Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Minutes of the S-1032 Annual Meeting May 18 - 20, 2010 Holiday Inn Sacramento Capital Plaza, Sacramento, CA Secretary S-1032: Steven Safferman Associate Professor Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 safferma@msu.edu 517-432-0812 May 18, 2010 " Introduction and opening remarks joint with S-1025 convened at 1 PM. o Opening remarks and introductions facilitated by Saqib Mukhtar (Texas A&M University) o Opening comments from Richard Hegg (USDA, NIFA) described multi-state committees, in general, and ending dates of S-1032 and S-1025, September 2012 and 2011, respectively. A 1 year extension can be requested. " Carbon Footprint Session joint with S-1025 convened at 1:25 PM. o William Salas (Applied Geosolutions, LLC) presented An Overview of Manure-DNDC: A biogeochemical process model for quantifying GHG emission from dairies. § Model Background " Models denitrification and decomposition (DNDC) " Inputs climate, animal type and population, housing, manure treatment (compost, lagoon, slurry tank digester), and field application. " Outputs methane, nitric oxides, and hydrogen sulfide emissions and allows for what if scenarios. " Uses biochemical and geochemical Model developed over 20 years ago. " Delivery using a PC menu based platform. " Uses reactions that change with farm management practices. " Examines the life cycle of carbon and nutrients by examining transformation and transport and the impact of temperature, pH, moisture, and REDOX. " Validation presented in over 100 peer review papers worldwide. § Future Enhancements " Link with life cycle analysis tools for greenhouse gas accounting including carbon trading. " Validation enhancement with additional field observations. " Delivery using web based platform. § Questions and answers topics included accounting for uncertainty, concern of variability, and the sensitivity of model parameters. o Greg Marek (Texas AgriLife Research) presented Simulating Dynamic Beef Manure Markets in the Texas High Plains. § Research question was under what conditions are the production of ethanol using a manure-based fuel economically viable and how does it impact natural resources? Developed a conceptual model that looks at all input and outputs. § Features " Includes mass, energy, environmental, economical, and policy components. " Considers manure as both a fuel and nutrient. " Simulates market structures although difficult to validate because market currently does not exist. § Questions and answers topics related to direct combustion and included fate of ash, scraping technique and the resulting impact of dirt on BTU, and fate of nitrogen. o Kelly Zering (North Carolina State University) presented an analysis of the impact on food by population growth and wealth. § Established basis for the goal of minimizing food/GDP and environmental impact/GDP. § Discussed the use of LCA to determine environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with production with the goal of providing farmers a decision framework. § Provided the steps which included establishing boundaries, taking inventories, analyzing impacts, and interpreting results. § Questions and answers topics related to the use of the analyses to shape policy and regulation, comparing productivity to the desire to consume organic and locally grown food, and the need to be resilient, at the cost of efficiency. May 19, 2010 " Morning field trip joint with S-1025 to Fiscalini Farms in Modesto, CA, to tour a CSTR manure digester serving 2500 cows and operating at a SRT between 20 and 30 days. Biogas is used to power a 715 KW engine/generator operating at 500 KW. All energy is sold to the utility as the sale price is greater than the cost. Unique features include feedstock blending of manure, cheese, and grass and the use of solid/liquid separation to overcome substrate feeding difficulties relating to high energy solids settling out during storage. Waste heat is used to heat the digester and for a cheese manufacturing facility. " Afternoon field trip joint with S-1025 to Castelanelli Brothers Dairy, Lodi, CA, to tour covered lagoon digester serving 1500 cows and operating at a SRT of 40 days. Biogas is used to power a 300 KW engine/generator. A unique feature is the efficient and effective microbial hydrogen sulfur gas cleaning system. May 20, 2010 " Joint Discussion with S-0125 convened at 8:05 AM. " Officers were introduced. " Relationship between S-1032 and S-1025 was discussed. o S-1025 ends in September 2010. o S-1032 ends in September 2012. o One year extension can be requested. o Options § Terminate S-1025 § Maintain separate projects, extend S-1025, and prepare new project. § Merge S-1025 into S-1032 by extending S-1025 by 1 year and preparing a new S-1032 project by September 2012 with merged objectives. " Relation of objectives to the new USDA AFRI structure was reviewed. A NIFA Factsheet and AFRI Quick Reference Sheet were provided. As new guidance on multistate project is not available, the structure is assumed to remain the same. " Discussion with Richard Hegg on the recent reorganization of USDA and multistate projects. o Asked if questions and comments concerning upcoming AFRI RFAs should be raised individually or collectively by the S-1032. Recommendation is that there is potentially more clout to raise them as a multistate. o Concern raised that Environmental issues not explicitly stated in most recent AFRI RFA. Response was that air and water issues are part of RFAs that entail climate change. o Question asked concerning if a new RFA for AFRI will be released next year. One is expected but will be smaller because of the amount likely to be committed this year. o In discussion of regional project, there are approximately 200 and in future, expected to become more integrated and diverse, to match reorganization of NIFA. o In response to question on funding, the distinction between formula (extension and agricultural stations), competitive grants (AFRI), and earmarks were discussed. o Incorporation of animal welfare in multistate committees was discussed. " S-1032 relationship with S-1025 reviewed. o S-1025 could take extension option so both projects end at the same time. o S-1025 objectives were reviewed to understand the match to S-1032. o Relation of S-1025 objectives to AFRI funding priorities was reviewed. o Objectives for S-1032 were reviewed. o Objective 1 of S-1032 relates to S-1025 and is becoming more important within USDA and EPA. Although little to report proposal, and collaboration is ongoing. " Advantages and disadvantages of merging two projects were discussed. o Logistical issues were discussed such as lead time required preparing report and new proposal. o Changes in the number of participants if combined were considered, especially since most universities can only send 1 person per project to meetings. o No apparent advantage of combining from the USDA perspective as long as objectives are different and valid. " Current arrangement of meeting together and discussing common interests is desirable if both projects continue from coat perspective. " S-1032 Business Meeting convened at approximately 10:00 AM. " Members in attendance: 13. " Officers were