SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report

Sections

Status: Approved

Basic Information

Participants

Members of the WERA-039 committee attending the business meeting were Chair  Chris Schauer (North Dakota State University), Julie Walker (South Dakota State University), Bret Taylor (USDA Sheep Station), Greg Lewis (USDA Sheep Station), Christopher Lupton (Texas A&M University), Rodney Kott (Montana State University), Pat Hatfield (Montana State University), Travis Whitney (Angelo State University), Richard Battaglia (University of Idaho), Reid Redden (Montana State University), Brian Neville (North Dakota State University), and Jim Thompson (Oregon State University).

[Participant]
See attachment - Minutes of 2010 WERA Meeting.
[Minutes]

Accomplishments

The WERA-039 has contributed greatly to defining the numerous advantages of sheep and goat grazing to recover and sustain rangeland ecosystems and enhance cropping systems. Continued and new research utilizing sheep and goat grazing includes: a) control of invasive exotic plants such as leafy spurge and the spotted knapweed; b) riparian management, fire suppression, and weed control in tree plantations; and c) reduction in wheat stem sawfly and alfalfa weevil infestations. Research focused specifically on goat grazing management includes: a) control of encroaching pine and juniper species and 2) replacement of traditional chemical and mechanical fallow methods in cropping systems. Participating institutions (8) are from Montana, North Dakota, Idaho, Texas, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah. Continued development and validation of better methods of quantifying wool quality. In the past, this has included development of ASTM measurement standards for Laserscan and OFDA for measuring fiber diameter and evaluation of skirting and classing wool prior to sale. These technologies are the basis for the national wool quality improvement program. Many results have been incorporated along with basic wool handling skills into numerous American Sheep Industry Association sponsored outreach programs. Modern, technologies such as Near- Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Staplebreaker Model 2, are being used to quantify important fleece characteristics in breeding programs focused on improving overall productivity and quality of the wool breeds. Participating institutions (6) are from Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, and Colorado. The evolving theme of current and published feeding/supplementation research by the WERA-039 is focused on timely and profitable uses of supplemental feeds. Continued and current projects are underway to enhance neonatal lamb survival, short- and long-term ewe health, and nutritive quality of meat through strategic and efficient enhancement of dietary vitamin D, vitamin E, and (or) selenium. Participating institutions (9) are from New Mexico, Colorado, North Dakota, Idaho, Texas, and Utah. Develop a decision support system for goat production based on the genetic potential, biological efficiency, and nutrient and management requirements of goats. Using large, medium, and small framed breeds, continued and current research is underway to define and subsequently improve carcass merit, milk composition, and lactation curves of goats. Participating institutions (2) are from Texas. Enhance the management capabilities of producers through testing, development, and system integration of accurate and real-time animal identification programs. Current and continued research is underway to use retinal imaging for accurate sheep identification, and test the efficacy of radio frequency identification systems based on accuracy, economic feasibility, user-friendliness, and longevity of different ear tag types and readers. The participating institution is from Wyoming. Evaluate potential benefits of introducing sheep and goat breeds that are either not currently in the U.S. or have only recently been introduced. Past research focused on Australian Merino breeding into certain lines of U.S. fine wool sheep to increase both quality and quantity of wool produced. Cooperative evaluation of Australian genetic sources was possible only because of the pooling of resources from several WERA-039 stations. That breeding project resulted in a series of cooperative publications. In addition, flocks developed during this project are currently suppliers of breeding stock to the commercial industry. Participating institutions (5) are from Texas, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho. Provide new information on developing a safer meat product for human consumption. Current and continuing research is being conducted to identify potential routes of pathogen contamination and what pre- and post-slaughter protocols could be implemented to alleviate these routes. Participating institutions (3) are from Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.

Impacts

  1. "There are currently over 180,000 market lambs and approximately 1.1 million goats (meat, Angora, milk, and other) in Texas. If commercial technology is developed to harvest juniper, then this abundant resource will probably will be used by producers as a "cheaper" feed. If 180,000 growing lambs and goats are fed for 60 d and juniper consists of 20% of the diet, then approximately 9.72 million lbs. of juniper would be needed each year in Texas. If 1 million sheep and goats are supplemented for 60 d with feed containing 30% juniper, then approximately 18 million lbs. of juniper would be needed each year in Texas. Thus, over 174 million lbs./yr could be harvested for feed in Texas alone. If this feed had a value of $150/ton, it would result in over $13 million for rural areas.
