Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Key discussions included how the group tailors reporting output and impact in light of the new objectives outlined by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), and how NE1029 group members can better promote the objectives and research findings among peers, academic administrators, and the public. The new area focus of NIFA will challenge NE1029 researchers with respect to fitting the important issues of local governance, markets, rural change, and quality of life into the program objectives of this funding opportunity provided the USDA. Other topics discussed include the logistics behind coordinating and administering multi-institutional grants. Given the growing propensity of funding agencies looking towards cross-cutting research and involvement of PIs from different departments and research institutions, this is also another challenge that NE1029 researchers will face in the upcoming years. In sum, attendees noted the following issues that will have to receive continued attention in terms of group writing collaboration and area focus, to the extent that these issues can be integrated into the NE1029 objectives: 1. Enhancing the sustainability, competitiveness, and profitability of U. S. food and agricultural systems. 2. Adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change on food, feed, fiber and fuel systems in the U.S. 3. Supporting energy security and the development of the bio-economy from renewable natural resources in the U.S. 4. Playing a global leadership role to ensure a safe, secure and abundant food supply for the U.S. and the world. 5. Improving human health, nutrition and wellness of the US population. 6. Heightening environmental stewardship through the development of sustainable management practices. 7. Strengthening individual, family and community development and resilience.

The NE1029 group was prolific in 2009. There were 37 publications in peer reviewed journals. Two books were published, and many of the NE1029 group members contributed chapters to one or more books (14). There were 14 manuscripts presented at professional meetings or published in conference proceedings, and 17 technical reports. In general, the knowledge created thus far by NE1029 scientists has been used to support policy changes that support efforts to promote rural/urban regionalization including better land use planning, linking rural and urban economies for their mutual benefit, and findings ways to generate efficiencies for local government service provision. Accomplishments for each objective are summarized below. Objective 1: Identify and analyze ongoing and potential changes in rural labor markets and the impacts of migration, commuting, and workforce development policies on rural labor markets. Research on labor markets focusing on low-income workers was completed by scientists at Penn State University (PSU). The focus was on young adults. Using 1980, 1990, 2000 data from the US Census of Population and Housing and from the 2006 ACS, results found a smaller percentage of nonmetro (than central city or suburban metro) young adults ages 20 to 24 are only in school, a larger percentage work only, combine school and work or are idle. Of nonmetropolitan youth in 2000, 20% remained in nonmetro areas five years later. Comparing nonmetropolitan stayers and leavers, 78% of stayers worked only, compared to 62% of leavers; 23% of leavers combined school and work, and 10% of nonmetro stayers did so. Idleness was slightly higher among leavers (12%) than stayers (10%). Nonmetropolitan leavers and stayers had quite different experiences with work and schooling as young adults. These differences translate into differential levels of educational attainment and earnings in the longer term. Other work on labor markets in Colorado has focused on labor market performance, the role of immigration, and the agribusiness sector. Work on immigration focuses on analyzing the trends seen in hired labor used in the Colorado agricultural sector, how it may relate to policies that are evolving for immigration and the economic impact that different labor policies may have on industry and communities. Findings have been presented at one conference and disseminated through discussions with major labor advocacy groups in Colorado Researchers in Minnesota (UMN) conducted analysis using the Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics (LED) data. Important questions builds on previous work by researchers in North Carolina (NCSU) and Ohio (OSU) to examine which types