reviewed. o Chair: Saqib Mukhtar. o Vice Chair: Kelly Zering. o Secretary: Steven Safferman. " Recognition of contributions to meeting. o Deanne Meyer (University of California Davis): arranged tour and other logistical details. o John Classen (North Carolina State University): arranged online registration and tracked participation. " Meeting plans for next year were discussed. o Consider meeting at a university to reduce costs. o Invite local scientist to present research. o Include in-service training. o Tentatively schedule meeting on May 17  19, 2011. o Several possible locations were discussed. Subcommittee was established to decide on location. Members are Saqib Mukhtar (subcommittee chair), Brent Auvermann (Texas AgriLife Research), John Classen, Fred Michel (The Ohio State University), and Deanne Meyer. " Reviewed items needed for upcoming annual report including list of publications and research briefs, for those who have not already sent theirs. " Send research briefs with LPELC for publishing to eXtension. " S-1032 received the Southern Region nomination for the National Excellence in Multistate Research. Results should be available in June. " Objective 1 discussed, including the need to show progress. Deanne Meyer will poll members to determine if proposals to AFRI were prepared. " Nominations for secretary were sought for term starting in October 2010. Jun Zhu (University of Minnesota) was nominated and accepted the position. " Subcommittee formed to study the research briefs and propose new format. Members are Steve Safferman (subcommittee chair), Kelly Zering, and Jun Zhu. Considerations include adopting a format that is easily merged, stage of research is reported, references included, and partnerships are recorded. " Problem noted concerning lack of participation in preparing research briefs. Ronald Lacewell (Texas A&M AgriLife) will send a reminder to committee. " Business Meeting Update from S-1025, presented by Richard Hegg (10:55 AM) " Members want to keep project separate form S-1032 but continue to collaborate. " An extension will be requested. " S-1032 State Reports (11:55 AM) " Steve Safferman reviewed research under Objective 2, Task B, Subtask i - iii. Projects concerning milking center wastewater management, vegetative treatment systems, fate and transport of hormones, anaerobic bioreactors, and irrigation. " Jun Zhu reported research on Objective 2, Task B, Subtask iv. Projects concerning lactic acid production and milk co-digestion were discussed. " Ted Funk (University of Illinois) reported on Objective 2, Task C, Subtasks ii and iii. Project topics included source control, capture and treatment, transport modeling, and emission inventories from free stalls. Additionally, swine barn pit explosions were discussed. " Meeting adjourned at 12:40 PM. Submitted by Steven Safferman

Objective 1. Develop preliminary models of each animal industry that describe its cumulative ecological risk, emergy flows or ecological footprint as a dynamic, nonlinear function of the stocks, flows and transformations of matter and energy comprising CAFO systems. (TX) Stock-and-Flow Modeling of Solid Manure of Variable Quality in a Competitive Biofuel and Land-Application Market A quantitative, dynamic transaction model of material stocks and flows in a regional spot market for solid feedlot manure is being developed and validated to simulate human negotiating postures in a competitive, regional spot market with demand from irrigated, dry-land farms, and biorefineries. (MN) Reducing the Environmental Footprint of Swine Buildings An advisory group consists of professionals from academia and industry is working on reduce energy usage and gaseous emissions from swine facilities by generating a list of design options and management practices for swine buildings in Minnesota and the upper Midwest. (NE) Implementing Mass Nutrient Balance Procedures on Swine Facilities Thirteen swine producers from Indiana, Iowa, and Nebraska with finishing facilities have participated in a two-year effort to define the primary nitrogen and phosphorus flows entering and exiting their farm and to produce a Whole Farm Nutrient Balance (WFNB) for two 1-year periods based upon measurement of inputs and outputs. Based upon the results observed to date, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) on average, the participating swine producers import 1.5 and 1.5 units of N and P through all farm sources for every unit of N and P that is exported as managed products. Several farms produced P balances very near an ideal 1 to 1 ratio; 2) feed is the dominant source of N and P arriving on farm representing 79 and 84% of all imports, respectively; 3) both feed efficiency and dietary phosphorus concentration was found to be important factors explaining increase in whole farm phosphorus imbalances; 4) The WFNB for facilities with storage only (deep pits and exterior storage) are substantially better than those observed for farms with anaerobic lagoons; 5) No relationship was observed for N or P WFNB versus size of farm as measured by animal numbers or crop acres. (TX)Greenhouse gas emissions measurements from ground level area sources (GLAS) of a dairy A new greenhouse gas (GHG) field sampling protocol modified from the EPA Method TO-14A was used to estimate and compare seasonal methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission factors (EFs) from different ground level area sources (GLAS) of a naturally ventilated free-stall dairy barn housing 500 lactating cows. The measured GHG concentrations within and among the GLAS were found to be widely variable Observed greater CH4 and N2O EFs in the summer were due to fluctuations in ambient temperature, dairy waste loading rates, and manure microbial activity. (TX)Phenol and p-cresol emissions from ground level area sources (GLAS) from a dairy facility A new greenhouse gas (GHG) field sampling protocol modified from the EPA Method TO-14A was used to estimate and compare seasonal variations in phenol and p-cresol emission factors (EFs) from different ground level area sources (GLAS) of a naturally ventilated free-stall dairy barn housing 500 lactating cows. The estimated phenol and p-cresol EFs within and among GLAS were found to be highly variable. The greater average phenol EFs were observed from the loafing pen comparing with other GLAS with an estimation of 0.542 kg hd-1 yr-1(winter) and 0.357 kg hd-1 yr-1(summer). Loafing pen also showed significantly higher p-cresol EFs during winter (0.155 kg hd-1 yr-1) and summer (0.173 kg hd-1 yr-1) when compared with other GLAS. The overall calculated EFs for phenol and p-cresol were 0.97±0.27 and 0.28±0.08 kg hd-1 yr-1, respectively, in winter. Overall calculated phenol and p-cresol EFs were 0.43±0.13 and 0.2±0.08 kg hd-1 yr-1, respectively, during summer. Objective 2. Continue the development and performance evaluation of process-level strategies and tactics to reduce environmental pollution at the process level from confined animal feeding operations. (CA) Analysis of Solid Liquid Separator Evaluation of mechanical solid liquid separator systems installed on commercial dairies improves our understanding of fate of total solids. Reduction of total solids entering