  2. "There is potential to reduce landowners costs (approximately $100/acre) associated with managing juniper infestations, if a value is created. There is also potential for landowners to grind juniper on-site and either mix it themselves or sell the feed to a local feedmill. It is estimated that harvesting, grinding, drying, and bagging juniper by hand costs approximately $200/ton (labor only), which is expensive compared to cottonseed hulls and low-quality hay. Even so, potential still exists for producers to harvest juniper and mix it with DDG and a mineral premix, to keep supplementation costs below $200/ton. Currently, this would save producers over $60/ton of supplement.
  3. Administering hCG to ewes on day 4,7, and 10 after mating will increase serum progesterone concentration, number of CL and number of lambs born per ewe.
  4. The value of wool produced by Merino X Rambouillet yearlings was $30.21/head versus $17.13 for the contemporary Rambouillet sheep.
  5. "Wool is produced more efficiently (in terms of g of clean wool per kg of BW) by Merino crossbred sheep compared to straight Rambouillets (58.8 versus 48.0 g/kg).
  6. Seasonality of reproduction constitutes a major waste in production opportunity in sheep industry. However, a profound variation in the non seasonal breeding performance exhibited within sheep breeds. The application of DNA markers, which associated with such a trait, will greatly enhance the reproductive efficiency of ewes. The allelic frequencies were found 0.61 (M) and 0.39 (m) for the MnlI and 0.61 (R) and 0.39 (r) for the RsaI polymorphism sites. In addition to the existing of mutation of G801A and G555A , we have found T701A, A780G, G729A spontaneous mutations within the Rafter 7 Ranch range flock. There was 86% of screened ewes from spring breeding flock showed possessing at least one copy of M allele, which was associated positively with the out of season reproductive performance.
  7. Lamb finishing systems utilizing antibiotics and growth promotants (implants and ionophores) may result in lambs with increased performance compared to natural finishing systems; however, morbidity and mortality may be increased due to an increase in rectal and vaginal prolapses. Naturally raised lambs provide the opportunity for operations to diversify into niche markets, while improving carcass quality. Conventional lambs may have improved feedlot performance following implanting, which could increase an operations profitability, potentially increasing gross profit/lamb by 5 - 7 %. However, increase in prolapse and mortality may negate the benefits associated with conventional practices that include implanting.
  8. Sheep producers providing supplemental metabolizable protein (MP) during late gestation may impact fetal growth and development, potentially affecting future reproductive performance of offspring. Additionally, ewe lambs born from ewes supplemented with MP had heavier ovaries, indicating the fetal programming may have taken place. This programming may have an effect on future ewe lamb pregnancy rates. " Increasing metabolizable protein supply in the last 1/3 of gestation may impact the fetus, potentially affecting future reproductive and feedlot performance.
  9. Feeding increased concentrations of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has been avoided due to concerns about sulfur toxicity. While the causes of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) include high dietary sulfur, lambs fed high concentrations of DDGS appear to be less susceptible to PEM. Lambs appear to be adept to tolerating toxic dietary sulfur concentrations. Determining the mechanisms behind this adaptive advantage is vital to understanding the etiology of PEM. Removing the negative connotations associated with distillers dried grains with solubles will lead to increased utilization of this feed resource in lamb finishing diets. Producers may reduce feed costs without impacting animal health or performance by feeding DDGS at concentrations up to 60% of dietary dry matter.
  10. Neonatal lamb mortality is one of the largest production costs associated lamb production. Strategies to reduce neonatal mortality would have a dramatic impact on the economic viability of the sheep industry. Given the indices of ewe and lamb performance and immune function that we evaluated, the additional cost typically associated with supplements high in zinc, vitamin E, bypass protein, and feed grade antibiotics, were not warranted under our conditions.