of workers (local residents, commuters or new residents) become employed when jobs expand. Additional findings were used to delineate commuting work zones, which will facilitate regional economic impact analyses. Using a survey-based approach, research in New Hampshire is investigating strategies whereby individuals can be better matched with certain skill sets demanded by firms. Findings suggest that 50  55% of firms in the New England region are looking for part-time workers. It is interesting to note that the New Hampshire research findings suggest that retirees are willing to work part-time. This is consistent with findings by researchers in Tennessee (UT) looking at the impact of retiree migration on local economies in particular, and public finances in general. Issues related to childcare accessibility in rural and low income areas, labor availability, and how the issues are intertwined with local economic development have also been the focus of several researchers. The economic costs of childcare have been the focus of recent research by NE1029 members in Oregon, Missouri, and Minnesota. In Oregon (Oregon State University) (2009), the Legislature voted to add $16 million addition to current subsidies for childcare. In Missouri, questions relate to the economic impacts of childcare. A variety of policy options have been proposed in response to the continual out-migration of young, college-educated adults from rural areas of the U.S. Researchers in Missouri used a survey to compare the characteristics of Iowa State graduates who chose rural residence locations with those who chose to reside in an urban area. There are a few strong predictors for why graduates chose to live in rural counties. The most likely rural alumni are rural born with degrees from the College of Agriculture. The authors conclude from the study that interest in rural life appears to be increasing, at least conditional on the farm economy. Researchers in Tennessee explored the long-run relationship between retiree in-migration and education expenditures. Particular attention was given to the so-called Gray Peril hypothesis, which maintains that funding for at least some public services will decrease because retirees are unwilling to support services not directly benefiting them. The findings lend support to the notion that funding for local public education is different in counties that attract and retain seniors in large numbers than in counties that do not. The results of the analysis offer little support for the notion that growth in per pupil education expenditures is negatively correlated with senior in-migration, or what might be termed strong Gray Peril. On the other hand, the results suggest that counties experiencing significant senior in-migration were less likely to translate increased fiscal capacity to fund education than were counties that had not attracted significant senior in-migration. Complementary work by researchers at Penn State (PSU) has explored the implications of a graying farm population on rural economies. Research suggests that the graying farm population is an important issue, having potential to strongly influence the rural landscape. Second, work was completed on determinants of growth in US self-employment numbers and earnings; ongoing work is assessing motivations of entrepreneurs to locate in small towns and efficiency of financial inputs for entrepreneurship in the financial sector. Completed work shows the profound importance of access to collateral in terms of home ownership and housing values for expanding self-employment or entrepreneurship. This is important in the current economic crisis as housing values have collapsed, while need for collateral as a source of business finance has skyrocketed. Objective 2: Investigate the potential for rural development policies based on entrepreneurship, industrial clustering, value-added and nontraditional agricultural businesses and analyze the spatial implications of industrial restructuring on employment and earnings. Recruiting food, fiber, or biomass processors remains a plausible rural economic development strategy in the belief that rural areas provide access advantage to the raw materials needed for these operations. While expansion of the manufacturing sector in rural areas ended in the 1980s, food processing remains more rural-based than most manufacturing, suggesting that some nonmetropolitan communities have comparative advantage compared with urban areas in attracting food processors. Community planners may consider food manufacturing and other