Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Agenda: 8:30 AM Welcome and introduction of group members 9:00 AM Updates from Administrative Advisor, Dr. David Morrison Station Reports AM session chaired by Dr. Jean-Marie Luginbuhl 12:00 PM Lunch 1:00 PM Station Reports PM session chaired by Dr. Dahlia J. OBrien Business meeting 2:30 PM Mini-Symposium Incorporating parasite resistant genetics into a flock/herd Dr. Scott Bowdridge, New Jersey College of Medicinel Dr. Jim Morgan, National Sheep Improvement Program Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension (absent because of flight delays due to adverse weather conditions) 4:00 PM Adjourn Meeting was called to order by Niki Whitley at 10 am. Self-introductions were made and guests in attendance were as follows: David Keisling, Lincoln University; James Morgan, (jlmm@earthlink.net)  National Sheep Improvement Program, Fayetteville, Arkansas; Nelson Escobar, (enescobar@umes.edu  University of Maryland Eastern shores; Olga Bolden-Tiller, (obtiller@tuskegee.edu) - Tuskegee, University; Richard Browning, (rbrowning@tnstate.edu) - Tennessee State University; Scott Bowdridge, New Jersey College of Medicine; Will Getz, (getzw@fvsu.edu) - Fort Valley State University. Members not in attendance were noted. Some members scheduled to make presentations did not make the meeting because of flight delays due to adverse weather conditions. Dr. David Morrison (Administrative Advisor) made the official welcome. He indicated that SCC-81 is an excellent model and that he was impressed by our accomplishments described in the proceedings prepared by the group. He also thanked all members for our contributions and the number of abstracts submitted that enhance the visibility of SAAS. He emphasized that the main purpose of the regional project is research, interaction and coordination, but extension also is encouraged. Dr. Morrison indicated that the 2011 meeting will be held in Corpus Christi, Texas. New officers for 2010-2011 (Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, Chair and Dalia Jackson OBrien, secretary) were introduced and format/duties of officers were discussed. Several members indicated that they would like to have the number of objectives or sections expanded to include other research topics. Dr. Morrison mentioned that the objectives of the SCC-081 regional project cannot be changed until its completion in September 2012. Nevertheless, it was noted that other topics have been presented briefly in previous meetings following the station reports. It was agreed that one section including other research topics will be part of future proceedings but will not be part of the electronic report. The mini-symposium presentations by Dr. Scott Bowdridge and Dr. James Morgan concerning the incorporation of parasite resistant genetics into sheep flocks and goat herds led to a very productive question and discussion session. Meeting adjourned at 4PM.

Objective 1: Develop integrated GIN control methods that decrease reliance on chemical dewormers through the use of selective deworming (FAMACHA system), better forage management and grazing options and breed or animal selection for nematode resistance or resilience. Susan Duckett, Clemson University; Dalia Jackson-OBrien, Delaware State University; Thomas Terrill, Fort Valley State University; Charlotte Clifford-Rathert, Lincoln University; James Miller, Louisiana State University AgCenter; Niki Whitley, North Carolina A&T State University; Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, North Carolina State University; Sandra Solaiman, Tuskegee University; Dalia Jackson, University of Maryland (for Susan Schoenian); Joan Burke, USDA-ARS Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center; Mike Brown, USDA_ARS Grazinglands Research Lab; Stephan Wildeus, Virginia State University. The effect of forage species on growth rates and gastrointestinal nematode infection in lambs. Average daily gain was greater in lambs grazing chicory than those grazing bermudagrass (0.27 ± 0.04 and 0.07 ± 0.02 kg/d respectively). FAMACHA scores were lower for lambs grazing chicory than bermudgrass by d 56 and throughout the remainder of the study. Chicory lambs also exhibited lower FEC by d 69 than bermudagrass lambs (445 ± 437 and 6539 ± 3120 eggs per gram respectively). On d 80, ultrasound fat thickness and muscle depth were greater in chicory lambs than those grazing bermudagrass (P < 0.01). Use of pumpkin and ginger as potential natural dewormer in goats Body weights were influenced by day with d0 weights (17.6±0.6kg) lower (P<0.01) than d42 weights (20.1±0.6 kg). FEC were influenced by treatment with the CON group having the highest (P<0.05) FEC compared to both the PUM and GIN groups (4,683±483 epg, 3,409±404 epg, and 2096±572 epg, respectively. FEC were also influenced by day with d0 (6194±750 egg) and d7 (3749±750 epg) FEC greater (P<0.01) than d35 (661±750 epg) and d42 (1308±750 epg) FEC. PCV was influenced by treatment with GIN (31.4±1.2%) greater than both CON (25.2±1.0%) and PUM (27.4±0.9%). Six kids had to be dewormed in the ginger group while three were dewormed in the control group due to having packed cell volumes < 15% (indicative of anemia). Use of papaya seeds as a potential natural dewormer in goats The initial study period for this experiment was 6 weeks; however, due to increased fecal egg counts in all kids, regardless of treatment, the study had to be discontinued. Papaya seeds administered at this level in this experiment were not effective in reducing fecal egg counts. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. The predominant species found was Haemonchus contortus (84%), but resistance is reported based on the predominant species for each farm tested. Resistance or a low level of resistance to BZ was reported on 97% (31/32) and 3% (1/32) of farms tested, respectively. Resistance to IVM was reported on 56% (18/32) of farms while susceptibility was reported on 22% (7/32) of farms. A low level of IVM resistance was reported for 6 farms (19%) and suspected resistance was reported for 1 farm (3%). The drug, MOX, was effective against GIN on 50% of tested farms (16/32), while a low level of resistance or resistance was found on 19 and 31% of farms, respectively. Susceptibility to LEV was present on 72% (23/32) of farms while a low level of resistance or resistance was found on 6 and 9% of farms, respectively. Suspected resistance to LEV was reported on the remaining 13% of farms. Feeding sericea lespedeza leaf meal to goats: effect on gastrointestinal nematode infection. Feeding SL reduced (P < 0.05) establishment of H. contortus and total GIN, had no effect on number of mature (established) worms, but reduced (P <0.05) fecundity (number of eggs per female) of the mature GIN by d 28. The SL diet reduced (P < 0.05) FEC and increased (P < 0.05) PCV on d 7, 14, and 28 post-feeding in kids with a mature GIN infection. Use of Herbs as De-wormers for Sustainable and Profitable Production of Sheep and Goats under Natural Grazing Conditions At the end of the study, it was concluded that all forms of the Artemisia absinthium were effective in controlling parasites in sheep and goats. Ivermectin® was also very effective in controlling parasites in the sheep and goats, however the 100% greenhouse grown Artemisia absinthium was the most effective of all with nearly no egg counts throughout the study, and with only one outlier. Fecal egg counts, Hematocrits, FAMACHA®, and weights all differed equivalently within breeds (P< .0001), months (P<. 0001), breeds x months (P<. 007), and interaction of breeds x treatments x months (P<. 001). Evaluation of the effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles vs. copper sulfate for Haemonchus contortus control in grazing lambs. At the start of the study, FEC and PCV for Control, COWP and CS groups were 5190, 5563 and 5160 EPG and 22.2, 20.5 and 19.2, respectively. At week 1, there was a reduction of 32% for the COWP group FEC, but both the Control and CS group FECs increased and PCVs for all groups dropped substantially, so a salvage deworming was necessary and all animals were dewormed with pyrantel pamoate and albendazole. FEC decreased and PCV increased in response to the deworming. Subsequently for the reminder of the study, the COWP group FEC and PCV remained lower and higher than the CS and Control groups which were similar. Individual treatments for the 3 groups were 7, 1 and 14, respectively. Weight gain for the 3 groups, respectivelty, were 5.6, 8.2 and 5.6 kg. Evaluation of the effectiveness of grazing sericea lespedeza as a deworming paddock against Haemonchus contortus infedction in lambs. At the start of the study, FEC and PCV for the Control and SL groups were 6367 and 6133 EPG and 25.1 and 22.9, respectively. FEC decreased and were similar in both groups through week 4. Subsequently, FEC increased in the Control group and SL group FEC remained consistently and significantly (p<0.05) lower than the Control group through week 11. On week 11, six Control animals required deworming. Subsequently, the FEC decreased to the level of the SL group FEC and remained similar to the end of the study. The PCV for both groups