Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The first annual meeting of W2190 was held on October 8-9, 2009, in Portland, Oregon. Officers for the past year: (Chair) Garth Taylor, Idaho; (Vice chair) Chris Goemans, Colorado State; (Secretary) Nick Brozovic, Illinois. 10/8/2009 Morning Session I 1. Introduction. Welcoming words and introductions were given by Nick Brozovic. 2. Meeting Goals. Chris Goemans (via conference call) talked about minutes of the 2008 W1190 meeting (Denver) as well as goals for the 2009 meeting, emphasizing new project objectives and potential collaborative efforts. 3. Scope and organization of W2190. Fen Hunt discussed the role of multistate research committees in addressing societal problems, as well as the importance of documenting impacts of research. LeRoy Daugherty talked about the role of the Western AES directors and NIFA in regional projects. He described the different kinds of regional projects, as well as their goals, governance, funding, expectations, and reporting requirements. In particular, he discussed the importance of documenting multistate impacts of research supported by the committee, and provided examples of potential and actual impacts. Fen talked about ongoing changes at USDA and the new structures and priority areas of NIFA and AFRI. She also discussed opportunities in competitive programs as well as other ways to provide research support in environmental and resource economics. 4. Overview of Project Objectives. Grant Cardon, Brian Hurd, and Ray Suppala gave a historical and regional rationale underlying the three project objectives: Field-level baseline data gathering and validation (Objective 1); modeling and forecasting of key issues from a farm level up to a regional scale (Objective 2); analysis of new institutional frameworks and policies (Objective 3). Brian, Ray, and Grant discussed the need to broaden the committee's disciplinary perspectives to increase expertise in climatology, hydrology, and rural sociology. 10/8/2009 Morning Session II 1. Grant gave an overview of a blog that he set up for W2190 (westernwater2190.blogspot.com), allowing comments, links, and upload of files. 2. The committee formed breakout groups to review methods, outputs, milestones, and projected impacts for each of the main objectives. Reporting for each objective was in the afternoon session. 10/8/2009 Afternoon Session I 1. Objective 1 breakout group report. Grant Cardon reviewed milestones with an emphasis for 2010. Currently, all milestones have adequate personnel within W2190 and are making progress towards 2010 goals. There was discussion of potential extensions: (i) Using electromagnetics and remote sensing in a field and basin setting for calibration and generating baseline salinity data; (ii) establishing a methodology to adjust yield reductions for insuring deficit irrigation. 2. Objective 2 breakout group report. Brian Hurd reviewed milestones with an emphasis for 2010. Currently, all milestones have adequate personnel within W2190 and are making progress towards 2010 goals. There was discussion of potential extensions: (i) solar energy and consumptive water use; (ii) establishing a methodology to evaluate indirect effects of increasing or reducing irrigation. 3. Discussion of deficit irrigation (limited irrigation) as a topic that bridges all research objectives, and opportunities arising from this (such as technical sessions at meetings). 4. State reports. Nebraska (Ray Suppala): Water policy continues to be dominated by issues with Kansas and the environment; currently water quality is not as relevant. A research focus has been on how to cut back irrigation to meet streamflow requirements without too much impact on agriculture. ET measurements are being refined on a field scale using eddy covariance measures (Derrel Martin), and CROPSIM is in revision. Other issues being considered include analysis of impacts of phreatophyte removal, terraces and ponds, basin-wide water balances, and weather derivatives as a risk management tool. Kansas (Bill Golden): The Ogallala initiative (including participants from Texas Tech, Texas A&M, and Kansas State) has been working to simulate 60 years of revenue, yield, and secondary impacts within relevant portions of the Ogallala basin. An industry review committee has reviewed protocols and policies based on this research, and some of the policies have been implemented. Analysis suggests that direct water use reductions have a lower impact on producer revenues and local economy than a land retirement program (although currently not allowed by Kansas state law). A current focus is the design and implementation of a deficit irrigation product that can be implemented. Wisconsin (Mark Eiswerth): Research has focused on lakes management, aquatic invasive species, and linkages between bioenergy and water quality. A water research team has been established at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater and a water resources emphasis has been added to the curriculum, with a longer-term goal of becoming a regional water hub. Utah (Grant Cardon): Research activities fully reported in state report on file. New Mexico (Brian Hurd): Research has focused on groundwater management and valuation in New Mexico, especially with respect to (i) climate change; and (ii) improving groundwater resource management by the State Engineer's Office. An EPSCoR-funded multistate project (with Idaho, Nevada, and others) is analyzing mountain sources of water