  11. High efficiency ewes consumed ~20% less feed than low efficiency ewes but gained at the same rate. During a 30 to 60 day feedlot period this result would represent a substantial cost savings the feeder. " High efficiency ewes consumed ~20% less feed than low efficiency ewes but gained at the same rate. During a 30 to 60 day feedlot period this result would represent a substantial cost savings the feeder.
  12. Producers are depending on lambing crop over 100% to maintain their profitability. Under range lambing conditions this requires a high percentage of twins. Glycerol supplementation has showed increased number of follicles ovulated; however, information is lacking to the number of lamb born per ewe.
  13. Since 2002, annual Education Days have been held in various locations throughout Utah to present timely production information to sheep and goat producers from throughout the Intermountain states. To date, over 1,800 producers have attended at least one of the events. Producers have come from Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Nevada, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Nebraska to attend the events.

Publications

WERA 039 Participant Publications (2009/2010) IDAHO PEER REVIEWED Carlson, D. B., J. J. Reed, P. P. Borowicz, J. B. Taylor, L. P. Reynolds, T. L. Neville, D. A. Redmer, K. A. Vonnahme, and J. S. Caton. 2009. Effects of dietary selenium supply and timing of nutrient restriction during gestation on maternal growth and body composition of pregnant adolescent ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 87:669-680. Lekatz, L. A., M. A. Ward, P. P. Borowicz, J. B. Taylor, D. A. Redmer, A. T. Grazul-Bilska, L. P. Reynolds, J. S. Caton, and K. A. Vonnahme. 2009. Cotyledonary responses to maternal selenium and dietary restriction may influence alterations in fetal weight and fetal liver glycogen in sheep. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 117:216-225. Moffet, C. A. 2009. Agreement between measurements of shrub cover using ground-based methods and very large scale aerial imagery. Rangeland Ecol. Manage. 62:268-277. Taylor, J. B., C.A. Moffet, and T.D. Leeds. 2009. Body weight changes and subsequent lambing rates of western whiteface ewes grazing winter range. Livestock Sci.121:339-342. Taylor, J. B., L. P. Reynolds, D. A. Redmer, and J. S. Caton. 2009. Maternal and fetal tissue selenium loads in nulliparous ewes fed supranutritional and excessive selenium during mid- to late pregnancy. J. Anim. Sci. 87:1828-1834. MONTANA PEER REVIEWED Kott, R. W., B. L. Roeder, and L.M.M. Surber. 2010. Sorting lines of wool with the OFDA2000. International J. of Sheep and Wool Science. 58:50-60. R. R. Redden, R. W. Kott, J. A. Boles, A. W. Layton, and P. G. Hatfield. 2010. Effects of late gestation supplementation of rumen undegradable protein, vitamin E, zinc, and chlortetracycline to ewes on indices of immune transfer and productivity. J. Anim Sci. 88: 1125-1134. R. R. Redden, R. W. Kott, L.M.M. Surber, J. A. Boles, A. W. Layton, and P. G. Hatfield. 2010. Post-weaning Management of Lambs Alters Subsequent Feedlot Performance and Tissue Deposition. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 24: 26-31 Borg, R. C., D. R. Notter, and R. W. Kott. 2009. Genetic analysis of ewe stayability and its association with lamb growth and adult production. J Anim. Sci. 87:3515-3524. Borg, R. C., D. R. Notter, and R. W. Kott 2009. Phenotypic and genetic associations between lamb growth traits and adult ewe body weights in western range sheep. J Anim Sci. 87:3506-3514. Kott, R.W., James Moore, Mike Schuldt and Marko Manoukian. 