosolids to dryland winter wheat. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR10-5. [TR] University of Florida Li, Y.C., E. Hanlon, G.A. OConnor, J. Chen, and M. Silveira. 2010. Land application of compost and other wastes (by-products) in Florida: regulations, characteristics, benefits and concerns. HortTechnology 20: 41-51. [JA] Snyder, E.H., G.A. OConnor, and D.C. McAvoy. 2010. Measured physicochemical characteristics and biosolids concentrations of the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC). Sci. Total Environ. 408: 2667-2673. [JA] Snyder, E.H., G.A. OConnor, and D.C. McAvoy. 2010. Fate of 14C-triclocarban in biosolids amended soils. Sci. Total Environ. 408: 2726-2732. [JA] Agyin-Birikorang, S., M. Miller, and G.A. OConnor. 2010. Triclocarban and triclosan retention-release characteristics of biosolids, soils, and biosolids-amended soils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 29: 1925-1933. [JA] Castillo, M. S., L. E. Sollenberger, J.M.B Vendramini, K.R. Woodard, G.A. OConnor, Y.C. Newman, M.L. Silveira, and J.B. Sartain. 2010. Municipal biosolids as an alternative nutrient source for bioenergy crops: I. Elephantgrass biomass production and soil responses. Agron. J. 102: 1308-1313. [JA] Castillo, M. S., L. E. Sollenberger, J.M.B Vendramini, K.R. Woodard, J.T. Gilmour, G.A. OConnor, Y.C. Newman, M.L. Silveira, and J.B. Sartain. 2010. Municipal biosolids as an alternative nutrient source for bioenergy: II. Decomposition and organic nitrogen mineralization. Agron. J. 102: 1314-1320. [JA] Higgins, C.P., J.O. Sharp, J.G. Sepulvado, B.J. Littrell, G.A. OConnor, E. Snyder, and D. McAvoy. 2010. Trace Organic Chemicals in Biosolids-Amended Soils: State-of-the-Science Review. WERF report # SRSK5T09, 250 pp. [TR] University of Hawaii Hue, N.V. 2010. Arsenic levels, chemistry and bioavailability in Hawaii soils. In: Gilkes RJ and Prakongkep N, eds. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of soil science. Brisbane, Australia. ISBN 978-0-646-53783-2. [PR] MWRDGC Higgins, C.P., Z.J. Paesani, T.E. Abbot Chalew, R.U. Halden, and L.S. Hundal. 2010. Persistence of TCS and TCC in soils after land application of biosolids and bioaccumulation in Eisenia foetida. J. Environ. Tox. Chem. 30:556-563. [JA] Apul, D.S, M. Diaz, J.P. Gustafsson, and L.S. Hundal. 2010. Geochemical modeling of trace element release from biosolids. Environ. Eng. Sci. 27:743 -755. [JA] K. Xia, L. Hundal, K. Kumar, K. Armbrust, A. E. Cox, and T. C. Granato. 2010. Occurrence of TCC, TCS, PBDEs, and 4-NP in biosolids and in soil after 33 years of biosolids application. Environ. Toxico. Chem. 29:597605. [JA] Tian, G. A.J. Franzluebbers, T.C. Granato, A. Cox, and C. OConnor. Effect of long-term application of biosolids on biological soil quality: SOC pools. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Oct. 31Nov. 4, 2010, Long Beach, CA. [AB] K. Kumar, L.S. Hundal, A. Cox, and T.C. Granato. A framework to Predict Uptake of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products by Plants. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Oct. 31Nov. 4, 2010, Long Beach, CA. [AB] Cox, A., D. Collins, K. Kumar, G. Tian, and T.C. Granato. Farmland application of biosolids by Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Illinois Water Environment Association, Annual Meeting, March 1-3, 2010. Peoria, IL. [AB] Purdue University Mashtare, M., B. Khan, and L.S. Lee. 2010. Evaluating stereoselective sorption by soils of 17±-estradiol and 17²-estradiol. Chemosphere 82:847852. [JA] Gall, H.E., S.A. Sassman, C.T. Jafvert, and L.S. Lee. 2010.The Impact of CAFOs on Water Quality: Hormone Concentrations and Loads in Tile Drains and Ditches, Ecological Sciences & Engineering Symposium: Bridging the Gap from Science to Policy: Technology, Environment, and Sustainable Development, West Lafayette, IN, October 27, 2010. [AB] Mashtare, M. and L.S. Lee. 2010. Occurrence and Accumulation of Hormones in Ditch and Stream Sediments Receiving Agricultural Drainage, Ecological Sciences and Engineering Symposium: Bridging the Gap from Science to Policy: Technology, Environment, and Sustainable Development, West Lafayette, IN, October 27, 2010. [AB] Gall, H.E., S.A. Sassman, C.T. Jafvert, L.S. Lee, M. Sepulveda, and J. Leet. 2010. Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Export of EDCs from Agricultural Fields Under Various Manure Application Practices. Ohio Valley Chapter of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Oct. 2010. [AB] Gall, H.E., S.A. Sassman, C.T. Jafvert, and L.S. Lee. 2010. Assessing Water Quality of Tile Drains and Agricultural Ditches with a Novel Sampling Scheme. IWRA, May 2010. [AB] Gall, H.E., S.A. Sassman, C.T. Jafvert, and L.S. Lee. 2010. Quantifying the Fate and Transport of Manure-borne Hormones with Event-specific Sampling Schemes. American Chemical Society National meeting, March, 2010. [AB] Gall, H.E., S.A. Sassman, C.T. Jafvert, and L.S. Lee. 2010. Assessing Agricultural Water Quality Using Real-Time Monitoring and a Novel Sampling Strategy. Sigma Xi, West Lafayette, IN, February. [AB] Gall, H.E., S.A. Sassman, C.T. Jafvert, L.S. Lee, M. Sepulveda, and J. Leet. 2010. Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Export of EDCs from Agricultural Fields Under Various Manure Application Practices. SETAC 31st North America Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, Nov. 6-9, 2010. [AB] Sepulveda, M.S., J. K. Leet, S. Sassman, H. Gall, C. Jafvert, D. Villeneuve, G. Ankley, J. Lazorchak, J. Meyer, S. Rogers, R. R. Goforth, A. McAlexander, D. Gordon, K. Jensen, and L.S. Lee. Impacts of Land-Applied Wastes from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Aquatic Organisms. SETAC 31st North America Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, Nov. 6-9, 2010. [AB] Leet, J., J. Amberg, A. Olmstead, G. Ankley, L.S. Lee, and M. Sepulveda. Evaluation of sex-specific responses to trenbolone acetate metabolites in early life-stage fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) using molecular tools. SETAC 31st North America Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, Nov. 6-9, 2010. [AB] Lee, L.S., H. Gall, C. Jafvert, S. Sassman1, J. Leet, and M. Sepulveda. 2010. Endocrine Disrupting Compounds from Agricultural Fields under Various Manure Management Practices. Whats in Our Water: The Significance of Trace Organic Compounds  the 3rd Australian Symposium on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs). Nov. 8-10, 2010. [AB] Kansas State Univ Beak, D., J.K. Kirby, G.M. Hettiarachchi, L.A. Wendling, M.J. McLaughlin, and R. Khatiwada. 2010. Cobalt Distribution and Speciation in Spiked Soils: Effect of Aging, Intermittent Submergence and In situ Rice Roots. J. Environ. Qual. doi:10.2134/jeq2010.0139; Published online 27 Oct. 2010 (KAES# 11-042-J). {JA] Martin, S. and G.M. Hettiarachchi. 2010. Community Gardens on Brownfields  Safe or Risky? Society of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology North America 31st Annual Meeting. Nov. 2010. Portland, Oregon. [AB] Gudichuttu, V., G.M. Hettiarachchi, and G.M. Pierzynski. 2010. Long Term Monitoring of Vegetative Response and Microbial Activity Upon the Addition of Amendments to a Metal Contaminated Mine Waste. ASA/SSSA/CSA Annual Meetings, Nov. 2010, Long Beach, CA. [AB] Hettiarachchi, G.M., S. Martin, C. Attanayake, P. Defoe, B. Leven, L. Erickson, and G. Pierzynski. 2010. Gardening on Brownfields Sites: Evaluating Trace Element Transfer from Soil to Plants. 7th International Conference on Phytotechnologies. Sep. 2010, Parma, Italy. [AB] Hettiarachchi, G.M., S. Martin, A. Raes, P. Defoe, D. Presley, and G.M. Pierzynski. 2010. Gardening on Brownfields Sites: Evaluating Trace Element Transfer from Soil to Plants and Their Transformations in Soils. 19th World Congress of Soil Science. Aug. 2010. Brisbane, Australia. [AB] Pierzynski, G.M., L. Baker, G.M. Hettiarachchi, K.G. Scheckel, V. Gudichuttu, and R. Pannu. 