under climate change. There is also consideration of social, economic, and cultural dimensions of water use, with a goal of developing a systems dynamic model following flows of water and associated services. Committee members (in particular, Frank Ward) have been active in Afghanistan water and technology transfer work funded by USAID (this work is also multistate, including participants from New Mexico, Illinois, and Colorado). Texas (Ari Michelsen): Research has focused on four major programs (participants include Ron Lacewell, Tom Marek, and Girisha Ganjegunte): i) Preliminary economic assessment of Rio Grande salinity impacts. This is a four-phase project, with the first phase nearing completion. ii) Effectiveness of conservation BMPs in far west Texas. Twenty BMPs for the region have been evaluated. Results suggest that in general, there is little scope for gains, with the most effective BMP being canal lining ($200-$500/AF). iii) Analysis of the use of brackish water to produce a variety of bioenergy crops. iv) US-Mexico transboundary aquifer assessment (multistate including Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, as well as participants from the USGS and Mexico). Texas (Aaron Benson): Ongoing research is modeling economics of nonrenewable aquifers, in particular the timing of switching between irrigation and dryland production. Results suggest that promoting research in dryland productivity may be much better than irrigation restrictions. Idaho (Garth Taylor): Idaho experienced its first water call ever over the summer; it was eventually stayed a month after it was issued. Research has begun to quantify the externality between surface water and groundwater and put back into water allocation modeling. The irrigation demand calculator has been completed and is available. Illinois (Nick Brozovic): Research focused on: (i) Integrated hydrologic-economic modeling of surface water-groundwater interaction in the Republican River Basin of Nebraska (multistate participants from Illinois, Nebraska, and Michigan, funded by NSF). Preliminary results suggest that trading of groundwater pumping rights can reduce the costs of water restrictions without compromising streamflow, but that gains from trade and estimated volumes and prices are sensitive to the trading rules chosen. (ii) Agricultural water security and salmon habitat (multistate participants from Illinois, Texas, and California, funded by USDA-AFRI). Preliminary results from Sonoma County, California, suggest that restrictions on onsite storage of surface water for protection of instream flows for salmonids have had diverse impacts on vineyard owners as a function of location and geophysical setting within the watershed. In some cases, restrictions may have unintentionally exacerbated instream flow problems for salmon. Nevada (Evan Fulton): Three research programs are under development: (i) technical program to help homeowners and HOAs save water using telemetry to reduce applied water; (ii) conservation program for HOAs and rural areas; and (iii) technical assistance program to work towards defining water rights for reservations. Michigan (Saichong Seedang): Two ongoing research projects: (i) Analysis of changes in water law in Michigan due to Great Lakes Compact, with a focus on how to implement regulations requiring evaluation of impacts on stream ecosystems from groundwater extraction (funded by Great Lakes Protection Fund). (ii) Analysis of potential for developing water conservation offset credits. California (Cameron Speir): Research focused on salmon: (i) benefit-cost analysis for the Klamath River dam removal; and (ii) Prioritization modeling for watershed restoration for salmon habitat. 10/8/2009 Afternoon Session II Garth Taylor presented his work with Bryce Contor on a flexible irrigation water demand calculator. 10/9/2009 Morning Session I 1. Discussion of ways to increase multistate collaboration, productivity of W2190. The committee discussed ways to position itself better for climate change research with respect to water resources, and in particular on how to integrate multidisciplinary climate change research into the group to enable effective approaches to deal with climate change in water resources assessments. There was consensus within the committee that at this point, the focus should be on building bridges to scientists working on climate change, rather than to climate change stakeholders. The committee discussed ways to increase the productivity of the committee. The following were viewed as desirable: i) Satellite meetings focused around subject areas (such as deficit irrigation or climate change). ii) An annual meeting with 1/3 technical presentations (potentially including an invited speaker), 1/3 touring, and 1/3 committee business (with a focus on state reports and activities), for a duration of 2.5 days overall. Fen Hunt gave an overview of ways in which she can facilitate and enhance multistate committee annual meetings in Washington, DC. 2. Discussion of potential competitive grant funding opportunities. The committee discussed two potential areas for multistate grant-writing activities: (i) climate change and water resources; and (ii) methodologies to quantify secondary impacts of water use restrictions, particularly for rural communities. 10/8/2009 Morning Session II Business Meeting. 