the liquid treatment system may reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds. Solids removed from the liquid waste stream were 4.1% and 14.1% measured from two separate sampling events. This is consistent with previous evaluations of similar equipment. (AL) Evaluation of Litter Treatments for Ammonia, Salmonella and E. coli Control in Broiler Poultry Houses The benefit of four chemical litter treatments for ammonia, Salmonella and E.coli control in broiler houses was evaluated including: Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT), ALL-CLEAR (AC), Poultry Guard (PG) and Sulfuric Acid (SA). Each of the litter treatments was applied at two rates: 100- and 150 lbs/1000 ft2, except the SA treatment which was applied at 40 lb and 60 lb/1000 ft2. Overall, the litter treatments did not effectively control ammonia emissions nor prevent Salmonella outgrowth in the litter during the entire 7-week broiler poultry growout cycle (MI)Evaluation of leaching and Ponding of Viral Contaminants Following Land Application of Biosolids on Sandy-Loam Soil This study was designed to evaluate of leaching and ponding of viral contaminants following land application of mesophilic anaerobic digested (MAD) biosolids on sandy-loam soil. The peak breakthrough (BTC) of the anionic tracer occurred at about 0.3 pore volume; however, the peak BTC of the microbial tracer varied from <0.1 to 0.7 pore volumes. Such early and variable time to peak BTC indicated preferential flow paths, presumably from soil cracks, root channels, worm holes or other natural phenomena. (NE) An Integrated Approach to Reduced Risk of P Pollution of Surface Waters in Crop-Livestock Managed Ecosystems of the Midwest The purpose of this project is to improve P cycling in livestock and crop-based managed ecosystems while reducing P delivery to surface waters. Methods will be developed to: 1) remove P from distillers grains and corn gluten feed; 2) reduce the cost of transport for improved distribution of manure nutrients through alternative manure handling practices, such as composting; 3) improve and target manure application practices to reduce risk of P runoff; and 4) provide education to stakeholders on P related issues. Knowledge gained through this project include: 1) about 77 and 90% of the phytate phosphorous in the BB and LSW, respectively, were effectively degraded to phosphoric acid, suggesting an opportunity for significant P removal; 2) setbacks were found to be ineffective in reducing runoff P while sediment loss may be increased with a 30 meter setback compared to no setback. Grass filters that occupied 1 and 4% of the drainage area reduced runoff P by 52 and 78%, respectively, from sites with excessive surface soil P. One-time deep plowing reduced P runoff by 51% in cases of excessive surface soil P. For Duck Creek, 55% of the nutrients and 59% of the sediment lost in runoff originated from 25% of the land area; increased terracing was more effective than increased no-till in further reducing pollutant loading; 3) total nitrogen recovery was 86 and 56 percent for stockpiled and composted feedlot manure, respectively, with greater nutrient value with stockpiling as compared to composting. (USDA and MI) Milking Center Wastewater Management The objective of this ongoing project is to develop an efficient milking center wastewater treatment technology that potentially qualifies for NRCS cost share. Three technologies were developed including on-site advance treatment unit (ATU), bark filter mound (mound), and wetland. Aeration and solid/liquid separation methods were used in the ATU technology. Results from monitoring one mound (2 year operation) and one vertical constructed wetland (1 year operation) demonstrated that both technologies have great removal efficiency in terms of carbon and nitrogen, even during winter. (NE) Demonstrating solutions for small AFO runoff using Vegetative Treatment Systems This project develops and demonstrates new technology solutions for the small and medium (<1,000 head) sized open lot housing Animal Feeding Operation (AFO) using Vegetative Treatment Systems (VTS), an entirely voluntary program that partners with the state regulatory authority, NRCS and industry stakeholders. Some new concepts added to the trational VTS approach. AFOs matching its cost to that of a medium AFO. Over life of program the cost of a small AFO sprinkler VTS has been reduced by 40% through technology development. In addition, cost analysis has has shown that VTS is lowest cost option for every size of open lot compared to conventional containment, hoop barn, and monoslope barn production facilities. (GA) Processing Livestock and Poultry Manure for Nutrient Recovery in Feeds The project is investigating the use of an insect, Hermetia illucens, to process and treat solid waste while producing insect protein and oil. An experimental system is also investigating the processing of flushed waste through settling, biogas fermentation, and hydroponic plant filtration. Conversion of animal waste to solider fly larvae that could be further used as a feed stuff and/or rendered for biodiesel production should be commercially viable in the US. In addition, a system of solids removal, anaerobic digestion (for energy recovery and to mineralize nutrients), and hydroponic forage production is capable of producting very high yields of forage and removing significant quantities of nutrients from dairy barn effluent. (LA) Value Added Products from Dairy Wastes and Poultry Litter- Improving the Sustainability of Livestock and Poultry Systems in the United States Specific objectives of the project were to: 1) develop and build dairy manure/ sand gravity separator and to promote the use of this separator at commercial dairies; 2) construct solar stills to dry wet dairy and poultry wastes; 3) assess the overall viability of pelletizing dried dairy manure and poultry litter. The nutritive value of pelletized manure will be evaluated using both analytical methods and plant growth experiments; and 4) design and fabricate a large-scale biomass gasifier that utilizes dried animal wastes as a feedstock. LSU AgCenter developed dairy manure/sand separator that was licensed for commercialization to separates larger organic particles and bedding sand from waste slurries. Experiments on solar stills for drying wet manure was demonstrated to be effective during summer. Analysis revealed that the high ash and mineral content prevented successful gasification (MI) Farm Runoff Treatment Using Vegetated Filter Strips This project is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the existing USDA Michigan NRCS Wastewater Treatment Strip Practice Standard, 635, to treat impacted runoff from small farms. Since 2009, two large filter strips have been constructed to monitor the performance of receiving runoff from feed storage/preparation and the heat check lot at the MSU dairy facility that houses 150 cows. Preliminary results indicate that a soil depth substantially greater than 1 foot is required for treatment (NE) Effects of Cattle Manure on Fate and Transport of Hormones in the Feedlot and the Field This EPA STAR-funded project at the University of Nebraska focuses on the occurrence, fate and