Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

W1009 members met on the campus of University of Hawaii, Manoa station on June 16, and 17, 2011. A welcome address was presented to the W1009 membership by the Associate Dean of the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources at the University of Hawaii. In his address, the Dean emphasized the continued need for automation and pest management research in specialty crops, with a focus on the tropical crops produced in Hawaii. Dean Cavalieri of Washington State University then made a presentation to the W1009 membership, giving an overview of the history of the work that the group has done over the years leading up to the current W1009 project and the continued critical need for automation and sensing solutions to aid agricultural producers of specialty crops remain economically viable, globally competitive, and to continue to provide a sustainable food supply to the U.S. The presentation was beneficial since there were many new members to W1009 and it helped to bring the members to a common focus. The Dean then led the group in a discussion about the project goals and about upcoming potential reasearch funding opportunities at the national level. The members discussed the need for continued collaborative multi-state projects and about the current limited availability of funding for research in this critical area. While the W1009 membership has been successful in obtaining multi-state research funding from the current USDA specialty crops research initiative (SCRI), several stations expressed concern the funding rate of SCRI was low making progress slow and difficult and there was some discusion about potential strategies for improving the success rate of future proposals. Next a general session was conducted in which each member station presented a status update to the group on their recent accomplishments related to the W1009 project objectives. During this session, members conducted an extended discussion of the current problems, possible solution approaches and a general discussion of the status for the mechanization of specialty crops at each station in attendance across the US. Most specialty crops produced in the U.S. were represented included apple, asparagus, blueberry, cacao, cherry, chestnut, citrus, coffee, cucumber, grape, hop, onion, peach, and potato. In addition to engineering issues related to sensing, harvesting and mechanization, the group also discussed issues related to food safety, economics, and processing of selected specialty crops. After the general session on research progress, a W1009 business session was held. In this session, the members discussed future plans for collaboration and for the date and location for the 2012 annual meeting of the W1009 membership. After exploring a number of options, the group decided to explore the possibility of meeting in April 2012 at Lake Alfred, FL to be held in conjunction with the planned workshop on mechanical harvesting to be held at that time. Dr. Ehsani was asked to explore this possibility in more detail with the organizing committee for the workshop and then to work with the incoming W1009 chair, Dr. Grift to make some more detailed plans and to report back to the W1009 membership with a more detailed proposal for the 2012 annual meeting. Then an election of officers for the upcoming year was held. Current Vice Chair, Dr. Tony Grift of the University of Illinois, agreeded to become the Chair person for 2012, which was unanimously approved by the members present. New officers were then elected for 2012. Dr. Reza Ehsani, at the University of Florida, was elected to serve as Vice Chair, and Dr. Changying Li, at the University of Georgia, was elected to serve as secretary. On the second day of the meeting, the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources at the University of Hawaii hosted the W1009 members in a field tour of specialty crop production in Oahu. The group visited the farm and postharvest handling facilities of Dole Food Company, Inc., which was founded in Hawaii in 1851. Dole is the world's largest producer and marketer of fresh fruit and fresh vegetables. The group had an extensive discussion about manual labor availability and that the only individuals with the skills needed for pineapple production were above the age of 50, with little interest by younger individuals to work in this highly demanding job. There was extensive discussion on the critical needs for mechanization in tropical specialty crop production of pineapple, coffee and cacao in order to address the upcoming labor shortage and to allow commercial production of specialty crops to remain viable in Hawaii and other areas around the U.S. The W1009 meeting ended with a tour of the farm and produce packing shed operations at Matsuda Fukuyama Farms. This 300-acre farm is an good example of new business models that smaller specialty crop producers in Hawaii and elsewhere in the U.S. have developed in order to diversify their agricultural production operations and to diversify their income by engaging in agrotourism. The group toured the commercial production sites for apple bananas, papayas, eggplant, and taro leaves and their agrotrousim facilities where they have an educational program to inform vistors about the food they're eating and how it's grown. The W1009 members had an extended discussion about the needs of smaller producers and about possible ways in which the group might develop projects aimed specifically at the needs of small scale producers.

To view individual reports, go to the Homepage of W-1009 and look in the Additional Documents section at: http://lgu.umd.edu/lgu_v2/homepages/attachs.cfm?trackID=10356

Short-term Outcomes:
Members of W1009 have produced a number of short-term outcomes related the project's objectives to: 1) design and evaluate automation systems which incorporate varying degrees of mechanization and sensors to assist specialty crop industries with labor, management decisions, and reduction of production costs and 2) to working in partnership with equipment and technology manufacturers to commercialize and implement the outcomes of this project. The most notable research output has been experienced by farmers of tree fruit crops in California, Maryland, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington, and West Virginia who have adopted some of the newly developed mechanized crop thinning technology under continued development and refinement by members of W1009. The mechanized thinning work has also allowed growers and W1009 cooperators to work together to consider a range of new thinning strategies looking at optimizing the combined use of manual blossom or fruitlet thinning and mechanized thinning, or to consider partitioning the tree so that some portions are thinned by hand and others thinned mechanically.

