Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

1. Advance the science of biological control through fundamental research on the biology of natural enemies and their application in pest management. a. Titles, participants, and funding sources of externally-funded biological control research Title: The suitability of buckthorn-associated stages of the soybean aphid as hosts for the parasitoid Binodoxys communis. P.I.s: George E. Heimpel & Mark K. Asplen North Central Soybean Research Program, Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Title: Specificity of Binodoxys communis under field conditions P.I.s: George E. Heimpel & Christine Dieckhoff USDA NRI Title: Dispersal of Binodoxys communis from release sites P.I.s: George E. Heimpel & Mark K. Asplen North Central Soybean Research Program, Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Title: The influence of genetic diversity on suppression of soybean aphid by Binodoxys communis P.I.s: George E. Heimpel, Virginia Howick & Mark K. Asplen North Central Soybean Research Program, Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Title: Assessment of Asian aphidiine braconids other than Binodoxys communis as biological control agents of soybean aphid P.I.s: George E. Heimpel & Jonathan Dregni North Central Soybean Research Program, Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Title: Assessment of Lysiphlebus orientalis as a biological control agent of the soybean aphid P.I.s: George E. Heimpel & Matthew Kaiser North Central Soybean Research Program, Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council, NSF graduate student training grant. Title: Importance of the defensive endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa in protecting the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, from parasitism. P.I.s: George E. Heimpel, Mark K. Asplen, Kerry Oliver, Jennifer White & Keith R. Hopper. Title: An Investigation of Wild Bee Diversity and Abundance in Plots Managed by The Nature Conservancy in South-Central Nebraska and of Beneficial Arthropods Associated with Native Nebraska Flora M. S. thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, August 2010. Investigators: Porter, DA, Wright RJ, Ellis MD. 2010. Funding Source: Nebraska state funded assistantship. Title: Impact of nitrogen on soybean aphid densities and parasitization by Binodoxys communis. Investigators: Prischmann-Voldseth DA, RJ Goos. Funding Source: North Dakota SBARE, North Dakota Soybean Council Title: Integrating plant resistance and natural enemies for soybean aphid control Investigators: Prischmann-Voldseth DA, Harmon J, Knodel J Funding Source: North Dakota Soybean Council Title: Soybean Aphid: Management, Biocontrol, and Host Plant Resistance Investigators/Institutions: David Ragsdale (Project Manager) and George Heimpel (University of Minnesota), Matt ONeal and Silvia Cianzio (Iowa State University), Chris DiFonzo and Dechun Wang (Michigan State University), Christian Krupke (Purdue University), Mike Gray, Brian Diers and David Voegtlin (University of Illinois), Kelley Tilmon (South Dakota State University), John Reese, Brian McCornack and Bill Schapaugh (Kansas State University), Tom Hunt and Tiffany Heng-Moss (University of Nebraska Lincoln), Dave Hogg and Eileen Cullen (University of Wisconsin), Deirdre Prischmann and Janet Knodel (North Dakota State University), Andy Michel and Rouf Mian (The Ohio State University), and Keith Hopper and Kim Hoelmer (USDA/ARS/Newark, DE). Organization: North Central Soybean Research Program (NCSRP) Title: Efficacy of Ceutorhynchus litura for biological control of Canada thistles. Investigators: Prischmann-Voldseth DA, Gramig G Funding Source: North Dakota Department of Agriculture. Project title: Molecular characterization of the microbial symbiont community of invasive arthropods PI: Jennifer White Funding: Kentucky Science and Engineering Foundation Project title: Ecological ramifications of defensive symbiosis in an invasive aphid pest PI: George Heimpel, University of Minnesota Co-PIs: Mark Asplen, University of Minnesota; Kerry Oliver, University of Georgia; Keith Hopper, USDA-ARS, Newark DE; Jennifer White, University of Kentucky Funding: USDA AFRI Project title: Taxonomy, biology and release of lymantriid microsporidia for control of gypsy moth PI: Leellen F. Solter, University of