transport of steroid hormones in cattle manure. A controlled feeding and supplement study was designed to compare manure from both implanted and untreated cattle. Preliminary results from the feeding pen studies suggest that concentrations of animal supplement compounds in run-off water are much lower than the levels of natural steroid hormones and related compounds such as mycotoxin metabolites from feed. Preliminary data suggests that composting may help reduce the levels of both natural and supplement steroid hormones in livestock manure. (MI)Solid Liquid Separation and Operational Performance of an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor A solid/liquid separation system using tubular ultra filtration membrane directly connected to a completely mixed anaerobic digester was evaluated in this study. The specific objective is to investigate separating particulate phosphorus from the bulk liquid stream enabling its agronomical application to fields that are controlled by phosphorus levels. A 100 L anaerobic membrane bioreactor operated for over 2 years with a feed of liquid manure. Excellent phosphorus separation is achieved resulting in bulk liquid concentrations below 20 mg/L P. Membrane durability is good and fouling can be minimized by a simple, routine cleaning protocol using hot water. Biogas production, however, is negatively impacted by the turbulence caused by the membrane under certain operational conditions. (USDA-ARS) Development of Floating Vegetated Mat Treatment Systems for Improving Wastewater Quality The goal of this research is to develop floating vegetated mat systems for treating wastewater from confined animal feeding or aquaculture operations. Based on prior study conducted in 2008, three plant species (variegated iris, soft rush, and cattail) were selected and planted on floating mats to treat aquaculture wastewater as a replicated study began in May 26-27, 2009. Research completed in 2008 indicate that floating mat systems can successfully grow plants and remove nutrients from highly contaminated wastewater. (MI) Biomass Energy Inventory to Support Renewable Energy Development The Michigan Waste Biomass Inventory (http://mibiomass.rsgis.msu.edu) is a GIS based system to identify sites of residual biomass and land that can produce high energy value biomass and estimate the net energy theoretically available from the biomass. One of the most important parameter of various feedstocks is the moisture content. (MI) Biogas Potential Assay in Support of Renewable Energy Batch scaled biogas potential assays were developed to screen various biomass and predicate potential biogas yields from those biomass. Anaerobic respirometer and serum bottle procedure are used to conduct biogas potential assays. Standard procedures have been established and validated through over 30 tests of biomass blends. To date, approximately 9 organizations have contracted to have wastes tested (MN) Co-digesting the wasted milk from dairy operations with cattle slurry to reduce water pollution This ongoing study is conducted to determine the maximum concentration of wasted milk that can be co-digested with cattle slurry under mesophilic conditions without adversely impacts on biogas yields and methane content through a batch scale (1 liter flask system) experiment. The up to date batch scale experiment indicate that it is feasible and beneficial to co-digest dairy manure with milk at a level of up to 19% under the current experimental conditions. (MN)Lactic acid fermentation using dairy manure as the sole carbon and nitrogen source The objectives of this project are to 1) develop effective processes for dairy manure hydrolysis by fungi by determining the most effective microbial culture or flora and the optimal operating parameter values for hydrolysis and 2) investigate the feasibility and techniques of converting the hydrolysates from dairy manure into lactic acid through fermentation without external nutrients and optimize fermentation conditions to enhance lactic acid production. This project is built on the previous project that demonstrated dairy manure could be a nitrogen source for lactic acid production by Rhizopus oryzae. For this new study, more fungal species (up to 10) will be selected and investigated from the collection of wood-rotting fungi based mainly on their cellulolytic activity (MN) Biohydrogen-Based Biofuel Cells: Highly Efficient and Clean Electricity Generation Using Mixed Wastewater Feedstocks - A Rural Development Project This project investigates the feasibility of developing a biological fuel cell system consisting of a H2 fermenter and an enzyme-based fuel cell that can produce electricity directly from waste biomass. Compared to glucose supplement, sugar processing wastewater supplement showed improvement in volumetric hydrogen production with no adversely impact on hydrogen content. The main obstacle rests with the difficulties in expressing the key enzyme, hydrogenase, by bacterial cells. (TX)Estimating Manure Higher Heating Value as a Biofuel Feedstock The objectives of this project were to 1) validate the use of non-destructive VNIR spectrometry to measure ash and moisture in solid manure samples from cattle feedyards; 2) translate ash and moisture measurements into accurate estimates of manure higher heating value (HHV); 3) refine estimates of the mean and variance of dry, ash-free HHV (HHVDAF) in solid manure from cattle feedyards and open-lot dairies. A properly calibrated VNIR-DRS model can accurately predict manure ash content. (NC) Development and Testing a Sludge Sampler A sampler roughly based on the Kroes et al. (1987) design was develop to provide the ability of retrieving sludge and liquid samples from specific depths in a waste treatment lagoon without dilution of sample from surrounding material and without disturbing the liquid column. The accuracy of samples was determined by comparing conductivity values of samples using the device with those from samples pumped directly from predetermined fixed points in the column. The values in samples from the device were always less than those pumped from the column; except for the topmost samples, the differences were between 4 and 12%. Disturbance of the column was determined by comparing conductivity values pumped from the column before and after the device was used and results indicated the sampler did not disturb the water column. (IL) Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterizations of Particulate Matter from Confinement Livestock Buildings The objectives of this project are: (1) to investigate the physical properties of the particulate matter emitted from typical swine and poultry buildings, including particle size, shape, concentration and density; (2) to study the chemical properties of PM, including elemental composition of individual particles, and elemental composition, organic compounds, and soluble ions of total particles; (3) to examine the biological properties of PM, including the diversity and concentration of bacterial and fungal populations, selected antibiotic resistance genes, and airborne endotoxins. Parts of key findings are list as follows: " PM concentrations change with animal building types and weather conditions. " Using TSP and PSD data to calculate PM10 and PM2.5 levels may cause a significant underestimation. " The true density of PM ranged from 1.4 to 1.6 g/cm3. 