Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The annual meeting was held in San Diego, CA on April 1st, 2005. Members in attendance were: Don Beitz, Jack Odle, Gale Carey, Jess Miner, Terry Smith, Jan Novokofski, Mike Spurlock, Werner Bergen, Dan Buskirk, Gary Hausman (USDA), Dan Rule, Mike Azain, Bob Sainz, Larry Miller (USDA-CSREES) and Jim Kinder (Admin). Sean Adams (Amylin Pharmaceuticals) participated as an industry guest and has been voted into the group as a sitting member. 1. Dr. Beitz opened the meeting by having brief introductions of participants. 2. The minutes of the 2004 meeting were reviewed briefly and accepted. Mike Spurlock was elected secretary. 3. Larry Miller provided an update on the USDA budget and there was considerable discussion as to the impact of proposed budget on research funding. Of particular concern was the impact of the proposed reduction (and potential elimination) of Hatch funding and increase in the indirect costs allocation. 4. The 2006 meeting was discussed, and the consensus opinion was to keep the meeting on the front end of the Experimental Biology meetings (April 1-5, 2006). The 2006 NCR-97 meeting will be held in San Francisco, on March 31st. There was a brief discussion of having the meeting on the UC-Davis campus, but this was abandoned due to the transit time and difficulty of transporting individuals to and from the UC-Davis campus. 5. Individual research reports were presented. 6. At the conclusion of the meeting, there was brief discussion of the value of extending the meeting another half day to allow more discussion vs. making more efficient use of time. This discussion has been extended via email communications and will be resolved prior to making arrangements for the 2006 meeting.

1. Influence of growth stage on caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity. Two apoptotic pathways have been demonstrated--receptor mediated (caspase-8) and mitochondria initiated (caspase-9) pathways. Both pathways activate a downstream or executioner caspase-3. The goal of the current work was to determine activity of these pathways during normal growth and aging of skeletal muscle. Three ages of chickens were selected to represent the stages of rapidly growing juveniles (1 week old, n = 6), young adult (2 months old, n = 6) and aged adult (2 years old, n = 6). Muscle growth occurred in three patterns--continued growth with age (pectoralis, biceps femoris), plateau at 2 months of age (sartorius, gastrocnemius), or decrease after 2 month of age (anterior latisimus dorsi, biceps brachii). Similarly, muscle caspase activity either plateaus at 2 months of age (i.e., sartorius, gastrocnemius) or declines from 2 months of age to 2 years old (i.e., pectoralis, biceps brachii, biceps femoris). However, there was no correlation between change of caspase-3 activities and change of muscle absolute wet weight. A strong correlation between activity of the two initiator caspases (-8 and -9) implies substantial cross talk between these pathways. 2. Mechanism of regulation of adipose tissue accretion by conjugated linoleic acid. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-induced body fat loss is enhanced in mice fed coconut oil diets for 6 wk following weaning compared with mice fed soy oil. We utilized several strategies to test the role of the essential fatty acid deficiency caused by coconut oil in the enhanced CLA-induced body fat loss. Results indicated that coconut oil enhances the CLA effect on decreasing body fat independent of an essential fatty acid deficiency. CLA metabolites contribute to the induction of a body fat loss; however, inhibition of D6 desaturase tended to decrease the CLA-induced body fat loss (P = 0.08). The altered fatty acid profile of coconut oil- and fat free-fed mice may alter the rates of fatty acid turnover as medium-chain fatty acids are oxidized more rapidly than are long-chain fatty acids. Coconut oil- and fat free-fed mice did not have altered rates of lipolysis. CLA increased lipolysis but only in coconut oil- and fat free-fed mice and not in soy oil-fed mice. Therefore, the enhancement of CLA-induced body fat loss by coconut oil and fat-free diets seems to involve