Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The annual meeting was held on March 8th, 2010, in conjunction with the WSWS annual meeting at the Waikoloa Beach Marriott Resort, Waikoloa, HI. Meeting was called to order by Chair Andy Hulting at 9:00 a.m. Andy welcomed the group and gave an overview of the meeting agenda. Renewal of WERA077. Hulting reported that the project has been renewed for another five years. The renewal documents were handed out to meeting participants. Lee Sommers informed the group that the WERA077 was viewed favorably by the Western Ag. Exp. Directors. However, participation is still lower than previous iterations of the project. Lee encouraged those in attendance to make sure their AES directors add them to the list of participants or that people sign up with the group through the NIMSS system (http://nimss.umd.edu/). Hulting pointed out that the WERA077 meeting competes with the WSWS board meeting. However, participants agreed that meeting the Monday before the WSWS annual meeting is better than trying to meet at the end of the meeting or at a separate meeting time. Westra asked if all major states are represented, and pointed out that perhaps we should specifically recruit someone from North Dakota. USDA Update. Jim Parochetti provided an update on what is happening in the USDA. NIFA competitive grants will be similar in scope, but will support larger, multi-state projects. Funding commitments will be made for up to 5 years. Jim encouraged actively seeking funding the first year of the AFRI, as there will be significant funding available; however funding levels in subsequent years are still unknown. Invasive species will likely not be a priority area in upcoming RFA. There is a new federal focus on cheatgrass. NIFA RFA will likely be released sometime this month. Turnaround time for submission will be SHORT. Discussion of Possible Grant Proposals. Hulting asked how the new funding structure will affect this group. The group has been unsuccessful recently in seeking grant funding. Jim strongly encouraged identifying major issues, then focusing in on how it relates to overall sustainability. Hulting suggested shifting focus to smaller granting opportunities for very targeted issues, or very large AFRI grants. It appears very little middle ground will be available in the foreseeable future. Donn Thill asked about earmarks and Parochetti said that these will likely continue to some extent, but they will certainly need to be multi-disciplinary; pure weed science projects will likely not be viewed favorably. It is highly unlikely that this group would be the group to spearhead a large project; rather it seems that this group could be a major contributor to another group (such as a sustainable wheat production group, etc). Thill mentioned that the key is finding someone who can orchestrate the project, and finding the right people to manage the sub-disciplines. Also there are opportunities for planning grants, in order to assemble a team to compete for the larger research & extension grants. Tom Peeper mentioned that millions of acres of CRP ground will be placed into production in the coming year. Many of these acres will be moldboard plowed. The conversion from CRP may be a nice fit for the WERA077 group members expertise. Removing grasses, no-tillage production, etc. are notable strengths of group members. This may be an opportunity to address many issues such as weed management, carbon sequestration, climate change, no-till production, sustainable cropping systems, insect pests, etc. Thill mentioned that there have already been requests for extension bulletins on how to convert CRP into production. Many of the issues will be very different for the various regions. By the time we get the information on how to convert, many of the acres will have already been converted. The CRP conversion is one component of a larger sustainability project on no-till cropping in some regions. What other groups may be interested in a project like the CRP? If we could utilize expertise of other projects that may also be interested, the WERA077 may be able to provide one component of a larger project. The key will be to identify a project manager that can coordinate such a project. Perhaps it is worth making a list of other potential contributors from each university. Sommers volunteered to be a facilitator in discussions with other groups that we may identify to manage a larger project of which we may play a role. Outline for Possible CRP Conversion Proposal. Positioning CRP conversion as a model for a larger system of food production. What will be the impact of CRP take-out on ______? 1. Overall sustainability of agricultural systems a. Climate change b. Carbon sequestration c. Small farm profitability d. Rural community health & demographics 2. Cropping system replacement a. wheat-fallow b. diversified systems c. biofuels d. no-till cropping systems 3. Wildlife habitat 4. Endangered species 5. Fire ecology 6. Environmental quality issues a. Pesticide use b. Fertilizers c. Soil erosion 7. Sustainable food production and food security a. Population growth & food needs b. CRP land as a reserve food supply 8. Nutrient cycling 9. Water issues (particularly availability, but also groundwater depletion) a. Inter-state disputes on water use Hulting will develop an outline of the identified issues and send it to the group for input and to help identify other potential collaborators. Next meeting. Hulting proposed keeping the meeting associated with WSWS. There was no opposition to the proposal. Phil Westra suggested keeping a secondary meeting as an option if the discussed project becomes closer to reality. Nomination & Elections. Drew Lyon will move into the Chair role for 2010-2011. Thill nominated Ian Burke for Secretary. It was seconded by Kniss. The group voted unanimously to elect Burke for the Secretary for 2010-2011. Burke agreed to serve as Secretary.