value-added agribusinesses to be solutions to offset rural outmigration and unemployment because these activities are potential sources of off-farm work, and could increase farm income through backward linkages to local agricultural production. Growth of the meat and poultry processing industry in rural parts of the Midwest has generated considerable controversy regarding the economic and social impacts of new plants on their host communities. Much of the evidence informing this debate is anecdotal or based on case-studies of very large plants. Research in Missouri examined the impacts of meat and poultry processing plants on social and economic outcomes, using data on non-metropolitan counties in twenty-three Midwestern and Southern states spanning a decade. The research shows that while growth in the industry is associated with community change, particularly changing demographics, the dramatic burdens documented in a few case studies appear to be the exception rather than the rule. The Missouri research found that the industry has impacted the demographic composition of rural communities and their schools, but find no evidence that the industry increases per capita government expenditures. The impact of livestock production on the local economy was much lower than expected. This suggests rural communities trade off the economic benefits of hosting these large employers against the costs of accommodating needs of new residents. In another study investigating the local determinants correlated with attracting food manufacturing investment, researchers in Indiana (Purdue) and Tennessee (UT) found that micropolitan counties had a comparative advantage with respect to attracting some types of food manufacturing investment, but the most rural, noncore counties were less likely to attract any type of food processors. All food processor types preferred locations in or around urban areas, or in nonmetropolitan counties that provide access to product or input markets, or agglomeration economies. Supply oriented food processors tend to locate in nonmetropolitan counties providing access to agricultural inputs. Noncore counties simply lacked the critical mass in terms of access to product demand centers or availability of infrastructure to meet logistical needs. The development of biomass-based industries face many challenges. The organization of developing biomass-based industries could become a key non-technical barrier to its development. Biomass sources could be a low cost feedstock for energy production such as cellulosic ethanol. This potential low cost hinges on effective and efficient markets for the raw material. Researchers in Missouri and Kentucky (UK) examined the broad industrial structure of the current biopower industry including the organizational forms used to procure or transfer ownership of biomass. Using survey evidence, the Missouri study found evidence that the current biopower industry is highly vertically integrated with little use of spot markets, which is consistent across the type of biomass fuel used. In Kentucky, the results of the economic impact analysis of the biomass sector were reported to state policymakers. Researchers in Missouri also investigated the entrepreneurship of migrants and their location choice in attempt to draw connections between migration and economic development, especially the role of business formation in rural development. Their findings suggest that social capital and social networks established in ones home region are a strong factor in location choice of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs from rural origins tend to start their businesses in rural areas in general and half of entrepreneurs migrate back to their home region to take local comparative advantages. Rural entrepreneurs are also more likely to obtain financial support from family members, friends and local banks to start a business than are their urban counterparts. More generally, find rural residents are more likely to start a business than urban residents. One plausible explanation for this finding is a lack of job opportunities in more remote rural areas. In a complementary study, researchers as PSU also investigated the determinants of economic growth in US self-employment numbers and earnings; ongoing work is assessing motivations of entrepreneurs to locate in small towns and efficiency of financial inputs for entrepreneurship in the financial sector. In South Carolina (Clemson), research continues on how worker skill sets tie into industry cluster development and economic growth. Findings