Specific measureable benefits to tree fruit farmers have been that mechanical thinning is proving more reliable than a variety of chemical fruit thinning treatments have been in the past, and some growers have been able to recoup their investment in these new mechanized technologies in as little as one season by in lowering their operating costs and in some cases increasing yields . These directly measureable outcomes, have a longer term benefit of improving the sustainability of tree fruit production in the US by helping farmers to remain competitive in the world market for fruit. Other more subtle outcomes are the possible switch from chemical thinning to mechanical thinning which means less chemical exposure to farm operators and mechanical thinning technology may help some farmers who have used chemical thinning in the past make the transition from conventional to organic production, which many consumers consider to be beneficial. Another outcome that has resulted from the efforts of W1009 members has been that it has spurred growers to begin thinking about what future plantings might need to look like in order to take advantage of future mechanization and technology. Many W1009 researchers have been promoting new tree architectures, like perpendicular V, for many years. The adoption of this new thinning technology, with its direct economic benefit to growers, has, in some cases, resulted in growers reconsidering more two-dimensional like tree structures to further improve the success of mechanized agriculture.

Outputs:
The bulk of the research outputs by W1009 members has been directed at the project objectives to: 1) adapt biological concepts associated with specialty crop production, harvest, and postharvest handling into quantifiable parameters which can be sensed, and 2) to develop sensors and sensing systems which can measure and interpret. There is a deep level of expertise among the W1009 members in the field of knowledge relating biological status parameters to signals which can be externally measured and to carry this knowledge forward toward the design of new sensors. A very large body of new knowledge and information has been created to facilitate the development of new sensors and sensing methodology for automatically determining produce quality and for automation used in identifying produce items with defects so that they can be separated from the high quality items. Over 50% of the academic journal publications produced by the W1009 members have documented the groups' efforts in the development of new sensors and sensing methodology. Additional work has been published on the topics of biosensors or inspection systems for food safety, on sensors for plant disease to allow early detection, on new technologies or concepts related to mechanized harvesting or automation of other postharvest operations and on remote sensing or site-specific farming techniques and economic analyses to assist specialty crop industries with management decisions.

For the project's objectives to: 1) design and evaluate automation systems which incorporate varying degrees of mechanization and sensors to assist specialty crop industries with labor, management decisions, and reduction of production costs and 2) to working in partnership with equipment and technology manufacturers to commercialize and implement the outcomes of this project, extensive knowledge, tailored to the specific growing conditions, cultural practices and cultivars for the major tree fruit production regions in the U.S., has been disseminated on the effects of timing as a function of a range of biological factors such as the percent of flowers in full bloom and the initial flower density on the tree, or fruitlet size and density and how these biological factors interact with the technological and engineering factors such as of choice of material and configuration of the blossom impactor (string-like or rod-like structures are both under various stages of investigation), velocity at impact, and forward travel speed of the orchard tractor.

Further, a large body of very applied information has been gathered and presented across the whole spectrum of individuals who might benefit from this new knowledge from local grower meetings, university sponsored field days and regional grower association meetings, to industry advisory committee meetings, and at horticultural and agricultural engineering society meetings within the U.S. and worldwide. The information has also been made widely available by the W1009 team in printed or electronic forms such as in grower publications like the Good Fruit Grower and Growing Magazines, local newspapers, to university (including extension) web sites, and in several academic journals. An example of one of the web sites can be found at http://www.abe.psu.edu/SCRI/.

The members of W1009 collectively published over 50 research papers, the majority of which were published in peer reviewed scientific journals. All stations continued their research programs related to the project objectives and the majority of which produced observations, data and information related to the project topics. Many of these research findings were output in the form of reports to commodity groups or funding agencies at the local and national level.

