Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Existing plantings will be maintained and data collection will continue according to protocols developed by the respective technical committees. Planting coordinators will analyze and summarize data from the various sites for each coordinated planting, and will lead in writing 5-year progress reports and 10-year final reports for publication. Technical sub-committees for 4 fruit commodities (apple, cherry, peach, and pear) have developed plans for future multi-state coordinated plantings which will support project objectives. Apple Sub-Committee (T. Robinson, Chair) Plans were finalized to proceed with a multi-state apple rootstock trial to be planted in 2010. The trial will consist of 31 rootstocks, including new Russian and Geneva rootstocks, with Honeycrisp and Fuji as the scions. The trial will be planted at 21 locations in North America. T. Robinson (NY) will organize the trial and W. Autio (MA) will coordinate the data. Cherry Sub-Committee (G. Lang, Chair) Plans were developed for a high-density sweet cherry trial to be planted in 2010. This trial will evaluate three dwarfing rootstocks and three training systems. The trial will be planted in WA, MI, OR, NY, and NS, with cultivars differing by state. Two independent 2010 plantings of high-density tart cherries will be planted in UT and MI for mechanical harvest. The UT trial will evaluate three rootstocks at multiple row spacings with Montmorency as the scion. The MI trial will evaluate four rootstocks and own rooted Montmorency with three training systems. G. Lang (MI) will organize the trials and coordinate the data. Peach Sub-Committee (G. Reighard, Chair) Protocols were discussed for managing the 2009 peach rootstock and physiology trials. Reighard (SC) will organize the trial and coordinate the data. Pear Sub-Committee (T. Einhorn, Chair) Plans were developed for a 2012 pear rootstock x training x spacing planting at four locations: NY, OR, (possibly a WA site) and CA. Scion selection will vary, based upon regional interests, and will be budded on OHxF 87, OHxF 69, and Pyro 2-33. Spacing and training systems will facilitate moderate to high-density designs. T. Einhorn (OR) will organize the trial, and coordinate the data.

Objective 1. To evaluate the influence of rootstocks on temperate-zone fruit trees characteristics grown under different management systems and environmental conditions. Status of concluded projects: " 1999 Dwarf and Semi-dwarf Fuji/McIntosh apple rootstock trial which compares 21 apple rootstocks at 17 locations in North America. Final reports are in preparation and will be submitted to the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. " 2001 Peach trial of 14 Prunus rootstocks. The final report is near completion, and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. The report will include a data table summarizing each site, making it more readily accessible to fruit growers. " 2002 Peach trial of three peach varieties on eight roostocks. A report was published in Fruit Notes. " 2002 Cresthaven peach physiology trial, comparing the effect of location in North America on harvest date, fruit weight, and soluble solids content. The final report is in preparation and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. in 2009. Ongoing projects: " 2002 Gala apple rootstock trial compares 20 apple rootstocks at 10 locations in North America. A five year summary was prepared and published in the Journal of the American Pomological Society. " 2002 Cameo apple rootstock trial compares 3 rootstocks at 2 locations in the eastern USA. " 2002 Pear rootstock trial compares 7 rootstocks at 4 locations in the North America. " 2003 Golden Delicious apple rootstock and physiology trials compares 23 rootstocks at 14 locations. A five-year summary was published in the Journal of the American Pomological Society during 2009. " 2004 Pear rootstock trial compares 3 rootstocks at 3 locations in North America. " 2005 Pear rootstock trial compares 3 to 8 rootstocks