of this research may be relevant to industry targeting and entrepreneurial training. Value Chain Industry cluster identification methods were used to determine linkages between purchasers and suppliers at the county level for 447 economic sectors in Tennessee. Using an econometric model, the cluster analysis was extended to estimate which value chains contributed to economic growth between 2001 and 2006. Businesses making up the agriculture and forestry clusters experienced increased output per job in 34% and 32%, respectively, of Tennessee's counties. The spatial pattern of these findings was evident, suggesting that some counties may benefit from regional coordination of projects designed to enhance or retain businesses in these industry clusters. Research on the cruise ship industry in Portland, Maine, informed business owners, policymakers and residents about this industry that is growing nationally and in Maine. This research and a previous study about cruise ship passengers in Bar Harbor is frequently cited in newspaper articles about the cruise industry in Maine. A cabinet-level Maine policymaker stated that this information is being used in presentations across the state. Objective 3: Investigate the changing organizational structure, tax policy and fiscal standing of local governments and the impact of tax and/or expenditure limitations on local government fiscal stress and economic growth in rural areas. A study by researchers in Missouri Agricultural determined the economic impacts and costs and benefits to the state of a grant program for agricultural value-added technical and feasibility studies and a tax credit program for New Generation Cooperatives. Businesses that receive money under these programs are now required to report to the state for three years. This should improve the ability of the state to evaluate the programs. Broadband connectivity is widely promoted as a potentially significant contributor to local economic development in relatively isolated rural places. The high-speed data transmission that broadband facilitates reduces the effective cost of distance to businesses and to consumers, easing key constraints at play in such communities, namely small markets, high transport costs and geographic isolation. Ironically, precisely the same physical remoteness and low population densities that make broadband particularly desirable in rural areas also render its deployment expensive. As a result, broadband penetration into rural areas - and particularly more remote areas - has lagged more densely populated and less remote locations. Since 2000 federal Broadband Loan programs authorized under consecutive Farm Bills have directed more than $1.8 billion to private telecommunications providers in 40 states with the explicit goal of increasing the amount of high-speed data transmission capacity available to rural residents and businesses. Most recently, $2.5 billion of the $7.2 billion funded by ARR Act of 2009 explicitly targeted rural areas in new federal spending for these same purposes. The economic implications of investment in rural broadband Internet was conducted by researchers at the Economic Research Service (ERS), Clemson, and North Carolina State University. ERS research showed that broadband access to the Internet contributes to greater rural economic growth. Objective 4: Develop a better understanding of the role of amenities in rural development and the impact of economic and social changes on the quality of life in rural communities. Researchers at OSU, UT, Georgia (UGA), and UK continue to focus on how proximity to urban areas affects housing location, land-use, economic activity, population retention and rural poverty. Their research also seeks to identify patterns of exurbanization and the underlying processes determining these patterns, as well as the linkages between regional processes (e.g., regional economic growth), natural amenities, and exurban land use patterns. Researchers in Georgia investigating the environmental impacts of housing demand on saltwater marshes found that people are willing to pay a premium for larger lots, more common space and less impervious surface. Less important in rural areas so developers lose their incentives to practice green development. The policy implications are that salt water marsh counties are fastest growing so it makes sense to plan green development incentives into subdivision projects now. Scientists in Tennessee evaluated the effectiveness of a two-rate property tax (TPT) on housing development density and the preservation of open space amenities. Findings suggest that 76% of the households valued open space more following a land value tax rate of 9.04%, which suggests that households in certain locations are likely to support programs or policies preserving open space.