increased lipolysis. In addition to a body fat loss, CLA also increases DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis, in adipose tissue. These results confirm our previous reports of increased apoptosis in the adipose tissue of CLA-fed mice. 3. Lipid supplementation of lactating beef cows: A strategy for optimizing the post partum interval. Critical factors for optimizing the post partum interval, or the successful rebreeding of beef cows, include optimal nutrition, adequate body condition, and positive growth. The objectives of the current studies were to supplement lactating beef cows with high-oleate or high-linoleate safflower seeds and determine changes in body condition, adipose tissue lipogenesis, lactation measurements including milk lipid fatty acid composition, as well as blood metabolites and hormones. No diet effects on measures of in vitro lipogenesis in adipose tissue were observed. Fatty acid profiles of the milk fat revealed dietary fat-induced decreases (P < 0.0001) in concentrations of 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0. This result may indicate down-regulation of lipogenesis in mammary tissue. Evaluation of mRNA for acetyl-CoA carboxylase, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase revealed no major changes in their abundance when control cows and linoleate-supplemented cows were compared. Overall, the dietary supplementation of high-oleate or high-linoleate oil to lactating beef cows did not affect energy repartitioning into adipose tissue from 30 to 60 days of lactation (postpartum). Future investigations will focus on more potent inhibitors of milk fat synthesis in mammary tissue as a means of allowing a portion of dietary energy to be diverted back to adipose tissue of the beef cows to provide a more rapid gain of body condition before the critical 80 day postpartum interval occurs. 4. Ontogeny of carnitine biosynthesis in pigs as inferred from gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity. Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1) is the last enzyme of the L-carnitine biosynthesis pathway and catalyzes the hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine to L-carnitine. Apparent enzyme kinetic constants (Vmax and Km for gamma-butyrobetaine) were measured in liver and kidney homogenates from pigs in seven age categories: newborn, 24-h-old (unsuckled), 1-, 3-, 5-, 8 wk-old and adult. Total enzyme activity increased by 130 fold for liver and 18 fold for kidney as organ weight increased from birth to 8 wk. Results were that age (developmental stage) affects gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase specific activity and Km for gamma-butyrobetaine in liver and kidney. While the predominant organ for carnitine synthesis is likely the kidney in neonates, the liver seems to predominate after the pig exceeds 1 wk of age. 5. The effect of ractopamine feeding level on fatty acid profiles in belly fat and backfat of finishing pigs. One hundred fifty pigs (75 barrows and 75 gilts, initial weight 77 kg) were used to investigate the effect of ractopamine (RAC) on fatty acid profile in belly fat and backfat. Pigs, within genders, were assigned randomly to three treatments, which consisted of 0 (control diet) or 5 or 10 ppm of RAC. Feeding RAC had no effects on fatty acid profile and the calculated iodine value of belly fat, but had an effect on linoleic acid content in backfat. No significant difference was detected between pigs fed control diet and pigs fed control diet with 5 ppm RAC. Feeding a high level of RAC (> 5 ppm) will increase the enrichment of linoleic acid in backfat, but there is no overall effect (or negligible effect) of RAC (less or equal to 10 ppm) on the fatty acid profile in belly fat and backfat of finishing pigs. 6. Enhancement of bovine preadipocytes by troglitazone and dexamethasone. It was hypothesized that bovine i.m. and s.c. preadipocyte differentiation would be enhanced by a peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)-³ agonist, troglitazone (TRO), and a glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX), with the relative response being greater in i.m. than in s.c. cells. In the first set of