Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

· The meeting was called to order at 8:00 am by Vivek Fellner. · Don Beitz motioned that Vivek Fellner be promoted from Secretary to Chair in the absence of Sharon Franklin. Tom Jenkins seconded the motion, and it was unanimously approved. · Dave Schingoethe motioned that Lance Baumgard replace Vivek Fellner as Secretary for the January 2005 meeting and assume the Chair responsibilities for the 2006 meeting. Don Beitz seconded the motion, and it was unanimously approved. · Moved by Dhiman and 2nd by Don Beitz to approve the minutes from the 2004 meeting. Approved unanimously. · Tom Jenkins led the discussion regarding low attendance at 2005 meeting and indicated that an accurate list of actual active members (minus retirees, non-active member, etc.) be generated. There was inclement weather across much of the country that may have prevented some from attending. Other topics discussed were to develop guidelines for notification of dates, types of notification (email, letter etc.) of meeting as it was thought that the late notice might have kept people from attending the last two years. David Schingoethe indicated that an updated/current email list be generated, and Tom Jenkins volunteered to generate that for the Committee. · Tom Jenkins suggested having a party for Don Palmquist at the 2005 ADSA annual meeting, similar to the party Don Beitz organized for Henry Tyrrell last year. Tom Jenkins mentioned that maybe a symposium in his honor might be appropriate, but it was deemed too late to get that organized. Don Beitz volunteered to organize a social gathering for Don Palmquist at the 2005 ADSA annual meeting. Tom Jenkins volunteered to help Don Beitz in this endeavor. Tilak Dhiman indicated that he would check for possible funding sources. · Moved by Jenkins and 2nd by Schingoethe to make Don Beitz the organizer for the Don Palmquist reception. Unanimously approved. · Ron Pardini, administrative advisor for W-1181, was invited by the committee to provide an update on his research activities. Using athymic mice and a series of experiments, theyve discovered that DHA is the active FA in fish oil that contains the anticarcinogenic activity. · The group worked on modifying/editing the Impact Statement, which was originally drafted by Ron Pardini. Ron Pardini agreed to send the revised Impact Statement to the entire W-1181 to be modified/edited. · Again, the discussion centered on what changes were necessary in order to get more involvement from other members. Moving the meetings to other locations was brought up, but the low cost of getting to Reno and cheap accommodations makes it a tough place to compete with. Moving the meeting to a different time of year was also discussed. The group thinks the primary issue is timing of notification and continuous reminding via email/phone call etc& The discussion was tabled until next year, so a larger group could help decide these issues. · Moved by Baumgard and 2nd by Beitz, that next years meeting be on Thursday and Friday January 5th and 6th, respectively. Unanimously approved. Station Reports: Lance Baumgard  The University of Arizona: Research was presented indicating that genetic selection for milk yield has not altered milk fatty acid profiles. Data from two dietary vitamin E trials were presented and results indicate that vitamin E (10,000-16,000 IU/d) has little or no effect on milk fatty acid profiles. Data from two CLA transition trials was presented and results indicate that CLA can induce milk fat depression immediately postpartum in TMR and pasture fed cows, but that a larger dose of CLA is required compared to established lactation. Don Beitz  Iowa State University: Data were presented from an on-going trial where milk was sampled from farms differing in the level of pasture grazing intensity. Results indicate that milk yield is inversely proportional and milk fat CLA content is positively correlated with increasing levels of pasture intensity. Experiments are planned utilizing the dairy-derived food products from the aforementioned experiment. Vivek Fellner  North Carolina State University: Data were presented from a study with lactating cows fed a TMR including switchgrass silage as the main source of forage. Treatments consisted of similar TMR ingredients with different switchgrass silages selected for yield or digestibility. Experiment was designed to monitor changes in milk composition using a 3 d and a 10 d feeding interval. Compared to control, milk yield, dry matter intake and MUN of cows fed the switchgrass diets dropped within 3 d and remained low at 10 d. Total trans C18:1 in milk decreased by d 3 and remained unchanged at d 10. The content of cis-9, trans-11 decreased and the content of trans-10, cis-12 increased and the effect seemed to be greater at 10 d. Tom Jenkins  Clemson University: Data were presented indicating that oleic acid biohydrogenation results in numerous trans-monoenes and 10-hydroxy and 10-keto stearic acids and that the conversion was reduced under low pH and dilution rate conditions. Results were also presented showing that EPA and DHA were biohydrogenated and suggests that DHA is the fatty acid in fish oil that promotes TVA accumulation. David Schingoethe  South Dakota State University: Research evaluating the effects of linseed or fish oil in combination with sunflower seeds was presented. Results indicate that feeding sunflower seeds with fish oil increased milk production and the CLA and TVA content. Tilak Dhiman  Utah State University: Data were presented indicating that calcium salts of fish oil fed alone or in combination with soybean products increased the CLA and n-3 fatty acid content compared to controls and these effects didnt change consumer acceptability characteristics of the milk or cheese. Results from a different project indicate that consumer acceptability of CLA-enriched dairy products are similar to those products containing normal CLA levels. In addition, results from a third study indicate that CLA levels are higher from farms that utilize some grazing practices and that individual cow CLA variation is higher on pasture than when fed a TMR.