Colorado - submitted by Phil Westra Research. Variable control of feral rye has sometimes been seen in growers fields, but the response cannot always be correlated with stage of growth or growing conditions. When 95 feral rye accessions from Colorado were treated with several rates of imazamox, some accessions showed high sensitivity and were well controlled at low herbicide rates while a few accessions were not controlled by a field labeled rate. More basic research showed that under cold conditions, imazamox uptake by feral rye is limited, resulting in a situation where rye plants can survive a field application. Development of double gene Clearfield wheat varieties is well advanced and will allow growers to use higher imazamox rates or to use more active surfactant packages to provide enhanced feral rye control in Clearfield wheat. Molecular markers were used to show that there is more jointed goatgrass genetic variation within a region than there is between regions where it exists as a weed. Gene flow does occur between jointed goatgrass and winter wheat; using special molecular markers provides the ability to determine the exact parentage of hybrids. Work is underway to try and quantify the drought tolerance of different jointed goatgrass accessions from across the United States. Over the past 3 or 4 years people have received increasing reports of kochia populations no longer controlled by labeled rates of glyphosate. Research at Colorado State University has confirmed that low level glyphosate likely allows some individual plants to escape control under field conditions, although most survivors are severely injured, frequently suffering the death and loss of the terminal meristem. All populations evaluated to date show segregation for the resistance trait, and we are partners of a multi-state effort to develop proactive steps to manage kochia that may exhibit glyphosate resistance. Idaho - submitted by Donn Thill and Don Morishita Research. A multi-year study to determine the effectiveness of herbicide-resistant crop technology for weed control in direct-seed, dry land wheat production was in its 8th year. At present, no Beyond resistant weeds have been identified in the HRC management strategy. A long-term experiment to evaluate wild oat herbicide resistance management was in its 4th year. Currently, no resistant wild oat plants have been identified. Field studies were established near Moscow, ID, Pendleton, OR and Pullman, WA to examine the effect of winter wheat variety and the interaction of Pursuit carryover with and without Osprey treatment. At 7 and 14 days after treatment (DAT) of Osprey, all wheat varieties were injured 18 and 8%, respectively, but did not differ between Pursuit dose. At 7 DAT, Osprey injured ORCF 102 less (7%) than Brundage 96 (9%) and Tubbs 06 (9%). By 21 DAT, wheat injury was not visible. Field studies also were established near Moscow, Pendleton, and Pullman to examine the effect of winter wheat variety and Osprey treatment on wheat injury. Herbicide applications were made in the spring under a high stress environment. The variety by treatment interaction was not significant for wheat injury, yield, or test weight. At 7DAT, Osprey plus Bronate Advanced and Osprey alone injured wheat 7, 10 and 9%, respectively. In an Axiom/winter wheat study, Axiom + Amber or PowerFlex, Osprey, Atlantis, or GoldSky controlled Italian ryegrass 83-92%. Axial treatments did not control Italian ryegrass most likely due to ACCase resistance. In a preemergence and postemergence combination study, Hoelon, Hoelon + Everest, Define, Hoelon + Define and the split applications of Beyond and Everest controlled downy brome 75-90%. In a timing study, PowerFlex, Olympus, and Olympus Flex tended to control downy brome better at the 2 leaf timing (90 to 92%) compared to the 3 tiller timing (49-69%). In a Roundup Original Max plus Everest combination study, Roundup Original Max ( 21 or 27 oz/A) + Everest applied preplant or Everest as a split application improved rattail fescue control 82-91% compared to glyphosate alone (7%). In an Axiom alone or plus Everest, Maverick, or Direx controlled rattail fescue 93-99%. A study was conducted to compare pyroxsulam formulations with other herbicides for wild oat and broadleaf weed control in irrigated spring wheat. Chlorosis was visible on all herbicide treatments 5 days after application (DAA) ranging