2009. Assisting Wool Producers In Accessing An Emerging Global Market. Journal of Extension [On-line], 47(1). PROCEEDINGS J. I. Keithly, R. W. Kott, J. G. Berardinelli, S. Moreaux, and P. G. Hatfield. 2010. Thermogenesis, serum metabolites, and growth in lambs born to ewes supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid. Proc. West. Sec. Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. 61 J. L. Peterson, S. J. Moreaux, J. G. P. Bowman, P. G. Hatfield, J. G. Berardinelli, and J. Olsen. 2009. Metabolic and physical effects of psyllium supplementation on quarter horses. Proc. West. Sec. Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. 60: 176-179. Keithly, J., A. Hafla, T. McDonald, B. Nichols, J. Peterson, R. Redden, J. Uhrig, L. Voigt, A. Kellom, J. Paterson, and P. Hatfield. 2009. Dry matter intake and digestibility by lambs supplemented with expired foods (donuts, chips, and macaroni) and barley. Proc. Mont. Nutr. Conf. Redden, R.R., R. W. Kott, L.M.M. Surber, J. A. Boles, A. W. Layton, and P. G. Hatfield. 2009. Feedlot performance of lambs from different backgrounding systems. Proc. West. Sec. Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. 59: 95-98. NORTH DAKOTA PEER REVIEWED Neville, B.W., C.S. Schauer, K. Karges, M.L. Gibson, M.M. Thompson, L.A. Kirschten, N.W. Dyer, P.T. Berg, and G.P. Lardy. 2009. Effect of thiamin level on animal health, feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentrations in lambs fed diets based on 60% distillers dried grains plus solubles. J. Anim. Sci. (In Press). ABSTRACTS AND PROCEEDINGS Neville, B.W., C.S. Schauer, K. Karges, N. Dyer, and G.P. Lardy. 2010. Considerations for increased DDGS use in finishing lambs. Proceedings of U.S. Sheep Research Programs. p. 29-30. Saevre, C.B., J.S. Caton, J.S. Luther, A.M. Meyer, J.D. Kirsch, M. Kapphahn, D.A. Redmer, and C.S. Schauer. 2010. Effects of rumen protected arginine supplementation on ewe serum amino acid concentration, circulating progesterone, and ovarian blood flow. J. Anim. Sci. Proc. 61:In Press. Eckerman, S.R., G.P. Lardy, M.M. Thompson, B.W. Neville, M.L. Van Emon, P.T. Berg, and C.S. Schauer. 2010. Feedlot performance and carcass quality of conventionally raised lambs implanted with zeranol versus naturally raised lambs. J. Anim. Sci. Proc. 61:In Press. Neville, B.W., C.S. Schauer, L.A. Kirschten, K. Karges, M.L. Gibson, and G.P. Lardy. 2009. Influence of thiamin supplementation on feedlot performance, carcass quality, and incidence of polioencephalomalacia in lambs fed a 60% distillers dried grains plus solubles finishing ration. J. Anim. Sci. Proc. 60:135-139. Magolski, J.D., W.L. Keller, T.M. Jeske, C.A. Schwartz, L.A. Lekatz, J.D. Kirsch, C.S. Schauer, K.A. Vonnahme, and K.R. Maddock-Carlin. 2010. Effects of maternal metabolizable protein supplementation during late gestation on ovine fetal muscle calpain and calpastatin activities. J. Anim. Sci. 88(Suppl. 2):In press. Camacho, L.E., L.A. Lekatz, M.L Van Emon, C.S. Schauer, K.R. Maddock Carlin, and K.A. Vonnahme. 2010. Effects of maternal MP supplementation in late gestation on uterine and umbilical blood flows in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 88(Suppl. 2):In press. Neville, T.L., L.A. Lekatz, T.J. Swanson, M.L. Van Emon, C.S. Schauer, K.R. Maddock Carlin, C.M. Hammer, and K.A. Vonnahme. 2010. Effects of maternal metabolizable protein supply on fetal organ weights. J. Anim. Sci. 88(Suppl. 2):In press. Lekatz, L.A., M.L. Van Emon, P.K. Shukla, S.T. ORourke, C.S. Schauer, K.M. Carlin, K.A. Vonnahme. 2010. Influence of metabolizable protein supplementation during late gestation on vasoreactivity of maternal and fetal placental arteries in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 88(Suppl. 