were similar throughout the study. Individual treatments for the Control and SL groups were 28 (2 per animal) and 39 (1.4 per animal), respectively. Weight gain for Control and SL groups, respectivelty, were 8.5 and 9.7 kg. Influence of diets containing sericea lespedeza leaf meal on gastrointestinal parasite fecal egg counts in goats The FEC were influenced by a treatment by d interaction (P < 0.003) in which FEC were similar for all treatments on d -1, but were greater (P < 0.02) for the CON animals on all other days. Average FEC were 2402 ± 294, 1209 ± 202, 2033 ± 439 and 4286 ± 1716 eggs/g for CON, 2305 ± 489, 279 ± 49, 305 ± 30, and 842 ± 213 eggs/g for 50SLP and 2330 ± 447, 230 ± 60, 219 ± 45 and 434 ± 76 eggs/g for 73SLP for d 0, 7, 14 and 21, respectively. There was no influence of treatment on PCV which averaged 30.7 ± 0.5 over the entire treatment period for all animals. For the few animals sampled for 10 d after treatment, FEC returned to pre-treatment levels within 2 days after treatment ended for 50SLP and 73SLP. Evaluation of sericea lespedeza as a summer forage and natural parasite control for grazing goats. Year 2 progress report The FEC of kids grazing SL decreased within 11 d and stayed lower than for PM kids from d 11 through 46 (avg: 194 vs 2040, resp.; P < 0.001). The FEC of CMBO kids decreased from 2855 to 568 (P < 0.001) within 7 d of grazing SL and then increased from 59 to 1065 (P < 0.001) within 7 d when switched again to PM plots. When kids were grazing PM their PCV values were lower (P < 0.05) than for SL only on d 11 (PM and CMBO) and d 32 (PM). FAMACHA scores improved for SL (P < 0.001) on d 11 and for PM (P < 0.01) on d 25 compared to the other treatments. Eight of the 15 kids on the PM plots and four on the CMBO plots had to be dewormed within 11 d. Following barn feeding on d 46, FEC and FAMACHA scores increased while PCV decreased in all treatments. Four kids in the SL treatment had to be dewormed within 7 d of being in the barn. Haemonchus contortus larvae recovered from fecal cultures decreased from 100% at d 0, to 42 and 38, 50 and 56, and 95 and 95% by d 46 and d 67 for SL, CMBO and PM, respectively. In summary, SL decreased FEC and changed larvae species composition in fecal cultures. Assessing system nutrient balance on Alabama farms for possible nutrient overload or deficiency and parasite load At the time of sampling, February through June, 60% of the farms had higher than 500 FEC that is considered wormy and among nematodes, Trichostrogylus, and Ostertagia, followed by Haemonchus were predominant worms found in goats. Coccidiosis was prevalent throughout the farms indicating stressful conditions and poor management conditions. Among counties surveyed, Barbour, Chambers, Dale, and Macon counties had most parasitic goats (over 80% infection). More than 75 and 84% of the goats having low serum Cu and Zn, respectively. Both Cu and Zn boost immune functions of goats. Among macro-minerals, almost 100 % of goats had normal levels of serum Ca, S and Mg, and only 41% had normal Na levels. Among counties surveyed, Dallas county had the highest number of Cu-deficient goats followed by Bullock, Macon, and Lee. Dallas county also had the highest number of Zn-deficient goats followed by Bullock, Butler, Macon, and Lee. Over 53% or 44 out of 82.7% Zn-deficient goats were parasitic, and almost 56% or 41.3 out of 74.6% Cu-deficient goats were parasitic. Forages collected from Dallas and Barbour counties had high levels of Mo (3.5-4.5 ppm). High levels of Mo can reduce Cu availability and induce copper deficiencies. Both of these counties were among those that had high parasite counts. The majority of the soils studied had an acidic pH and normal available Cu and Zn levels however, they were deficient in Se. Characterization of coccidia species in different counties of Alabama This study investigates each species of coccidian prevailing and infecting young goats in various Alabama counties Procedures: Thirteen different farms located in southern part of Alabama were selected for this study. Six goats under 12 months of age were tested on each farm. Fecal samples were collected for total fecal egg counts, coccidian counts, and characterization. Oocysts were sporulated, centrifuged and Using a brightfield light microscopy (Lietz LABORLUX 12) the coverclips for each goat were scanned systematically under 40 X magnification for sporulated oocysts. When oocysts were located a metric ruler (1mm = 1¼m) was used to measure the oocyst and sporocyst L and W on a video monitor (Hitachi Denshi Ltd). Results: Data are currently been