Objective 1. Characterize the regulation of milk fat synthesis. · Data with lactating cows were used to determine the ability of whole-body long-chain fatty acid balance to reflect changes in body energy storage. · Balance of C18 fatty acids was negative or zero for cows fed the control diet (no added fat). · Balance of C18 fatty acids was more positive for cows fed supplemental fat. · Calculated balance of C16 was positive at all times for cows supplemented with fat and negative at all times for control cows (no added fat). · Estimated adipose supply could not account for the shortfall in fatty acid output. · Genetic selection for milk yield has not altered milk fatty acid composition. · Feeding a mixture of soybean and marine algal oil increased milk fat content of ewes milk, in spite of large (> 2 fold) increases in trans-10 and trans-11 C18:1 concentration and increases in trans-10, cis-12 CLA concentration. · Regulation of milk fat by trans-10, cis-11 CLA involves a coordinated reduction in expression of genes for lipogenic enzymes. Objective 2. Enhance absorption of desired fatty acids for milk fat synthesis through manipulation of diet and lipid transformation by gut microorganisms. · Ruminal microbes convert oleic acid to a variety of trans monoenes. · In addition to trans monoenes, oleic acid carbon is the source of two additional peaks identified as 10-hydroxy stearic acid and 10-keto stearic acid. · Lowering ruminal pH and dilution rate reduced the conversion of oleic acid to the trans monoenes as well as to 10-hydroxy stearic acid and 10-keto stearic acid. · Addition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to ruminal cultures increased trans-C18:1 fatty acid accumulation and decreased C18:1 n-9 and C18:2 n-6 biohydrogenation. · Biohydrogenation of docosahexaenoic acid leads to the accumulation of trans-C18:1. · Cows fed added fat in the form of sunflower seeds with or without linseed oil and fishoil produced more milk compared to cows fed no additional fat in the diet. · Feeding fish oil lowered milk fat percentage. · Sunflower seeds increased the concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-11 C18:1 and the increase was greater in the presence of fish oil. · Feeding n-3 a-linolenic acid (linseed oil) had no effect on milk CLA content when compared to feeding n-3 EPA (fish oil) fatty acid. · A year-round assessment of milk fatty acid composition indicated that CLA concentration is greatest (up to 4 folds) during the grazing months and lowest during the non-grazing time of the year. · Cows fed calcium salts of fish oil had greater CLA content in milk but similar trans-11 C18:1 when compared to control animals. · Feeding calcium salts of fish oil with extruded soybean meal or soybean oil increased milk CLA but to the same extent as feeding fish oil alone. · Milk trans-11 C18:1 was increased most when cows were fed a combination of fish oil and soybean meal. · Milk and cheese from cows fed calcium salts of fish oil alone or in combination with soybean products had higher CLA and omega-3 fatty acids compared with milk from control cows. · The consumer acceptability attributes of CLA-enriched milk and cheese from cows grazing on pasture is similar to those of milk and cheese with low levels of CLA. · Variation in the CLA content between individual cows is greater when cows are grazing on pasture. · The content of cis-9, trans-11 CLA increased by 70% (3.4 vs 5.4 mg/g) from week 1 to week 16 of lactation. · Cis-9, trans-11 CLA content is closely associated with milk fat trans-11 C18:1 levels. · Supplemental vitamin E had little or no effect on milk fatty acid composition from TMR or pasture fed cows. · Pasture fed cows have little or no trans-10 C18:1 in milk and trans-11 C18:1 represents over 65% of the total trans monoenes from pasture fed cows. · A supplement of CLA can induce milk fat depression immediately postpartum but the dose required in early lactation is much higher than when compared to established lactation. · Total CLA concentration in milk fat is higher in ewes fed corn silage compared to alfalfa pellets as forage sources, and the increase in CLA concentration with supplemental oil is greater in the ewes fed corn silage. · In continuous culture fermentors, trans-11 C18:1 and CLA outflow is greater for fresh alfalfa than for alfalfa hay. · The addition of sucrose to alfalfa hay decreased the biohydrogenation of C18:2 (n-6) and C18:3 (n-3) to C18:0 in continuous culture, but did not increase CLA or trans-11 C18:1 outflow. Objective 3. Develop quantitative models for evaluation of preharvest strategies for production of milk with greater nutritional value. · Milk fat content of VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA increased by 7.5- and 8-fold, respectively, by combining feeding practices with targeted milk collection. · The increased VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents did not differ in flavor, when compared to the control, or susceptibility to the development of oxidized off-flavors. · Dairy products with a naturally enhanced content of VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA can have acceptable sensory characteristics.

