Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Meeting began at 8:00am on Monday February 22, 2010. Davis started with brief introductions and presentation of the meeting agenda. The first topic for discussion involved the proper spending of the National Excellence in Multistate Research Award that was given to the group and must be spent by June 2011. Meyer commented on the importance of demonstrating impact and outcomes as a result of S1039 efforts and mentioned how well-received DiFonzos previous report was to stakeholders. Bledsoe suggested that the group find people with expertise in topics related to our objectives. Meyer suggested bringing in someone capable of educating the group about ways to disseminate (eXtension, GoogleTalk, etc.) new technologies and findings related to our stakeholders. Hunt discussed his experience with a multistate NASS survey and thought this group could create a similar, nonbiased survey about S1039 impacts. Davis stressed that such data would need to be published and distributed to state commodity boards and suggested that part of the funds could be used to support the North Central Suction Trap Network, which Voegtlin respectfully declined. Davis also suggested that S1039 sponsor an ESA symposium highlighting different soybean pests by region that would involve students. Hodgson suggested that the group submit pest management related articles to the new Journal of Integrated Pest Management, which is currently at $500 per article. Reed asked how the group could show additional impacts as it relates to new AFRI initiatives (sustainability, climate change, food security, etc.) while promoting IPM and improving current management recommendations. Voegtlin commented on the dramatic change in the soybean pest complex over the past 20 years and Meyer asked how the group could not only document such changes but make predictions about new invasive species targeting soybean. Ragsdale pointed to a Kogan and Turnipseed publication that predicted issues associate with soybean aphid in the US and asked if this group could generate similar information about other non-established pests. Ragsdale also suggested using the Soybean Handbook (1994) as a template for updating publications on various soybean pests. Davis suggested submitting articles to JIPM to replace the Soybean Handbook, perhaps grouped by feeding niche, and thought the award money would be appropriate for fund such articles. Ragsdale agreed and would like to see part of the award applied towards publication costs and that state commodity dollars be pooled and used for regional projects. Hammond made a suggestion that members of the S1039 acknowledge this working group in future publications and Meyer agreed. Buyung Hadi, a postdoc for Kelley Tilmon, made a brief presentation regarding the development of a wiki-based information guide about insects in the Northern Plains. This collaboration is with wiki.bugwood.org and will include videos, photos, and management recommendations on IPM. Discussions resumed regarding JIPM articles to replace the current Soybean Handbook. Hammond volunteered to lead a committee to organize writing efforts and others volunteered to serve on the committee. After a brief break, Davis began the state reports on various pests, which started with stink bugs. Davis discussed current efficacy research on stink bug control in Louisiana, which focused primarily on the control of redbanded stink bugs, a pest that is capable of causing up to 63% damage in soybean. Davis listed current insecticide recommendations for controlling stink bugs in Louisiana. Temple then discussed a coordinated survey of stink bugs in the state and concluded that redbanded stink bugs have become the predominant species regardless of soybean maturity and are quickly becoming tolerant of many insecticidal compounds. Tindall added that she found this species in Missouri for the first time in the fall of 2009 and posted a table of potential hosts for this species, which included includes 19 plant families, 36 genera, and 37 species; she will send table upon request. Cook continued the discussion on this species and presented a distribution map for Mississippi where redbanded exceeded current threshold along western edge of the state; in untreated control plots populations reached 45 bugs per 25 sweeps and some insecticides were no longer effective after 5-6 days. Musser discussed ongoing southern green stink bug research in Mississippi. The group adjourned for lunch at 12:00 pm and reconvened at 1:15pm. Meyer led the afternoon session with recent changes to NIFA, which included the 5 new priority science areas. Specifically, five focus areas in regards to entomology include: 1) sustainable energy: damage thresholds, spillover from pests in biomass crops, changes in pest complex, biological control, impacts on biodiversity; 2) climate change: changes in relative abundance, geographic range, changes in crops grown; 3) global food security and hunger: acceptable pest levels, pesticide use and regulation, new invasive species threats, new pest detection and predictions; 4) food safety: changes in packaging, food storage, and food handling; and 5) childhood obesity: food quality differences, organic versus conventional food, arthropods as food. Boethel, the S1039 Administrative Adviser, discussed the importance of formula funds to successful research programs. Extension and education funding will continue and he stressed the need to include such areas in future proposals. Boethel mentioned the increase in AFRI funding (i.e., > 60%), which translates into more money for agricultural research, organic and sustainable food production as well as extension