1. Ali, Kamar, M. Rose Olfert, and Mark D. Partridge. Urban Footprints in Rural Canada: Employment Spillovers by City Size. (forthcoming) Regional Studies. (Accepted). 2. Alm, James, Sennoga, Edward, Skidmore, Mark. 2009. Perfect Competition, Urbanization, and Tax Incidence in the Retail Gasoline Market, Economic Inquiry, 47 (1). 3. Bakhshi, Samira, Mohammad Shakeri M. Rose Olfert Mark D. Partridge, and Simon Weseen. (2009). "Do Local Residents Value Federal Transfers: Evidence from the Canadian Federation?" Public Finance Review. 37 (3):235-268. 4. Carrion-Flores. Carmen and Elena G. Irwin. Identifying spatial interaction effects in the presence of spatially error autocorrelation: an application to land use spillovers. (forthcoming) Energy and Resource Economics. (Accepted). 5. Chen, Yong, Elena G. Irwin and Ciriyam Jayaprakash (2009). Dynamic modeling of environmental amenity-driven migration with ecological feedbacks. Ecological Economics 68: 2498-2510. 6. Clark, C.D., D.M. Lambert, W.M. Park, and M.D. Wilcox, 2009. Willingness to Fund Public Education in a Rural Retirement Destination County. Journal of Research in Rural Education 24(6). 7. Clark, Jill K., Ron McChesney, Darla K. Munroe, Elena G. Irwin (2009). Spatial characteristics of exurban settlement pattern in the U.S. Landscape and Urban Planning. 90: 178-188. 8. Davis, Elizabeth E. and Li, NaiChia. (2009). Regional Variation in Child Care Prices: A Cross-State Analysis. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy. 39(1): 40-54. 9. Devine, Jon, Todd Gabe and Kathleen P. Bell. Community Scale and Resident Attitudes towards Tourism. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2009. 10. Gabe, Todd M. Knowledge and Earnings. Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 49, No. 3, 2009. 11. Goetz, S.. and S. Shrestha, 2009. Explaining Self-Employment Success and Failure: Wal-Mart vs. Starbucks or Schumpeter vs. Putnam. Social Sciences Quarterly 91 (1):22-38. 12. Goetz, S., and A. Rupasingha. 2009. Determinants and Implications of Growth in Non-Farm Proprietorship Densities: 1990-2000. Small Business Economics 32: 425-438. 13. Irwin, Elena G. New directions for urban economic models of land use change: incorporating spatial dynamics and heterogeneity. Journal of Regional Science. (In Press) 14. Irwin, Elena G., Kathleen P. Bell, Nancy E. Bockstael, David A. Newburn, Mark D. Partridge, and JunJie Wu. (2009). The Economics of Urban-Rural Space. Annual Review of Resource Economics. (1): 435-462. 15. Irwin, Elena G., Andrew Isserman, Maureen Kilkenny and Mark D. Partridge. A century of research on rural development and regional issues (forthcoming) American Journal of Agricultural Economics. (Accepted) 16. Irwin, Elena G., Ciriyam Jayaprakash and Darla K. Munroe (2009). Towards a comprehensive model of urban spatial dynamics Landscape Ecology, 24(9): 1223-1236. 17. Kangayi, Chipo, M. Rose Olfert, Mark D. Partridge. (forthcoming) Co-operatives and Rural Community Population Growth: Evidence from a Canadian Study. Review of Regional Studies. (Accepted) 18. Kilkenny, Maureen and Mark D. Partridge. (2009). Export Sectors and Rural Development. American Journal of Agricultural Economics (91): 910-929. 19. Lambert, D.M., T. R. Wojan, and P. Sullivan. 2009. Farm Business and Household Expenditure Patterns and Local Communities: Evidence from a National Farm Survey. Review of Agricultural Economics 31(3): 604 - 626. 20. Lambert, D.M., K. T. McNamara. 2009. Location Determinants of Food Manufacturers in the U.S., 2000 - 2004: Are Nonmetropolitan Counties Competitive? Agricultural Economics 40(6): 617 - 630. 21. Lambert, D.M., C.D. Clark, M.D. Wilcox, and W.M. Park. 2009. Public Education Financing Trends and the Gray Peril Hypothesis. Growth and Change 40(4), 619 - 648. 22. Lobao, Linda and David Kraybill. 2009. Poverty and Local Governments: Economic Development and Community Service Provision in an Era of Decentralization. Growth and Change. Vol. 40(3): 418-451. 23. Loomis, J., O. Tadjion, P. Watson, J. Wilson, S. Davies, and D. Thilmany. 2009. A Hybrid Individual Zonal Travel Cost Model for Estimating the Consumer Surplus of Golfing in Colorado. Journal of Sports Economics. 10(April):155-67. 24. Maher, Craig, and Skidmore, Mark. 2009. Voter Responses on Referenda to Exceed Revenue Limits, Public Budgeting and Finance, 29 (2). 