SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: NC_OLD205 : Ecology and Management of European Corn Borer and Other Stalk-Boring Lepidoptera
- Period Covered: 01/01/2003 to 12/01/2003
- Date of Report: 04/26/2004
- Annual Meeting Dates: 01/25/2004 to 01/28/2004
Participants
Participants: (* designates state or USDA representative, otherwise cooperators) Chuck Mason* Delaware; David Onstad*, Mike Gray, Joe Spencer and Steve Pueppke (Administrative Advisor) Illinois; Larry Bledsoe Indiana; Doug Sumerford and Tom Sappington Iowa & USDA/ARS; Jon Tellefson Iowa; Larry Buschman* and Gerald Wilde Kansas; Galen Dively* Maryland; Chris Difonzo* Michigan; Dave Andow* and Ken Ostlie Minnesota; Tom Hunt*, Blair Siegfried, Lance Meinke, and Bob Wright Nebraska; Phil Glogoza*, Elson Shields New York; Mark Boetel North Dakota; Ron Hammond Ohio; Mark Sears Ontario; Dennis Calvin* Pennsylvania; Billy Fuller* and Wade French South Dakota; Greg Cronholm*, Pat Porter* and Paul Mitchell Texas, Rick Hellmich* USDA/ARS; Dennis Kopp* USDA/CSREES.
Annual meeting of NC-205 was held at the University Plaza Hotel and Conference Center in Columbus, Ohio. Location and date were selected to facilitate interaction with the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee, and industry representatives interested in managing corn insect resistance to transgenic corn. Portions of the meeting were held with the NCR-46 committee. A multi-stakeholder Insect Resistance Management (IRM) meeting co-sponsored with NCR-46 was held immediately after this meeting.
NCR-46 Chairman Mark Boetel called the joint session of the meeting to order at 1:30 p.m. on January 25, 2004. Dennis Calvin and Rick Hellmich provided an update of a RAMP-funded project that involves several NC205 members. Dave Andow discussed results of his spatial evaluation of Bt verse non-Bt planting patterns in southwestern Minnesota. Dave Onstad discussed results of his western corn rootworm resistance model to test the impacts of crop rotation on rate of resistance evolution in areas with behavioral resistance. John Glaser of EPA (Nation Risk Management Research Lab, Cincinnati, OH) discussed the involvement in biotechnology of the agency. He outlined a research project related to managing insect resistance to transgenic crops that has modeling, monitoring, and remote-sensing components.
The meeting was resumed at 8:05 a.m. on January 26. Dr. Dennis Kopp, CSREES representative, briefed the committee on new leadership within the USDA, and discussed CSREES budgets, and funding opportunities. Rick Hellmich, ARS representative, introduced new research scientist, Dr. Tom Sappington and discussed funding earmarked for genomic and proteinomic research. Steve Pueppke, NC-205 Administrative Adviser, discussed issues associated with Hatch dollar support; changes underway in NRI and suggested Chief Scientist, Brad Fenwick, has been willing to discuss a number of issues and might be willing to meet with the group next year in Washington. NC-205 is scheduled for a rewrite for 2005, which must be done by 5th of Dec.
Chuck Mason updated the committee on status of the next edition of the NCR-327 publication, ?European Corn Borer Ecology and Management? which was last published in 1996. There are still 2,300 copies of the 20,000 originally printed remaining at Iowa State. Discussed the idea of adding a section on Bt corn. Pat Porter provided the group CDs with PDF files of the 2002 state reports. Committee voted to continue with paper reports for 2005 meeting, but to distribute the reports electronically. Alan Reynolds (Office of Pesticide Programs, US EPA Washington DC) updated the committee on IRM-related activities of the EPA.
State reports were presented in order of the new project objectives. Specific time and place for the 2004 meeting will be coordinated with the NCR-46 committee. Drs. Hellmich and Calvin will continue as chair and secretary, respectively. Meeting was adjourned noon on Jan. 28.