Peer  Reviewed Manuscripts 1. AbuGhazaleh, A. A., and T. C. Jenkins. 2004. Disappearance of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acids from cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. J. Dairy Sci. 87:645-651. 2. AbuGhazaleh, A. A., and T. C. Jenkins. 2004. Short Communication: Docosahexaenoic acid promotes vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1047-1050. 3. AbuGhazaleh, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid increases in milk when cows are fed fish meal and extruded soybeans for an extended period of time. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1758-1766. 4. Bauman, D.E., J.W. Perfield, II, and A.L. Lock. 2004. Effect of trans fatty acids on milk fat and their impact on human health. Proc. Southwest Nutrition and Management Conf., Tempe, AZ. pp. 41 - 52. 5. Bobe, G., A.E. Freeman, G.L. Lindberg, and D.C. Beitz. 2004. The influence of milk protein phenotypes on fatty acid composition of milk from Holstein cows. Milchwissenschaft 50:3-6. 6. Castañeda-Gutiérrez, E. T.R. Overton, W.R. Butler, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Dietary supplements of two doses of Ca Salts of conjugated linoleic acid during the transition period and early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. (In press). 7. Collier, R.J., L.H. Baumgard, A.L. Lock and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Physiological limitations, nutrient partitioning. In: Yields of Farmed Species: Constraints and Opportunities in the 21st Century. Proceedings: 61st Easter School. Nottingham, England. J. Wiseman and R. Bradley, eds. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, U.K. (In Press). 8. de Veth, M.J., J.M. Griinari, A.M. Pfeiffer, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Effect of CLA on milk fat synthesis in dairy cows: comparison of inhibition by methyl esters and free fatty acids, and relationships among studies. Lipids. 39:365-372. 9. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, K. C. Olson, H. R. Bingham, A. L. Ure, and M. W. Pariza. 2004 Influence of feeding soybean oil on conjugated linoleic acid content of beef. In press J. Agric. Food Chem. 10. Dhiman, T. R., S. Nam, and A. L. Ure. 2004. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and meat. Accepted Critical Rev. in Food Sci. Nutr. 11. Kay, J.K., E.S. Kolver, N.A. Thomson, J.R. Roche and L.H. Baumgard. 2005 The effect of vitamin E supplementation on production and fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Res. (accepted). 12. Kay, J.K, T.R. Mackle, M.J. Auldist, N.A. Thomson, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows fed fresh pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 87:369-378. 13. Kay, J.K., J.R. Roche, C.E. Moore and L.H. Baumgard. Effects of dietary CLA on production parameters in grazing transition diary cows. (submitted). 14. Kay, J.K., W.J. Weber, C.E. Moore, D.E. Bauman, L. Hansen, H. Chester-Jones, B.A. Crooker and L.H. Baumgard. Effects of week of lactation and genetic selection for milk yield on milk fafty acid composition. (submitted). 15. Litherland, N.B., S. Thire, A.D. Beaulieu, C.K. Reynolds, J.A. Benson, and J.K. Drackley. 2005. Dry matter intake is decreased more by abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids than by unsaturated triglycerides. J. Dairy Sci. 2005 88: 632-643. 16. Lock, A.L., B.A. Corl, D.M. Barbano, D.E. Bauman, and C. Ip. 2004. The anticarcinogenic effect of trans-11 18:1 is dependent on its conversion to cis-9, trans-11 CLA by D9desaturase in rats. J. Nutr. 134:2698-2704. 17. Lock, A.L., J.W. Perfield II, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Trans fatty acids in ruminant-derived foods: fact and fiction. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 123-134. 18. Lynch, J.M., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, R. Norbaksh, D.M. Barbano, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Flavour and stability of pasteurized milk with elevated levels of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 88:489-498. 19. Lundy III, F. P., E. Block, W. C. Bridges Jr., J. A. Bertrand, and T. C. Jenkins. 2004. Ruminal biohydrogenation in Holstein cows fed soybean fatty acids as amides or calcium salts. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1038-1046. 20. Moore, C.E., H.C. Hafliger III, O.B. Mendivil, S.R. Sanders, D.E. Bauman and L.H. Baumgard. 2004. Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) progressively reduce milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1886-1895. 21. Moore, C.E., J.K. Kay, M.J. VanSaale, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on heat stressed Brown Swiss and Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci. (accepted). 