from 5 to 19% and became less at subsequent evaluations for all herbicide treatments. Kochia control and common lambsquarters control ranged from 97 to 100% over both evaluation dates. Wild oat control was very similar to broadleaf weed control and ranged from 96 to 100% for all herbicide treatments. The untreated check grain yield, which averaged 60 bu/A, was statistically lower than all herbicide treatments with yields greater than 73 bu/A. GoldSky appears to be a good alternative mode of action for controlling wild oats in spring wheat. Three studies were conducted to compare various herbicides alone and in tank mix combinations for broadleaf weed control in irrigated spring wheat. Crop injury (chlorosis and growth inhibition) ranged from 0 to 3% at all evaluation dates. Kochia control with the Group 2 herbicides was ineffective, unless they were applied with Huskie, or Starane. All of the same treatments controlled common lambsquarters. Only Starane alone did not control common lambsquarters. Redroot pigweed control ranged from 90 to 100% for all herbicide treatments except fluroxypyr alone. Annual sowthistle, which is a late emerging weed, was controlled 90% or better with all herbicides except GF-1847 + NIS + AMS, Everest + 2,4-D LVE, and Rimfire + Bronate Advanced + NIS + AMS. Annual sowthistle and redroot pigweed were effectively controlled with all herbicide treatments that ranged from 90 to 100%. Due to the variability of wheat crop stand caused by wireworm, the yields were somewhat variable between replications of various treatments. Consequently, there were no differences in wheat yield among treatments including the untreated check. Extension. The Herbicide Resistance and Persistence computer program for dryland grain producing areas is accessible from the Univ. of Idaho website for free download via a link on the PSES website http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/pses/. Montana - submitted by Fabian Menalled Research. In Montana, Canada thistle is category one noxious weed that infests thousands of acres. This project evaluates if the joint usage of pathogens, insects, and herbicides provides efficient, durable, and sustainable management of Canada thistle. It complements field and greenhouse experiments with extension material to illustrate the effect of synergistic interactions on the management of Canada thistle. Stakeholders across the Northern Great Plains identified wheat stem sawfly, Fusarium crown rot, and grassy weeds as major burdens threatening the economic and environmental sustainability of the small grain production system. A main reason for the importance of these pests is that they represent a multitrophic complex whose synergistic impact on yields and grain quality varies with management. Because of these interactions, there are evident limitations in current single-pest control recommendations. In collaboration with plant pathologists and entomologist, we initiated an integrated research program to determine the joint impact of several easy-to-adopt management practices on the joint management of wheat stem sawfly, Fusarium crown rot, and weeds. Every year, new herbicides and re-formulations of existing products are released into the market. As part of a service to Montana agricultural producers and in close collaboration with the Industry, we conducted herbicide screening trials to assess the effectiveness of these products under a range of environmental and crop conditions representative of Montanas agriculture. This study is being developed with the help of Mr. Edward S. Davis, Weed Research Associate, MSU. Extension. The lack of up-to-date information on the ecology and management of weeds and the difficulty to obtain correct weed identification has been cited as factor hindering the adoption of integrated weed management programs. In collaboration with IPM specialist at Colorado State University, we are developing an electronic key to id weed species and a Wiki-based fact sheets with biological and management information on weeds. Nebraska - submitted by Drew Lyon Research. Two field studies were completed in 2009 at the High Plains Ag Lab near Sidney. One was a repeat of a 2006-2007 study to investigate the effect of different liquid fertilizer rates as part of the herbicide carrier on the activity of imazaox (Beyond) and imazamox + MCPA ester (Clearmax) on feral rye control. Andrew Kniss repeated this study at Lingle, WY. Andrew also conducted a greenhouse study that called into question the nitrogen source used at Sidney. This led to a series of investigative studies that we hope to summarize and publish in 2010. The major findings were that the addition of MCPA to imazamox does appear to improve feral rye control. This improved control appears to be primarily the result of increased plant uptake when MCPA is added to imazamox. Additionally, 10-34-0 liquid fertilizer tends to antagonize imazaomox activity on feral rye as rates increase up to 50% of the carrier volume, while 32-0-0 liquid fertilizer tends to improve feral rye control as rates increase. The second study compared pyroxsulam (PowerFlex) for downy brome control in winter wheat