NCR-46 Chairman Mark Boetel called the joint session of the meeting to order at 1:30 p.m. on January 25, 2004. Dennis Calvin and Rick Hellmich provided an update of a RAMP-funded project that involves several NC205 members. Dave Andow discussed results of his spatial evaluation of Bt verse non-Bt planting patterns in southwestern Minnesota. Dave Onstad discussed results of his western corn rootworm resistance model to test the impacts of crop rotation on rate of resistance evolution in areas with behavioral resistance. John Glaser of EPA (Nation Risk Management Research Lab, Cincinnati, OH) discussed the involvement in biotechnology of the agency. He outlined a research project related to managing insect resistance to transgenic crops that has modeling, monitoring, and remote-sensing components.
The meeting was resumed at 8:05 a.m. on January 26. Dr. Dennis Kopp, CSREES representative, briefed the committee on new leadership within the USDA, and discussed CSREES budgets, and funding opportunities. Rick Hellmich, ARS representative, introduced new research scientist, Dr. Tom Sappington and discussed funding earmarked for genomic and proteinomic research. Steve Pueppke, NC-205 Administrative Adviser, discussed issues associated with Hatch dollar support; changes underway in NRI and suggested Chief Scientist, Brad Fenwick, has been willing to discuss a number of issues and might be willing to meet with the group next year in Washington. NC-205 is scheduled for a rewrite for 2005, which must be done by 5th of Dec.
Chuck Mason updated the committee on status of the next edition of the NCR-327 publication, ?European Corn Borer Ecology and Management? which was last published in 1996. There are still 2,300 copies of the 20,000 originally printed remaining at Iowa State. Discussed the idea of adding a section on Bt corn. Pat Porter provided the group CDs with PDF files of the 2002 state reports. Committee voted to continue with paper reports for 2005 meeting, but to distribute the reports electronically. Alan Reynolds (Office of Pesticide Programs, US EPA Washington DC) updated the committee on IRM-related activities of the EPA.
State reports were presented in order of the new project objectives. Specific time and place for the 2004 meeting will be coordinated with the NCR-46 committee. Drs. Hellmich and Calvin will continue as chair and secretary, respectively. Meeting was adjourned noon on Jan. 28.
Accomplishments
Many new economic issues have arisen because of the commercial introduction of Bt corn. These issues include development of grower insect resistance management (IRM) compliance incentives, development of IPM insurance, and verification of corn borer yield-loss functions. TX and MN economists analyzed possibility of using grower contract to manage risks associated with employing refuges. TX economist is evaluating IPM insurance to protect sweet corn growers from crop failures due to insects. MN economist is using bioeconomic models that focus on grower incentives to use IRM. Small-scale farmers are not complying by violating the 20% refuge mandate while large-scale growers do not comply by violating the proximity mandate. Surveys will help determine the value growers put on refuge and how much they are willing to pay for technology fees. PA economist and entomologist refined the corn borer yield-loss functions by comparing Bt and isoline hybrids.
The committee has been very successful in attaining funding related to insect resistance management. These projects are excellent examples of multi-state, multi-discipline projects that allow for stakeholder input. USDA-RAMP funded project is underway with PA, IA, NE participation that uses site site-specific information to evaluate economics of Bt corn and resistance monitoring. USDA-IFAFS project is ongoing with MN, WI and KS participation to evaluate Bt corn spatial distribution and sociological and economic component of Bt adoption. An ARS/EPA project with participation from NE, PA, IA, IL, MN, TX, MS, NC, and UT has begun to evaluate IRM modeling, and resistance monitoring.