with Bartlett and 7 rootstocks with Bosc at 6 locations in North America. " 2006 Gala apple replant trial compares 12 rootstocks at 10 locations in fumigated and unfumigated soil at each site. " 2006 Cherry physiology trial compares the yield and fruit size of a dwarfing cherry rootstock at 4 locations in North America. " 2009 Peach rootstock trial compares 18 rootstocks at 14 locations in 12 states was planted. A companion study on crop load physiology was also planted in 2009. Objective 2. To develop and improve rootstocks for temperate-zone fruit trees with breeding and genetic engineering, to improve propagation techniques for rootstocks, and to acquire new rootstocks from worldwide sources. " Development of new rootstocks: New York State, in cooperation with the USDA continues to develop and test new rootstocks. Two tests with Honeycrisp and Fuji are helping to identify new elite clones. " Propagation of apple rootstocks: New York State, in cooperation with the USDA continues to work on techniques to improve propagation of apple rootstocks  primarily difficult-to-root Geneva rootstocks such as G41. These include planting density, plant orientation, tissue culture, early-season shading, and growth regulators. Objective 3. To study the genetics and developmental physiology of rootstock/scion interactions in temperate-zone fruit trees. " In NY, a joint trial is being done on the mapping of root architecture traits on the genome. A population of unscreened seedling is being evaluated for root morphological characters which will allow mapping of root architecture characteristics. " An ongoing breeding program in Arkansas is testing twelve new apple and 44 new peach rootstock selections. " A breeding program in Michigan has developed a new series of tart cherry rootstocks which will be evaluated in the next NC-140 cherry rootstock trial. " Breeding programs in California and Georgia are developing new peach rootstocks. Objective 4. To better understand the response to and impacts of biotic and abiotic stresses on scion/rootstock combinations in temperate-zone fruit trees. " Apple rootstock tolerance to soil pH is being evaluated in NY. A field trial in pots of Golden Delicious on 30 Geneva rootstocks is being conducted for tolerance to low and high soil pH. This trial began in spring, 2008. Tree growth and root growth will be evaluated in 2010. " Apple rootstock tolerance to replant disease is being evaluated in NY. A field trial in pots of Golden Delicious on 30 Geneva rootstocks is being conducted for tolerance to replant disease in both sandy and clay soils. This trial began in spring, 2008. Tree growth and root growth will be evaluated in 2009. " Cold Hardiness Testing of New Apple Rootstocks continues in ME. G.5935 had greater root tissue cold hardiness than M.26 EMLA, based on shoot growth following exposure to freezing temperatures to a low of -16 °C.

Refereed publications Rootstock studies Autio, W. T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, R. P. Quezada, R. Perry, and C.R.Rom. 2008. Performance of Gala Apple trees on Supporter 4, P.14, and Different Strains of B.9, M.9, M.26 Rootstocks: A FiveYear Report on the 2002 NC140 Apple Rootstock Trial. J. Amer. Pom. Soc. 62(3): 119128. Costas, P., J.-H. Ko, G.A. Lang, A.F. Iezzoni, and K.-H. Han. 2009. Rootstock-induced dwarfing in cherries is caused by differential cessation of terminal meristem growth and is triggered by rootstock specific gene regulation. Tree Physiology 29:927-936. Marini, R.P. B. Black, R.M. Crassweller, P.A. Domoto, C. Hampson, S. Johnson, K. Kosola, S. McArtney, J. Masabni, R. Moran, R.P. Quezada, T. Robinson, and C.R. Rom. 2009. Performance of Golden Delicious apple on 23 rootstocks at 12 locations: A five-year summary of the 2003 NC-140 dwarf rootstock trial. J. Amer. Pom. Soc. 63:115-127. Okie, W.R., G.L. Reighard, and A.P. Nyczepir. 2009. Importance of Scion Cultivar in Peach Tree Short Life. J. American Pomological Society 63(2):58-63. Oliver, J. E., J. Freer, R. L. Andersen, K. Cox, T. L. Robinson, and M. Fuchs. 