25. Monchuk, Daniel C., Derek Brewin, and Mark D. Partridge. (2009). Are all Innovations Created Equally? Examining the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in the Canadian Food Processing Industry. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57 (March, 1): 75-98. 26. Partridge, Mark D., M. Rose Olfert, and Kamar Ali. (Forthcoming) Lessons from the Evaluation of Canadian and U.S. Rural Development Policy. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy. (Accepted) 27. Partridge, Mark D., Dan S. Rickman, and Kamar Ali. (2009) Recent Immigration: The Diversity of Economic Outcomes in Metropolitan America. Cityscape 11 (3): 29-57. 28. Partridge, Mark D., Dan S. Rickman, Kamar Ali and M. Rose Olfert. (2009) Agglomeration Spillovers and Wage and Housing Cost Gradients Across the Urban Hierarchy. Journal of International Economics 78 (1): 126-140. 29. Partridge, Mark D., Dan S. Rickman, Kamar Ali and M. Rose Olfert. (2009). Do New Economic Geography Agglomeration Shadows Underlie Current Population Dynamics across the Urban Hierarchy? Papers in Regional Science. 88(2): 445-466. 30. Partridge, Mark D., Dan S. Rickman, and Hui Li. (2009) Who Wins From Local Economic Development? A Supply Decomposition of U.S. County Employment Growth. Economic Development Quarterly. 23: 13-27. 31. Shideler, David W. and David S. Kraybill. 2009. Social Capital: An Analysis of Factors Affecting Investment. Journal of Socioeconomics. Vol. 38: 443-455. 32. Skidmore, Mark and Scorsone, Eric. 2009. Causes and Consequences of Fiscal Stress in Michigan Municipalities, State Tax Notes, Vol. 53, No. 10, 675-692. 33. Skidmore, Mark, Merriman, David, Kashian, Russ. 2009. The Relationship between Tax Increment Finance and Municipal Land Annexation, Land Economics, 85 (4). 34. Skidmore, Mark. 2009. A Review of Risking House and Home: Disasters, Cities, Public Policy, edited by John M. Quigley and Larry A. Journal of Regional Science, 49 (3). 35. Sparks, P., D. McLaughlin, and C. Stokes. 2009. Differential Neonatal and Postneonatal Infant Mortality Rates Across US Counties: The Role of Socioeconomic Conditions and Rurality. Journal Of Rural Health. 25(4):332-341. 36. Stewart, L., D.M. Lambert, M. D. Wilcox, and B. C. English. 2009. Tennessee Agriculture and Forestry Industry Clusters and Economic Performance, 2000. 2006, Journal of Agriculture and Resource Economics, 34(1): 172 - 195. 37. Warren, Keith, Ciriyam Jayaprakash and Elena G. Irwin (2009). The interaction of segregation and suburbanization in an agent-based model of residential location. Environment and Planning B, 36:6, 989, 1007. Conference Presentations and Proceedings 1. Artz, G. 2009. Impacts of Meatpacking and Processing Plants on Rural Communities in the U.S. Proceedings of the 2009 Cambio De Colores Conference, Latinos in the Heartland, St. Louis, MO, May 18-20. 2. Davis, Elizabeth E. and Whitler, Melissa. (2009) Complexity of Commuting Patterns: Workforce Flows in Rural Minnesota. Presentation at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association (AAEA) annual meeting, July 2009. 3. Deller, Steven, Judith I. Stallmann, Lindsay Amiel and Craig Maher.  Tax and Expenditure Limitations and State Credit Ratings. North American Regional Science Association. San Francisco, California. Nov. 19-21, 2009. 4. Deller, Steven , Judith I. Stallmann, Lindsay Amiel. The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Limitations on Economic Growth Midwest Regional Science Association. Milwaukee, WI. May 28-30, 2009. 5. Deller, Steven, Judith I. Stallmann, Lindsay Amiel. Do Tax and Expenditure Limitations Influence State Credit Ratings? Midwest Regional Science Association. Milwaukee, WI. May 28-30, 2009. 6. Fleming, D., D. McGranahan and S.J. Goetz, Natural Amenities and Rural Development: The Role of Land-Based Policies invited paper at the Experts Consultation on Rural Policy, OECD Headquarters, Paris, France, June 15-16, 2009. NERCRD-RDP No. 45. 7. Goetz, S., M. Partridge, D. Rickman and S. Majumdar. Sharing the Gains of Local Economic Growth: Race to the Top vs. Race to the Bottom Economic Development. 2009. Paper presented at the Lincoln Land Institute Race to the Top Workshop, Sept. 10-11, 2009, 52pp. Available: http://www.lincolninst.edu/docs/635/1008_Rickman.pdf 8. Goetz, S.J., M. Partridge and S. Deller, Evaluating Policy Options for Stimulating Rural Entrepreneurship invited paper at the Experts Consultation on Rural Policy, OECD Headquarters, Paris, France, June 15-16, 2009. NERCRD-RDP No. 46 9. Renkow, Mitch and Ivan T. Kandilov. 