22. Neelam Kewalramani, T. R. Dhiman and Harjit Kaur. 2003. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content of milk  A Review. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol. 3:91-105. 23. Peterson, D.G., E.A. Matitashvili, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. The inhibitory effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells involves reduced proteolytic activation of the transcription factor SREBP-1. J. Nutr. 134:2523-2527. 24. Perfield II, J.W., A.L. Lock, A.M. Pfeiffer, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Effects of amide-protected and lipid-encapsulated conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements on milk fat synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3010-3016. 25. Perfield II, J.W., A. Sæbø and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Use of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) enrichments to examine the effects of trans-8, cis-10 CLA and cis-11, trans-13 CLA on milk-fat synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1196-1202. 26. Poulson, C. S., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, D. Cornforth, and K. C. Olson. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of beef from cattle fed diets containing high grain, CLA or forages. Livestock Prod. Sci. 91:117-128. 27. Qiu, X., M.L. Eastridge, and J.L. Firkins. 2004. Effects of dry matter intake, addition of buffer, and source of fat on duodenal flow and concentration of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-11 C18:1 in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 87:4278-4286. 28. Qiu, X., M.L. Eastridge, K.E. Griswold, and J.L. Firkins. 2004. Effects of substrate, passage rate, and pH in continuous culture on flows of conjugated linoleic acid and trans C18:1. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3473-3479. 29. Sæbø, A., J.W. Perfield II, P. Delmonte, M.P. Yurawecz, P. Lawrence, J.T. Brenna, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Milk fat synthesis is unaffected by abomasal infusion of the conjugated diene 18:3 isomers cis-6, trans-10, cis-12 and cis-6, trans-8, cis-12. Lipids. (In press). 30. Sanders, S.R., M.K. Teachey, A. Ptock, K. Kraemer, 0. Hasselwander, E.J. Henriksen and L.H. Baumgard. 2004 Effects of Specific Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Isomers on Growth Characteristics in Obese Zucker Rats. Lipids 39:537-543. 31. Shen, S., G. Bobe, S. Zimmerman, E.G. Hammond, C.M. Luhman, T.D. Boylston, A.E. Freeman and D.C. Beitz. 2004. Physical and sensory properties of dairy products from cows with various milk fatty acid compositions. J. Agr. Food Chem. 52:3422-3428. 32. Shingfield, K. J., C. K. Reynolds, B. Lupoli, V. Toivonen, A. S. Grandison, J. M. Griinari, and D. E. Beever. Effect of forage type and proportion of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid responses to a mixture of sunflower and fish oil. J. Anim. Sci., in press. 33. Shingfield, K. J., C. K. Reynolds, A. K. Jones, B. Lupoli, G. Hervás, J. M. Griinari, A. S. Grandison, and D. E. Beever. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to fish oil and sunflower oil in the diet. J. Dairy Sci., submitted. 34. Ure, A. L., T. R. Dhiman, M. D. Stern and K. C. Olson. 2004. Treated extruded soybean meal as a source of fat and protein for dairy cows. Submitted Animal Feed Science and Technology Reviews 1. Bauman, D.E. 2004. Wandering the old growth forest: the milk fat depression story. In: Meeting Challenges to the Dairy Industry through Research. Proceedings. pp. 1-10. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL. 2. Bauman, D.E. and A.L. Lock. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Science. (Eds. W.G. Pond and A.W. Bell) Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, NY. pp. 235-238. 3. Bauman, D.E. and A.L. Lock. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid: Biosynthesis and nutritional significance. In: P.F. Fox and P.L.H. McSweeney (Eds.) Advanced Dairy Chemistry, Volume 2: Lipids, 3rd Edition. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, USA. (In press). 4. Bauman, D.E., A.L. Lock, B.A. Corl, C. Ip, A.M. Salter, and P.W. Parodi. 2005. Milk fatty acids and human health: potential role of conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids. In: Proceedings 10th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. (Ed. K. Sejrsen). Wageningen Academic Publishers. (In press). 5. Griinari, J.M. and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Regulation of milk fat production. In: Proceedings 10th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. (Ed. K. Sejrsen). Wageningen Academic Publishers. (In press). 