Illinois/Illinois Natural History Survey Co-PIs: M. L. McManus and Vince DAmico, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, CT; D. K. Pilarska, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; A. Linde, Fachhochschule Eberswalde, Eberswalde, Germany; W.F. Huang, Illinois Natural History Survey Funding Sources: USDA Agricultural Experiment Station; USDA Forest Service Project title: Role of Pathogenic Microsporidia in the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Natural Enemy Complex PI: Leellen F. Solter, University of Illinois/Illinois Natural History Survey Co-PIs: B. Onken, USDA Forest Service NA, Morgantown, West Virginia; R. Reardon, USDA Forest Service FHTET, Morgantown West Virginia; S. Salom, Virginia Polytechnic State University; M. Montgomery, USDA Forest Service NERS, Hamden, CT; C. Cheah, CT Agriculture Experiment Station, Hamden, CT; W.F. Huang, Illinois Natural History Survey Funding Sources: USDA Agricultural Experiment Station; USDA Forest Service Project title: A microsporidium of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus Investigators: D. Bruck, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OR; L. Solter and W.F. Huang, Illinois Natural History Survey Funding sources: USDA Agricultural Experiment Station Project title: Whitefly preference for poinsettia cultivars: impact of plant host traits on whitefly development, survival and fecundity. PI: L. A. Cañas, The Ohio State University / OARDC American Flower Endowment Project title: Ohio State University Insect Pest Diagnostics short course PI: S. Miller, L. A. Cañas, The Ohio State University / OARDC Funding source: SDA-FAS Project title: Biopesticide rotations for management of thrips and whiteflies on greenhouse vegetables PI: L. A. Cañas, The Ohio State University / OARDC Funding source: USDA-IR4 Project: Monitoring Biological Control Organisms (Puttler, MS) Pest: Soybean Aphid (Aphis glycines). Summary: The fungus epizootic that decimated the soybean aphid population at the buckthorn study sites in central Missouri during the fall of 2009 apparently eliminated the overwintering population of the aphid. No aphids or eggs were detected the following spring (2010). As a result migration to soybeans was no doubt minimal. Aphids were first detected in soybeans in mid-August and during the ensuing period until harvest; no economic aphid populations materialized. A similar situation occurred throughout most of the state. Migration of the aphids back to buckthorn as of the end of September has yet to be observed (with W. Bailey, baileyw@missouri.edu). Pest: Milky Disease (Paenibacillus lentimorbus) Summary: The total number of milky disease grubs collected in 2009 from the turfgrass surface of the golf courses 11th fairway was 9: 6 masked chafers and 3 Phyllophaga. From other fairways, 11Phyllophaga and 3 green June beetles were collected. As of September 2010, no infected grubs were observed. Pest: St. Johns Wort (Hyericum sp.) Aphid (Aphis hyperici) Summary: The coccinellid, Diomus terminates, was observed for the first time feeding on Aphis hyperici. Also a Megaspilidae, Dendrocerus sp, was reared as a hyper parasite of Aphelinus sp and Binodoxys carolinensis primary parasites of the aphid. Pest: Pathogens (Miscellaneous) Summary: The alfalfa weevil larval fungus (Zoophthora phytonomi) was active in most alfalfa fields in central Missouri. The same fungus, or one closely related, infected clover leaf weevil larvae. Corn ear worm larvae in alfalfa succumbed to infection by Nomuraea ri- leyi as did the same species (podworm) on soybeans. 2. Facilitate the implementation of biological control in production and natural systems. a. Accomplishments that helped facilitate the implementation of biological control Solter (IL). I released microsporidian pathogens in selected sites in northern Illinois as classical biological control agents of gypsy moth. Monitoring will continue in 2011. Solter (IL). I characterized 3 species of microsporidia in predators being reared for release as biological control programs against hemlock woolly adelgid. These microsporidia are being studied and identified using microscopy and molecular techniques. I am advising rearing facilities on elimination of the pathogen from breeding stocks. Solter (IL). I completed taxonomic studies on a virulent microsporidium pathogen of