analyzed. Integrated control of gastrointestinal nematodes using copper oxide wire particles and sericea lespedeza in peri-parturient sheep and goats in Arkansas Haemonchus contortus is typically the predominant GIN in the southeastern U.S. even during cooler months. However, Trichostrongylus spp. was the predominant GIN for both goats and sheep. Feeding COWP to peri-parturient does led to a reduction in FEC by day 14 (P < 0.02), but FEC of untreated does decreased and was similar to that of COWP-treated does by day 21 (COWP × day, P < 0.008). The SL hay fed to ewes tended to reduce FEC compared with ewes fed BG hay (1236 < 1723 eggs/g, P < 0.06) and COWP pellets tended to reduce FEC (1200 < 1759 eggs/g, P < 0.09). The PCV was similar between treatments in goats and sheep. Birth weight (3.31 > 3.07 ± 0.09 kg, P < 0.02) and body weight at 60 days of age (12.8 > 11.8 ± 0.4 kg, P < 0.03) of kids from untreated does were heavier than those from COWP-treated does. Lambs from ewes fed SL were lighter at birth than those from ewes fed bermudagrass (4.17 < 4.50 ± 0.12 kg, P < 0.04). Sixty days later, body weights were similar between hay groups. There was no effect of COWP administered to ewes on offspring. Tannin Rich Peanut Skins Lack Anthelmintic Properties The interaction effect between treatment and days on feed for lamb weight was evident for 2008 (P < 0.01) but not 2009. The main effect of pellet source was not significant (P > 0.05) for lamb weight for either year. Averaged across both pellet treatments, ADG was 100 g d-1 in 2008 and 98 g d-1 in 2009. Except on the first two days that pellets were offered in 2008, lambs consumed nearly the entire amount of the Alf pellets provided. Consumption of PS pellets in 2008 was markedly less and increased as a convex quadratic function (r2 = 0.64, P < 0.001) from 0.24% of BW to a maximum of 0.76% of BW after 68 d on feed, corresponding to 90 to 67% refusal, respectively. In contrast, refusal of both Alf and PS pellets occurred in 2009. In 2009, Alf pellet consumption exceeded PS pellet consumption on two days, while PS pellet consumption was greater than Alf pellet consumption on another two days of the trial (P < 0.10). During the days on feed in 2009, pellet consumption ranged from 1.1 to 2.3% of BW, corresponding to 47 to 1% refusal, respectively. Because the PS pellet formulations in 2008 and 2009 differed, the average intake of PS for each feeding was 0.58 and 0.87% of BW in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Initial FEC of lambs in 2008 were 220 eggs g-1 FW and increased during the days on feed. In 2008, lambs offered Alf pellets for 37 d had a 2.8-fold greater FEC than lambs fed PS pellets (1,160 eggs g-1 FW, P < 0.10), and lambs offered Alf pellets for 72 d had a 2.5-fold greater FEC than the lambs fed PS pellets (4,470 eggs g-1 FW, P < 0.10). For the 2009 FEC there was no indication of interaction between treatment and days on feed or main effect of treatment. Because the 2009 lambs had not been treated with an anthelmintic drug after weaning, the initial FEC was 4,260 eggs g-1 FW. The FEC level increased to 12,500 eggs g-1 FW after 28 d on feed. After 28 d on feed, all lambs were switched to the Alf pellet and treated with an anthelmintic drug resulting in a decline in FEC to 640 eggs g-1 FW by 42 d. For both years there was not a significant interaction between treatment and days on feed or main effect of treatment on PCV. There was a linear decline in PCV both years. The level of PCV decreased from 33 to 27% (0 to 72 d) in 2008 and from 28 to 16% (0 to 28 d) in 2009. Fiber growth and quality in alpacas managed with or without routine anthelmintic treatment in the mid-Atlantic U.S. One animal was dewormed (moxidectin 0.4 mg/kg) in May 2008 in Group B. Body weight (71±2.8 kg), fecal egg count (<15 strongylid eggs/g), and packed cell volume (32.9±1.5%) were not different (P>0.1) between groups. Clean fiber weight was 625±68 and 553±56 g for saddle, 285±32 and 251±27g for butt, 627±59 and 562±70 g for neck, 612±54 and 587±72 g for long leg, and 201±15 and 207±31g for short leg for Group A and B, respectively, and not different (P>0.1) between groups. For the saddle mean staple length was 87±3.7 and 83±4.9 mm, mean fiber diameter 31.8±1.4 and 31.1±1.4 microns, and staple strength 87.7±3.8 and 86.0±2.5 N/ktex for Group A and B, respectively, again not different (P>0.1) between groups. Objective 2: Develop a forage-based feeding system for year-round grazing that meets nutritional requirements by evaluating performance of forage (legumes, grass and browse) varieties and/or forage systems