6. Griinari, J.M., D.E. Bauman, and E. Castañeda-Gutiérrez. 2004. Novos conceitos relacionados à manipulação da gordura do leite (New concepts regarding milk fat manipulation). In: J.W. Dürr, M. Pereira de Carvalho and M. Veiga dos Santos (Eds.) O compromisso com a Qualidada do leite no Brasil, Editora Universitária, Passo Fundo, pp. 1-17. 7. Lock, A.L. and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health. Lipids 39: 1197-1206. 8. Palmquist, D.L., A.L. Lock, K.J. Shingfield, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans. In: Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Edited by S.L. Taylor. Elsevier Inc. San Diego, CA. (In press). Abstracts and Reports 1. AbuGhazaleh, A. A., M. B. Riley, and T. C. Jenkins. 2004. The effect of dilution rate and pH on the conversion of stable isotopically labelled oleic acid to trans monoenes in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):337. 2. Aguiar, G., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, S. F. Porter, and L. L. Jeffs. 2004. Changes in milk fatty acids during transition of dairy cows from diest based on conserved forages and grain to pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):341. 3. Allred S. L., T. R. Dhiman, C. P. Brennand, R. C. Khanal, and D. J. McMahon. 2004. The conjugated linoleic acid and É-3 fatty acids in milk and cheese from cows fed calcium salts of fish oil alone or in combination with soybean products. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):335. 4. Baker, S.H., S.R. Sanders, S. Zibadi, R.R. Watson and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on whole animal body composition parameters in geriatric mice. FASEB J. in press. 5. Bauman, D.E., A.L. Lack, L.H. Baumgard, and R.J. Collier. 2004. Nutrient Partitioning and milk yield: Constraints and opportunities in the 21st century. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 107-122. 6. Baumgard, L.H., S.R. Sanders, O.B. Mendivil, J.K. Kay, J.A. Marchello, P. Delmonte, J.M. Griinari, and M. P. Yurawecz. 2004 Subcutaneous and abdominal fatty acid composition and CLA profiles in grain finished steers. J. Anim. Sci. Supplement (1). 82: 422. 7. de Veth, M.J., Castaneda-Gutierrez, D.A. Dwyer, A.M. Pfeiffer, D.E. Putnam, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Nutrient status influences the effect of conjugated linoleic acid on milk synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):94. 8. Flux, C.L., A.L. Lock, P.J. Buttery, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2004. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism in the hamster. Proc. 6th Congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Session 11-3, page 155. Brighton, UK. 9. Gursoy Balog, U. 2004. Effects of supplemental fat on milk fat composition and body lipid balance during an entire lactation. M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana. 10. Hafliger III, H.C., C.E. Moore, S.R. Sanders, and L.H. Baumgard 2004. Effects of feeding increasing levels of vitamin E on milk production variables, plasma fatty acid composition, and milk fatty acid profiles in Holstein cows experiencing diet induced milk fat depression. J. Dairy Sci. Supplement (1) 87: 305. 11. Heravi Moussavi, A., R.O. Gilbert, T.R. Overton, D.E. Bauman, and W.R. Butler. 2004. Effects of feeding menhaden fish meal or Ca salts of fish oil fatty acids on uterine fatty acids composition, COX-2 level and PGF2± production in early lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):297. 12. Home, C.A.M., A-L. Lock, M. Hurley, D.E. Bauman, and A. Salter. 2004. Effect of a vaccenic acid (VA)/conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched butter on plasma lipoproteins in the cholesterol-fed hamster. Proc. 6th Congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Session J3, page 96. Brighton, UK. 13. Kalscheur, K. F., A. R. Hippen, and D. J. Schingoethe. 2004. Milk fatty acid composition and lactation performance of cows fed linseed oil or fish oil in combination with sunflower seeds. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl.1):337 (Abstr.). 14. Kay, J.K., J.R. Roche and L.H. Baumgard. 2004 Effects of dietary CLA on production parameters in pasture-fed transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. Supplement (1) 87: 95. 15. Kay, J.K., W.J. Weber, H. Chester-Jones, L. Hansen, D.E. Bauman, B.A. Crooker, and L.H. Baumgard. 2004. Effects of genetic selection for milk yield and stage of lactation on milk fatty acid profiles. FASEB J. (Exp. Biol. 2004):A682. 