the black vine weevil. A species description will be submitted for publication in 2011. Solter (IL). Releases of Nosema lymantriae and Vairimorpha disparis, both pathogens of the gypsy moth, were conducted in May 2008 and again in June 2010 against gypsy moth in Northern Illinois. Monitoring collections in 2008, 2009 and 2010 found high mortality rates due to the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (originating from Japan and moving west in gypsy moth populations). Laboratory examinations of collected larvae in the release sites produced no infections in 2008 and 2009, and few in 2010, suggesting that E. maimaiga may be outcompeting the microsporidia. The microsporidia release study is also being carried out in Bulgaria with the same two species of microsporidia in naïve sites. 2009 and 2010 monitoring in these sites shows persistence of the microsporidian pathogens. Heimpel (MN). My lab assessed the laboratory host range of various Asian parasitoids of the soybean aphid. Prischmann (ND). I conducted field releases of Binodoxys communis for soybean aphid suppression. Hoffman (NY). Western bean cutworm eggs were exposed in the laboratory to Trichogramma ostriniae. High levels of egg parasitism occurred and 3 to 6 T. ostriniae emerged from each egg that was parasitized. This suggests the potential for biological control of western bean cutworm using Trichogrammatids. Hoffman (NY). Studies were conducted to facilitate commercial production of Trichogramma. Post parasitism cleaning of host eggs was accomplished by an acoustic vibratory apparatus. This will allow packaging of host eggs with > 95% parasitism, so that quality control can be maintained and so that accurate measurement of percentage parasitism would no longer be required for each batch of product. Other experiments tested spatial arrangements of host eggs for commercial production of Trichogramma. There was no difference in parasitism whether eggs were presented as clusters or singly. Functional response studies conducted in vials showed that percent parasitism decreased with increasing parasitoid density, suggesting that optimal parasitism in commercial rearing can be adjusted by reducing the number of parasitizing females. Hoffman (NY). Ongoing diapause studies confirmed that T. ostriniae can survive NY winters in some host eggs. This further indicates its potential for perenniation and establishment as a classical biological control agent. Hoffman (NY). Behavioral studies were conducted with an olfactometer to determine whether an induced plant response could facilitate host-finding. Results indicate the presence of induced-plant volatiles that elicited a behavioral response by Trichogramma ostriniae. Cañas, L.A (OH). I developed a collaborative project with a greenhouse tomato grower (OH) to implement the use of natural enemies for control of pests in her greenhouse. This project will be used to exemplify the different elements that need to be considered when implementing a biological control program. Cañas, L.A (OH). I coordinated the development of a bilingual (English-Spanish) workshop that introduced IPM concepts to pest management operators. Biological control was an important element in this workshop. Cañas, L.A (OH). I developed a collaborative project with Smithers-Oasis (Ohio) to improve the delivery of entomopathogenic nematodes through plant growing media. Cañas, L.A (OH). I served as co PI in the development of an international short course to identify pest important for food security. Cañas, L.A (OH). I developed a project about the use of biopesticides, including fungi and bacteria that can be used to manage insects in greenhouse vegetables. 3. Educate stakeholders, students, extension personnel and the general public on the principles and practices of biological control. a. Biological control-related talks, symposia, workshops, etc. given or organized for the education of other scientists Brady, C. M. and J. A. White. (student presentation) Everyones a loser: late instar parasitism of whitefly hosts by Encarsia inaron has negative consequences for both parasitoid and host. North Central Branch of the Entomological Society of America, Louisville, KY, March 14-17, 2010. 3rd Place, M.S. paper competition. Brady, C. M. and J. A. White. Everyones a loser: late instar parasitism of whitefly hosts by Encarsia inaron has negative consequences for both parasitoid and host. Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN, Dec 12-16, 2009, Runner-up, Presidents Prize. Brunner SM, Prischmann-Voldseth DA, Goos RJ. 2010. Impact of nitrogen on the population density of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines). Poster at the 2010 North Central branch meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Brunner SM, Prischmann-Voldseth DA, Goos RJ. 2010. Impact of nitrogen and a soil inoculant on soybean aphid density (Aphis glycines). Talk at the 2010 National Entomological Society of America Meeting. Heimpel. Seminar: Department of Conservation Biology at the University of Minnesota: Classical Biological Control of the Soybean Aphid Heimpel. Seminar: Department of Entomology, University of Naples, Portici: Multi-faceted determinants of host range in aphid parasitoids Heimpel GE, Mason P. Symposium presentation at IOBC Conference in Niagara Falls: Relationship between safety and efficacy in classical biological control of arthropods. Heimpel. Symposium presentation at Ecology of Aphidophaga Conference in Perugia, Italy: A goldilocks hypothesis for dispersal of biological control agents. Heimpel. Organized 2 symposia: (1) Risks and benefits of biological control  IOBC meeting in Niagara Falls, Canada; (2) Biological control of soybean aphid  Ecology of Aphidophaga in Perugia, Italy. Pilarska, D.K., Linde, A., Pilarski, P., Takov, D., Georgiev, G., Solter, L.F. 2010. Release of Nosema lymantriae, Vairimorpha disparis and Entomophaga maimaiga for classical and augmentative biological control of gypsy moth in Bulgaria and the United States. Soc. Invertebrate Pathology, Trabzon, Turkey. Pilarska, D., Linde, A., Pilarski, P., Georgiev, G., McManus, M., Solter, L. 2010. Release of entomophthoralean and microsporidian fungal pathogens for biological control of gypsy moth in Bulgaria and the United States. International Union of Forest Research Organizations 7.03.13, Eberswalde, Germany Prischmann-Voldseth DA. 2010. Impact of Binodoxys communis on soybean aphids (Aphis glycines) in an organic field. Poster at the 2010 National Entomological Society of America Meeting. Solter, L.F. 2010. Broad picture of 20 years of research heading to classical biological control introductions against gypsy moth. University of Sao Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia. ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, Brazil Solter, L.F., Pilarska, D.K., Huang, W.F., Solter, P.F., Goertz, D., Hoch, G,, Vavra, J., Linde, A. 2010. Morphological and molecular variability in the Nosema-Vairimorpha species complex infecting Lymantria dispar. Soc. Invertebrate Pathology, Trabzon, Turkey Solter, LF. 2010. Microsporidia as Classical Biological Control Agents of the Gypsy Moth: Research, Regulations and Release. University of Arkansas, Entomology Dept. Seminar Solter, LF. 2009. Gipsy Moth Circles the World©: An International Program on Gypsy Moth Microsporidia. University of Illinois, Dept. of Entomology. Alumni Seminar Speaker. White, J.A. 2010. (Invited presentation) The relevance of bacterial symbionts to biological control. Department of Entomology seminar, North Dakota State University. White, J. A., S. Kelly, S.J. Perlman, S.N. Cockburn, B. Cass, M.S. Hunter. 2010. Endosymbiont costs and benefits in a parasitoid infected with both Wolbachia and Cardinium. 6th International Wolbachia conference, June 9-14, Asilomar, CA. White J. A. 2010. (Invited presentation) Do bacterial symbionts influence egg deposition behavior in a parasitoid wasp? North Central Branch Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Louisville, KY White, J. A. 2010 (Symposium organizer) Habitat management for the promotion of biological control and other ecosystem services. NCERA-125 symposium at the North Central Branch of the Entomological Society of America, Louisville, KY White, J.A. 2010. (Invited presentation) The relevance of bacterial symbionts to biological control. Department of Entomology seminar, University of Arkansas. Wulff, J. A. and J. A. White. (Invited student presentation) The defensive potential of the bacterial endosymbiont Arsenophonusin the soybean aphid. 11th International Ecology of Aphidophaga Conference, Sept 19-24, Perugia Italy. Wulff, J. A. and J. A. White. (student poster) Does Arsenophonus defend the soybean aphid against parasitism? 