2):In press. ANNUAL REPORTS Eckerman, S.E., G.P. Lardy, M.M. Thompson, B. Neville, M. VanEmon, P.B. Berg, and C.S. Schauer. 2010. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of conventionally raised lambs implanted with zeranol versus naturally raised lambs. 2010 NDSU Sheep Research Report. 51:3-7. Neville, B.W., C.S. Schauer, and G.P. Lardy. 2010. Influence of thiamin supplementation on hydrogen sulfide gas concentrations in ruminants fed high sulfur diets. 2010 NDSU Sheep Research Report. 51:811. Sebesta, E.L., K.K. Sedivec, B. Geaumont, S. Kronberg, K. Larson, D. Houchen, and C.S. Schauer. 2010. Impacts of integrated pest management on Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) following a 10-year sheep grazing study: A progress report. 2010 NDSU Sheep Research Report. 51:12-19. Becker, W., C. Schauer, and R. Schmidt. 2010. NDSU Extension Service live lamb carcass contest report. 2010 NDSU Sheep Research Report. 51:29-30. Neville, C.S. Schauer, and G.P. Lardy. 2009. Influence of thiamin supplementation on hydrogen sulfide gas concentrations in ruminants fed high-sulfur diets. 2009 NDSU Beef Feedlot Research Report. 32:11-15. Neville, C.S. Schauer, and G.P. Lardy. 2009. Influence of thiamin supplementation on hydrogen sulfide gas concentrations in ruminants fed high-sulfur diets. 2008 Beef Cattle and Range Research Report. 25-27. TEXAS PEER REVIEWED, REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES Lupton, C. J., E. S. Campbell, B. S. Engdahl, T. D. Lovett, F. A. Pfeiffer, C. A. Taylor, Jr., D. F. Waldron, and J. W. Walker. 2009. Selecting Angora goats to consume more juniper. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems. 11:59-64. McCeachern, J., T. R. Whitney, C. B. Scott, C. J. Lupton, and M. W. Salisbury. 2009. Substituting distillers dried grains for cottonseed meal in lamb-finishing diets: growth, wool characteristics, and serum NEFA, urea N, and IGF-1 concentrations. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 24:3240. Whitney, T. R., D. F. Waldron, and T. Willingham. 2009. Evaluating nutritional status of Dorper and Rambouillet ewes in range sheep production. Sheep Goat Res. J. 24:10-16. Lupton, C. J. 2010. Chapter 15, Fiber Production. In: Goat Science and Production, S. G. Solaiman, Ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames IA:293-312. Campbell, E. J., R. A. Frost, T. K. Mosley, J. C. Mosley, C. J. Lupton, C. A. Taylor, Jr., J. W. Walker, D. F. Waldron, and J. Musser. 2010. Pharmacokinetic differences in exposure to camphor following intraruminal dosing in selectively bred lines of goats J. Anim. Sci. Accepted. Walker, J. W., E. J. Campbell, R. W. Kott, S. Y. Landau, C. J. Lupton, C. B. Scott L. Surber, C. A. Taylor, Jr., and W. R. Whitworth. 2010. Chapter 5. Fecal NIRS for Predicting Botanical Composition of Herbivore Diets. Fecal NIRS Monograph. Texas AgriLife Research Bulletin. College Station. In Prep. Whitney, T. R., and J. P. Muir. 2010. Redberry juniper as a roughage source in lamb feedlot rations: performance and serum nonesterified fatty acids, urea nitrogen, and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations. J. Anim. Sci. 88:14921502. ABSTRACTS Klein, D. R., T. R. Whitney, C. B. Scott, C. J. Owens. 2009. Redberry juniper to reduce Haemonchus contortus in vitro viability and increase Ivomectin efficacy. TX Soc. Range Manage. Oct. 7-9, Beaumont, TX. Klein, D. R., T. R. Whitney, T. M. Craig, C. B. Scott, C. J. Owens. 2010. Redberry juniper to reduce Haemonchus contortus in vitro viability and increase Ivomectin efficacy. Soc. Range Manage. Feb. 7-11, Denver, CO. Lupton, C. J., F. A. Pfeiffer, W. S. Ramsey, M. Salisbury, D. F. Waldron, J. W. Walker, and T. D. Willingham. 