experiments, preadipocytes from i.m. and s.c. stromal-vascular (S-V) cells of an Angus steer were cloned and used to optimize culture conditions supporting adipose differentiation, as well as compare the adipogenic responses of i.m. and s.c. preadipocytes to TRO. When i.m. (n = 3) and s.c. (n = 2) clones were compared, all clones responded to addition of 20 to 60 ¼M TRO (P < 0.02), with no depot differences (P = 0.47). In the second set of experiments, i.m. and s.c. S-V cells isolated from three Angus steers were used to determine the adipogenic effects of DEX and TRO. Differentiation of bovine i.m. and s.c. preadipocytes was enhanced in response to serum lipid, DEX, and TRO. Under identical media conditions, s.c. preadipocytes have a greater capacity to differentiate compared with i.m. 7. Regulation of gene expression in porcine skeletal muscle by ractopamine. Expression of selected genes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was determined in skeletal muscles (ST) of Pietrain crossbred pigs after feeding of ractopamine for 52 days. Foxo 1a, PPAR alpha, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), PDK4, elF-4EBP, and beta actin mRNA abundance were studied by utilizing quantitative RT-PCR (real time). mRNA abundance for only LPL was lower (P < 0.01) in ST muscle of ractopamine-fed pigs; expression of other genes showed no differences between treatment and control. 8. Role of vasculature of adipose tissue in clearance of plasma lipids. Liposyn (artificial lipid preparation) was injected into the blood of 70- and 110-day fetal pigs to study clearance from blood and uptake by capillaries and other fetal tissues. In fetuses injected with liposyn, numerous lipid droplets were evident in adipose tissue capillaries that were not associated with adipocytes. In contrast, little lipid was evident in muscle capillaries. Electron microscopy demonstrated phagocytosis of liposyn by capillary walls and lipid droplets inside and outside capillary walls. Less lipid was evident in older fetuses injected with the higher dose of liposyn, but lipid droplets were evident in capillary walls and many other ultrastructural features were associated with liposyn infusion. Therefore, the inherent capability of fetal adipose tissue to clear lipid from blood may reside in the vasculature per se. 9. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on sow and litter performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding a diet containing n-3 fatty acids during late gestation and/or lactation on sow reproductive performance. Omega-3 fatty acids, supplemented in the form of a protected n-3 product (Fertilium®, United Feeds, Sheridan, IN), resulted in a shift of the n-6/n-3 ratio from approximately 20 in the control to 13 in the omega-3 gestation diets and 13 to 10, respectively, in the diets. During lactation, sows fed the control diet during gestation had greater feed consumption than did those fed the omega-3 diet. Pigs from sows fed omega-3 L diet, challenged with lipolysaccharide at d 14, showed a trend for attenuated temperature change and body weight loss. Additionally, those sows fed the control diet during gestation weaned heavier litters than did sows fed the omega-3 diet. Evidently, feeding a diet containing supplemental omega-3 fatty acids during late gestation had a negative effect on sow feed intake and thus litter performance during lactation. 10. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) appearance in human breast milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the kinetics of CLA appearance in the breast milk of lactating mothers following ingestion of a shortbread cookie made with either CLA-enriched or CLA-moderate butter (control). Seven women expressed an average of 8 samples of breast milk over 48 hours after eating either CLA-enriched (1912 mg CLA) or CLA-moderate (231 mg CLA) cookies. Results are (1) CLA enrichment of total fatty acids in the breast milk post-ingestion of the CLA-enriched cookies was 5-fold compared with control, (2) the area under the curve for 48 hours post CLA-enriched cookies ingestion was 46% greater than that for post CLA-moderate cookies ingestion, (3) after ingestion of the CLA-enriched cookies, breast milk CLA enrichment peaked between 8-28 hours. In conclusion, breast milk fatty acids are enriched in CLA by the ingestion of a CLA-rich food product within 28 hours. 