Several research projects are underway to address sociological, ecological and genetic components of insect resistance management. For example, NE coordinated surveys with crop consultants in high-spray areas in NE and KS to address concerns with high spray refuges. IL modeling suggests ECB resistance is influenced by preference for alternative hosts, and timing of early and late flights in spring. KS reports that an ECB colony has a trypsin-activation mode of resistance to Bt protein. IA and PA are using Bt and non-Bt strips as a tool to assess landscape influences on ECB aggregation areas and infestations. IA and NE have used family pedigrees to evaluate and genetic factors influencing Bt resistance. NE has established an ECB colony that may be able to survive on reproductive Bt corn. Evaluation of ECB voltinism by PA suggest bi-voltine moths have a much tighter range of development time compared with uni-voltine moths, which appears to be heritable. DE research with extracts from marigolds has found both attractants and deterrents for ECB oviposition. MN collaboration with French scientists has determined that the frequency of an allele for resistance is less than 9.2 x 10-3. MN and WI modeling suggests movement of males from refuges is most significant to reduce resistance selection, while female movement speeds the rate of evolution of resistance. ONT research suggests Cry 1F corn hybrids (Herculex) appear to repel cutworm (3rd instar) rather than cause mortality. NY reported on pollen movement research that suggests pollen is found up 200 feet above cornfields.
Some of these perceived impacts of Bt corn (e.g., monarch butterfly) are potentially controversial. NC-205 members and cooperators (MD, ONT, IA, NE, PA, MN) participated in a consortium of scientists to address the Bt corn and monarch butterfly issue. These studies suggest that the impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible. Results from these studies were published in five papers in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Follow-up studies were conducted in MD, IA and ONT to determine whether monarch larvae are affected by long-term exposure to Bt pollen and anthers. Larvae were put on milkweed plants in the field at the time of pollen shed for the full term of their development. Under this worse case scenario, fewer larvae reach adulthood. The proportion of the population exposed to these conditions is approximately 0.3%.
NC205 members participated in several high-profile activities including international meetings, USDA Stakeholders Workshop (Future Directions and Research Priorities for Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grants Program), APHIS biotechnology panel (monitoring issues related to biotech crops), NAFTA section regarding Environmental Issues, UN/FAO program regarding agricultural intensification, National Academy of Science Standing Committee in Agriculture, and a consortium to address the Bt corn and monarch butterfly issue. NC-205 sponsored a multi-stakeholder meeting on Corn Insect IRM that included EPA, industry representatives and members of the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee.
Plans for the coming year include improving the usefulness of IRM models and developing more efficient methods for insect resistance monitoring. Discussions will continue with NCR-46 members concerning the development of compatible IRM strategies for ECB and corn rootworm transgenic corn. Writing assignments for the project rewrite have been made. Collaborative research will focus on 1) using Calvin corn growth and ECB degree-day models to identify regions in the Corn Belt where insect resistance management might be problematic;
2) continuing to determine frequency of resistant alleles in populations, 3) developing landscape approaches to ECB management; 4) using DNA markers to address ECB population structure questions; and 5) developing more efficient methods for evaluating possible nontarget effects of transgenic corn.
The committee has been very successful in attaining funding related to insect resistance management. These projects are excellent examples of multi-state, multi-discipline projects that allow for stakeholder input. USDA-RAMP funded project is underway with PA, IA, NE participation that uses site site-specific information to evaluate economics of Bt corn and resistance monitoring. USDA-IFAFS project is ongoing with MN, WI and KS participation to evaluate Bt corn spatial distribution and sociological and economic component of Bt adoption. An ARS/EPA project with participation from NE, PA, IA, IL, MN, TX, MS, NC, and UT has begun to evaluate IRM modeling, and resistance monitoring.
Several research projects are underway to address sociological, ecological and genetic components of insect resistance management. For example, NE coordinated surveys with crop consultants in high-spray areas in NE and KS to address concerns with high spray refuges. IL modeling suggests ECB resistance is influenced by preference for alternative hosts, and timing of early and late flights in spring. KS reports that an ECB colony has a trypsin-activation mode of resistance to Bt protein. IA and PA are using Bt and non-Bt strips as a tool to assess landscape influences on ECB aggregation areas and infestations. IA and NE have used family pedigrees to evaluate and genetic factors influencing Bt resistance. NE has established an ECB colony that may be able to survive on reproductive Bt corn. Evaluation of ECB voltinism by PA suggest bi-voltine moths have a much tighter range of development time compared with uni-voltine moths, which appears to be heritable. DE research with extracts from marigolds has found both attractants and deterrents for ECB oviposition. MN collaboration with French scientists has determined that the frequency of an allele for resistance is less than 9.2 x 10-3. MN and WI modeling suggests movement of males from refuges is most significant to reduce resistance selection, while female movement speeds the rate of evolution of resistance. ONT research suggests Cry 1F corn hybrids (Herculex) appear to repel cutworm (3rd instar) rather than cause mortality. NY reported on pollen movement research that suggests pollen is found up 200 feet above cornfields.