2009. Infrastructure Investment Programs and Rural Economic Development in the U.S. Paper presented at the Conference on Aiding the Process of Agricultural Policy Reform: Evaluation of Public Policies for Rural Development, OECD, Paris, France, June 15-16, 2009. 10. Rossi, James, G. Artz, J. I. Stallmann, and T. G. Johnson. Missouris Agricultural Products Utilization and New Generation Cooperative Tax Incentive Programs: Economic Impacts and Benefits and Costs. San Antonio, Texas: Southern Regional Science Association Annual Meeting, April 2-4, 2009. 11. Stenberg, P., Morehart, M. (2009). "Rural Broadband Internet Access Supply and Demand", paper presented at the AAEA Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, July. 12. Stenberg, P. (2009). "Broadband Use: What, Where, and Why of Farm Internet Use", presentation at USDA-CSREES Family Farm Forum, Washington, DC, May. 13. Yu, L. and G. Artz. Migration and Rural Entrepreneurship. Presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association annual meetings, Milwaukee, WI, July 26-28, 2009. 14. Weber, Bruce A. Review of Mark D. Partridge and Dan S. Rickman. The Geography of American Poverty: Is There a Need for Place-Based Policies? in Growth and Change 40(1): 169-174. March 2009. Technical Reports 1. Alves Pena, A., D. Thilmany McFadden, and J. Herdandez. ALR 09-02. Economic Implications of Labor and Immigration Policy: The Case of Greeley's Swift Plant April 2009. 5 pp. 2. Amiel, Lindsay, Steven Deller and Judith Stallmann. 2009. The Construction of a Tax and Expenditure Limitation Index for the US. University of Wisconsin Agricultural and Applied Economics Staff Paper Series No. 536, May 2009, 33p. http://www.aae.wisc.edu/pubs/sps/ 3. Blumenthal, Marsha, Laura Kalambokidis, and Alex Turk. 2009. Charitable Contributions in a Voluntary Compliance Income Tax System: Itemized Deductions Versus Matching Subsidies: A report to the Internal Revenue Service. Washington, DC: U.S. Internal Revenue Service. 4. Center for Rural Pennsylvania (twin reports submitted by Findeis, J., M. Shields, S. Shrestha, D. Yerger, J. Julian). 2009. Studies on Unemployment and Underemployment in Rural Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA: CRP. 5. Gabe, Todd and Jaison Abel. Labor Market Pooling and Occupational Agglomeration. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Staff Report 392. September 2009. 6. Gabe, Todd and James McConnon. Economic Impact of Cruise Ship Passengers in Portland, Maine. School of Economics, University of Maine, Staff Paper 578, January 2009. 7. Holland, D., Paul Lewin, Bruce Sorte, and Bruce Weber, How Economically Interdependent is the Portland Metro Core with its Rural Periphery? A Comparison across Two Decades. February 2009. RSP # 09-01 8. Lake, Amy, Sara Alva Lizarraga, Dennis Robinson, and Tom Johnson. 2009. Northeast Region Baseline Report: 2006-2016. Report R-2009-02, Community Policy Analysis Center, University of Missouri. April. 9. Lucht, Jill, Tom Johnson, Dennis Robinson, Tracy Greever-Rice, and Amy Lake. 2009. City of Columbia Peer Community Comparison and Scenario Report: 2005-2015. Report R-2009-03, Community Policy Analysis Center, University of Missouri. June. 10. Partridge, Mark D., Xuetao Huang, and Tripti Uprety, 2009. What will Economic Recovery Bring to Ohio? The Exurban Change Project and Swank Program in Rural-Urban Policy Summary Report, December 2009. Available at: www.aede.osu.edu/programs/Swank. 15 pages. 11. Snyder, A., D. McLaughlin and A. Coleman-Jensen. 2009. The New, Longer Road to Adulthood: Schooling, Work and Idleness Among Rural Youth. Report 9. The Carsey Institute, University of New Hampshire. 12. Stenberg, P., and Low, S. (2009). Rural Broadband At a Glance, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, EIB- 47. 13. Stenberg, P., Morehart, M., and Cromartie, J.. (2009). "Broadband Internet and the Vitality of Rural America", Amber Waves, Vol. 7, Issue 3, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, August. 14. Stenberg, P., Morehart, M., Vogel, S., Breneman, V., Cromartie, J., Brown, D. (2009). Broadband Internet's Value for Rural America, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Economic Research Report, ERR-78, August. 15. Stallmann, Judith I., Thomas G. Johnson, Georgeanne Artz and James Rossi. New Generation Cooperatives Tax Credits and Agricultural Product Utilization Contributor Tax Credits: Economic Impact and Benefit-cost Analyses. A report to the Missouri Agricultural and Small Business Development Authority, December, 2009. 