2009. Preliminary results of a comparison between Texas Rambouillet sheep and Australian Merino F1 crosses. J. Anim. Sci. 87, E-Suppl. 2:307 Whitney, T. R. 2009. Alternative feeds to reduce feeding costs. Annual Ram Performance Test Field Day. Sonora, TX. March 13. Wildeus, S., A. M. Zajac, C. J. Lupton, J. R. Collins. 2009. Effect of parasite management practices on fecal egg counts and fiber characteristics in alpacas. Proc. Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. :36. Zajac, A. M., S. Wildeus, and C. J. Lupton. 2009. Transmission of intestinal parasites of alpacas in the mid-Atlantic region, U.S.A. 22nd Meeting of the World Assoc. for the Advancement of Vet. Parasitology. Calgary, Canada. Aug. 9-13. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Lupton, C.J. 2009. Alpaca quality and analysis. Proceedings, Alpaca Information Day, Virginia State University, Petersburg, January 17: 1-58. (CD available with slides and audio, January 2010). Lupton, C. J., F. A. Pfeiffer, W. S. Ramsey, M. Salisbury, D. F. Waldron, J. W. Walker, and T. W. Willingham. 2010. Comparison of Texas Rambouillet sheep with Australian Merino F1 crosses. Sheep Research and Outreach Symposium, American Sheep Industry Association Annual Convention, Nashville, TN, January 21:52-54. STATION REPORTS Waldron, D. F. and C. J. Lupton. 2009. Improvement of sheep through selection of performance-tested and progeny-tested breeding animals. Texas AgriLife Res. Cen. Tech. Rep. 2009-1. Waldron, D. F. and C. J. Lupton. 2009. Angora goat performance test report. Texas AgriLife Res. Cen. Tech. Rep. 2009-3. Lupton, C. J., F. A. Pfeiffer, W. S. Ramsey, M. Salisbury, D. F. Waldron, J. W. Walker, and T. D. Willingham. 2009. Comparison of Texas Rambouillet sheep with Australian Merino F1 crosses. Texas AgriLife Res. Ann. Prog. Rep. Texas Dept. Agric. Food & Fibers Res. Grant Prog. :1-9. Taylor, C. A., Jr., C. J. Lupton, D. F. Waldron, and J. W. Walker. 2009. Improving the use of goats to manage juniper. Texas AgriLife Res. Ann. Prog. Rep. Texas Dept. Agric. Food & Fibers Res. Grant Prog. :11-30. Taylor, C. A., Jr., T. R. Whitney, C.J. Lupton, and J. W. Walker. 2009. Economic sustainability of Spanish X Boer goats, Dorper X Barbado sheep, Rambouillet sheep, and Angora goats in a low input grazing system in West Texas. Texas AgriLife Res. Ann. Prog. Rep. Texas Dept. Agric. Food & Fibers Res. Grant Prog. :60-68. Waldron, D. F. and C. J. Lupton. 2010. Improvement of sheep through selection of performance-tested and progeny-tested breeding animals. Texas AgriLife Res. Cen. Tech. Rep. 2010-1. INVITED PRESENTATIONS Lupton, C. J. 2009. Animal fiber metrology. The Iraq Agricultural Extension Revitalization Group. Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, San Angelo. October 20. Lupton, C. J. 2010. Comments on the 2009 Angora goat test results. Texas AgriLife Research Station at Sonora. July 23. Lupton, C. J. 2010. Comparison of Texas Rambouillet sheep with Australian Merino F1 crosses. Sheep Research and Outreach Symposium, American Sheep Industry Association Annual Convention, Nashville, TN. January 21. Lupton, C. J. 2010. Comments on the 2009/2010 ram test. Texas AgriLife Research Station at Sonora. March 19. Whitney, T. R. 2009. Alternative feeds to reduce feeding costs. Annual Ram Performance Test Field Day. Sonora, TX. March 13. Whitney, T. R. 2009. Nutrition research, San Angelo. WERA 039 annual meeting, Reno NV. Report. Whitney, T. R. 2009. Nutritional research programs. Texas AgriLife Extension: Youth Veterinary