Some of these perceived impacts of Bt corn (e.g., monarch butterfly) are potentially controversial. NC-205 members and cooperators (MD, ONT, IA, NE, PA, MN) participated in a consortium of scientists to address the Bt corn and monarch butterfly issue. These studies suggest that the impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible. Results from these studies were published in five papers in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Follow-up studies were conducted in MD, IA and ONT to determine whether monarch larvae are affected by long-term exposure to Bt pollen and anthers. Larvae were put on milkweed plants in the field at the time of pollen shed for the full term of their development. Under this worse case scenario, fewer larvae reach adulthood. The proportion of the population exposed to these conditions is approximately 0.3%.
NC205 members participated in several high-profile activities including international meetings, USDA Stakeholders Workshop (Future Directions and Research Priorities for Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grants Program), APHIS biotechnology panel (monitoring issues related to biotech crops), NAFTA section regarding Environmental Issues, UN/FAO program regarding agricultural intensification, National Academy of Science Standing Committee in Agriculture, and a consortium to address the Bt corn and monarch butterfly issue. NC-205 sponsored a multi-stakeholder meeting on Corn Insect IRM that included EPA, industry representatives and members of the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee.
Plans for the coming year include improving the usefulness of IRM models and developing more efficient methods for insect resistance monitoring. Discussions will continue with NCR-46 members concerning the development of compatible IRM strategies for ECB and corn rootworm transgenic corn. Writing assignments for the project rewrite have been made. Collaborative research will focus on 1) using Calvin corn growth and ECB degree-day models to identify regions in the Corn Belt where insect resistance management might be problematic;
2) continuing to determine frequency of resistant alleles in populations, 3) developing landscape approaches to ECB management; 4) using DNA markers to address ECB population structure questions; and 5) developing more efficient methods for evaluating possible nontarget effects of transgenic corn.
Impacts
- Scientific direction for USDA Stakeholders Workshop
- Committee-coordinated publications in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences caused scientific community to reassess impact of BT corn pollen on monarch butterflies
- Increased understanding of IRM issues through a NC-205 sponsored multistakeholder meeting
Publications
Anderson, P. L., M. J. Weiss, R. L. Hellmich, M. P. Hoffmann and M. G. Wright. 2003. Millet preference, effects of planting date on infestation, and adult and larval use of proso millet by Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 361-369.
Baute, T. S., Sears, M. K., Schaafsma, A.W. Use of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner corn hybrids to determine the direct economic impact of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on field corn in eastern Canada. J. Econ. Entomol. Feb 2002. v. 95 (1) p. 57-64.
Bourguet, D., Chaufaux, J., Seguin, M., Buisson, C., Hinton, J. L., Stodola, T. J., Porter, P., Cronholm, G., Buschman, L. L., Andow, D. A. Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Theor. Appl. Genet.. May 2003. v. 106 (7) p. 1225-1233.
Coates B. S., R. L. Hellmich and L. C. Lewis. 2002. Beauveria bassiana haplotype determination based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer PCR-RFLP. Mycol Res 106(1): 40-50.
Coates B. S., R. L. Hellmich and L. C. Lewis. 2002. Nuclear small subunit rRNA group I intron variation among Beauveria spp provide tools for strain identification and evidence of horizontal transfer. Curr Genet 41:414-424.
Coates B. S. and R. L. Hellmich. 2003. Two sexchromosome-linked microsatellite loci show geographic variance among North American Ostrinia nubilalis. J. Insect Sci. 3:29, 1-6. (Available online:insectscience.org/3.29)
Durham, E. W., B. D. Siegfried, and M. E. Scharf. 2002. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of fipronil by larvae of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis. Pest Manag. Sci. 58: 799-804.