11. Adipose tissue and inflammation. Inflammation has been linked to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and adipose tissue has been implicated as a producer of a variety of inflammatory factors. To evaluate 3-month-old miniature swine as a model for the study of inflammation and disease, we determined adipose tissue production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in situ, ex vivo, and in vitro. One sibling of each pair was overfed a high fat diet (HF), whereas the remaining sibling was normal-fed the control diet (C) for 3 months. No MCP-1 production was detected in adipose perfusate of any of the six swine. MCP-1 was undetectable in adipose tissue incubation fluid from C swine but increased by 76% in fluid from HF swine. Adipocytes were isolated from adipose tissue: a 2-hour incubation increased MCP-1 by 300% and 48% in adipocytes from C and HF swine, respectively. In conclusion, MCP-1 is produced by adipose tissue and adipocytes in vitro but is not detectable in situ. There was no correlation between MCP-1 production and adiposity; thus, the utility of the swine to be used as a model for studying inflammation and chronic disease is uncertain. 12. Association of genetic variation to healthfulness of beef. The objective was to determine the natural variability in fatty acid composition of beef lipids and to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene to test the association of SNPs with fatty acid composition. In general, we found that triacylglycerol (TAG) composition is heritable but phospholipids composition is not. The atherogenic index of TAGs had a heritability estimate of 0.55 and 0.45 for the TAG and total lipids, respectively. Individual fatty acids of TAGs also had high heritability estimates. For example, the heritability estimates of 14:0 and 16:0 in TAG were 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. Monounsaturates 16:1 and 18:1 in TAGs both had heritability estimates greater than 0.5. Two of the three potential SNPs for the SCD gene were homozygous in the tested population. We have classified 172 cattle into two genotypes, VA and VV, based on the third SNP. The ratio of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) concentration vs. palmitic acid (C16:0) concentration of TAG is significantly associated with the SNP (P=0.02). There is no significant association of the SNP with the fatty acid composition of phospholipids. 13. Isolation and proliferation of fish muscle satellite cells. The overall scope of this project was to screen a wide variety of relevant, growth factors and/or hormones in (fast growthrainbow trout and slow growthyellow perch) fish-derived satellite cell cultures to assess potency in prompting cell proliferation. By using collagenase, pronase, only slight centrifugation steps, and two different filtration steps, we were capable of isolating rather large numbers of satellite cells from both muscles of rainbow trout and yellow perch. Previous research indicated that trout satellite cells could be maintained at 20 ºC in non-bicarbonate-buffered L-15 medium that is supplemented with serum. This same formulation, however, did not support the proliferation of rainbow trout (or yellow perch) satellite cells. Investigators are now in the process of adding specific growth regulators [IGF-I, GH, FGF, HGH, IL-15, and others] to determine if these factors can induce fish satellite cells to proliferate in vitro. 14. Dedifferentiation of fish and bovine adipocytes. Mature adipocyte cultures were established from both beef animals (subcutaneous, visceral, and intermuscular fat depots) and from trout (visceral fat depot only). Parallel cultures of traditional stromal vascular cells also were established from trout. Investigators were incapable of prompting mature adipocytes from trout to dedifferentiate, but beef-derived mature adipocytes dedifferentiate and readily form adipofibroblasts. Adipofibroblasts were capable of both proliferating and differentiating to form lipid-filled adipocytes in vitro. Current efforts are under way to decipher the regulation of the dedifferentiation process, as well as the conversion of progeny adipofibroblasts to form adipocytes. 