2009. Genetic Diversity of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus Isolates Within a Cherry Orchard in New York. Plant Disease 93:599-606. Olmstead, M.A., N.S. Lang, and G.A. Lang. 2009. Carbohydrate profiles in the graft union of young sweet cherry trees grown on dwarfing and vigorous rootstocks. Scientia Hortic.:accepted. Reighard, G.L., D. R. Ouellette, and K. H. Brock. 2008. Performance of new Prunus rootstocks for peach in South Carolina. Acta Hort. 772:237-240. Robinson, T.L. 2008. Performance of pear and quince rootstocks with three cultivars in four high density training systems in the Northeastern United States. Acta Hort. 800:793-801. Related fruit publications DeEll, J., P. Toivonen, S. Khanizadeh and C. Hampson. 2009. Browning potential of new apple varieties. Acta Hort. 814:529-531. Hampson, C. R., R. McNew, J. Cline, C. Embree, J. Zandstra and K. Wilson. 2009. Regional differences in performance of Canadian-bred apple cultivars and implications for breeding. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89:81-91. Hampson, C., H.A. Quamme and P.L. Sholberg. 2009. A study of scab resistance in 16 apple progenies using parents with partial scab resistance. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89:693-699. Lang, G.A. 2009. High tunnel tree fruit production  the final frontier? HortTech 19(1):50-55. Mulabagal, V., G.A. Lang, D.L. DeWitt, S.S. Dalavoy, and M.G. Nair. 2009. Anthocyanin content, lipid peroxidation and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory activities of sweet and sour cherries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57(4):1239-1246. Robinovich, Adriana. 2009. Studies on Apple Peel Color Regulation. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Minnesota. Telias, A., E. Hoover, D. Rother. 2008. Plant and Environmental Factors Influencing the Pattern of Pigment Accumulation in Honeycrisp Apple Peels Using a Novel Color Analyzer Software Too. HortScience 43:1441-1445 Toivonen, P.M.A. and C. Hampson. 2009. Apple cultivar and temperature at cutting affect quality of fresh slices. HortTechnology 19(1):108-112. ________________________________________________________________ Non-refereed publications Agnello, A.M., A. Landers, D.A. Rosenberger, T.L. Robinson, J.E. Carroll, L. Cheng, P.D. Curtis, D.I. Breth, and S.A Hoying. 2009. Pest management guidelines for commercial tree-fruit production 2009. Cornell University, Ithaca NY 252 pp. Autio, W., and J. Krupa. 2007. Final report from the 2002 NC-140 Peach Rootstock Trial. Fruit Notes 72(3):8-10. Autio, W. and J. Krupa. 2008. Are the effects of crop load altered by rootstock? An update on the 2003 NC-140 Apple Physiology Trial. Fruit Notes 73:7-9. Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2008. Comparing McIntosh apple trees on several Geneva and Supporter rootstocks: An update on the 1999 NC-140 Dwarf Apple Rootstock Trial. Fruit Notes 73:10-11. Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2008. Comparing McIntosh apple trees on Geneva and Supporter rootstocks: An update on the 1999 NC-140 Semidwarf Apple Rootstock Trial. Fruit Notes 73:12-13. Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2008. Comparing Gala apple trees on different strains of B.9, M.9, M.26, and other rootstocks: An update on the 2002 NC-140 Apple Rootstock Trial. Fruit Notes 73:14-16. Cheng, L. and T.L. Robinson. 2009. Honeycrisp leaf chlorosis: Causes and mitigation. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. p. 37-39. Domoto, P. 2009. 2003 NC-140 Dwarf Apple Rootstock Trial Performance in 2008. Ann. Prog. Rept.  2008 Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF08-36:27-29. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/08reports/Horticulture/DwarfAppleRootstock.pdf Elkins, R. and C. Ingels. 2009. Evaluation of potential new, size controlling rootstocks for European pears. 