and education programs. Discussions resumed around the National Excellence award and a suggestion was made to invite a behavioral psychologist specializing in grower behaviors or decision making to next years annual meeting. Motion was made to use working group funds to publish JIPM articles to replace outdated Soybean Pest Handbook and invite a speaker for the 2011 meeting. Motion was passed; McCornack and new secretary will confirm speaker. Motion was made to establish a committee to coordinate JIPM articles with Hammond as chair and Davis and Tindall as committee members. Motion was passed. Hoelmer began second session on pest state reports by discussing current research on brown marmorated stink bug. Economically damaging populations were observed in Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware and is becoming the dominant species in pheromone traps. Research group is currently exploring potential biological control agents from China; native parasites have not been identified. McPherson reported on the discovery of bean plataspid (Megacopta cribraria) in Georgia in late October 2009; thousands were found on buildings as well as on kudzu in the fall. Musser discussed results from simulated defoliation studies on corn earworm damage to soybean as well as research on threecornered alfalfa hopper. Reed demonstrated a 10% girdling in untreated plots. Hodgson presented an overwintering mortality prediction map for bean leaf beetle in Iowa, which ranged from 82-99%. Tindall wrapped up the pest reports with current research on Dectes stem borer. Soybean lodging was evident in Missouri with some fields experiencing 50% infestation and 20% lodging. Meeting was adjourned for the day. General meeting resumed at 8:15 am on February 23, 2010. Nominations were made for secretary. Hodgson was suggested and no other names were put forth. Motion to cease nominations was made and seconded. Hodgson will be secretary and McCornack will be chair for the 2011 meeting. Nominations were made for Mo Way to chair local arrangements. Meeting will be at the Menger Hotel in San Antonio, TX in late February. Davis suggested the group invite industry to our next meeting. Hunt discussed how the NCCC46/205 group functions with regards to industry involvement. McCornack proposed a website (wiggio.com) that could be used to manage S1039 content as well as correspondence. Motion was made to use this online collaboration tools and invite will be sent to current members of S1039. Motion was passed and McCornack will administer the site. Discussion resumed regarding the invited speaker for the next meeting. In general, S1039 members concluded that understanding how growers think and use information is imperative to IPM adoption and moves towards implementation. McCornack requested that members submit names for consideration. State reports by pest resumed and McCornack presented current Dectes stem borer research in Kansas. Hammond discussed mealy bugs as an emerging pest in Ohio, especially in soybean fields that were once old alfalfa stands. Hammond commented on his trip to the Syngenta Global Forum on Cruiser Vigor. Group discussion lead to why we need an expert here to discuss the process by which stakeholders make management decisions. McCornack continued the discussion on minor soybean pests by presenting research on current control strategies for managing isopods in no-till soybean. Voegtlin reported on current Japanese beetle research in Illinois. Ragsdale began state reports on soybean aphid research and discussed the massive fall migration experienced in many of the North Central states. He presented work on the adverse effects of fungicides used for plant health on natural enemy populations in soybean as well as bucthorn, the overwintering host for soybean aphid. Hodgson presented aphid species caught in suction trap network in general and insecticide efficacy trials from this past summer. Group resumed discussion after lunch and Hunt continued the soybean aphid report for Nebraska. He discussed current work assessing late-season thresholds for R6 and later soybean. Prior to his discussion on soybean aphid host plant resistance work, Reese made an announcement about the Hemipteran Plant Symposium that will be held in 2011 in Brazil and briefly discussed his role on the organization committee. There will be a range of insects covered and will follow a basic science symposium format. Reese and his collaborators released K-1639-2, which is resistant to the Illinois but not Ohio biotype. Voegtlin continued the discussion on the suction trap network and over 100,000 aphids were captured this past summer. He and Krupke traveled to known overwintering sites, found some eggs deposited, which was different from previous years. Voegltin thanked the group for their continued support of the trapping network and specifically to those that provided funding (8 states provided a total of ~$20K). He is also looking for other locations to monitor traps daily. Davis will put a trap in Louisiana. Hesler summarized current host plant resistance research conducted by the South Dakota group. He also announced a new position that was opening, which would focus on soybean aphid biological control; he suggested contacting him for more details. Hoelmer presented ongoing research on classical biological control efforts for soybean aphid. In general, the pattern of species that prefer soybean aphid will select close hosts of soybean aphid well. Hoelmer discussed cluster of species that are acceptable and explained that host reservoirs in the field is species specific, but in general will be low for the two Aphelinus species identified. Meeting was adjourned at 4:00 pm.