to sulfosulfuron (Maverick) and propoxycarbazone-sodium (Olympus). Applications were made in fall and spring. The three herbicides performed similarly. Fall applications provided > 90% control of downy brome, while spring applications provided only about 60% control. A smaller version of this study was initiated in the fall of 2009 and results should be available later this year. Other studies initiated in the fall of 2009 include a study to look at flucarbazone (Pre-pare) applied PRE to winter wheat in combination with other herbicides for downy brome control. No downy brome had emerged in the plots prior to the start of winter, which came early in 2009. We are hoping for some winter emergence. We are also looking at a new product for feral rye control, but we have nothing to report at this time. Extension. No specific extension programming focused on invasive weeds in winter wheat in 2009 or early 2010. Drew Lyon was asked to develop and manage web pages on downy brome, jointed, goatgrass, feral rye, and blue mustard for the High Plains IPM site (http://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Small_Grains). Oregon - submitted by Dan Ball, Andrew Hulting, and Carol Mallory-Smith Research. A statewide effort focusing on evaluation of newer herbicide products for management of invasive weeds in wheat based cropping system was undertaken in 2008-2009. Evaluations of the following herbicide products were completed: saflufenacil (Sharpen) from BASF, aminocyclopyrachlor from DuPont, pyroxasulfone from Kumiai, pyraflufen-ethyl (Vida) from Gowan, and florasulam + MCPA (Orion) from Syngenta. In addition, expanded uses for pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil (Huskie), a newly registered HPPD inhibitor broadleaf herbicide with excellent activity on several broadleaf weeds species including sulfonylurea and imidazolinone resistant weeds, were investigated. Pyroxsulam (PowerFlex and a component of GoldSky) from Dow has recently been registered for grass weed control in wheat, but with very little data from our area. Therefore, extensive herbicide evaluation studies were completed across OR with this active ingredient. In summary, during the 2008-2009 crop year, there were 15 wheat herbicide studies conducted in western Oregon, and another 16 field trials in eastern Oregon. Eastern Oregon trials focused on improving effectiveness of downy brome control with PowerFlex, PrePare/Everest, Atlantis, Axiom, and Far-Go compared to commercial standard treatments. Trials in eastern and western Oregon identified and highlighted effective treatments for control of rattail fescue. Two trials in eastern Oregon evaluated winter wheat varietal tolerance to Osprey herbicide and also investigated the potential for wheat injury when Osprey and bromoxynil containing herbicides are tank-mixed. All wheat varieties tested exhibited injury if Osprey was applied under adverse (cold) conditions. The addition of Bronate to the Osprey treatments increased wheat injury. Several broadleaf herbicide trials were conducted, including evaluations of Sharpen or Huskie tank-mixes, and on experimental formulations of 2,4-D. Trials in western Oregon focused on grass control in winter and spring wheat. Control of Italian ryegrass, California brome, downy brome and rattail fescue was evaluated with a range of preemergence, early postemergence and postemergence applications of herbicides in several studies. Rattail fescue, California brome, and downy brome control is being evaluated in the 2009-2010 crop year with fall versus spring applications of herbicides. Results indicate that applying postemergence herbicides such as PowerFlex and Osprey to the winter wheat by the end of November provides the best control of these weedy grass species compared to a spring application in western OR production systems. Addition of NIS + AMS, compared to solely NIS, to these treatments in the fall also improves control of rattail fescue. These results, particularly with respect to fall PowerFlex treatments, are consistent with those from the 2008-2009 wheat cropping year. Studies during the 2008-2009 crop year were also conducted at the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center near Pendleton to improve weed management techniques in chemical fallow. Continued studies with Sharpen and Huskie in chemical fallow indicate that these materials may provide improved late-season fallow control of Russian thistle and prickly lettuce when tank mixed with glyphosate, thereby reducing the reliance on the high rates of glyphosate used alone. Investigations with aminocyclopyrachlor, a DuPont experimental herbicide, indicate a significant problem with carryover to winter wheat when used the previous season for residual weed control in chemical fallow. Further testing of this experimental compound in eastern OR will be limited due to this finding. Evaluations of cost-effective herbicide treatment regimes in chemical fallow are being conducted during the 2009-2010 crop year. Ph.D. students are continuing studies on jointed goatgrass, looking at differences among populations of jointed goatgrass to identify competitiveness traits and