1.5 g/cm3 would be a reasonable estimate. " Chemical compositions (elements, soluble ions and odourants) of PM change with animal building types and weather conditions " Two odorants, even more odorous than m-cresol, have been idenfied for the first time. " Airborne endotoxin levels (in TSP) were unexceptionally greater than the threshold value proposed by Dr. Kelley Donham, and were linearly correlated with PM concentrations. " Viable bacteria levels were greater in winter; while a reverse trend was found for fungi. " The existence of tetrycycline resistence genes (six types in total) in PM was ubiquitous and their abundances differed with animal building types. (AR) A Mitigation System for Reducing Ammonia and Particulate Matter Emission from Commercial Broiler Houses An emission mitigation system for reducing emissions of ammonia and particulate matter (PM) from commercial broiler houses combines a water scrubber with a biofilter. The biofilter is being modeled to understand the mass balance of ammonia in the exhaust air from commercial poultry houses. The water curtain was not very effective in removing ammonia from the exhaust air primarily due to the relatively short contact time with the exhaust air. Therefore, this idea of open water curtain has been revised into an enclosed water curtain that will be integrated with a biofilter. However, the water curtain was highly effective in removing PM and removed over 90% of PM from the exhaust air. (AR) Comparison of Two Instruments for Monitoring Particulate Matter in Broiler Houses This project compared two PM monitoring devices, the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) and DustTrak for 10 days in Fall of 2009. TEOM is considered as the standard equipment for PM monitoring by many researchers. The results indicated that on average, TEOM measurements were 600 mg/m3 higher than DustTrak for PM 10 and 25 mg/m3 higher than DustTrak for PM2.5. The study indicated that there is significant difference between the PM measured by the two instruments, TEOM and DustTrak. (AR) Point Estimates of Ammonia Volatilization from the Litter Floor of Commercial Poultry Houses during Growout Ammonia emissions from mechanically-ventilated livestock houses can be quantified by measuring whole house ventilation rates and ammonia concentrations at the air inlet and fan outlets. A side-by-side comparison between the flux chamber method and simultaneous whole-house measurements was conducted during two winter flocks and one summer flock of commercial broilers raised on reused litter. Generally, there was a linear trend between two flux measurement methods, with ammonia flux tested by chamber method lower than whole house measurement. (MN)Determining Commonality among Swine Barn Pit Explosions The cause of the recent increasing in swine manure pits explosions and fires/foaming are being investiaged with an expection to find solutions that will prevent or reduce their occurrence. The best prevention of fire or explosions is continuous ventilation to prevent a gas build-up and increased ventilation during agitation to quickly dissipate released gases. (IL)Integrated Project to Improve Moisture Control and Practical Design Procedure of Biofilters for Treating Exhaust Air from Livestock Buildings The overall goal of this multi-year project is to combine the best biofilter technology into an efficient, attractive, and affordable package that will serve the swine industry in reducing aerial emissions. Results showed large differences in airflow characteristics of biofilter media under different conditions, e.g. compacted v. non-compacted, wet v. dry, and wide particle size distribution v. well-graded. An innovative biofilter container for a single-fan biofilter was designed and built and has performed as expected. (ND) Efficacy of Bacterial Treatment (Digest 3+3®) to Reduce Air Emissions from Swine Facilities in North Dakota This project was aimed at evaluation of the effectiveness of a bacterial treatment to reduce odor and air emissions (e.g., ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) from swine facilities in North Dakota climatic conditions and management practices. Selected two commercial swine operations (Gestation-farrowing). For both operations, one of gestation barns will be treated with Digest 3+3®, while the other gestation barn will be untreated (control) to compare odor, ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions. (MI) Feeding DDGS to swine and resulting impact on air emissions The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the dietary effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and the sources of mineral supplement on air emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and non-methane total hydrocarbons (NMTHC) from swine. Three diets were evaluated. Overall, body weight gain and G:F were not affected by diets, although a lower FI was observed in pigs offered organic source of trace minerals. Diet inclusion of DDGS increases H2S emission, but organic sources of trace minerals are a promising mitigation strategy to alleviate the adverse effect of DDGS. Feeding DDGS with either inorganic or organic trace mineral sources increased CH¬4 and NMTCH daily emission mass, but not N2O emissions. (MI) Effect of DDGS and mineral sources on air emissions from laying hens The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the dietary effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and the sources of mineral supplement on air emissions from Hy-line W-36 hens from 50 to 53 wk of age (3 rooms/diet; 56 hens/room). Overall, diet inclusion of DDGS or organic trace minerals did not change short-term performance of laying hens. Substitution of inorganic trace mineral sources with organic sources did not alter air emissions. (MI) Effect of a Low Sulfur Diet on Air Emissions, Nutrient Excretion, and Performance of Laying Hens The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the effect of feeding commercial diet (C), reduced S (RedS) diet, and a low S (LowS) diet on air emissions, nutrient excretion, and performance of Hy-line W36 laying hens from 47 to 50 wk of age (4 environmental rooms/diet; 56 hens/room). Three diets were evaluated and results of this study demonstrate that feeding less DL-Met has great potential to reduce H2S emissions and S excretion from laying hens and reducing DL-Met up to 40% had no negative impact on hen performance; however, completely eliminating DL-Met supplementation resulted in less cumulative egg mass. (MI) Effect of Amino Acid Formulation and Supplementation on Nutrient Mass Balance and Air Emissions from Turkeys Nutrient mass balance and air emissions were determined for turkeys fed 4 diets. The results demonstrated the potential of reducing nutrient excretion and air emissions from turkeys through diet modification of AA