16. Sorte, Bruce, Paul Lewin and Bruce Weber, Economic Impacts on Oregon Counties of the Termination of the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act: An Update. Feburary 2009. RSP #09-03. 17. Thilmany McFadden, D., A.Alves Pena, and J. Herdandez. ALR 09-01. Agricultural Labor in Colorado: Has Recent Immigration and Labor Policy Resulted from Colorado's Employment Trends? April 2009. 6 pp. Books 1. Goetz, S.J., S.C. Deller and T. Harris, eds., Targeting Regional Economic Development, Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group, UK, 2009, 410pp. 2. Hibbard, Michael, Ethan Seltzer and Bruce Weber, editors. Toward One Oregon: Rural-Urban Interdependence. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. In Press. Chapters in Books 1. Gabe, Todd M. Impact of Agglomerations on the Economy, in a Stephan Goetz, Steven Deller and Thomas Harris (eds), Targeted Regional Economic Development. Routledge Publishers, 2009. 2. Daniel, Harold, Kathleen Bell, John Daigle, Todd Gabe and Jessica Leahy. Tourism & Recreation in Jacobson, G.L., I.J. Fernandez, P.A. Mayewski and C.V. Schmitt, Editors, Maines Climate Future: An Initial Assessment. Orono, ME: University of Maine, 2009. 3. Deller, S.C. and S.J. Goetz, Historical Description of Economic Development Policy, Chapter 2 in Goetz et al. editors, Targeting Regional Economic Development, Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group, UK, 2009, pp. 17-34. 4. Findeis, J., K. Brasier, and R. Salcedo Du Bois. 2009. Population-driven Transition Zones in the United States: Demographic Change, Land Use, and Adjustments in the Structure of Agriculture. In S.Goetz and F. Brouwer (eds.), New Perspectives on Agri-environmental Policies: A Multidisciplinary and Transatlantic Approach. New York, NY: Routledge. 5. Goetz, S.J., S.C. Deller and T. Harris, Targeted Regional Economic Development: Introduction and Overview, Chapter 1 in Goetz et al. editors, Targeting Regional Economic Development, Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group, UK, 2009, pp. 1-13. 6. Goetz, S.J., M. Shields and Q. Wang, Targeted Regional Economic Development: Introduction and Overview, Chapter 15 in Goetz et al. editors, Targeting Regional Economic Development, Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group, UK, 2009, pp. 281-310. 7. Hibbard, Michael, Ethan Seltzer and Bruce Weber. Toward One Oregon: A Declaration of Interdependence Chapter 1 in Hibbard, Michael, Ethan Seltzer and Bruce Weber, editors. Toward One Oregon: Rural-Urban Interdependence. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. In Press. 8. Holland, David, Paul Lewin, Bruce Sorte, and Bruce Weber, How Economically Interdependent is the Portland Metro Core with its Rural Periphery? A Comparison across Two Decades. Chapter 5 in in Hibbard, Michael, Ethan Seltzer and Bruce Weber, editors. Toward One Oregon: Rural-Urban Interdependence. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. In Press. 9. Jensen, L., and T. Yang. 2009. Taken by Surprise: New Immigrants in the Rural United States. Pp. 17-42 In B. Jentsch and M. Simard (eds.), International Migration and Rural Areas: Cross National Comparative Perspectives. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 10. Deller, S.C., Goetz, S.J., T.R. Harris and A.F. Davis, TRED: Conclusion and the Future, Chapter 20 in Goetz et al. editors, Targeting Regional Economic Development, Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group, UK, 2009, pp. 391-398. 11. Martin, Sheila, and Bruce Weber, A Tale of Two Oregons: Common Aspirations, Different Contexts and Critical Interdependencies in Urban and Rural Oregon, Chapter 2 in Hibbard, Michael, Ethan Seltzer and Bruce Weber, editors. Toward One Oregon: Rural-Urban Interdependence. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. In Press. 12. Slack, T. and L. Jensen. 2009. Informal Work in Rural America: Theory and Evidence. Pp. 177 - 191 in E. Marcelli, C. Williams and P. Joassart (eds.), Informal Work in Developed Nations. New York, NY: Routledge. 13. Weber, Bruce and Mindy Crandall. Impacts of welfare reform on rural people and places in the United States in Paul Milbourne, editor. International Perspectives on Rural Welfare, Bingley UK: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. In press. 14. Seltzer, Ethan, Michael Hibbard and Bruce Weber, Reframing our Common Cause in an Interdependent World. Chapter 9 in Hibbard, Michael, Ethan Seltzer and Bruce Weber, editors. Toward One Oregon: Rural-Urban Interdependence. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. In Press.