1. The dates and location for the 2010 W2190 meeting were selected as October 13-15, 2010, somewhere in the Front Range of Colorado (possibly Boulder or Fort Collins). Chris Goemans will act as local host. 2. Satellite meetings. There was discussion about organizing satellite W2190 meetings, either as symposia at larger conferences, or as stand-alone workshops. Brian Hurd will take the lead on organizing a W2190-linked symposium at the UCOWR summer meeting in 2011, which will have a climate change theme. Chris Goemans will contact the Western Water Assessment to discuss their interest in collaborating on agricultural and economic aspects of water use where W2190 has expertise. Assuming appropriate interest, a suggested outcome was a co-hosted workshop on climate change and agricultural decision-making. Brian Hurd volunteered to chair a subcommittee to set up such a satellite meeting. 3. Officers for 2009-2010: Chris Goemans (Colorado State), Chair Nick Brozovic (Illinois), Vice chair Bill Golden (Kansas State), Secretary

W1190 Objective 1. Develop and evaluate alternative technologies to monitor environmental effects of water allocation and management W2190 Objective 1. Develop farm-level irrigation strategies to address water quantity and quality problems In Nebraska, Suppala and Martin strengthened linkages with faculty in Kansas, Colorado and Nebraska, to work on deficit irrigation practices for the Topeka region of USDA, RMA, and in particular to develop a deficit irrigation insurance option. Suppala and Martin continue to maintain and improve Water Optimizer, a decision tool for managing limited irrigation water. This tool has been adopted for use in several states. Research in Nebraska has also developed new modeling methods for the impact of crop residue and terraces on ET and for separating evapotranspiration into evaporation and transpiration. Ongoing research by Grant Cardon is preparing maps of surface and ground water and soil salinity from geo-located water and soil samples and remotely-sensed electrical conductivity data for selected locations in the Bear River Basin, Utah. The physical samples have been analyzed in the Utah State University Analytical Laboratory for total dissolved solids (water) and electrical conductivity (water and soil extracts). Calibration of the remotely-sensed data was conducted against the physical soil samples using the protocols previously published by Cardon and his students. The corrected salinity data are being processed and mapped using GIS software. Plant salt tolerance work was conducted in the USU Research Greenhouses under a carefully controlled dosing experiment. A newly designed near-continuous, gradient dosing system was developed by Cardon and his students, and a paper published on the system and its application to salt tolerance screening was awarded the U.P. Hedrick Student Paper Award for 2009 by the American Pomological Society. Strawberry varieties were established under non-saline conditions followed by exposure to preset levels of soil water salinity using surrogate irrigation waters from representative gypsiferous sources in Utah. Plant growth, yield and quality components were measured. Plant response curves were then developed for each variety. The application of the system to various crops of interest in the diversification of Utah and Western Regional agricultural systems, particularly salt-affected systems, will continue over the duration of this project. In New Mexico, research on agricultural water use efficiency by Hurd, Ward, and colleagues indicated that subsidies of drip irrigation, while increasing farm income, reducing water applied to crops, and increasing food production, can and do actually increase water consumption, potentially affecting downstream users. This has important implications for water management and food production in many arid regions of the United States and globally. Finally, Ganjegunte and colleagues in Texas have collected and analyzed preliminary data from soil column experiments on the spatial distribution of salinity in irrigated pecan and cotton fields in the Rio Grande Project area. W1190 Objective 2. Quantify comparative economic values of water in alternative uses. W2190 Objective 2. Examine regional water-related impacts associated with energy, environmental policy, and climate change In Texas, twenty proposed irrigated agricultural best management practices were evaluated by Michelsen and colleagues for their water conservation potential in Far West Texas for 20 stakeholder organizations for State Water Plan use. Only three of 20 State-recommended conservation practices were found to have potential for significant additional conservation, with an estimated 76,000 acre-feet in water savings. Analyses were also conducted to determine the most economically and financially efficient BMPs to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment loads to regional reservoirs joint with USDA-ARS. In Illinois, research efforts by Brozovic focused on watershed-scale spatial analysis of surface water-groundwater interactions. Preliminary results from the Republican River Basin suggest that estimated welfare impacts on farmers from reductions in groundwater pumping rights vary widely with the choice of policy implemented. Tradable groundwater permit schemes have the potential to reduce the costs of water reduction while maintaining instream flows. Multistate, multidisciplinary research collaborations with economists, hydrologists, and sociologists from Illinois, Michigan, California, and Texas are ongoing. In Hawaii, Gopalakrishnan conducted a study to assess the severity and