and animal performance. Susan Duckett, Clemson University; Kenneth Andries, Kentucky State University; Sandra Solaiman, Tuskegee University; Dalia Jackson, University of Maryland (for Susan Schoenian); Mike Brown, USDA_ARS Grazinglands Research Lab; Evaluation of soybeans as a possible annual forage for growing goats in Kentucky. Parasite loads were extremely high in 2009 resulting in the removal of several animals from the control treatment. Problems were not as large in the soybean field, most likely due to a lack of previous contamination in the pasture. Because of this, the control data was not used. Intermediate weights were not collected due to logistical issues with construction on the research farm so parasite data is not available. The goats on soybean field were grazed for 58 days starting July 28 and ending on September 24. The trial started with 46 weaned doe kids. Two animals were removed due to health issues after 20 days of grazing. The remainder of the animals gained 0.09 lbs/day during the grazing period. This is similar to weight gains from earlier projects on fescue with supplementation during summer months. Kentucky Master Goat Grazer Demonstration Farm Two master grazer demonstration farms were established and conducted grazing projects in 2009. These producers used sorghum-sudangrass as an annual forage to maintain animals during the summer. The choice of forage was based on availability and productivity of the forage. Both producers found that the animals consumed the forage very well and that the productivity was more than adequate for their herds. One producer maintained 20 mature does on one acre for 90 days using a three section rotation. During this time his does gained weight and body condition. FAMACHA scores improved as well. The other producer used nursing does and found that body condition improved and kids growth was good though does did not greatly improve body weight. The second producer also used winter rye as an early annual and saw animal body weight improve without the feed cost that he has used in the past. At kidding this producer moved his does to alfalfa pasture. Kid growth rate during this time were very good but the nursing does did not gain weight. They did maintain body condition. This producer reduced his annual feed cost by half using these forage procedures. His largest problem was lack of quality fencing to control animals so they did not rotate through the system as desired. Evaluation of three stocking rates, alternative forages and browse for meat goat production in Kentucky Objective 1: goats will be stocked at three different stocking rates on fescue pasture interseeded with red clover. These pastures will be divided into four paddocks for rotational grazing. The stocking rates will be 300, 600, and 900 lbs of goat per acre. Mature non-lactating does will be used for this project to eliminate confounding of milk production with performance and forage consumption. Forage samples will be collected along with forage height measurements and plant population data to determine consumption, forage quality, and plant species changes over time. The project will be conducted for three years to average over time. Two replications of each treatment will be conducted each year. Objective 2: annual and perennial alternative forages will be established and utilized for growth and performance data collection using young growing goats. These forages will include Sericea Lespedeza, pearl millet, sorghum-sudangrass, and native warm season forages. These forages will be grazed using rotational grazing practices during the summer with a tall fescue/red clover pasture as a control. Forage production and quality data will be collected to determine forage quality. Goats will be weighed every 28 days and FAMACHA scores and BCS will be taken. Fecal samples will be collected at the start, middle, and end of grazing to evaluate parasite egg output on the different forages. Animals will be treated for parasites as needed. Objective 3: a producer cooperator will be identified and location set up to evaluate different management and performance of mature does on browse. The objective will be to maintain the browse as a forage resource not remove it from the area. Sampling of rumen fluid will be collected to identify if any different in rumen microbes exist for goats grazing browse compared to traditional forages. Estimations of forage productivity, recover rates, and animal performance will be collected. Comparing mono crop vs. multi-crop improved pastures for year-round goat production in Southeastern U.S. Twelve 0.5-acre