survey wheat fields for herbicide resistant hybrids produced by crossing of Clearfield wheat with jointed goatgrass. Several projects are also conducted in cooperation with researchers at Washington State University and the University of Idaho. Combined results from these studies improve the reliability of findings and are complimentary for the broad range of PNW dryland or high rainfall cropping environments. Extension. Extension presentations have been ongoing statewide throughout 2008-2009 and have included research update presentations at several industry winter grower meetings and Extension meetings across the state. Field tours of research plots at Hyslop Farm and at the Columbia Basin Ag Research Center have also been completed. Extension bulletins were produced, published, and made available on-line through OSU Extension and Experiment Station Communications with hard copies available through OSU Extension offices. Data from research trials are used to support labeling of herbicides in diverse wheat-cropping systems in Oregon. Research and experience using recently registered products provides critical information to growers and agri-business consultants that allow them to refine their weed control practices, control invasive weeds efficiently, and avoid wheat injury and yield reductions. The research is also critical to aiding the early adoption of new technologies in wheat production which maintains the competitiveness of Oregon wheat production. The results of these studies are passed on to growers in many Extension venues and through publication of the wheat-based chapters of the Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook (http://www.ipmnet.org/IPM_Handbooks.htm). Washington - submitted by Joe Yenish Research. Several studies were conducted during the recent growing season. These included studies looking directly at options for control and more involved systems research. The greatest concern remains the development of herbicide resistant weeds. Group 2 herbicides remain the primary herbicides for selective control of downy brome (Bromus tectorum) and other winter annual grass weeds. There are suspected cases of full blown failure of sulfosulfuron and possibly other active ingredients in downy brome. There are efforts underway to more fully investigate these failures along with efforts to survey the general landscape for group 2 resistant down brome. Recent introductions of sulfosulfuron formulations for use in non-crop areas has lead to concern for the development of resistant populations that could invade croplands. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) continues to increase in the higher rainfall grain producing areas of the state. Herbicide control relies heavily on group 1 and group 2 herbicides. Resistance, cross-resistance, and multiple resistance is still a concern with this species. Extension. In regards to herbicides in eastern Washington, pyroxulam rapidly gained rapid marketshare as a grass herbicide during the past year with Powerflex being labeled in winter wheat and GoldSky in spring wheat. Recently, GoldSky received a label for winter wheat. Continued changes to plantback restrictions following applications of Beyond herbicide is becoming a concern. Shorter plantback intervals for non-Clearfield varieties, particularly winter wheat, may result in more frequent use of the herbicide or planting of Clearfield varieties without using the herbicide. Use of Clearfield varieties without the Beyond application could increase the potential for outcrossing the herbicide resistance trait to jointed goatgrass. However, resistance population development through repeated imazamox applications remains the greater threat. Wyoming - submitted by Andrew Kniss Research. Field studies conducted from 2008 to 2009 determined that fallow applications of aminocyclopyrachlor to fallow caused significant injury to the subsequent winter wheat crop, even when visual injury symptoms were not present. A manuscript summarizing this research was submitted to Weed Technology in early 2010 in collaboration with Dr. Drew Lyon of the University of Nebraska. Field research on downy brome control in winter wheat continued in 2009. Results from this year indicated that Powerflex was slightly less effective compared to Olympus and Maverick when applied in the fall, but all herbicides provided similar control in the spring. Split applications of Olympus were effective for downy brome control, but split applications of reduced Powerflex rates reduced control compared to either fall or spring applications. Field and greenhouse studies continued in collaboration with Dr. Drew Lyon at the University of Nebraska. A manuscript is nearing completion reporting the results of this line of research. General conclusions of this research are that (1) MCPA-ester improves imazamox control of feral rye, although the mechanism is yet unclear; and (2) The type of nitrogen fertilizer additive may have a significant impact on feral rye control with imazamox.