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Relationship between Honeycrisp crop load and sensory panel evaluations of the fruit. J. Amer. Pomological Soc. 64:226-233. Baugher, T. Auxt, J. Schupp, K. Ellis, E. Winzeler, J. Remcheck, K. Lesser, K. Reichard. 2010. Mechanical string thinner reduces crop load at variable stages of bloom development of peach and nectarine trees. HortScience 45(9):1327-1331. Baugher, T. Auxt, J. Schupp, K. Ellis, J. Remcheck, E. Winzeler, R. Duncan, S. Johnson, K. Lewis, G. Reighard, G. Henderson, M. Norton, A. Dhaddey, P. Heinemann. 2010. String blossom thinner designed for variable tree forms increases crop load management efficiency in trials in four U.S. peach growing regions. HortTechnology 20:409-414. Baugher, T. Auxt., J. Schupp, P. Heinemann, S. Miller, K. Ellis, E. Winzeler, K. Reichard, J. Remcheck, C. Musselman, A. Leslie, R. Rohrbaugh, S. Wolford, M. Schupp, C. Kuntz, E. Moore, J. Koan, C. Anders, T. Kon. 2010. Innovative technologies for thinning fruit. PA Fruit News 90(3). Baugher, T., K. Ellis, J. Remcheck, K. Lesser, J. Schupp, E. Wnzeler, and K. Reichard. 2011. Mechanical string thinner reduces crop load at various stages of bloom development of peach and nectarine trees. Tender Fruit Grapevine, Jan./Feb 2011, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Baugher, T., K. Ellis, J. Remcheck, K. Lesser, J. Schupp, E. Wnzeler, and K. Reichard. 2011. Mechanical string thinner reduces crop load at various stages of bloom development of peach and nectarine trees. Rutgers Plant and Pest Advisory, Fruit Edition 15(31):2. Baugher, T. A., J. Schupp, E. Winzeler, W. Messner, M. Bergerman. 2011. Mechanically assisted harvest of apples. 2011 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Louisville, KY, August 7-10 (Abstract). Bikram, A., and M. Karkee. 2011. 3D Reconstruction of Apple Trees for Mechanical Pruning. ASABE Paper No. 111161. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Cen, H., Lu, R. 2010. Optimization of the hyperspectral imaging-based spatially-resolved system for measuring the optical properties of biological materials. Optics Express 18(16):17412-17432. Cen, H., Lu, R., Dolan, K. 2010. Optimization of inverse algorithm for estimating the optical properties of biological materials using spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance. Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 18(6):853-872. Donis-Gonzalez, I.R., Guyer, D.E., Pease, A., Fulbright, D. 2011. Relation of computerized tomography Hounsfield-unit measurements and internal characteristics of fresh chestnuts (Castanea spp.). Postharvest Biology and Technology. (accepted for publication) Downey, D., R. Ehsani, K. Giles, S. Haneklaus, D. Karimi, K. Panten, F. Pierce, E. Schnug, D. Slaughter, S. Upadhyaya, D. Wulfsohn. 2010. Advanced Engineering Systems for Specialty Crops: A Review of Precision Agriculture for Water, Chemical, and Nutrient Application, and Yield Monitoring. Eds. Upadhyaya, S., K. Giles, S. Haneklaus, E. Schnug. Landbauforschung - vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special issue no. 340:1-88. Ehsani, R. and D. Karimi. 2010. Yield monitors for specialty crops. Advanced engineering systems for specialty crops: A review of precision agriculture for water, chemical, and nutrient application, and yield monitoring. Spec. Issue of Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research 340:31-43 Ellis, K., Tara Auxt Baugher, K. Lewis. 2010. Use of survey instruments to assess technology adoption for tree fruit production. HortTechnology 20:1043-1048. Emery, K.G., D.M. Faubion, C.S. Walsh, Y. Tao. 2010. Development of 3-D range imaging system to scan peach branches for selective robotic blossom thinning. ASABE Paper number 10-09202. The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. St. Joseph, MI. 10 pp. Franzen, A., P.R. Weckler, & N.Wang. 2011. Evaluation of single-insect proximity detection methods for use in ultra-low-power systems. 2011 ASABE Annual Meeting, August 7-10, 2011, Louisville, Kentucky. ASABE Paper No. 1111838 Gonzalez, M.E., J.A. Jernstedt, D.C. Slaughter and D.M. Barrett. 2010. Microscopic Quantification of Cell Integrity in Raw and Processed Onion Parenchyma Cells. J. Food Sci. 75(7):E402-E408. Gonzalez, M.E., J.A. Jernstedt, D.C. Slaughter, and D.M. Barrett. 2010. Influence of Cell Integrity on Textural Properties of Raw, High Pressure, and Thermally Processed Onions. J. Food Sci. 75(7):E409-E416. Guyer, D., Xing, J., Mandujano, M., Fulbright, D.W. 2010. Influence of selected factors on efficiency and effectiveness of a peeling machine for chestnut. First European Chestnut Conference. Acta Horticulturae 866:595-603 Hang, Y. D. and Woodams, E. E. 2010. Influence of apple cultivar and juice pasteurization on hard cider and eau-de-vie methanol content. Bioresource Technology 101:1396-1398. Hardin, J. A., C. 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