Foster, et al. (W.D. Hutchison; MN Editor). 2003. Midwest Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers, BU-7094-S. Regional publication: (IN, MN, IL, IA, MO; Lead State: Indiana). 170 pp. http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology/ext/targets/ID/index2003.htm
Gatch, E. W., Hellmich, R. L., Munkvold, G. P. 2002. A comparison of maize stalk rot occurrence in Bt and non-Bt hybrids. Plant Dis. 86: 1149-1155.
Guse, C. A., Onstad, D. W., Buschman, L. L., Porter, P., Higgins, R. A., Sloderbeck, P. E., Cronholm, G. B., Peairs, F. B. 2002. Modeling the development of resistance by stalk-boring Lepidoptera (Crambidae) in areas with irrigated transgenic corn. Environ. Entomol. 31: 676-685.
Hoffmann, M. P., Wright, M. G., Pitcher, S. A., Gardner, J. 2002. Inoculative releases of Trichogramma ostriniae for suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) in sweet corn: field biology and population dynamics. Biol. Control. 25: 249-258.
Huang, F., L. L. Buschman, R. A. Higgins and Huarong Li. 2002. Survival of Kansas Dipel-Resistant European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Bt and non-Bt Corn Hybrids. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 614-621.
Hurley, T. M., S. Secchi, B. A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. 2002. Managing the risk of European corn borer resistance to Bt corn. The Economics of Modeling Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnologies (T. Swanson, ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 171-193.
Hurley, T. M., S. Secchi, B. A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. 2002. Managing the Risk of European Corn Borer Resistance to Bt Corn. Environmental and Resource Economics 22:537-558.
Hurley, T. M. and B. A. Babcock. 2003. Valuing Pest Control: How Much is Due to Risk Aversion? Risk Management and the Environment: Agriculture in Perspective (B. A. Babcock, R. W. Fraser and J. N. Lekakis). Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 134-144.
Hutchison, W.D. and S. J. Wold Burkness. 2003. European corn borer, corn earworm and
western bean cutworm moth flight activity?2003. In VegEdge Web Site, University of Minn. Ext. Service, St. Paul, MN http://www.vegedge.umn.edu/2004/moth.htm
Hyde, J., M. A. Martin, P. V. Preckel, L. L. Buschman, C. R. Edwards, P.E. Sloderbeck, and R. A. Higgins. 2003. The Value of Bt Corn in Southwest Kansas: A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach, Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Vol. 28, No. 1: 15-33.
Koch, R. L., W. D. Hutchison & R. C. Venette. 2003. Survival of monarch butterfly, Danaus plexipus (Nymphalidae), larvae on milkweed near Bt cornfields. J. Lepidop. Soc. 57: 92-99.
Koch, R. L., W. D. Hutchison, R. C. Venette and G. E. Heimpel. 2003. Susceptibility of immature monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae), to predation by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biol. Control. 28: 265-270.
Kuhar, T. P., Wright, M. G., Hoffmann, M. P., Chenus, S. A. 2002. Life table studies of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) with and without inoculative releases. Environ. Entomol. 31: 482-489.
Lewis, L.C., Bruck, D.J., Gunnarson, R.D. 2002. Measures of Bacillus thuringiensis persistence in the corn whorl. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80: 69-71.
Li, H., B. Oppert, K. Y. Zhu, R. A. Higgins, F. Huang, and L. L. Buschman. 2003. Transgenic plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins. Entomologia. Sinica 10: 155-166.
Mitchell, P. D., T. M. Hurley, B. A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. 2002. Insuring the stewardship of Bt corn: A carrot versus a stick. J. Agr. & Res. Econ. 27:390-405.
Musser, F. R, and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Predation of Ostrinia nubilalis eggs in sweet corn by generalist predators and the impact of alternative foods. Environ. Entomol. 32:1131-1138.
Musser, F.R. and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Factors altering the temporal and within-plant distribution of coccindellids in corn and their impact on potentail intraguild predation. J.Environ. Entomol. J.Environ. Entomol. 32: 575-583.