Insecticide treatment studies were conducted at multiple Auburn University research stations in 2009. Sampling of plants for main stem girdling damage showed untreated plots averaged 9.8% damage while both treatments with Cruiser were below 0.5% damage in Franklin County. Six soybean plant introductions, PI 657824, PI 657825, PI 657826, PI 657827, PI 657828, and PI 657829, which had moderate resistance to stink bug and lepidopteran resistance, were released by the Virginia Tech Ag Experiment Station in collaboration with the Georgia Ag Experiment Station. Small quantities of seeds may be obtained by contacting Katy Rainey at kmrainey@vt.edu. Twenty-eight transgenic lines of soybean expressing a synthetic cry 1A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis were examined for the suppression of naturally occurring population densities of lepidopteran pests and the resultant crop injury that they caused. Significant plant injury was observed in the non-Bt isogenic segregants and parental line (15-30% defoliation) compared to the Bt lines (0-1.5% defoliation). In Iowa, bioresidual studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of specific insecticides on soybean aphid populations using esfenvalerate, spirotetramat, imidacloprid, and a combination of spirotetramat and imidacloprid. Results indicate that the selective insecticides controlled soybean aphid populations at similar levels as the broadspectrum insecticides. However, bioresidual effects were not observed. A regional experiment was conducted to better understand the effects of soybean aphid injury in reduced row widths a split plot experiment was conducted measuring the soybean aphid exposure and soybean aphid injury responses in both wide row (76 cm) and narrow row (25 20 cm) systems. This experiment was conducted at multiple locations across Iowa and South Dakota during 2007, 2008, and 2009. This research is the first validation of the existing soybean aphid threshold in narrow row soybean production. We found that there was no difference soybean exposure to cumulative aphid days across the two row widths. Additionally, there was no difference in yield across the two row widths. In 2008 and 2009 researchers in Iowa determined the injury response of soybean to two sources of injury: assimilate removal in the form of cumulative aphid day exposure (soybean aphid), and leaf mass removal in the form of artificial leaflet defoliation. These stresses were applied in a five by five factorial design with all treatment experience one of five levels of cumulative aphid day exposure. In both 2008 and 2009, we did not observe a significant interaction between plant exposure to aphids and defoliation. However, when the model was restricted to aphid pressure lower than 60,000 cumulative aphid-days and defoliation levels below 60% the year by injury interactions were lost and overall yield was reduced by 4.5 percent per 10,000 CAD and 4.4 percent per 10 percent defoliation. Impact of landscape heterogeneity on soybean aphid natural enemy communities was examined using a study site located in and around the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge (NSWR) located in the southwest corner of Jasper County, Iowa. Natural enemies were positively correlated to greater soybean aphid populations. Study was conducted to determine the contribution of natural enemies to soybean fields from adjacent prairies in Iowa. Statistically, there is no trend in soybean aphids and natural enemies with increased distance from adjacent prairie. However, there is a difference in the natural enemy community between soybean and prairie. Research to infer movement patterns of soybean aphid on a regional scale based on trap captures was conducted. Statistical methods for future analyses were also generated. Density patterns were consistent with greater abundance of Rhamnus spp. in northern parts of the northcentral US, suggesting that more southern regions are infested by immigrants from the north. Researchers in Iowa are modeling interactions between overwintering temperatures and timing of first soybean aphid alate capture in the suction trap network. Regression analyses suggests in 2006 and 2008 that first alate catches were explained in part by low temperature events. Implications of low temperature mapping may improve our predictive ability to identify where A. glycines overwintering source populations occur. The benefit of insect biodiversity within agroecosystems is important for several ecological services. Ongoing research in Iowa focuses on the effect of perennial buffer strips on the natural enemy populations within crop systems at the Neal Smith Wildlife Refuge. Abundance of three aphid predators (Syrphidae, Neuroptera, and Coccinellidae) indicate a tendency for the perennial strips to affect natural enemy populations that are adjacent in soybean. As part of greater effort by colleagues across the midwest, S1039 researchers from multiple institutions released Binodoxys communis in soybean fields and buckthorn stands. Preliminary results from these releases in Iowa suggest that B. communis populations did not increase on large (>100 aphids per plant) soybean aphid populations. A survey was established along a north-south transect in southern Illinois. Beetle larvae were sampled once every month from April to October and examined for parasites. As of this date some 3000 samples were examined for evidence of the presence of the winsome fly (Istocheta aldrichi [Diptera: Tachinidae]). None were found. On-farm experiments were conducted in Illinois to define the location