paddocks have been planted with six various combinations of cool season grasses and legumes (two replication per pasture type). Forty eight goats will be randomly assigned to each paddock at 8 goats per acre fixed stocking rate. Pasture DM out put will be estimated before and after grazing. Soil samples, and forage samples will be collected. Animal performance will be monitored throughout performance period. Animals will be slaughtered and carcass and meat quality will be assessed. Results: Data will be analyzed and results will be reported later. The effects of feeding regimes and production practice on sensory quality of chevon Results indicated that animals fed SS and BH scored higher (P < 0.05) for tenderness, flavor and acceptability compared to kudzu and Eastern gamma grass. Animals fed kudzu received the lowest (P < 0.05) sensory scores. In group 2 animals treated with no concentrate and no dewormer block (NCND) and allowed to graze received a minimum acceptable score of 5.04 ± 0.24 to 5.40 ± 0.24 compared to animals that received CDW, CND and DNC feeding regimen. In this, study animals fed SS and allowed to graze (NCND) were given higher sensory scores and showed promise as a viable conduit for producing goat meat of acceptable quality. Effect of feeding system and breed on É-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of lamb muscles There was little evidence of interactions among fixed effects for É-6, É-3, or É-6/ É3 in these data. There was a trend (P < 0.10) for É-6 to be greater in LL of forage-fed lambs than concentrate-fed lambs and É-3 concentrations of forage-fed lambs were greater than concentrate-fed lambs in both LL and SM (P < 0.05). The ratio É-6/ É-3 was greater in SS lambs than KK lambs in both muscles (P < 0.05) and there was evidence of a direct breed effect in favor of KK (P < 0.05) in both muscles where Katahdin-sired lambs were lesser in this ratio than Suffolk-sired lambs. In addition, forage-fed lambs were lesser than concentrate-fed lambs in É-6/ É-3 in both LL and SM (P < 0.05). Averaged over muscle, É-6/É-3 in concentrate-fed lambs averaged 4.54, 3.69, 3.34, and 3.74 in SS, SK, KS, and KK whereas in forage-fed lambs these averages were 3.58, 3.12, 2.87, and 2.01, respectively. Objective 3: Evaluate the production potential of pure- and crossbred sheep and goat germplasm under low-input, forage-based production systems in the Southeastern US. Sandra Solaiman, Tuskegee University; Robert Godfrey, University of the Virgin Islands; Stephan Wildeus, Virginia State University. Critical analysis of reproductive performance in Boer and Kiko meat goats breeding herd under semi-intensive management system Effect on gestation length was found non significant (P > 0.05) for Boer and Kikos (150 ± 5.2 vs.149.75 ± 5.9 days). Gestation length was shorter in does with multiple births than in single births. Body weight and condition score of does at breeding were 63.79 ± 15.50 vs. 59.82 ± 6.70 kg and 4.84 ± 0.32 vs.4.12 ± 0.69 for Boer and Kiko does, respectively. Boer and Kiko differed significantly for prolificacy (P < 0.05) and birth types (P < 0.01). Also birth and weaning weights were influenced by breed (2.43 ± 0.51 vs. 2.73± 0.53kg; 12.51 ± 2.99 vs. 14.46 ± 2.54 kg, (P < 0.05) for Boer and Kiko breeds respectively. The percentages of singles, twins, and triplets born were 27.3, 27.3, 45.4% for Boer and 0, 16.7, 83.3% for Kiko. The mean litter sizes at birth were (2.08 ± 0.16 vs. 2.17 ± 0.03, p>0.05) for Boer and Kiko goats. However, these differences became significant at weaning (1.09 ± 0.17 vs. 2.00 ± 0.03. P < 0.01, for Boer and Kiko, respectively. Precision breeding in Kiko and Boer does using bucks fitted with a marking harness Mean values for body conformation and testicular traits in bucks were 4.20 ± 0.40 vs. 4.13 ± 0.20 (body condition score), 78.1 ± 6.1 vs. 72.9 ± 4.6 kg (body weight), 79.3 ± 3.0 vs. 90.1 ± 2.4 cm (height at withers), 72. 7 ± 7.7 vs. 82.9 ± 7.2 cm (body length), and 32. 