6th International Wolbachia conference, June 9-14, 2010 Asilomar, CA. (poster) Wulff, J. A. and J. A. White. Do facultative symbionts influence the outcome of superparasitism in a solitary endoparasitoid? Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN, Dec 12-16, 2009. b. Presentations or other educational opportunities on biological control provided for producers, extension educators, and other stakeholders (e.g., extension publications or talks, biological control workshops or training sessions, etc.) Burns E, Gramig G, Prischmann-Voldseth DA. Integrated pest management of Canada thistle. Jun 22 and 29 2010. ND Department of Agriculture Thistle Control Workshop. Cañas, L.A. Current advances in insect management in greenhouses. Dayton, OH. 1/13/2010. Cañas, L.A. Current advances in insect management in interioscapes. Dayton, OH. 1/13/2010. Cañas, L.A. Managing insect pests on greenhouses and interiorscapes: integration of control methods." Cincinnati, OH. 2/3/2010. Cañas, L.A. Current advances in insect management in greenhouses. Sandusky, OH. 2/17/2010. Cañas, L.A. Current advances in insect management in interioscapes. Sandusky, OH. 2/17/2010. Cañas, L.A. Current insect management practices in greenhouses. Akron, OH. 3/13/2010. Cañas, L.A. Current advances in insect management in interioscapes. Akron, OH. 3/13/2010. Cañas, L.A. Current advances in insect management in greenhouses. Columbus, OH. 3/9/2010. Cañas, L.A. Current advances in insect management in interioscapes. Columbus, OH. 3/9/2010. Cañas, L.A. I organized the shortcourse Management of Insects in Greenhouses. This 1 hour course was delivered at 4 sites in Ohio. Cañas, L.A. Insect Science Workshop. Credits: 5, Enrollment: 14. Guest Lecture: Greenhouse Insects Mount Union College. 89% of the students in class were able to recognize the major greenhouse insect pests by the end of the lecture and learned about biological controls (0% were able to do so at the beginning of the lecture). 5/24/2010. Cañas, L.A. Extension Reloaded: insect management using IPM. Cincinnati Flower Growers Association  Coordinated by Dave Dyke. Approximate number of participants = 49 people. Presented information about problems observed during the onsite visit and discussed options for control. Oral presentation, Cincinnati, OH. 6/2/2010. Cañas, L.A. Extension Reloaded: insect management using IPM. OFA Short Course  Coordinated by Claudio Pasian and Steve Carver. Approximate number of participants = 81 people. Presented information about problems observed during the onsite visit and discussed options for control. Oral presentation, Columbus, OH. 7/10/2010. Solter. I organized and co-taught a 1-wk Insect Pathology short-course on the University of Illinois campus with Drs. L. Lacey and R. Humber as co-instructors. Graduate students at 7 universities, USDA research scientists, industry scientists and state scientists attended, a total of 20 participants. The course summarized the infectious diseases of insects including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans, and viruses. The morphological, biological and pathological features of these organisms were addressed, as well as their use and potential for use in biological control/IPM programs. White, J. A. Extension presentation. Greenhouse Pests. Greenhouse 101 Workshop, October 15, 2010, Elizabethtown, KY. ~25 Extension Agents. White, J. A. Extension presentation. Whats New in Greenhouse Pest Management. Jan 11, 2010. Kentucky Landscape Industry Winter Conference. ~25 attendees. White, J. A. Extension presentation. The Basics of Greenhouse IPM. Greenhouse Production Meeting, Dec 2, 2009, Fairview Produce Auction, Hopkinsville, KY. ~50 growers. White, J. A. Extension presentation. Greenhouse Pests. Greenhouse 101 Workshop, October 16, 2009, Lexington, KY. ~25 Extension Agents. c. Number of graduate students, postdocs, and undergraduate researchers trained in the science of biological control. Graduate students (lab): 11; Graduate students (short course): 13 ; Post-docs: 2; Undergraduate researchers: 1 2010. Ronald Batallas. Ecuador. Panamerican College of Agriculture, Honduras. February 14  December 14, 2009. Undergraduate student intern. 2010. Theodore Derksen, SU Quarter 2010, senior high school student. Awards: Awarded OARDC Research Internship Program scholarship. June 9 to September 12, 2010. Undergraduate student intern. Winner ORIP oral presentation award. 