S-1032 2010 Alphabetical Listing of References Adedokun, S.A., C.M. Parsons, M.S. Lilburn, O. Adeola, and T.J. Applegate. 2009. Comparison of amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients in broilers, laying hens, and caectomised roosters. Brit. Poult. Sci. 50:350-358. Applegate, T.J., C. Troche, Z. Jiang, and T. Johnson. 2009. The nutritional value of high-protein corn distillers dried grains for broiler chickens and its effect on nutrient excretion. Poult. Sci. 88:354-359. Applegate, T.J., G. Schatzmayr, K. Prickel, C. Troche, and Z. Jiang. 2009. Effect of aflatoxin culture on intestinal function and nutrient loss in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 88:1235-1241. Applegate, T.J., E. Onyango, R. Angel, and W.J. Powers. 2009. Effect of amino acid formulation and dietary probiotic supplementation on egg production and egg characteristics in laying hens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18:552-561. Applegate, T.J., G. Schatzmayr, K. Prickel, C. Troche, and Z. Jiang. 2009. Effect of aflatoxin culture on intestinal function and nutrient loss in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):145. Applegate, T.J., E. Onyango, R. Angel, and W. Powers. 2009. Effect of amino acid formulation and dietary probiotic supplementation on egg production and characteristics of laying hens. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):159-160. Borhan. S., S. Capareda, S. Mukhtar, W.B. Faulkner, R. McGee, and C.B. Parnell, Jr. 2010. Greenhouse gas emissions from ground level area sources in a dairy operation. ASABE International meeting, Pittsburgh, PA. ASABE paper No. 10-08659. Borhan. S., S. Capareda, S. Mukhtar, W.B. Faulkner, R. McGee, and C.B. Parnell, Jr. 2010. Measurements of volatile organic compound and greenhouse gas emissions from ground level area sources in a beef feedyard using isolation flux chamber. ASABE paper No. 10-08657. ASABE International meeting, Pittsburgh, PA. Davis, S., Cleary, S. Safferman, Rathbun, D. Ledebuhr, and G. Fritz. 2009. Milking center wastewater management - bark filter mounds. Michigan Dairy Review. 14(2):11-13. de Beer, M., T.J. Applegate, K.A. Walter, and D. Burnham. 2009. Effect of diet formulation on a total or digestible amino acid basis and amino acid concentration on broiler performance and carcass yield. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):159. Del Nero Maia, G., G.B. Day, J.L. Taraba, R.S. Gates, and L. Dutra de Melo. 2010. Relation of ammonia biofiltration and nitrous oxide generation affected by moisture. ASABE Paper No: 1009189. Pittsburgh PA, St. Joseph, MI. Dutra de Melo, L., G.B. Day, J.L. Taraba, and G. Del Nero Maia. 2010. Assessment of a moisture application system for compost biofilters. ASABE Paper No: 1009176. Pittsburgh PA, St. Joseph, MI. Burtle, G.J., G.L. Newton, and D.C. Sheppard. 2009. Soldier fly instead of fish in fish feed. Hatchery International. Vol. 10, no. 4. Giri, S., S. Mukhtar and R. Wittie. 2010. Vegetative covers for sediment control and phosphorus sequestration from dairy waste application fields. Transactions of the ASABE. 52 (3), 803-811. Green Foodservice Alliance. 2009. Processing of manure and other perishable organics and waste into valuable feed nutrients and other components: value added waste management with black soldier fly. http://www.greenfoodservicealliance.org/POWER. Green Foodservice Alliance. 2009. The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, as an organic waste resource recovery tool. http://www.greenfoodservicealliance.org/POWER. Hubbard, R.K. 2010. Impacts of agriculture on nitrates in soil and groundwater in the southeastern coastal plain. Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. (Batelle), Monterey, CA. Hubbard, R.K., W. Anderson, G.J. Burtle, G.L. Newton, J.M. Ruter, and J.P. Wilson. 2010. Treatment of aquaculture wastewater using floating vegetated mats. ASABE International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture, Dallas, TX. Jiménez-Moreno, E., R. Angel, J. García, W. Powers, T. Applegate. 2009. Effect of inclusion of adipic acid, calcium chloride and a protease in broiler diets differing in protein concentration on performance, N retention, excreta pH and nitrogen loss from stored excreta. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):85. Jiménez-Moreno, E.R. Angel, J. García, W. Powers, T. Applegate. 2009. Effect of diet protein, protein source, and protease inclusion on broiler performance, excreta pH and nitrogen loss from excreta during storage. Poult. Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):85-86. Knoll, Joseph E., William F. Anderson, Tim Strickland and Bob Hubbard. 2010. Field performance of potential biomass feedstocks under no inputs in south Georgia. 32nd symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Koelsch, Richard, Alan Sutton, Joe Lally. 2010. Nutrient planning on swine farms. http://www.extension.org/pages/Nutrient_Planning_on_Swine_Farms. Larson, R., S.I. Safferman. 2009. Stormwater runoff characterization from animal feeding operations. 2009 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, NV. Li, Y., J. Zhu, X. Wu, C. Miller, L. Wang. 2010. The effect of pH on continuous biohydrogen production from swine wastewater supplemented with glucose. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, in press. DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8914-3. Maia, G.D.N., G.B. Day, R.S. Gates, J.L. Taraba. 2010. Method for characterization of sieved media in compost biofilters with water sorption isotherms. Transactions of the ASABE, in preparation. Mukhtar, S., S. Borhan, S. Rahman and J. Zhu. 2010. Evaluation of a field-scale surface aeration system in an anaerobic poultry lagoon. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 26(2):307-318. Rahman, S and S. Mukhtar. 2010. On-farm turkey carcass composting using sunflower hulls-based turkey litter in North Dakota climatic conditions. ASABE paper No. 10-09022. Pittsburgh, PA. Rathbun, J., S. Safferman, S. Davis, T. Cleary, K. Foight. 2010. Performance evaluation of a filter mound for treating milking center wastewater from a small dairy. Transactions of the ASABE, in preparation. Safferman, S.I., L. Faivor, and D. Wall. 2009. Waste biomass anaerobic digestion biogas potential. WEFTEC 2009, Orlando FL. Safferman, S., W. Liao, and C. Saffron. 2009. Engineering the bioeconomy. Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 135, No. 11, 1085. Schneemann, J., S. Miller, Y. Liu, S. Safferman. 2009. Waste biomass energy inventory to support renewable energy development. 2009 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, NV. Shah, S.B., B.K. Balla, G.L. Grabow, P.W. Westerman and D.E. Bailey. 2009. Impact of land application method on ammonia emission from hog lagoon effluent. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 25(6):963-973. Souza, C.F., G.B. Day, J.L. Taraba, R.S. Gates, and W.P.M. Ferreira. 2010. BIOG-C: Modeling the volumetric methane production in the anaerobic digestion process applied to swine wastes. ASABE Paper No: 1009181. June 20-23, Pittsburgh PA., St. Joseph, MI. Troche, C., Z. Jiang, and T.J. Applegate. 2009. Zinc amino acid complex supplementation improves performance and influences intestinal immune response after coccidial vaccine challenge. Poult. Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):15-16. Wang, L., Y. Li, P. Chen, M. Min, Y. Chen, J. Zhu, R. R. Ruan. 2010. Anaerobic digested dairy manure as a nutrient supplement for cultivation of oil-rich green microalgae Chlorella sp. Bioresource Technology 101(8):2623-2628. Westerman, P., K. Bowers, K. Zering, and M. Adcock. 2009. Phosphorus recovery from covered digester effluent with a continuous-flow struvite crystallizer, applied engineering in agriculture 26(1):153-161. Westerman, P., K. Zering, and D. Rashash. 2009. Struvite crystallizer for recovering phosphorus from lagoon and digester liquid. AG-724W. NC Cooperative Extension Service. NC State University, Raleigh, NC. http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/manure/lagoon/ag-724w_struvite_crystallizer.pdf. Westerman, P., K. Zering, and D. Rashash, 2009. Struvite crystallizer for recovering phosphorous from lagoon and digester liquid, Extension fact sheet AG-724w, Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University. Wu-Haan, W., W. Powers, R. Angel, and T.J. Applegate. 2009. The use of distillers dried grains plus solubles as a feed ingredient on nutrient excretion and air emissions from laying hens. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):49. Wu, X., W. Yao, J. Zhu, C. Miller. 2010. Biogas and CH4 productivity by co-digesting swine manure with three crop residues as an external carbon source. Bioresource Technology 101(11): 4042-4047. Wu, X., W. Yao, J. Zhu. 2010. Effect of pH on continuous biohydrogen production from liquid swine manure with glucose supplement using an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, In press. Wu, X., J. Zhu. 2010. The effect of milk co-digested with dairy manure on biogas production and COD removal in batch processes. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A, In press. Yao, W., X. Wu, J. Zhu, B. Sun, C. F. Miller. 2010. Utilization of protein extract from dairy manure as a nitrogen source by Rhizopus oryzae NRRL-395 for L-lactic acid production. Bioresource Technology 101(11):4132-4138.  S-1032 2010 Listing of references by Objective, Task and Sub-Task Objective 2. Continue the development and performance evaluation of process-level strategies and tactics to reduce environmental pollution at the process level from confined animal feeding operations. Task A. Develop management tools, strategies and systems for land application of animal manures and effluents that optimize efficient, environmentally friendly utilization of nutrients and are compatible with sustained land, air and water quality. Sub-Task ii. Quantify gaseous emissions into the air from land application sites. Hubbard, R.K. 2010. Impacts of agriculture on nitrates in soil and groundwater in the southeastern coastal plain. Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, (Batelle). Monterey, CA.+, ++ Shah, S.B., B.K. Balla, G.L. Grabow, P.W. Westerman and D.E. Bailey. 2009. Impact of land application method on ammonia emission from hog lagoon effluent. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 25(6):963-973.* Westerman, P., K. Zering, and D. Rashash. 2009. Struvite crystallizer for recovering phosphorus from lagoon and digester liquid. AG-724W. NC Cooperative Extension Service. NC State University, Raleigh, NC. http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/manure/lagoon/ag-724w_struvite_crystallizer.pdf.+++ Task B. Development, evaluation, and implementation of methodology, technology, and management practices to reduce water pollution potential from animal production systems. Sub-Task i. Develop and evaluate innovative applications of engineered biological treatment processes to stabilize waste, reduce odor, and manage nutrients. Davis, S., Cleary, S. Safferman, Rathbun, D. Ledebuhr, and G. Fritz. 2009. Milking center wastewater management - bark filter mounds. Michigan Dairy Review. 14(2): 11-13.*** Del Nero Maia, G., G.B. Day, J.L. Taraba, R.S.Gates, L. Dutra de Melo. 2010. Relation of ammonia biofiltration and nitrous oxide generation affected by moisture. Paper No: 1009189. Pittsburgh PA., St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.+ Maia, G. D. N., G.B. Day, R.S. Gates, J.L. Taraba. 2010. Method for characterization of sieved media in compost biofilters with water sorption isotherms. Transactions of the ASABE, In preparation.* Rathbun, Joseph, S. Safferman, S. Davis, T. Cleary, K. Foight. 2010. Performance evaluation of a filter mound for treating milking center wastewater from a small dairy. Transactions of the ASABE, in preparation.* Sub-Task ii. Develop and evaluate vegetated or aquaculture-based treatment systems for treating wastewater or runoff from concentrated feeding operations or land application sites. Giri, S., S. Mukhtar and R. Wittie. 2010. Vegetative covers for sediment control and phosphorus sequestration from dairy waste application fields. Transactions of the ASABE. 52 (3):803-811.* Hubbard, R.K., W. Anderson, G.J. Burtle, G.L. Newton, J.M. Ruter, and J.P. Wilson. 2010. Treatment of aquaculture wastewater using floating vegetated mats. ASABE International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for agriculture. Dallas, TX.+, ++ Larson, R., S.I. Safferman, 2009. Stormwater Runoff Characterization from Animal Feeding Operations. 2009 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, Nevada.+ Sub-Task iii. Develop and evaluate physical and chemical treatments for recovering or stabilizing manure solids or manure treatment by-products for improved utilization alternatives. Green Foodservice Alliance. 2009. Processing of manure and other perishable organics and waste into valuable feed nutrients and other components: value added waste management with black soldier fly. http://www.greenfoodservicealliance.org/POWER.+++ Green Foodservice Alliance. 2009. The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, as an organic waste resource recovery tool. http://www.greenfoodservicealliance.org/POWER.+++ Wallace, J.M. and S.I. Safferman. 2010. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor for the treatment of liquid dairy manure. Transactions ASABE. In preparation.* Westerman, P., K. Bowers, K. Zering, and M. Adcock. 2009. Phosphorus recovery from covered digester effluent with a continuous-flow struvite crystallizer. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 26(1):153-161.* Westerman, P., K. Zering, and D. Rashash. 2009. Struvite crystallizer for recovering phosphorous from lagoon and digester liquid, extension fact sheet AG-724w, Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University.** Sub-Task iv. Develop and evaluate biological or thermochemical treatment of animal manures and mortalities for conversion into renewable energy and/or value-added products. Dutra de Melo, L., G.B. Day, J.L. Taraba, and G. Del Nero Maia. 2010. Assessment of a moisture application system for compost biofilters. ASABE Meeting Presentation. Paper No: 1009176. Pittsburgh PA, St. Joseph, MI.+ Knoll, Joseph E., William F. Anderson, Tim Strickland, and Bob Hubbard. 2010. Field performance of potential biomass feedstocks under no inputs in south Georgia. 32nd symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. April 2010.++ Li, Y., J. Zhu, X. Wu, C. Miller, L. Wang. 2010. The effect of pH on continuous biohydrogen production from swine wastewater supplemented with glucose. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, in press. DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8914-3.* Rahman, S and S. Mukhtar. 2010. On-farm turkey carcass composting using sunflower hulls-based turkey litter in North Dakota climatic conditions. ASABE paper No. 10-09022. ASABE International meeting, Pittsburgh, PA.+ Souza, C.F., G.B. Day, J.L. Taraba, R.S. Gates, and W.P.M. Ferreira. 2010. BIOG-C: modeling the volumetric methane production in the anaerobic digestion process applied to swine wastes. Paper No:1009181. Pittsburgh PA., St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.+ Wang, L., Y. Li, P. Chen, M. Min, Y. Chen, J. Zhu, and R. R. Ruan. 2010. Anaerobic digested dairy manure as a nutrient supplement for cultivation of oil-rich green microalgae Chlorella sp. Bioresource Technology. 101(8):2623-2628.* Wu, X., W. Yao, J. Zhu. 2010. Effect of pH on continuous biohydrogen production from liquid swine manure with glucose supplement using an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, In press.* Wu, X., W. Yao, J. Zhu, C. Miller. 2010. Biogas and CH4 productivity by co-digesting swine manure with three crop residues as an external carbon source. Bioresource Technology 101(11):4042-4047.* Wu, X., J. Zhu. 2010. The effect of milk co-digested with dairy manure on biogas production and COD removal in batch processes. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A, In press.* Yao, W., X. Wu, J. Zhu, B. Sun, C. F. Miller. 2010. Utilization of protein extract from dairy manure as a nitrogen source by Rhizopus Oryzae NRRL-395 for L-lactic acid production. Bioresource Technology. 101(11):4132-4138.* Sub-Task v. Develop and evaluate feeding strategies as a means of reducing water quality impacts and transfer findings to industry for implementation. Burtle, G.J., G.L. Newton, and D.C. Sheppard. 2009. Soldier fly instead of fish in fish feed. Hatchery International. Vol. 10, no. 4.*** Koelsch, Richard, Alan Sutton, Joe Lally. 2010. Nutrient planning on swine farms. http://www.extension.org/pages/Nutrient_Planning_on_Swine_Farms.+++ Safferman, S.I., L. Faivor, and D. Wall. 2009. Waste biomass anaerobic digestion biogas potential. WEFTEC 2009, Orlando FL.+ Safferman, S., W. Liao, and C. Saffron. 2009. Engineering the bioeconomy. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(11):1085.+ Schneemann, J., S. Miller, Y. Liu, S. Safferman. 2009. Waste biomass energy inventory to support renewable energy development. 2009 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, NV.+ Task C. Develop and evaluate methodology, technology, and management practices to reduce odors, gases, airborne microflora, particulate matter, and other airborne emissions from animal production systems. Sub-Task i. - Develop standard methods of collection, measurement, and mitigation of airborne emissions (odors, gases, particulates, endotoxins, pathogens, and other materials) from animal production operations. Borhan. S., S. Capareda, S. Mukhtar, W.B. Faulkner, R. McGee, and C.B. Parnell, Jr. 2010. Greenhouse gas emissions from ground level area sources in a dairy operation. ASABE paper No. 10-08659. ASABE International meeting, Pittsburgh, PA.++ Borhan. S., S. Capareda, S. Mukhtar, W.B. Faulkner, R. McGee, and C.B. Parnell, Jr. 2010. Measurements of volatile organic compound and greenhouse gas emissions from ground level area sources in a beef feedyard using isolation flux chamber. ASABE paper No. 10-08657. ASABE International meeting, Pittsburgh, PA.++ Mukhtar, S., S. Borhan, S. Rahman and J. Zhu. 2010. Evaluation of a field-scale surface aeration system in an anaerobic poultry lagoon. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 26(2):307-318.* Sub-Task iii. Develop and evaluate feeding strategies as a means of reducing water quality impacts and transfer findings to industry for implementation. Adedokun, S.A., C.M. Parsons, M.S. Lilburn, O. Adeola, and T.J. Applegate. 2009. Comparison of amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients in broilers, laying hens, and caectomised roosters. Brit. Poult. Sci. 50:350-358.* Applegate, T.J., S. Adedokun, O. Adeola, C. Parsons, and M.S. Lilburn. 2009. Application of digestible amino acids in poultry nutrition. Western Nutr. Conf. 211-220.+ Applegate, T.J., S. Adedokun, O. Adeola, C. Parsons, and M.S. Lilburn. 2009. Digestible amino acid formulations for poultry. Minnesota Nutr. Conf. 255-265.+ Applegate, T.J., E. Onyango, R. Angel, and W.J. Powers. 2009. Effect of amino acid formulation and dietary probiotic supplementation on egg production and egg characteristics in laying hens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18:552-561.* Applegate, T.J., E. Onyango, R. Angel, and W. Powers. 2009. Effect of amino acid formulation and dietary probiotic supplementation on egg production and characteristics of laying hens. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):159-160.++ Applegate, T.J., J.A. Patterson, and V. Klose. 2009. Use of pre- and probiotics in broiler nutrition. Proceedings of AveExpo, Iguaçu Falls City - Paraná State, Brazil. 148-160.+ Applegate, T.J., G. Schatzmayr, K. Prickel, C. Troche, and Z. Jiang. 2009. Effect of aflatoxin culture on intestinal function and nutrient loss in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 88:1235-1241.* Applegate, T.J., G. Schatzmayr, K. Prickel, C. Troche, and Z. Jiang. 2009. Effect of aflatoxin culture on intestinal function and nutrient loss in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):145.++ Applegate, T.J., C. Troche, Z. Jiang, and T. Johnson. 2009. The nutritional value of high-protein corn distillers dried grains for broiler chickens and its effect on nutrient excretion. Poult. Sci. 88:354-359.* de Beer, M., T.J. Applegate, K.A. Walter, and D. Burnham. 2009. Effect of diet formulation on a total or digestible amino acid basis and amino acid concentration on broiler performance and carcass yield. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):159.++ Jiménez-Moreno, E.R. Angel, J. García, W. Powers, T. Applegate. 2009. Effect of diet protein, protein source, and protease inclusion on broiler performance, excreta pH and nitrogen loss from excreta during storage. Poult. Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):85-86.++ Jiménez-Moreno, E., R. Angel, J. García, W. Powers, T. Applegate. 2009. Effect of inclusion of adipic acid, calcium chloride and a protease in broiler diets differing in protein concentration on performance, N retention, excreta pH and nitrogen loss from stored excreta. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):85.++ Troche, C., Z. Jiang, and T.J. Applegate. 2009. Zinc amino acid complex supplementation improves performance and influences intestinal immune response after coccidial vaccine challenge. Poult. Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):15-16.++ Wu-Haan, W., W. Powers, R. Angel, and T.J. Applegate. 2009. The use of distillers dried grains plus solubles as a feed ingredient on nutrient excretion and air emissions from laying hens. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):49.++ Key: *refereed journal article +conference proceeding **extension article ++conference abstract ***nonrefereed journal article +++website