9 ± 3.8 vs.31.28 ± 4.03 (scrotal circumference) for Boer or Kiko bucks respectively. Body weights at breeding and gestation lengths were similar for both breeds (65.32 ± 15.44 kg vs. 59.82 ± 6.70 kg; 151.20 ± 5.39 days vs. 149 .75 ± 5.94 days,(P > 0.05) for Boer and Kiko does, respectively. Body condition scores differed significantly (4.85 ± 0.33 vs. 4.12 ± 0.69, P < 0.05). The proportion of does bred within 10 days was 60% vs. 0%; 15 days, 20 vs. 12%, and 20 days, 20 vs. 88%, for Boer and Kiko does. Out of 16 does that kidded, 14 were within 1-4 days of the predicted due dates; two kidded 8 and 10 days earlier. Normal mating did not always produce clearly distinguishable marks. Occasionally a trial mounting produced a mark, resulting in a false positive reading. We attributed these false positives to mechanical problems associated with crayons and harnesses. Milk production and lamb growth of hair sheep weaned at 63 or 90 d of age in an accelerated lambing system in the tropics Ewe weight at breeding prior to this lambing was not different (P > 0.10) than at the subsequent breeding (40.9 ± 1.1 vs. 41.9 ± 1.1 kg, respectively). At the start of the subsequent breeding 43% of LATE ewes and 10% of the CONTORL ewes were nursing lambs (P < 0.0004). Pregnancy rate at the subsequent breeding, determined by ultrasound, was not different (P > 0.10) between LATE and CONTROL ewes (97.4 vs. 97.8%, respectively). At weaning LATE lambs were heavier (P < 0.0001) than CONTROL lambs (14.5 ± 0.4 vs. 11.2 ± 0.4 kg, respectively). At 90 d of age there was no difference (P > 0.10) in weight between LATE and CONTROL lambs (14.5 ± 0.4 vs. 13.9 ± 0.4 kg, respectively) even though the CONTROL lambs had been on feed for 27 d since being weaned. Milk production on d 28 and 63 was not different between breeds or weaning age (P > 0.10). By d 76 and 90 milk production of LATE ewes had decreased by 16 (P < 0.07) and 34% (P < 0.0002) of d 28 levels, respectively. Liquid semen vaginal AI in three hair sheep breeds during transition to seasonal breeding Only 33% of ewes displayed estrus during the 5 d AI period, and incidence of estrus was similar (P > 0.1) between breeds (BB: 33%; KA: 29%; SC: 37%). Pregnancy rate to AI was low, and similar for BB and SC ewes (28 and 23%, respectively), while KA ewes failed to become pregnant (P < 0.1). In BB and SC ewes pregnancy rate was not different (P > 0.1) for fresh and 12 h-stored semen (28 and 23%, respectively), but was higher (P < 0.05) for AM than PM inseminations (41 and 14%, respectively). Objective 4: Disseminate research results and information to producers through station field days, workshops and websites. Maria Leite-Browning, Alabama A&M University; Nada Nadarajah, Auburn University; Kenneth Andries, Kentucky State University; James Miller, Louisiana State University AgCenter; Niki Whitley, North Carolina A&T State University; Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, North Carolina State University; Sandra Solaiman, Tuskegee University; Dalia Jackson, University of Maryland (for Susan Schoenian); Joan Burke, USDA-ARS Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center. Goat and Sheep Production Systems Results obtained from Extension professionals showed that a grand total of 378,454 contacts were made through this project. Sign-in sheets showed that a total of 896 goat and sheep producers attended educational activities carried out and/or sponsored by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Development of necessary tools and disseminating them to improve goat production Performance data gathered from 38 herds on 563 meat goat kids showed 70% of progeny were sired by purebred Boers, 10% by other purebred meat-type bucks, while rest were from crossbred sires that are predominantly Boer-crosses. Growth and weight gain of kids from birth to market were summarized by sex, type of birth, does parity, breed of sire and doe respectively. Kids performance traits considered were birth and weaning weights (BW, WW), market weight (MKTW), age at weaning, ADG and adjusted 60-d weight. Mean age at weaning of all kids was 98 days. Mean BW, WW and MKTW for male kids were 3.7 + 0.9, 20.1 + 7.2 and 22.1 + 7.7 kg, respectively. Corresponding mean weights for female kids were 3.5 + 0.9, 19.2 + 6.9 and 18.4 + 4.2 kg, respectively. The mean ADG and adjusted 60-d wt for the male kids were 183 + 71 g and 14.8 + 4.3 kg and that for female kids were 183 + 83 g and 14.4 + 4.8 kg, respectively. In general, male kids recorded heavier weights at birth, weaning and marketing than female kids but such influence of sex on ADG and adjusted 60-d weight did not show much of differences. Kids born as singles were heavier at birth (4.0 + 1.0 kg), at weaning (20.0 + 5.6 kg) and had higher adjusted 60-d wt (15.1 + 3.6 kg) than those kids born as twins, triplets and quadruplets. On average the second and third parity does produced heavier kids at birth (3.9 + 1.0 kg) compared to first parity does (3.5 + 0.9 kg) and weaned heavier kids (21 kg). Kids born from the most common Boer, Spanish and Kiko breeds recorded average BW (3.5, 2.7 and 3.8 kg), WW (22.1, 18.5 and 13.3 kg) and adjusted 60-d wt (15.4, 12.7 and 12.3 kg), respectively. Producer and extension