Musser, F.R. and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Bt sweet corn and selective insecticides: their impacts on sweet corn pests and predators. J.Econ. Entomol. 96: 71-80.
Onstad, D. W., C. A. Guse, P. Porter, L. L. Buschman, R. A. Higgins, P. E. Sloderbeck, F. B. Peairs, and G. B. Cronholm. 2002. Modeling the development of resistance by stalk-boring Lepidoptera (Crambidae) in areas with transgenic corn and frequent insecticide use. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 1033-1043.
O?Rourke, P. K. and W. D. Hutchison. 2003. Sequential sampling plans for estimating European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval density in sweet corn ears. Crop Prot. 22: 903-909.
Pilcher, C. D., Rice, M. E., Higgins, R. A., Steffey, K. L., Hellmich, R. L., Witkowski, J., Calvin, D., Ostlie, K. R., Gray, M. 2002. Biotechnology and the European corn borer: measuring historical farmer perceptions and adoption of transgenic Bt corn as a pest management strategy. J. Econ Entomol. 95: 878-892.
Qureshi, Jawwad Alam. 2003. Dispersal of marked and feral adult European and southwestern corn borers and its impact on Bt-corn resistance management. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University. 205 pp.
Schaafsma, A.W., Hooker, D.C., Baute, T.S., Illincic-Tamburic, L. 2002. Effect of Bt-corn hybrids on deoxynivalenol content in grain at harvest. Plant Dis. 86: 1123-1126.
Tabashnik, B. E., Y. Carriere, T. J. Dennehy, S. Morin, M.S. Sisterson, R. T. Roush, A. M. Shelton and J. Z. Zhao. 2003. Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lesson from the laboratory and field. J. Econ. Entomol. 96:1031-1038.
Zhao, J. Z., Y. Li, H. L. Collins, and A. M. Shelton. 2002. Examination of the F2 screen for rare resistance alleles to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in the diamondback moth. J. Econ. Entomol. Forum. 95:14-21.
Zhao, J., J. Cao, Y. Li, H.L. Collins, R. T. Roush, E. D. Earle and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Plants expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis toxins delay insect resistance compared to single toxins used sequentially or in a mosaic. NatureBiotech 21: 1493-7.
Zoerb, A. C., T. Spencer, R. L. Hellmich, R. J. Wright and B. D. Siegfried. 2003. Larval distribution and survival of second generation European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on event 176 Bt corn. Crop Sci. 22: 179-184.
Baute, T. S., Sears, M. K., Schaafsma, A.W. Use of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner corn hybrids to determine the direct economic impact of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on field corn in eastern Canada. J. Econ. Entomol. Feb 2002. v. 95 (1) p. 57-64.
Bourguet, D., Chaufaux, J., Seguin, M., Buisson, C., Hinton, J. L., Stodola, T. J., Porter, P., Cronholm, G., Buschman, L. L., Andow, D. A. Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Theor. Appl. Genet.. May 2003. v. 106 (7) p. 1225-1233.
Coates B. S., R. L. Hellmich and L. C. Lewis. 2002. Beauveria bassiana haplotype determination based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer PCR-RFLP. Mycol Res 106(1): 40-50.
Coates B. S., R. L. Hellmich and L. C. Lewis. 2002. Nuclear small subunit rRNA group I intron variation among Beauveria spp provide tools for strain identification and evidence of horizontal transfer. Curr Genet 41:414-424.
Coates B. S. and R. L. Hellmich. 2003. Two sexchromosome-linked microsatellite loci show geographic variance among North American Ostrinia nubilalis. J. Insect Sci. 3:29, 1-6. (Available online:insectscience.org/3.29)
Durham, E. W., B. D. Siegfried, and M. E. Scharf. 2002. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of fipronil by larvae of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis. Pest Manag. Sci. 58: 799-804.