magnitude of persistent drought conditions on water availability for agricultural production. In Nevada, Fulton completed a statewide water needs assessment survey, and provided technical assistance, workshops, and presentations to local, state, and tribal entities. Collaborations with the Nevada EPSCoR group and Arizona cooperative extension were strengthened. In Wyoming, Peck discussed groundwater depletion, irrigation shortages, and the potential for inter-farm water transfers at a meeting of groundwater-dependent farmers in Pine Bluffs, WY. During the year, meetings were held with the WY State Engineer, Assistant State Engineer, and the Director of the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality about possible multistate collaborative research on coal bed methane water management. ERS assisted USDAs National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) in the development of revised 2008 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Surveys (FRIS). As the ERS FRIS Representative, Glenn Schaible worked with collaborators to develop: 1) a revised FRIS questionnaire that incorporated a new section covering recycled/reclaimed agricultural water use; and 2) a new questionnaire, the 2008 Horticultural Irrigation Survey. Irrigators completed national surveys in early 2009 and a final NASS 2008 FRIS report is expected soon. ERS completed a Final Report for the RMA-funded ERS Water-Supply/Risk Management Project (Schaible et al., 2009). This study, a broad USDA-authorized study, examined crop insurance/noninsured crop assistance for irrigated producers where Federal decisions restrict irrigation water supplies, and consisted of 11 ERS Cooperative Agreements, many with W1190 participants. Glenn Schaible, with assistance from an ERS Team, developed a USDA/ERS response to a 34-question OECD survey addressing U.S. agricultural water-resource issues (Schaible, 2008). The ERS report addressed all aspects of water use in U.S. agriculture (including economic, management, and institutional issues) at all levels of governance. W1190 Objective 3. Assess the effectiveness of alternative management institutions, laws, and policies for water allocation W2190 Objective 3. Investigate alternative water policy and management institutions In North Dakota, data envelopment and stochastic frontier analysis were used by Hearne to assess the relative efficiency of North Dakota and Minnesota conservation districts. In particular, characteristics of relatively efficient North Dakota and Minnesota conservation districts were analyzed. Ongoing work by New Mexico researchers has indicated that groundwater management and institutions can affect greatly the potential for climate change adaptation strategies and the underlying value of water within a watershed. Gopalakrishnan collaborated to identify and quantify stakeholder preferences in Hawaii for water management programs to assist water policy design, resulting in a completed report. In Arizona, Colby and colleagues used econometric analysis to investigate how drought influences the market price of water. This research uses a rich set of water transaction data and climate from 1987 to 2008. Additionally, researchers in Arizona have developed a menu of supply reliability tools and a preliminary set of guidelines for using these tools to enhance water supply reliability under climate change in the Southwest. During the year, Colby served as an advisor to Indian Lands Working Group on Native American water management issues, and also as an advisor to the US Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado River Region on water resource economics, with an emphasis on managing climate-related supply variability. Multistate, multidisciplinary collaborations are ongoing with colleagues in economics, hydrology, atmospheric sciences, ecology, law and political science from numerous universities. Collaborations have also been strengthened with a variety of public agencies and non-profit organizations. In Wisconsin, Eiswerth and colleagues organized a Water Resources Research Team at the University of Wisconsin - Whitewater in direct response to water stakeholder interests in southeastern Wisconsin. This team consists of nine faculty members from the following academic departments: Geography and Geology (4 faculty team members), Economics (1), Chemistry (2), and Biological Sciences (2). One of the Team's first accomplishments was to develop a new Water Resources Emphasis that was successfully added to the university's Integrated Science and Business curriculum. Team members also provided service by delivering presentations and serving on panel discussions at a conference hosted by regional stakeholders. Research activities in Michigan by Bartholic, Seedang, and colleagues focused primarily on determining water demand, conservation measures, economics and institutions pertaining to new water regulations in Michigan and the Great Lakes. Short-term outcomes gained through research activities include a new innovative water policy and determination of institutions that should be put in place regarding water allocation. During the year, collaborations with other Great Lakes states, as well as state agencies and local stakeholders were strengthened, and Michigan researchers participated in presentations, publications, workshops, conferences, meetings, and symposiums related to Michigan water regulations and policies over the past year.

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