Preston, C., D. S. Belles, P. H. Westra, S. J. Nissen, and S. M. Ward. 2009 Inheritance of resistance to the auxinic herbicide dicamba in kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Science 57:43-47. Harrington, J., Byrne, P.F., Peairs, F.B., Nissen, S.J., Westra, P., et al. (2009). Perceived consequences of herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant crops on integrated pest management strategies in the western United States: Results of an online survey. AgBioForum, 12(3&4), 412-421. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org. Ecanopouly, B. F., J. K. McKay, H. Meimbery, S. Reid, and P. Westra. 2009. Molecular evidence for genetic structure in jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical) Abstracts WSWS. p. 18. Westra, P., T. Gaines, P. Byrne, S. Ward, and S. Nissen. 2009. Jointed goatgrass research in Colorado over eleven years. Abstracts WSWS. p. 29. Yenish, J., A. Hulting, A. Kniss, D. Lyon, and P. Westra. 2009. WERA-077  managing invasive weeds in wheat. Abstracts WSWS. p. 31. Bridges, M., P. Westra, and D. Shaner. 2009. Effect of imazamox on feral rye at different physiological stages. Abstracts WSWS. p. 77. Ostlie, M., P. Westra, G. Brunk, T. Gaines, M. Bridges, and B. Lindenmayer. 2009. Variation in imazamox response among Colorado feral rye populations. Abstracts WSWS. p. 78. Stahlman, P. W., P. W. Geier, T. F. Peeper, D. J. Lyon, S. D. Miller, P. Westra, and G. W. Wicks. 2009. Integrated jointed goatgrass management systems in the central and southern great plains. Abstracts WSWS. p. 80. Campbell, J. and D. Thill.  2009.  Prickly lettuce and mayweed chamomile control with pyrasulfotole combinations in winter wheat.  Res. Prog. Rep.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 132-133. Campbell, J. and D. Thill.  2009.  Prickly lettuce control in fallow.  Res. Prog. Rep.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 104. Morishita, D.W., J.D. Henningsen, and D.L. Shouse. 2009. Wild oat and broadleaf weed control with pyroxsulam in irrigated spring wheat. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 62:57. Morishita, D.W., J.D. Henningsen, and D.L. Shouse. 2009. Broadleaf weed and green foxtail control with pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil in comparison with other herbicides. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Res. Prog. Rep. 60:82-83. Morishita, D.W., J.D. Henningsen, and D.L. Shouse. 2009. Broadleaf weed control with and without pyroxsulam tank mix partners in spring wheat. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Res. Prog. Rep. 60:118-119. Morishita, D.W., J.D. Henningsen, and D.L. Shouse. 2009. Wild oat control in irrigated spring wheat with pyroxsulam compared to other herbicides. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Res. Prog. Rep. 60:116-117. Rauch, T. A. and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Broadleaf weed control in winter wheat with 2,4-D formulations and sulfonylurea combinations.  Res. Prog. Report.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 126-128. Rauch, T. A. and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Broadleaf weed control with sulfonylurea herbicides in winter wheat.  Res. Prog. Report.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 135. Rauch, T. A. and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Common lambsquarters control in spring wheat with pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil.  Res. Prog. Report.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 115. Rauch, T. A. and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Downy brome control in winter wheat.  Res. Prog. Rep.  West. Soc. Weed Sci. 129-131. Rauch, T. A. and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Italian ryegrass and ventenata control in winter wheat with flucarbazone.  Res. Prog. Report.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 139-141. Rauch, T. A. and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Italian ryegrass control in winter wheat.  Res. Prog. Report.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 136-138. Rauch, T. A. and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Preplant broadleaf weed control with BAS 800H in spring pea and wheat.  Res. Prog. Report.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 109-110. Rauch, T. A. and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Tolerance of winter wheat varieties to imazethapyr and mesosulfuron.  Res. Prog. Report.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 142-143. Rauch, T. A. and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Wild oat control in wheat.  Res. Prog. Rep. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 122-125. Rauch, T.A., D. Thill, I. Burke, D. Pittman, J. Yenish, R. Rood, D. Ball, and L. Bennett. 2009. Response of winter wheat varieties to mesosulfuron applied under adverse environmental conditions..  Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 15. Rood, J. R., T. A. Rauch, and D. C. Thill.  2009.  Tillage affects imazamox carryover in yellow mustard.  Res. Prog. Report.  Western Soc. Weed Sci. 105-107. Young, F.L., J.P. Yenish, D. Ball, and D.C. Thill. 2009. Integrated management of jointed goatgrass in the Pacific Northwest. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 79. Menalled, F., B. Grimberg, and C. Jones. 