16. Litherland, N.B. 2004. Effects of esterification, degree of saturation and amount of fatty acids infused into the rumen or abomasum of lactating dairy cows. M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana. 17. Lock, A.L., A. Salter, M. Hurley, D.A. Dwyer, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Effect of a vaccenic acid (VA)/conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched butter on tissue CLA concentrations in the hamster. Proc. 6th Congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Session 11-7, page 155. Brighton, UK. 18. Lock, A.L., B.A. Corl, D.E. Bauman, D.M. Barbano, and C. Ip. 2004. The anticancer effects of vaccenic acid in milk fat are due to its conversion to conjugated linoleic acid via D9 desaturase. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):425. 19. Lock, A.L., B.A. Corl, D.M. Barbano, C. Ip, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. The anticarcinogenic effect of trans-11 18:1 is dependent on its conversion to cis-9, trans-11 CLA by delta-9 desaturase. Proc. 6th Congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Session 4-7, page 130. Brighton, UK. 20. Lock, A.L., J.W. Perfield II, D.E. Putnam, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Evaluation of the degree of rumen inertness and bioavailability of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in a lipid encapsulated supplement. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1): 335. 21. Loor, J. J., H. M. Dann, R. E. Everts, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, H. A. Lewin, and J. K. Drackley. 2004. Mammary and hepatic gene expression analysis in peripartal dairy cows using a bovine cDNA microarray. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1): 196. 22. Loor, J. J., N. A. Janovick, R. E. Everts, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, H. A. Lewin, and J. K. Drackley. 2004. Adipose, mammary, and hepatic gene expression profiling in lactating dairy cows using a bovine cDNA microarray. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1): 196-197. 23. Lynch, J.M., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, R. Norbaksh, D.M. Barbano, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Flavor and stability of pasteurized milk with elevated levels of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):236-237. 24. McConnell, C., A.L. Lock, J.W. McFadden, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Fish oil supplementation in dairy cows causes a reduction in milk fat secretion and enhances milk fatty acids of interest in human health. FASEB J. (Exp. Biol. 2004):A129. (Abstr.) 25. Mendivil, O.B., C.E. Moore, H.C. Hafliger 111, S.R. Sanders, G.C. Duff and L.H. Baumgard. 2004. Effects of CLA on tissue response to homeostatic signals and plasma lipid metabolism variables in growing beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. Supplement (1). 82: 333. 26. Moore, C.E., H.C. Hafliger III, O.B. Mendivil, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. 2004 Effects of dietary CLA on production parameters and milk fatty acid variables in Holstein and Brown Swiss cows during heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. Supplement (1) 87: 307. 27. Perfield II, J.W., P. Delmonte, A.L. Lock, M.P. Yurawecz, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Trans-10, trans-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces the D9desaturase index without affecting milk fat yield in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):128. 28. Reynolds, C. K., S. C. Loerch, G. D. Lowe, D. D. Clevenger, P. A. Tirabasso, V. L. Cannon, and J. R. Abril. 2004. Effects of forage source on the response of milk fatty acid composition to soybean and marine algal oil supplementation in ewes. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1): 54. 29. Ribeiro, C.V.D.M., and M.L. Eastridge. 2004. Relationship of rate of appearance of vaccenic acid and pH during in vitro biohydrogenation of linoleic acid from alfalfa hay. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):37. 30. Ribeiro, C.V.D.M., and M.L. Eastridge. 2004. Comparison of biohydrogenation of fatty acids in lyophilized forage and air dried forage with sucrose additions. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):38. 31. Shingfield, K. J., C. K. Reynolds, D. J. Humphries, B. Lupoli, V. Toivonen, A. S. Grandison, J. M. Griinari, and D. E. Beever. 2004. Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil supplements offered alone or in varying combinations on milk fatty acid composition in cows fed maize silage based diets. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1): 336. 32. Shingfield, K. J., D. E. 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