15. Simulation of the development of adipose tissue in beef cattle. A sub-model of bovine adipose development (hyperplasia and hypertrophy) for incorporation into a model of whole-animal growth was developed. Four adipose depots were represented: visceral (Fv), intramuscular (Fi), subcutaneous (Fs), and intramuscular (Fm) adipose tissue. During growth from 100 to 700 days of age, no plateau in cell numbers was discernible in the subcutaneous and intramuscular depots. In contrast, the visceral and intramuscular depots display clear maxima. However, there is some evidence of a second wave of hyperplasia, particularly in the visceral depot. For the purposes of this exercise, no provision for secondary hyperplasia has been incorporated, because most beef cattle would reach market finish prior to this occurrence. Even in the early-maturing tissues, hypertrophy continues with little sign of a plateau up to 600 days of age. As subcutaneous and intramuscular adipocytes proliferate, however, these tissues make up progressively larger proportions of the total body fat as the animal matures. The sub-model seems to adequately describe normal growth and accretion of adipose tissue in the whole body and in the four main depots. It represents a first step in the development of an analytical tool for the study of factors affecting fat deposition and distribution, but much remains to be done. As with all growth models, it is only as good as the estimates of nutrient inputs; so, full testing of the model will require definition of feed intake and energy value throughout the life of the animal. Further model developments will include incorporation of nutritional elements to the equations for adipose hyperplasia, possible differences in lipogenesis and lipolysis among depots, examination of possible mechanisms for genetic differences, and study of the effects of growth path or nutritional history.

2005 Publications (see attachment below for 2004 publications): Behlke, K., E. Behlke, P. Robinson, J. Takacs, R. Dumitru, S. Ragsdale, P. Newsome, and J. Miner. 2005. Inhibition of methanogenesis in free living vs. protozoa-associated ruminal methanogens. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest Section). Bergen, W.G., Mersmann, H.J. 2005. Comparative aspects of lipid metabolism: impact on contemporary research and use of animal models. J. Nutr. 135: 2499-2502. Bohan, M.M., G. Janda, L. Anderson, A. Trenkle, and D. Beitz. 2005. Effect of dietary macronutrients on appetite-related hormones in blood on body composition of lean and obese rats. FASEB J. 19:A76. Brewer, M. S., Peterson, W. J., Carr, T., Mccusker, R., and Novakofski, J. 2005. Thermal gelation properties of myofibrillar protein and gelatin combinations. J. Muscle Foods. 16(2):126-140. Burrin, D.G. and H.J. Mersmann (Eds.). Biology of Metabolism in Growing Animals. Elsevier 2005. Carey, G.B. 2005. Integrative metabolism: an interactive learning tool for biochemistry, physiology, and nutrition. FASEB J. 19:A222. Carnagey, K.M., S.M. Lonergan, E.J. Huff-Lonergan, R.L. Horst, A.H. Trenkle, and D.C. Beitz. 2005. Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and dietary calcium on calpastatin activity in beef muscles. FASEB J. 19:A991. Carnagey, K.M., A.E. Wertz, T.J. Knight, R.L. Horst, E.J. Huff-Lonergan, A.H. Trenkle, and D.C. Beitz. 2005. Effects of orally administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin E on calcium and vitamin D metabolites in plasma and on vitamin D metabolites in beef longissimus dorsi muscle. Abstr. 100 of Midwestern Section ADSA and Midwest Branch ADSA 2005 meeting. Corl, B.A., J.M. Rhoads, R.J. Harrell, A.T. Blikslager, O.T. Phillips, L.A. Gatlin, X.M. Niu and J. Odle. 2005. Rotaviral enteritis stimulates ribosomal p70 s6 kinase and increases intestinal protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. FASEB J. Cota, D.E., B.A. Corl and J. Odle. 2005. Isolation of feline stromal-vascular cells and differentiation into adipocytes. Undergraduate Research Symposium. NCSU. Aug. 5. Dodson, M.V., M.E. Fernyhough, J.L. Vierck, and G.J. Hausman. 