SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report

Sections

Status: Approved

Basic Information

Participants

Hallett, Steve (halletts@purdue.edu - Purdue; Lydon, John (lydonj@ba.ars.usda.gov - USDA-ARS Beltsville; Weaver, Mark,(mweaver@ msa-stoneville.ars.usda.gov) USDA, ARS Stoneville;Watson, Alan (alan.watson@mcgill.ca) McGill University; Parochetti, James, USDA/CSREES IR-4; Inman, Scott, Shabana, Yasser - El-Mansora University; S. Chandramohan, University of Florida; Kremer,Bob (kremerr@missouri.edu) - USDA, ARS Missouri, Charudattan,R.(rc@ifas.ufl.edu) - University of Florida;Boyette,Doug -USDAS, ARS Stoneville; Caesar,Tony (caesara@sidney.ars.usda.gov); Bob Hoagland, USDA, ARS Stoneville.

The meeting opened at 7:00 pm with results presented by objective. Objective 1A , R. Charudattan, University of Florida presenting. Reviewed Dactylaria higginsii biology and disease process. From 1997-1999, several field trials conducted in Florida, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. D. higginsii is a highly stable fungus. However, requires an 8 h dew period, slow growing, requires spores for infection. May be useful as postemergence for purple nutsedge in greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Further development as a postemergent sprayable should be accomplishable. Need to develop a formulation that can address the moisture requirements and speed up the infection process. Objective 1B Microspaeropsis amaranthi and Phomopsis amaranthicola vs. Amaranthus spp. , Steve Hallett, Purdue University and Yasser Shabana, El-Mansoura University, presenting. Reviewed host range, growth and interactions with chemicals. There is synergy with glyphosate (technical material), but surfactants in formulations are antagonistic. Organism needs 12 h dew peroid at temperatures around 20C. Application as fine mist best. When application conditions are favorable, it can kill small plants. Unfortunately, the optimum temperature and moisture conditions are uncommon during the growing season. Target species did not show any sensitivity to amino acids. So modifying the pathogen to overproduce amino acids might not prove useful in this system. Reviewed disease development of M. amaranthi in water hemp and conidia development on different substrates. Corn leaves and husks proved to be good media for spore production. Spores produced in this manner had a high viability and infectivity. Objective 1C. Multiple pathogens vs. grasses. S. Chandramohan presenting. Reviewed the activity of Drechslera gigantea, Exserohilum longirostratum, and E. rostratum. All have similar activities. Reviewed scale-up of mycelial production. A 50 gallon run costs about $20.00 for media and labor. Preparation stored under oil (Sunspray oil). Reviewed efficacy, functions like a contact herbicide. Preparation can be autoclaved without loss of activity. Consequently, live material is not needed, the activity is due to phytotoxins produced by the fungus. With cogongrass, one to two applications per year give good control. No residual control, i.e. would need to be applied each growing season. Enhanced activity with 10% oil and 0.1% herbicide. Studies on glumegrass in progress. Objective 1D. Myrothecium verrucaria vs. multiple hosts. Mark Weaver, USDA/ARS/SWSL, Stoneville, MS presenting. Reviewed interest and rational for using M. verrucaria as a bioherbicide. Interest is in the use of the organism for the control of weedy vines (kudzu, red vine, and trumpet vine). Need to optimize formulation and application. Seedlings can be controlled but need to demonstrate utility on plants in the perennial stage. Some advantages of M. verrucaria are that it is indigenous and has a broad spectrum of activity. The big concern about the organism as a biological control agent is that I produces a number of mycotoxins. There have been concerns about genetic variability as well. Problems with sectoring were resolved by successive single-spore culturing. Objective 1E. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis vs. Asteraceae. John Lydon presenting. No progress was made on this objective during 2005. Featured Speaker. Alan Watson, McGill University, Is Fusarium the Achilles heel of Striga? Reviewed the biology of Striga and its impact on food production and society in Africa. Presented a review on the development of Fusarium oxysporum M12-4A for the contorl of Striga. The fungus can kill seeds in the soil, even before they sprout. By coating seeds, the application rates can be as low as 80 g/ha. Busness Meeting The S-1001Multistate Project has reached its 5 yr limit. Following discussion, the decision was made to renew the project as a Coordinating Committee. The meeting was adjourned at 9:40 pm.