2008 Calif. Pear Research Reports. p. 85-90. Pokharel, R. and Larsen, H. 2009. Evaluation of apple rootstocks planted in high pH soil. 2008 Annual Report of the Western Colorado Research Center, Colorado State University. Robinson, T.L. 2009. Improved Apple Orchard Management Systems and Rootstocks for Northern NY. Northern New York Agricultural Development Program Final Report 2008. pp 156-170. Robinson, T.L. 2009. Fertigation of apple trees in humid climates. Proceedings of In-depth Fruit School on Apple Mineral Nutrition. pp 53-65 Robinson, T.L. and S.A. Hoying. 2009. Fine points to consider when making planting system decisions. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. p. 1-4. Robinson, T.L., and S.A. Hoying. 2009. Fine points to consider when making planting system decisions. Ohio Produce Growers and Marketers Association Today Fall issue p.xx-xx Robinson, T.L. and A.N. Lakso. 2009. Predicting and understanding chemical thinner response in real time. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. p. 43-45. Robinson, T.L. and S. Lopez. 2009. Cropload management for consistent Honeycrisp apples. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. p. 40-42 Robinson, T.L., R.L. Andersen and J. Freer. 2009. Promising new rootstocks for cherries, peaches and plums. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. p. 10-13. Robinson, T.L., S.A. Hoying and R.L. Andersen. 2009. Growing High Density Sweet Cherries in the East. Ohio Produce Growers and Marketers Association Today Fall issue p.3-5. Robinson, T.L., A.N. Lakso, and S.A. Hoying. 2009. Chemical thinning and return bloom of apple. Ohio Produce Growers and Marketers Association Today Summer issue p.4-6. Robinson, T.L., S. Lopez, K. Iungerman, and G. Reginato. 2009. Cropload and nutrition affect Honeycrisp apple quality. Proceedings of In-depth Fruit School on Apple Mineral Nutrition. pp 87-95. Robinson, T., S. Lopez, K. Iungerman and G. Reginato. 2009. Crop load management for consistent production of Honeycrisp apples. NY Fruit Quarterly 17(1): 24-28. Robinson, T., and S. Lopez. 2009. Crop load and nutrition affect Honeycrisp apple quality. NY Fruit Quarterly 17(2): 25-28. Robinson, T., M. Miranda-Sazo, C. Kahlke. 2009. Suggestions for use of Retain on apples in WNY. Lake Ontario Fruit Newsletter 2009(17):6-8. Robinson, T. and S. Hoying. 2008. High-density planting systems and dwarfing rootstocks for sweet cherries in the Northeast: Progress Report. Compact Fruit Tree 41:24-36. Robinson, T.L. and S.A. Hoying. 2008. Successful high density apple orchards. Journée Pomicole Provinciale 2008:23-31. Robinson, T.L. and A.N. Lakso. 2008. Predicting and understanding chemical thinner response in real time. Journée Pomicole Provinciale 2008:34-41. Robinson, T.L. and A.N. Lakso. 2008. Predicting and understanding chemical thinner response in real time. Proceedings Great Lakes Fruit Workers Annual Meeting 2008:15-18. Robinson, T., G. Fazio and S. Hoying. 2008. Intermediate stage evaluation of Cornell- Geneva and other promising rootstocks: Progress Report. Compact Fruit Tree 41:27-32. Walsh, C.S. 2009. Apples: Growing disease resistant cultivars in the Mid-Atlantic. Washington Gardener. September/October issue: 19-21. Wolfe, D.E., and J.G. Masabni. 2008. Rootstock and Interstem Effects on Pome Fruit Trees. 2008 Fruit and Vegetable Crops Research Report. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station publication PR-572:31-33. __________________________________________________________________ In Press Autio, W., T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, G. Lang, J. Masabni, D. Miller, R. Parra Quezada, and C. Rom. 2010. Performance of Gala apple trees on Supporter 4 and different strains of B.9, M.9, and M.26 rootstocks as part of the 2002 NC-140 Apple Rootstock Trial. Acta Hort. Autio, W., T. Robinson, J. Cline, R. Crassweller, C. Embree, E. Hoover, G. Lang, J. Masabni, M. Parker, G. Reighard, and M. Warmund. 2010. Performance of several semidwarfing rootstocks with Fuji and McIntosh as scion cultivars in the 1999 NC-140 Semidwarf Apple Rootstock Trials. Acta Hort. Autio, W., T. Robinson, J. Cline, R. Crassweller, C. Embree, E. Hoover, G. Lang, J. Masabni, M. Parker, G. Reighard, and M. Warmund. 