Foster, et al. (W.D. Hutchison; MN Editor). 2003. Midwest Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers, BU-7094-S. Regional publication: (IN, MN, IL, IA, MO; Lead State: Indiana). 170 pp. http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology/ext/targets/ID/index2003.htm
Gatch, E. W., Hellmich, R. L., Munkvold, G. P. 2002. A comparison of maize stalk rot occurrence in Bt and non-Bt hybrids. Plant Dis. 86: 1149-1155.
Guse, C. A., Onstad, D. W., Buschman, L. L., Porter, P., Higgins, R. A., Sloderbeck, P. E., Cronholm, G. B., Peairs, F. B. 2002. Modeling the development of resistance by stalk-boring Lepidoptera (Crambidae) in areas with irrigated transgenic corn. Environ. Entomol. 31: 676-685.
Hoffmann, M. P., Wright, M. G., Pitcher, S. A., Gardner, J. 2002. Inoculative releases of Trichogramma ostriniae for suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) in sweet corn: field biology and population dynamics. Biol. Control. 25: 249-258.
Huang, F., L. L. Buschman, R. A. Higgins and Huarong Li. 2002. Survival of Kansas Dipel-Resistant European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Bt and non-Bt Corn Hybrids. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 614-621.
Hurley, T. M., S. Secchi, B. A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. 2002. Managing the risk of European corn borer resistance to Bt corn. The Economics of Modeling Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnologies (T. Swanson, ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 171-193.
Hurley, T. M., S. Secchi, B. A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. 2002. Managing the Risk of European Corn Borer Resistance to Bt Corn. Environmental and Resource Economics 22:537-558.
Hurley, T. M. and B. A. Babcock. 2003. Valuing Pest Control: How Much is Due to Risk Aversion? Risk Management and the Environment: Agriculture in Perspective (B. A. Babcock, R. W. Fraser and J. N. Lekakis). Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 134-144.
Hutchison, W.D. and S. J. Wold Burkness. 2003. European corn borer, corn earworm and
western bean cutworm moth flight activity?2003. In VegEdge Web Site, University of Minn. Ext. Service, St. Paul, MN http://www.vegedge.umn.edu/2004/moth.htm
Hyde, J., M. A. Martin, P. V. Preckel, L. L. Buschman, C. R. Edwards, P.E. Sloderbeck, and R. A. Higgins. 2003. The Value of Bt Corn in Southwest Kansas: A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach, Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Vol. 28, No. 1: 15-33.
Koch, R. L., W. D. Hutchison & R. C. Venette. 2003. Survival of monarch butterfly, Danaus plexipus (Nymphalidae), larvae on milkweed near Bt cornfields. J. Lepidop. Soc. 57: 92-99.
Koch, R. L., W. D. Hutchison, R. C. Venette and G. E. Heimpel. 2003. Susceptibility of immature monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae), to predation by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biol. Control. 28: 265-270.
Kuhar, T. P., Wright, M. G., Hoffmann, M. P., Chenus, S. A. 2002. Life table studies of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) with and without inoculative releases. Environ. Entomol. 31: 482-489.
Lewis, L.C., Bruck, D.J., Gunnarson, R.D. 2002. Measures of Bacillus thuringiensis persistence in the corn whorl. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80: 69-71.
Li, H., B. Oppert, K. Y. Zhu, R. A. Higgins, F. Huang, and L. L. Buschman. 2003. Transgenic plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins. Entomologia. Sinica 10: 155-166.
Mitchell, P. D., T. M. Hurley, B. A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. 2002. Insuring the stewardship of Bt corn: A carrot versus a stick. J. Agr. & Res. Econ. 27:390-405.
Musser, F. R, and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Predation of Ostrinia nubilalis eggs in sweet corn by generalist predators and the impact of alternative foods. Environ. Entomol. 32:1131-1138.
Musser, F.R. and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Factors altering the temporal and within-plant distribution of coccindellids in corn and their impact on potentail intraguild predation. J.Environ. Entomol. J.Environ. Entomol. 32: 575-583.
Musser, F.R. and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Bt sweet corn and selective insecticides: their impacts on sweet corn pests and predators. J.Econ. Entomol. 96: 71-80.
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