2009. David Abud, SU Quarter 2010, senior high school student. Awards: Awarded OARDC Research Internship Program scholarship. June 9 to September 12, 2010. Undergraduate student intern. 2010. The Ohio State University. ENT 460. Economic Entomology and Insect Pest Management. Credits: 5, Enrollment: 31. Team taught with Professor Celeste Welty. Winter Quarter, 6 January 2010 to March 14, 2010. Discussed principles of pest management and explained major tactics. The class was transformed to a computer assisted course as a stepping stone into converting it to a distance education class. 4. Contribute to national dialog about regulatory issues of biological control. Heimpel. I Initiated, along with Peter Mason, a new working group on Exotic Biological Control Agents. Compiled initial list of participants at the IOBC meeting in Niagara Falls, Canada.

Chacon, J., and G. E. Heimpel. 2010. Density-dependent intraguild predation of an aphid parasitoid. Oecologia 164:213-220. Crampton, L. A. G. M. Loeb, K. A. Hoelmer, and M. P. Hoffmann. 2010. Effect of insecticide regimens on biological control of tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, by Peristenus spp., in New York State apple orchards. J. Insect Science 10:36 Dieckhoff, C., and G. E. Heimpel. 2010. Determinants of egg load in the soybean aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 136:254-261. Gardiner, M., D. A. Landis, C. Gratton, N. Schmidt, M. O'Neal, E. Mueller, J. Chacon and G.E. Heimpel. 2010. Landscape composition influences the activity density of Carabidae and Arachnida in soybean fields. Biological Control 55:11-19. Gardner, J., M. P. Hoffmann, S. A. Pitcher and J. K. Harper. Integrating insecticides and Trichogramma ostriniae to control European corn borer in sweet corn: economic analysis. Biological control (in press) Heimpel, G. E., L. E. Frelich, D. A. Landis, K. R. Hopper, K. A. Hoelmer, Z. Sezen, M. K. Asplen and K. Wu. 2010. European buckthorn and Asian soybean aphid as components of an extensive invasional meltdown in North America. Biological Invasions 12:2913-2931. Heimpel, G. E. 2010. BioControl Musings: Leo's interpretation. IOBC-NRS Newsletter (Spring 2010):4. Heimpel, G. E. 2010. BioControl Musings: Where's the Toids? IOBC-NRS Newsletter (Summer 2009):4. Hoffman. Integrating insecticides and Trichogramma ostriniae to control European corn borer in sweet corn: Economic analysis. Accepted for publication. Noma, T., C. Gratton, M. Colunga-Garcia, M. J. Brewer, E. E. Mueller, K. A. G. Wyckhuys, G. E. Heimpel and M.E. ONeal. 2010. Relationship of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to soybean plant nutrients, landscape structure, and natural enemies Environmental Entomology 39:31-41. Shenge, K. C., P. M. Diedhiou, M. J. Boehm, S. D. Ellis, A. Stone, S. A. Miller, and L. A. Cañas. 2009. Sanitation and Phytosanitation (SPS): The Importance of SPS in Global Movement of Plant Materials, Ohioline. The Ohio State University Extension, Columbus, OH. Smyth, R. R., and M. P. Hoffmann. 2010. Seasonal incidence of two co-occurring adult parasitoids of Acalymma vittatum in New York State: Centistes (Syrrhizus) diabroticae and Celatoria setosa. BioControl. 55: 219-228. Solter, L.F., Pilarska, D.K., McManus, M.L., Zubrik, M., Patocka, J., Huang, W.-H., Novotny, J. 2010. Host Specificity of Microsporidia Pathogenic to the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (L.): Field Studies In Slovakia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 105, 1-10. Stary, P., E. Rakhshani, Z. Tomanovic, K. Hoelmer, N. G. Kavallieratos, J. Yu, M. Wang and G.E. Heimpel. 2010. A new species of Lysiphlebus Forster 1862 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) attacking soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hem., Aphididae) from China. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 19:184-191. White, J.A., S. E. Kelly, S. N. Cockburn, S. J. Perlman, M. S. Hunter. 2010. Costs and benefits of endosymbiont infection in a doubly-infected parasitoid. Heredity doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.89 White, J. and D. Johnson. 2010. Vendors of Beneficial Organisms in North America. UK Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin. Ent-Fact 125.