2010. Performance of several dwarfing rootstocks with Fuji and McIntosh as scion cultivars in the 1999 NC-140 Dwarf Apple Rootstock Trials. Acta Hort. Black, B.L., D. Drost, T. Lindstrom, J. Reeve, J. Gunnell and G.L. Reighard. Relative root distributions of five peach rootstocks. Journal of the American Pomological Society 64(1): in press. Czynczyk, A., P. Bielicki and T.L. Robinson. 2009. Seven-Year Evaluation Of Cornell- Geneva and Polish Rootstocks with Reinders Golden Delicious in Poland. Journal of the American Pomological Society (in press). Harshman, J.M, C.S. Walsh, J. Daberkow, K, Sparks, M.J. Newell and G.R. Welsh. 2009. Hybridizing 'McIntosh Wijcik' and heat-tolerant apple cultivars to develop precocious seedling trees with improved tree architecture. Acta Hort. (In press). Johnson, D, B. Lewis, C.R. Rom, H. Friedrich, R. Bryant, and Maciej Pzsczolkowski. 2009. Organic Fruit Production Needs and Pest Management Practices in the Southeastern AR NC-140 2009- 3 United States. Acta Hort (accepted, in publication). Robinson, T.L., D. Wolfe, R. Andersen, A, Azarenko, J. Freer, G. Reighard, P. Hirst, R. Hayden, B. McCluskey. 2008. Performance of Plum Rootstocks with Stanley, Valor, Veeblue, and Santa Rosa Scions in the 1991 NC-140 Multi-State Plum Trial. Journal of the American Pomological Society (in press). Rom, C.R. 2009. Crop Load Management in Tree Fruits: A Perspective. In, Miller, S. (Ed.) Regulation of growth and cropping on fruit trees. International Fruit Tree Association in conjunction with the Good Fruit Grower Press (in digital publication). Rom, C.R. M.E. Garcia, D.T. Johnson, J. Popp, M. Savin, J. McAfee and H. Friedrich. 2009. The Effects of Groundcover Management and Nutrient Source During Organic Orchard Establishment. Acta Hort. (accepted/pending publication) Rom, C. R., D.T. Johnson, J. McAfee, J. McKern, E. Stafne, J. R. Clarke. Differences in Defoliation of Fruit Cultivar and Rootstock Genotypes by Adult Japanese Beetle Feeding. Jrnl. Amer. Pom. Soc. (accepted for publication). Walsh, C.S., A. Ottesen, M. Newell and J. Hanson. 2009. The effect of organic and conventional IPM management programs on apple and Asian pear tree growth, productivity, expenses and revenues in a hot, humid climate. Acta Horticulturae (In press). Wolfe, D.E., and Doug Archbold. 2009. Rootstock and Interstem Effects on Pome Fruit Trees. 2009 Fruit and Vegetable Crops Research Report. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station publication. (in press). _______________________________________________________________ Abstracts Choi, H.S. and C.R. Rom. 2009. Estimated Nitrogen Balance of Young Apple Trees In Response to Various Organic Apple Production Systems HortSci 44(4): 1113 [abst]. Cowgill, W., W. Autio, and J. Clements. 2009. Using naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to reduce shoot growth when a heading cut is used to lower tree height in super-spindle apple trees. Presentation at NE Plant Growth Regulator Conference, Wilkes-Barre, PA Fazio, G., D. Kviklys, and T. Robinson. 2009. QTL mapping of root architecture traits in apple rootstocks. HortScience 44:986-987 (Abstr.). Harshman, J.M., C.S. Walsh. 2009. Evaluating a columnar population of Pink Lady and Fuji seedlings. HortScience 44(4):1139 (Abstract). Kimmel, D., D. Kluchinski, W. J. Sciarappa, W. Hlubik, J. Frecon, R. Samulis, M. Azzara, J. Flagler, R. Mickel, N. Polanin, J. Carleo, W. Cowgill, R. Obal, W. Walker, J. Ortiz, and G. Pavlis, G. 2009. Educating Farmers to Avoid Conflicts With Neighbors and Towns, Proceedings of the 94th Annual NACAA Annual Meeting and Professional Improvement Conference, Portland. OR, p. 86. Invited Poster Presentation and Published Abstract Kviklys, D and T. Robinson. 2009. Effect of temperature before and after application of chemical thinners on thinning of Empire apple trees. 11th International Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production Abstracts. p. 144. Lopez-Cuevas, S., T. Robinson. 