trends (edge vs. interior) of Japanese beetle feeding in soybean fields, and link Japanese beetle abundance and leaf defoliation with a potential yield loss. Growers in Champaign, Hancock, Henderson, Kendall, McLean, Montgomery, Tazewell, and Vermilion counties participated in this study. Results to date suggest that beetle populations are significantly different on the interior versus the edge of the fields with a greater abundance of beetles along field edges. A regional project, which used a modification of the common experimental protocol used to develop the current ET/EILs, was used to develop ET/EILs appropriate for any RagI bearing variety. Several studies were conducted to develop soybean management options that could provide protection from the soybean stem borer, Dectes texanus LeConte in Kansas. In addition, over 100 sources for resistance to the new Ohio biotype of the soybean aphid were screened in Kansas. Seed treatment studies were conducted in multiple states to assess the efficacy in control against soybean aphid. In general, seed treatments did not reduce aphid incidence substantially in replicated plots. Field studies were conducted to assess the interaction between B. communis and Rag1 containing varieties in Minnesota. Parasitism by B. communis is compatible with the resistant variety of soybean, but no synergistic positive effect of resistance on parasitism was observed. A project was started by Mississippi researchers to evaluate defoliation thresholds during reproductive growth stages. Three growth stages (R3, R5, and R6) were evaluated at five levels of defoliation (0, 17, 33, 67, and 100%). Whole plant defoliations resulted in significant yield loss from 33, 67, and 100% defoliation at R3 and R5. Only extreme levels of defoliation (100%) at R6 significantly reduced yield. Resistance monitoring of the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) was conducted in 2009 in multiple states. Pyrethroid resistance remains low in Mississippi even though it is substantially higher in nearby Louisiana. Grasses are the major larval hosts of this insect, so the contribution of soybeans to population dynamics of corn earworm is likely minimal. Several trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticide treatments against stink bugs infesting soybeans. At 7 days after treatment, all of the insecticide treatments, except Leverage 360 plus NIS, resulted in significantly fewer stink bugs compared to the non-treated control. In a separate study, plots treated with Endigo had significantly fewer stink bugs compared to plots treated with Diamond 7 days after treatment. In cooperation with the USDA breeder in Ohio (Dr. Rouf Mian), screening and various molecular-oriented studies were conducted with the soybean aphid. Development of breeding lines and near isogenic lines with the Rag2 gene for aphid resistance and other unnamed genes are in progress and molecular mapping of new genes for aphid resistance are underway. Investigated which resources and factors drive the egg-laying decisions of this key early-season predator of the soybean aphid. This research seeks information that will inform conservation and indirect augmentation strategies for Orius insidiosus. Direct effects of three soybean parentages, each represented by an Aphis glycines resistant and susceptible isoline on fitness and performance of two key predators (Orius insidiosus and Harmonia axyridis) were evaluated in the laboratory. Aphid resistance reduced the adult longevity of H. axyridis, but O. insidiosus was unaffected. Field trials were conducted to define economic injury levels (EIL) and economic thresholds (ET) for redbanded stink bug in soybean based on yield and quality: redbanded stink bug ET levels included 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 stink bugs per 25 sweeps. Yields were not significantly reduced in ET levels of 0, 1, 3, and 6 stink bugs per 25 sweeps (50 to 64 bu/A). However, yields were significantly reduced at 9 per 25 sweeps (28 bu/A) and at 12 per 25 sweeps (10 bu/A). Seed quality was significantly reduced in ET levels of 6, 9, and 12 stink bugs per 25 sweeps. Redbanded stink bug distribution and densities in soybean fields and surrounding landscapes across Louisiana were evaluated using small scale plots. Insecticide applications along field edges reduced field colonization by two weeks and reduced overall stink bug populations when soybeans had reached R6. Redbanded stink bug eggs were surveyed for parasitoids at three LSU AgCenter research stations (Iberia, Ben Hur, and Macon Ridge) and within four MGs (III, IV, V, and VI). Ben Hur had the highest number of egg masses parasitized (62%) and Macon Ridge had the least (24%). Scientists in Kansas developed a web-based decision support system for managing soybean aphid (www.soypod.info) using smartphone technology. SoyPod DSS (Decision Support System) is a free management tool that can be accessed from any device with an internet connection. Currently, growers and crop consultants have access to a simplified, binomial sequential sampling plan (i.e., Speed Scouting) for making and tracking treatment decisions using a cell phone. Missouri scientists recovered Languria mozardi larva, pupae and adults from soybean stems during stem dissections to detect Dectes texanus in Arkansas, Missouri, and Tennessee demonstrating that soybean is an acceptable host plant. This is the second native stem boring insect to adopt the introduced soybean as a larval host in the mid-southern United States.

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