2010. The Tri-State Mining Region USA: Twenty years of trace element research. 19th World Congress of Soil Science. Aug. 2010. Brisbane, Australia. [AB] Mississippi State University Liyanapatirana, C., S. Gwaltney, K. Xia. 2010. Transformation of triclosan by Fe(III)-saturated montmorillonite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:668-674. [JA] Verma, K. S., K. Xia. 2010. Analysis of triclosan and triclocarban in soil and biosolids using molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) coupled with HPLC/UV. J. AOAC International. 93:1313-21. [JA] Kwon, J. W., K. Xia, Kevin L. Armbrust. 2010. Transformation of triclosan and triclocarban in soils and biosolids-applied soils. J. Environ. Qual. (doi: 10.2134/jeq2009.0055; Published online 20 Nov. 2009). [JA] K. Xia, L. Hundal, K. Kumar, K. Armbrust, A. E. Cox, and T. C. Granato. 2010. Occurrence of TCC, TCS, PBDEs, and 4-NP in biosolids and in soil after 33 years of biosolids application. Environ. Toxico. Chem. 29:597605. [JA] Kusum Verma. 2010. Occurrence and transformation of pharmaceutical and antibacterial compounds in the environment. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. [TH] Ohio State University Van de Wiele, T., Christina M. Gallawa, Kevin M. Kubachka, John T. Creed, Nicholas Basta, Elizabeth A. Dayton, Shane Whitacre, Gijs Du Laing, and Karen Bradham. 2010. Arsenic metabolism by human gut microbiota upon in vitro digestion of contaminated soils. Environ. Health Perspect. 118(7): 1004-1009. [JA] Hale B., N. Basta, C. Boreiko, T. Bowers, B. Locey, M. Moore, M. Moutiere, L. Ritter, E. Smolders, I. Schoeters, and S. Tao. 2010. Variation in soil quality criteria for trace elements to protect human health exposure and effects estimation. p. 81-122. In: Merrington G, Schoeters I, (ed.) Soil quality standards for trace elements: Derivation, Implementation, and Interpretation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 978-1-4398-3023-9. 184 p. [BC] Betts, A., and N.T. Basta. 2010. Lead in Urban Soil  Remediation Potential of Phosphorus Sources by Chemical Immobilization. Water Management Association of Ohio (WMAO) 2010 Fall Conference, Columbus, OH Nov. 17-18, 2010. [AB] Basta, N., E. Dayton, C. Holloman, S. Whitacre, S. Casteel, P. Jardine, T. Melhorn and A. Hawkins. 2010. Predicting Trace Element Bioavailability in Contaminated Soils. . Presentation 304-5, ASA, CSSA, and Soil Science Society International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA. Oct. 31 to Nov. 4, 2010. [AB] Basta, N.T. 2010. Urban Soil Contaminant Assessment: Important Human Exposure Pathways. Brownfields & Urban Agricultural Reuse Midwest Summit. Chicago, IL, October 21- 22, 2010. [AB] Venteris, E. R., N.T. Basta,, and R. Rea. 2010. Spatial prediction of arsenic background concentrations in soil, Ohio, U.S.A.: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 42, no. 2, p. 95. Geological Society of America Web page, ) , North-Central Section (44th Annual) and South-Central Section (44th Annual) Joint Meeting, April 11-13, 2010. [AB] Basta, N., K. Scheckel, K. Bradham, D. Thomas, M. Failla, R. Chaney, C. Schadt, and P. Jardine. 2010. Mechanisms and Permanence of Sequestered Pb and s in Soils: Impact on Human Bioavailability. Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop sponsored by Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Washington, DC. Nov. 30 to Dec 2, 2010. [TR] Basta, N.T. 2010. Assessing Soils Ability to Reduce Human Exposure to Urban Contaminants: Lead and Arsenic. 2010 North Central Regional Soil Survey Conference, Columbus, OH., June 14-17, 2010. [TR] Penn State University Jacobsen, K.L., R.S. Gallagher, M. Burnham, B.B. Bradley, Z.M. Larson, C.W. Walker, J.E. Watson. 2010. Mitigation of seed germination impediments in Hairy Vetch. Agronomy Journal 102: 1346-1351. [JA] Walker, C.W. and J.E. Watson. 