2005. Adipocytes may not be a terminally differentiated cell type: Implications for animal production. Animal Science 80(3):239-240. Ebert, A.R., A.S. Berman, R.J. Harrell, A.M. Kessler, S.G. Cornelius and J. Odle. 2005. Vegetable proteins enhance growth of milk fed piglets, despite lower apparent ileal digestibility. J. Nutr. 135:2137-2143. Ele, J., S. Meers, M. Azain, and R. Dove. 2005. Evaluation of canola meal as an alternative plant protein source in nursery pig diets. J. Anim. Sci. 88 (Suppl 1): 334. Fernyhough, M.E., D.I. Helterline, J.L. Vierck, G.J. Hausman, R.A. Hill, and M.V. Dodson. 2005. Dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes to form adipofibroblasts: More than a possibility. Adipocytes 1:17-24. Fernyhough, M.E., J.L. Vierck, G.J. Hausman, P.S. Mir, E.K. Okine and M.V. Dodson. 2005. Primary adipocyte culture: Adipocyte purification methods may lead to a new understanding of adipose tissue growth and development. Cytotechnology 46:163-172 Fernyhough, M., L. Bucci, G. Hausman, J. Antonio, J. Vierck,and M.V. Dodson. 2005. Gaining a Solid Grip on Adipogenesis. Tissue and Cell 37(4):335-338. Gatlin, L.A., M.T. See and J. Odle. 2005. Effects of chemical hydrogenation of supplemental fat on relative apparent lipid digestibility in finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 83:1890-1898. Hadenfeldt, T.J., K.M. Hargrave, and J. L. Miner. 2005. The interaction of dietary CLA and fat source on triglyceride turnover in adipose tissue of mice. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest Section). Hargrave, K. M., M.J. Azain, M.G. Obukowicz, and J.L. Miner. 2005. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and/or a specific delta6-desaturase inhibitor on body composition of mice. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest Section). Hargrave, K.M., T.J. Hadenfeldt, M.J. Azain, and J.L. Miner, 2005. Coconut oil and fat free diets enhance conjugated linoleic acid-induced lipolysis and body fat loss in mice. FASEB J. 19:A447. Hart, H.A., M. J. Azain, G. J. Hausman, D. E. Reeves, and C. R. Barb. 2005. Failure of short term feed restriction to effect leptin secretion and subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of leptin or long form leptin receptor (Ob-r) in the prepuberal gilt. J. Anim Sci. 88 Suppl 1: 167. House, R.L., J.P. Cassady, E.J. Eisen, T.E. Eling, J.B. Collins, S.F. Grissom and J. Odle. 2005. Functional genomic characterization of the delipidative effects of trans 10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12 CLA) in a polygenic obese line of mice. Physiol. Genomics. 21:351-361. House, R.L, J.P. Cassady, E.J. Eisen, M.K. McIntosh, and J. Odle. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid evokes delipidation through the regulation of genes controlling lipid metabolism in adipose and liver tissue. Obesity Reviews. 6:247-258. Kinkel, A.D., M.E. Fernyhough, D.L. Helterline, J.L. Vierck, K.S. Oberg, T.J. Vance, G.J. Hausman, R.A. Hill and M.V. Dodson. 2005. Oil red-O stains non-adipogenic cells: A precautionary note. Cytotechnology 46(1):49-56. Kokta, T.A., A.L. Strat, M.R. Papassani, J.I. Szasz, M.V. Dodson, and R.A. Hill. 2005. Regulation of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells: Effects of oleic and linoleic acids and insulin. The Endocrine Societys 87th Annual Meeting. Lin, X., R.L. House and J. Odle. 2005.Ontogeny and kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase in liver and skeletal muscle of the domestic felid (Felis domestica). J. Nutr. Biochem. 16:331-338. Lin, X., P. Lyvers-Peffer, J. Woodworth and J. Odle. 2005. Ontogeny of carnitine biosynthesis in pigs, inferred from gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity. FASEB J. Lin, X., M.T. See, K.N. Wentz, J. Odle, B.A. Belstra, T.A. Armstrong, P.D. Matzat, P.J. Pincker, F.K. McKeith, M. Culbertson, W. Herring, and J. Hansen. 2005. The effect of ractopamine feeding level on fatty acid profiles in belly and clearplate fat of finishing pigs. Midwest Animal Science, DesMoines, IA. Meers, S. A., C. R. Dove, and M. J. Azain. 2006. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on sow and litter performance. J. Animal Science 88 (Suppl. 