2009. Effects of nitrogen, potassium, irrigation and crop load on Honeycrisp fruit quality. HortScience 44:1011-1012 (Abstr.). McAfee, J., C.R. Rom, H.Friedrich, H.Choi, M.E. Garcia, D.T. Johnson, J. Popp, and M. Savin. 2009. Ground cover management and nutrient source affect weed density, vole damage, and survival during establishment of an organic apple orchard. HortScience 44(4): 1114 [abst] Moran, R. and S. Erich. January 2009. Preplant compost and mycorrhizal inoculation improved growth and yield of Honeycrisp apple trees. American Society for Horticultural Science - Northeast Region Annual Meeting, Newark, DE. Robinson, T.L., G. Reginato, D. Kviklys and S.A. Hoying. 2009. Yield and fruit size independent of crop load of six peach planting systems. 7th International Peach Symposium Abstracts. p. 56. Robinson, T. 2009. Performance of AVG and NAA in controlling pre-harvest drop of McIntosh apples. 11th International Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production Abstracts. p. 41. Robinson, T., S. Lopez and K. Iungerman. 2009. Thinning and summer PGRs for consistent return bloom of Honeycrisp apples. 11th International Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production Abstracts. p. 168. Robinson, T.L., G. Bujdoso and G. Reginato. 2009. Influence of Pruning Severity on Fruit Size of Sweetheart and Lapins Sweet Cherry Grown on Gisela Rootstocks. 6th International Cherry Symposium Abstracts. p. x. Robinson, T.L., and S. Hoying. 2009. Training System and Rootstock Affect Yield, Fruit Size, Fruit Quality and Crop Value of Sweet Cherry. 6th International Cherry Symposium Abstracts. p. x. Robinson, T.L. 2009. The next frontiers in orchard systems. Proceedings Great Lakes Fruit Workers Annual Meeting 2009:12 (Abstr.) Rom, C.R. 2009. Understanding and Assessing Sustainability in Horticulture; Use of life cycle assessment to study and improve horticulture sustainability. HortSci. 44(4): 970 [abst] Rom, C.R., M.E. Garcia, D.T. Johnson, J. Popp, and M. Savin 2009. Early Performance of an Organic Apple Orchard as affected by ground cover management and nutrient sources. HortSci 44(4): 10811082 [abst] Ward, Daniel L., Winfred Cowgill, Neil Vincent, Rebecca Magron, 2009. Thomas Gianfagna, Cytokinin for Chemical Fruit Thinning of Asian Pears. Published Abstract, HortScience _______________________________________________________________ Extension Factsheets Autio, W. J. Clements, and J. Krupa. 2009. 2009 NC-140 Peach Rootstock Trial in Massachusetts. University of Massachusetts Extension Factsheet F-135, 2 pp. Cowgill, W., D. Polk. 2009. Dwarf Apples and Dogwood Borer. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.9. Cowgill, W. 2009. Managing Apple Harvest with Retain® in 2009 Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.16. Cowgill, W., D. Polk. 2009. Japanese Beetle, Honeycrisp Apple and Sunburn. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.15. Cowgill, W., J. Clements. 2009. Prune Cherries Right after Harvest to Control Bacterial Canker. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.13. Cowgill, W., J. Clements. 2009. Video on Training Young Apple Leaders. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.11. Clements, J., W. Cowgill. 2009. Pinch Apple Shoots to Control Growth. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.11. Cowgill, W., J. Clements. 2009. Apple Training-Clothespins for Good Crotch Angles. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.11. Cowgill, W.,W. Autio. 2009. Enhancing Return Bloom on Apple with Plant Growth Regulators. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.10. Cowgill, W., 2009. Calcium Sprays on Apple Prevent Cork and Bitter Pit. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.9. Ward, D., Loki, G., W.P. Cowgill Jr., J.L. Frecon, G.C. Hamilton, J.R. Heckman, L.S. Katz, N. Lalancette, B.A. Majek, D. Polk, P.W. Shearer, W.H. Tietjen. 2008. "New Jersey Commercial Tree Fruit Production Guide." Rutgers Cooperative Extension Bulletin E002 total pages (232)