Science Workshop, San Angelo. Whitney, T. R. 2009. TX AgriLife Nutrition Program update: using underutilized feed resources in sheep and goat rations. Annual Angora Goat Performance Test and Field Day, Sonora, TX. July 23. Whitney, T. R. 2009. Exploiting the benefits of DDG; using it as a protein and energy source. AgriLife Research/TX Cattle Feeders/POET administrative meeting. Amarillo, TX. Aug. 19-20. Whitney, T. R. 2009. Benefits of plant chemicals. Annual TX AgriLife Sheep and Goat Field Day, San Angelo. September 3. UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO PUBLICATIONS T Wuliji, H Hudson and T Filbin. 2009. Merino breeding program improves wool production in the western USA range sheep flocks. Proceedings of FAO/IAEA International symposium sustainable improvement of animal production and health. P. 83-84. June 8-11, 2009. Vienna, Austria. T Wuliji, T Watts, A Qi, T Filbin. 2010. An alternative wool harvesting system for wool sheep flocks. J. Anim. Sci. Vol 88 Suppl. 1. In Press. ADSA®-PSA-AMPA-CSAS-WSASAS-ASAS Joint Annual Meeting (July 11-15, 2010, Denver, Colorado). L. Shi, T. Wuliji, N. Li, T. Shenkoru, S. McConahey, W. Yang. 2010. Seasonal variation of nutrients and in vitro dry matter degradability of forage hay. J. Anim. Sci. Vol 88 Suppl. 1. In Press. ADSA®-PSA-AMPA-CSAS-WSASAS-ASAS Joint Annual Meeting (July 11-15, 2010, Denver, Colorado). N Li, T Wuliji, A Qi, SH Hyon, K Matsumura, L Shi, W Chen. 2010. The Effect of Poly-L-lysine as a New Cryoprotectant for Ovine Oocyte Vitrification. J. Anim. Sci. Vol 88 Suppl. 1. In Press. ADSA®-PSA-AMPA-CSAS-WSASAS-ASAS Joint Annual Meeting (July 11-15, 2010, Denver, Colorado). Wei Chen, Tumen Wuliji, Hang Wang, Nan Li, Aladaer Qi. The Application of TARGET Bovine CL Progesterone Test Kit for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Ewes. 2010. J. Anim. Sci. Vol 88 Suppl. 1. In Press. ADSA®-PSA-AMPA-CSAS-WSASAS-ASAS Joint Annual Meeting (July 11-15, 2010, Denver, Colorado). Tumen Wuliji, Aladaer Qi , Nan Li , Wei Chen , Tom Filbin. 2010. Genotypic Screening For Melatonin Receptor Gene 1A Polymorphism In Rafter 7 Merino Ewes. Proceedings of Plant & Animal Genomes XVIII Conference. p. 578. (January 9-13, 2010). Town & Country Convention Center, San Diego, CA. (http://www.intl-pag.org/18/abstracts). Aladaer Qi , Tumen Wuliji , Wei Chen , Lei Shi. 2010. Melatonin Receptor 1 A Gene Polymorphisms To MnlI, RsaI And Nucleotide Mutations In Rafter 7 Merino Ewes. Proceedings of Plant & Animal Genomes XVIII Conference. p. 573. (January 9-13, 2010). Town & Country Convention Center, San Diego, CA. (http://www.intl-pag.org/18/abstracts). UTAH REPORTS Chapman, C.K., Rood, K.A., Boyer, S., McNeal, L.G. & Boyer, T. 2009. 2009 Utah Sheep and Goat Education Day. 2009 Annual Report of the Western Extension, Research & Academic Coordinating Committee 039. WERA039: Coordination of Sheep and Goat Research and Education Programs in the Western States. EDUCATIONAL SUPPLEMENTS Chapman, C.K. & Rood, K.A.. 2009. [Fact Sheet] Agrosecurity  Protecting Americas Food Supply: An Introduction to Agrosecurity Challenges. Electronic Publication. Utah State University Extension Fact Sheet AG/Agrosecurity/2009-01. http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/AG_Agrosecurity_2009-01pr.pdf Rood, K.A. & Chapman, C.K.. 2009. [Fact Sheet] Minimizing Disease in Your Sheep Flock: A Guide to Preventative Flock Health. Electronic Publication. Utah State University Extension Fact Sheet Animal Health/Sheep/2009-02pr at: http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/Animal_Health_Sheep_2009-02pr.pdf
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