1): 31. Mersmann, H.J., 2005. Mechanisms for modification of porcine growth by beta-adrenergic receptor agonists. In; Manipulating Pig Production X, JE Patterson, Ed. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia. pp. 76-89. Mersmann, H.J. and S.B. Smith. Development of white adipose tissue metabolism. In: Biology of Metabolism in Growing Animals. D.G. Burrin and H.J. Mersmann, Eds. Elsevier, Edinburgh.pp. 275-302. 2005. Mersmann, H.J. and S.B. Smith. Adipose tissue development. IN: Encyclopedia of Meat Science. W. Jensen, C. Devine and M. Dikemann, Eds. Elsevier, Oxford. Pp.530-538. 2004. Mersmann, H.J. Body composition: chemical analysis. IN: Encyclopedia of Animal Science. W.G. Pond and A.W. Bell, Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. pp.159-162. 2005. Mersmann, H.J. Body composition: genetic influence. IN: Encyclopedia of Animal Science. W.G. Pond and A.W. Bell, Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. pp. 163-165. 2005. Mersmann, H.J. Body composition: technical options for change. IN: Encyclopedia of Animal Science. W.G. Pond and A.E. Bell, Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.pp.177-179. 2005. Mersmann, H.J. Lipids. IN: Encyclopedia of Animal Science. W.G. Pond and A.E. Bell, Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. pp. 578-581. 2005. Mersmann, H.J. Contributions to society: biomedical research models. IN: Encyclopedia of Animal Science. W.G. Pond and A.E. Bell, Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York., NY. pp.239-241. NY 2005. McNeel, R.L. and H.J. Mersmann. 2005. Low- and high-carbohydrate diets: body composition differences in rats. Obes. Res. 13: 1651-1660. Moutsiolis, A.A., D.C. Rule, C.M. Murrieta, D.E. Bauman, A.L. Lock, D.M. Barbano, and Carey, G.B. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid appearance in human breast milk. FASEB J. 19:A436. Odle, J., P. Lyvers Peffer, X. Lin. 2005. Hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in young pigs. In: Biology of metabolism in growing animals. (Eds D.G. Burrin and H.J. Mersmann) Elsevier Limited, New York. pp. 221-234. Oliver, W.T., K.J. Touchette, C.S. Whisnant, J.A. Brown, S.A. Mathews, J. Odle, and R.J. Harrell. 2005. Pigs weaned from the sow at 10 days of age respond to dietary energy source of manufactured liquid diets and exogenous porcine somatotropin (pST). J. Anim. Sci. 83:1002-1009. Peffer, P.A., X. Lin and J. Odle. 2005. Hepatic ß oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in neonatal pigs following dietary treatments of clofibric acid, isoproterenol and medium chain triglycerides . Am. J. Physiol. (Regul, Integr. Comp. Physiol.) 288:R1518-R1524. Rhoads, J.M., X.M. Niu, J. Odle, and L. Graves. 2005. Role of mTOR signaling in intestinal cell migration. J. Pediatr. Gastroent. Nutr. 41:514-515. Rhoads, J.M., B. Harrell, B. Corl, X.M. Niu, L. Gatlin, O. Phillips, A. Blikslager, and J. Odle. 2005. mTOR signaling is a component of intestinal repair in piglet rotavirus enteritis. J. Pediatr. Gastroent. Nutr. 41:514. Rhoads, J.M., X.M. Niu, B. Corl, R.J. Harrell, L.A. Gatlin, and J. Odle. 2005. Ribosomal p70s6k coordinately changes with intestinal and muscle protein synthesis rates during viral diarrhea. J. Invest. Med., S205 (meeting of Southern region of Amer. Physiol. Assoc.). Rincker,P.J., M.T. See, T.A. Armstrong, P.D. Matzat, B.A. Belstra, F.K. McKeith, L. Xi, J. Odle, M. Culbertson, W. Herring, and J. Hansen. 2005. Effects of ractopamine feeding level on carcass cutting yield and loin quality measurements. Midwest Animal Science, DesMoines, IA. See, M.T., T.A. Armstrong, P.D. Matzat, B.A. Belstra, F.K. McKeith, P.J. Rincker, L. Xi, J. Odle, M. Culbertson, W. Herring, and J. Hansen. 2005. Effect of ractopamine feeding level on growth performance and carcass composition. Midwest Animal Science, DesMoines, IA. Strouch, M.B., E.K. Jackson, Z. Mi, N.A. Metes, and Carey, G.B. (2005) Extracellular cyclic AMP-adenosine pathway in isolated adipocytes and adipose tissue. Obes. Res. (In press). Wentz, K., X. Lin, T. See and J. Odle. 2005. Effects of ractopamine on pork fatty acid composition. Undergraduate Research Symposium. NCSU. April 28.