2010. Adsorption of estrogens on laboratory materials and filters during sample preparation. J. Envir. Qual. 39:744-748 [JA] Darwish, T.M., R. Stehouwer, C. Khater, I. Jomaa, D. Miller, J. Sloan, A. Shaban, and M. Hamze. 2010. Rehabilitation of deserted quarries in Lebanon to initial land cover or alternative land uses. p. 333-346. In P. Zdruli, M. Pagliai, S. Kapur, A.Faz Cano (eds.) Land Degradation and Desertification: Assessment, Mitigation and Remediation. Springer, Dordrecht. [BC] Darwish, T., C. Khater, I. Jomaa, R. Stehouwer, A. Shaban, and M. Hamze. 2010. Environmental impact of quarries on natural resources in Lebanon. Land Degradation and Development, n/a. doi:10.1002/ldr.1001. [BC] Stehouwer, R.C. and R.S. Van de Mark. 2010. Converting poultry manure from waste to resource. p. 201-210. In D.G. Burke and J.E. Dunn (eds.) A Sustainable Chesapeake: Better Models for Conservation. The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VA. [BC] Stehouwer, R.C., A.L. Dere, and K. McDonald. 2010. Switchgrass production on abandoned mined land reclaimed with manure based amendments. In Proceedings: 2010 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Pittsburgh, PA Bridging Reclamation, Science and the Community June 5 - 11, 2010. R.I. Barnhisel (Ed.) Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY 40502. [PR] Elliott, H.A. and G.A. OConnor. 2010. Water treatment residuals for immobilizing phosphorus in surface and ground waters. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting. Long Beach, CA. Oct 31-Nov 4, 2010. Abstract No. 60534. [AB] Jaiswal, D. and H.A. Elliott. 2010. Applicability of phosphorus indices to wastewater effluent-irrigated cropland. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting. Long Beach, CA. Oct 31-Nov 4, 2010. Abstract No. 59399. [AB] Larson, Z.M., Walker C.W., and J. Watson. 2010. Impact of long-term irrigation with municipal wastewater on soil physical and chemical properties in a humid region.  Soil and Water Conservation Society meetings in St. Louis, MO; July 2010. [AB] Walker C.W., J. Watson, and C. Williams. 2010. The occurrence of carbamazepine in wastewater irrigated soils: effects of land use. Paper # 251-8. SSSA International Annual Meetings abstracts. Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2010. Long Beach, CA. [AB] Watson, J., D.B. Lewis, J. Kaye, and S. Duiker. 2010. Application of S-Theory to evaluate the effects of tillage and cover crops on soil quality. Paper # 233-12. SSSA International Annual Meetings abstracts. Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2010. Long Beach, CA. [AB] Jaiswal, D. 2010. Soil phosphorus dynamics in a sprinkler irrigation system for land application of municipal wastewater effluent. Ph.D. dissertation. Penn State University. [TH] United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service Chaney, R.L. 2010. Cadmium and zinc. Chapter 17. pp. 409-439. In P. Hooda (Ed.) Trace Elements in Soils. Blackwell Publ., Oxford, UK. [BC] Chaney, R.L., C.L. Broadhurst and T. Centofanti. 2010. Phytoremediation of Soil Trace Elements. Chapter 17. pp. 311-352. In P. Hooda (Ed.) Trace Elements in Soils. Blackwell Publ., Oxford, UK. [BC] Durringer, J.M., Craig, A.M., Smith, D.J. and Chaney, R.L. 2010. Uptake and transformation of 14C-trinitrotoluene from soil by three species of cool-season grasses. Environmental Science and Technology 44: 6325-6330. ARS-249316 [JA] Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Eshghizadeh, H.R. and Chaney, R.L. 2010. Using acid-washed shredded waste tire rubber in soilless media for tomato production. Journal of Residuals Science and Technology 7: 69-72. ARS-251924 [JA] Kukier, U., R.L. Chaney, J.A. Ryan, W.L. Daniels, R.H. Dowdy and T.C. Granato. 2010. Phytoavailability of cadmium in long-term biosolids amended soils. J. Environ. Qual. 39:519-530. [JA] Wood, B.W., Reilly, C.C., Nyczepir, A.P., Crawford, M.A. and Chaney, R.L. 2010. Use of nickel to correct growth disorders in plants. Australian Patent 2005234795. [TR] Virginia Tech Bowden, C., G.K. Evanylo, X. Zhang, E.Ervin, and J. Seiler. 