education on goat production and management: Third Thursday Thing goat field day, Kentucky Extension district goat producer school, and agent in-service trainings on parasite control. The field days were attended by over 180 producers in 2009. Programs have resulted in improved forage utilization, implementation of rotational grazing, use of annual forages, and improved parasite control methods. The distance education meetings went well and were attended by 150 producers on all three nights. This has lead to a desire to conduct similar program types in other locations and have producers participate from more locations to increase the impact of the programs. Technical issues caused some small concerns with this program but those are being worked out and a new set of meetings is being planned. Sustainable parasite control program was presented to producers in three separate meetings around Kentucky. Agents that attended received information provided by the SCSRPC group provided on integrated parasite control. This program will be repeated in the future to reach more agents. Efforts are being made to have this included as part of the agent continuing education process for extension agents and to be presented to new agents as part of their training. Survey of North Carolina sheep and goat producers after gastrointestinal parasite management training Of producers responding to the survey, 40% had 50 animals or less, 21% had 50-75 animals, and 39% had over 75 animals. In addition, 93% of respondents felt that the training they received made a difference in their ability to control or monitor parasitism in their flock. The majority of respondents reported fewer (68%) or the same (28%) amount of parasite problems on their farm after the training. When asked if using the FAMACHA© eyelid color chart to make worming decisions, 86% answered yes. Of those using the chart, 88% scored their animals at least once a month. No respondents dewormed their animals more often after training, 19% dewormed the same amount and 81% dewormed less often. When asked how much money they saved in the first year after training, 52% indicated that they saved more than $80 and 30% more than $40. Respondents reported saving money primarily through fewer drug treatments (91%) and fewer animal deaths (64%). The most popular practices adopted after training included rotational grazing (79%), genetic selection (55%), peri-parturient female deworming (55%), and weighing animals before treatment (48%). Producers also increased plant grazing height (45%), began using multispecies grazing (41%), reduced stocking rate (38%), began using grain supplementation on pasture (38%) and planted a tannin-containing forage (38%). Impact evaluation of integrated parasite management training conducted in the Northeast US over a two year period. All of the respondents (100%) felt that FAMACHA©/Integrated Parasite Management training made a difference in their ability to control or monitor parasitism in their flock. Of those producers responding, 77% indicated they had less of a problem with parasites after the training. When asked if they were using the FAMACHA© eyelid color chart to make worming decisions, 96% answered yes. Of those using the chart, 50% scored their animals once or twice a month while 25% scored their animals irregularly. No respondents dewormed their animals more often after training, 16% dewormed their animals the same amount and 84% dewormed their animals less often. The majority (66%) of producers indicated that they saved more than $80 in the first year after training due to reducing drug treatments or experiencing fewer animal deaths from gastrotintestinal parasites. The most popular practices respondents adopted after the training included rotational grazing (77%), genetic selection (58%), increasing height of plants being grazed (46%), and using grain supplementation on pasture to improve nutrition (42%). Of those responding to the survey, the majority (62%) had less than 50 animals, 19% had 50-75 animals, and 19% had over 100 animals. Livestock Integrated Parasite Management and Fecal Egg Counting Training All of the agents responded to the survey and indicated that the training was relevant to their needs, was based on credible, up-to-date information and allowed them to gain knowledge/skills they would use to enhance their professional responsibilities and impact their clientele. All agreed that they would use the educational materials provided to them during the training and would recommend the training to other agents.

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