2009. Evaluation of agricultural professionals perceptions and knowledge on sustainable agriculture: A useful step in the development of an on-line extension program. J. Agr. Education 50: 86-97. Pollnac, F.W., B. Maxwell, and F. Menalled. 2009. Weed community characteristics and crop performance: a neighborhood approach. Weed Res. 49:242-250. Pollnac, F., B. Maxwell, and F. Menalled. 2009. Using species-area curves to examine weed communities in organic and conventional spring wheat systems. Weed Sci. 3:241-247. Baer, S., D. Engle, J. Knops, K. Langeland, B. Maxwell, F. Menalled, A. Symstad. 2009. Vulnerability of rehabilitated agricultural production systems to invasion by nontarget plant species. Environ. Mgmt. 43: 189-196 Harbuck, K., F. Pollnac, and F. Menalled. 2009. Impact of cropping systems on weed seedbanks in the Northern Great Plains. Weed Biol. Mgmt. 9:160-168. Smith. R., M.R. Ryan, and F. Menalled. Direct and indirect impacts of weed management practices on soil quality. In Press. Soil Management: Building a Stable Base for Agriculture. J. Hatfield and T. Sauer (eds.) Gan, Y., H.R. Kutcher, F. Menalled , G. Lafond , and S.A. Brandt . Intensifying production of using broadleaf crops in cereal-based cropping systems in the Northern Great Plains. In Press. Current Advancements in Soil Science and Agronomy Research in the Northern Great Plains. D. Malhi, ed. Burrows, M., D. Weaver, and F. Menalled. 2009. 2010 Common Montana Wheat Pests calendar. Montana Wheat and Barley Committee and Montana State University Extension. Menalled, F., C. Jones, D. Buschena, and P. Miller. 2009. From conventional to organic cropping: what to expect during the transition years. MT 200901Ag issued 2/09 McVay, K., M. Burrows, C. Jones, K. Wanner, and F. Menalled. 2009. Montana barley production guide. Montana State University Extension Service. Lyon, D. J., R. E. Blackshaw, and G. S. Gill. 2009. Cutting down on weeds to cut a cleaner crop. p. 251-272. In B. F. Carver (ed.) Wheat: Science and trade. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA. Ball, D. and A. Hulting. 2009. Rattail Fescue Biology and Management in PNW Wheat Cropping Systems (PNW 613) http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/12927/1/PNW613.pdf Yenish, J., D. Ball and R. Schirman. 2009. Integrated Management of Jointed Goatgrass in the PNW (EB2042) http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EB2042/eb2042.pdf Hulting, A.G., B. Hinds-Cook, D. Curtis, B. Brewster, and C. Mallory-Smith. 2009. Evaluation of pyroxasulfone (KIH-485) for grass weed management in winter wheat. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Vol.62:60. Yenish, J., A.G. Hulting, A. Kniss, D. Lyon, and P. Westra. 2009. WERA-077 Managing invasive weeds in wheat. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Vol. 62:31. High Plains IPM Wiki (online crop and pest management guides and tools). 2009. http://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Main_Page Role: Hulting primary author and on-going editor for the following six fact sheets on management of problem weeds in the Northern Plains and Inland PNW: Common Bedstraw, Wild Carrot, Persian Speedwell, Mayweed Chamomile, Coast Fiddleneck and Italian ryegrass. Martins, B., A.Perez-Jones, and C. Mallory-Smith. 2009. Imazamox-resistant jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical) by Clearfield wheat (Triticum aestivum) hybrids in a commercial production field. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Vol.62:17. Sanchez-Olguin, E. and C. Mallory-Smith. 2009. Seed shattering in jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical )populations from cropping and non cropping systems. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Vol.62:19. Avila, W., A. Perez-Jones and C. Mallory-Smith. 2009. Resistance in four new glyphosate-resistant Lolium multiflorum populations in Oregon is not due to an altered target-site. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Vol.62:21. Quinn, M., C. Mallory-Smith and L. Fandrich. 2009. Ecotype response of jointed goatgrass caryopses to vernalization duration. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Vol.62:22. Fandrich, L. and C. Mallory-Smith. 2009. Size of jointed goatgrass seed varies by floret position. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Vol.62:30. Fandrich, L. and C. Mallory-Smith. 2009. Seed dormancy and germination characteristics of jointed goatgrass. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Vol.62:35. Ball, D., J. O. Evans and G. Wicks. 2009. Influence of fallow tillage on jointed goatgrass emergence and competition in winter wheat. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Vol.62:31. Burke, I. C., J. P. Yenish, D. Pittmann, and R. S. Gallagher. 2009. Resistance of a Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola) Biotype to 2,4-D. Weed Technol. 23:586-591. Baley, J. G., K. G. Campbell, J. Yenish, K. K. Kidwell, and T. C. Paulitz. 2009. Influence of Glyphosate, Crop Volunteer and Root Pathogens on Glyphosate-Resistant Wheat under Controlled Environment Conditions. Pest Manag. Sci. 65:288-299.