2010. Effects of composted organic amendments on physiological responses of corn and soybean. Composting Science and Utilization. 18:162-173. [JA] Evanylo, G.K., E. Ervin and X. Zhang. 2010. Reclaimed water for turfgrass irrigation. Water 2: 685-701: doi:10.3390. [JA] Dias L., R. Melo, J. Mello, J. Oliveira, and W.L. Daniels. Growth of Seedlings of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) MILLSP), Wand Riverhemp (Sesbania virgata (CAV.) PERS.), and Lead Tree (Leucaena leucocephala (LAM.) DE WIT) in an Arsenic-Contaminated Soil. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 34:975-983, 2010. [JA] Lasley, K.L., G.K. Evanylo, K.I. Kostyanovsky, C. Shang, M. Eick, and W.L. Daniels. 2010. Chemistry and Transport of Metals from Entrenched Biosolids at a Reclaimed Mineral Sands Mining Site. J. Environ. Qual. 39: 1467-1477. [JA] Schroeder P.D., W.L. Daniels, and M.M. Alley. 2010. Chemical and Physical Properties of Reconstructed Mineral Sands Mine Soils in Southeastern Virginia. 2010. Soil Science,175 (1): 2-9. [JA] Daniels W. L, A. F. Wick, N.W. Haus, C. Carter and G.R. Whittecar. Beneficial utilization of dredge sediments for land rehabilitation. P. 247-254 In: Fox, H.R. and H.M. Moore (eds.) Restoration and Recovery: Regenerating Land and Communities. September 7-9, 2010, Glamorgan, Wales. Whittles Pub., Dunbeath, Scotland. [BC] Wick A.F., W.L. Daniels, W.L. Nash and J.A. Burger. Soil Aggregate, Organic Matter and Microbial Dynamics Under Different Amendments After 27 Years of Mine Soil Development. p. 1364-1386 In: R.I. Barnhisel (Ed.), Proc. 2010 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Pittsburgh, PA, June 5 - 11, 2010. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY 40502. [PR] Evanylo, G., R. Clark, R. Barlow, L. Knapp, C. Coker, C. Smith, J. Ignosh, A. Ketchum and M. Giuranna. 2010. Developing on-farm composting capacity to prevent pollution. 2010 Land Grant and Sea Grant National Water Conference. Hilton Head, SC. Feb 24. http://www.usawaterquality.org/conferences/2010/WednesdayPDF%27s/Concurrent_Sessions/SessionQ_120pm-5pm_AnimalAgriculture/Evanylo.pdf [AB] Li, Jinling, Gregory Evanylo and Xunzhong Zhang. 2010. Effects of biosolids type and tillage on carbon and nitrogen cycling in a corn-soybean rotation. ASA Annual Meetings. Long Beach, CA. [AB] Zhang, X., E.H. Ervin, G.K. Evanylo, and J. Li. 2010. Biosolids Impact on Corn Plant Hormone and N metabolism Associated with Drought Tolerance. ASA Annual Meetings. Long Beach, CA. [AB] Cataldi, J., E.Ervin and G. Evanylo. 2010. Using Biosolids to Increase the Sustainability of Sod Production. ASA Annual Meetings. Long Beach, CA. [AB] Dunifon, S., R. Maguire, G. Evanylo, and J.M. Goatley. 2010. Compost application practices for improving turfgrass establishment and quality on a disturbed urban soil. ASA Annual Meetings. Long Beach, CA. [AB] University of Washington Brown, S., A. Carpenter, and N. Beecher. 2010. Calculator tool for determining greenhouse gas emissions for biosolids processing and end use. Environ. Sci. & Tech. 44: 9505-9515. [JA] Agriculture Canada Al-Rajab AJ, Sabourin L, Chapman R, Lapen DR, Topp E. Fate of the antiretroviral drug tenofovir in agricultural soil. Sci Total Environ. 2010 408:5559-64. [JA] Al-Rajab AJ, Sabourin L, Lapen DR, Topp E. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac is readily biodegradable in agricultural soils. Sci Total Environ. 2010 409:78-82. [JA] Gottschall N, Topp E, Edwards M, Russell P, Payne M, Kleywegt S, Curnoe W, Lapen DR. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated alkylated substances, and metals in tile drainage and groundwater following applications of municipal biosolids to agricultural fields. Sci Total Environ. 2010 408:873-83. [JA] AB = abstract, BK=book, BC=book chapter, EB=extension bulletin, JA=journal article, PR = proceedings, TB=technical bulletin, TH= thesis, TR=Technical report.