Accomplishments

The S-1001 Regional Committee initiated in 2001 (following the S-136, S234 and S-268 committees initiated in the late 1970s) has involved scientists from twelve states, primarily from the Land Grant Universities and USDA-ARS, and from other countries, primarily Canada. Researchers have cooperated and collaborated on bioherbicides research projects with four broad objectives related to the development of specific bioherbicidal organisms or bioherbicide technologies. The committee has met, with a significant activities in bioherbicides research; more than 100 journal articles have been symposium and discussion session, yearly throughout its tenure, and has promoted published by the group in the last five years. Significant contributions continue to be made through the field of bioherbicides with a number of organisms in development towards market. Also significant, has been the contribution of this field to our understanding of a range of aspects of integrated weed management, plant pathogen interactions, plant disease epidemiology and soil microbiology. Summaries and highlights of the groups activities are listed below. More detailed information is available in individual reports by participants that have been submitted each year; all of which are available at the S-1001 website at www.btny.purdue.edu/S1001.

Impacts

  1. In 2002, a number of field experiments were performed with varying results, with the best effects found following high field humidty and moisture. With more than one application of D. higginsii, significant nutsedge control enabled yield increases in pepper fields in Florida, but did not increase onion yield in a similar experiment in Puerto Rico. Lab experiments demonstrated that some chemical herbicides were antagonistic to the germination and growth of the fungus. A range of formulations were found to enhance the efficacy of spray applications of D. higginsii in the field.
  2. Phomopsis amaranthicola gave good control of spleen amaranth (Amaranthus dubius) in the Dominican Republic resulting in significantly improved pepper yields compared to a weedy check. In a field experiment in Illinois, P. amaranthicola caused very severe disease in a range of weedy amaranths, including Palmer amaranth (A. palmeri), redroot pigweed (A. retroflexus) and common waterhemp (A. rudis).In field experiments, M. amaranthi caused severe necrosis of a number of weedy amaranths, including Palmer amaranth (A. palmeri), redroot pigweed (A. retroflexus) and common waterhemp (A. rudis), resulting in plant death when conditions were warm and moist.Potential remains for the integration of P. amaranthicola and/or M. amaranthi into cropping systems where they have potential to provide remedial control of weedy amaranths where herbicides are inadequate.
  3. Dreschlera gigantea, isolated from large crabgrass bipolaris sacchari isolated from cogon grass,Exserohilum rostratum isolated from johnsongrass,and E. longirostratum isolated from crowsfootgrass infect a range of weedy grasses, and can be applied in various combinations as a cocktail. The bioherbicide cocktails tested did not affect a number of important grass crops, including corn and a e range of native grasses. Potential may exist for the control of invasive grasses in non-crop land. In field experiments in Florida, selective control of torpedograss and cogongrass using mixtures of the bioherbicidal fungi was superior to control with chemical herbicides since reduced disturbance of competing flora was minimized.
  4. Spray applications of conidia of Myrothecium verrucaria caused severe necrosis and high levels of mortality to a wide range of weeds from agricultural and horticultural (e.g. waterhemp, velvetleaf) and natural (e.g. kudzu, leafy spurge) systems. In most cases, monocots were resistant or immune and dicots were susceptible. Spray applications were reliant upon the inclusion of a wetter in the formulation. When the fungus was grown in liquid culture and then removed by filtration, the culture filtrate retained strong herbicidal activity.
  5. Suspensions of conidia separated from the culture filtrate by washing showed little or no activity against most of the weeds tested. Thus, we conclude that the herbicidal activity of M. verrucaria is dominated by the activity of secondary metabolites rather than by infection by the fungus per se.
  6. The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetes (PST) causes chlorosis of several Asteraceae, and selected isolates have been shown to cause this disease when applied as foliar sprays. Spray applications in formulations containing Silwett caused 100% mortality in Canada thistle, and severe disease in common ragweed, common sunflower, horseweed, prickly lettuce and common cocklebur. PST produces tagetitoxin, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase.
  7. Collaboration at S-1001 meetings has enabled exchange of information on bioherbicide formulations under study in different labs. As a result, numerous labs have tested bioherbicides in oil emulsions, invert emulsions, wetters such as Silwett L-77 and granular formulations such as pesta.A number of groups have shared info. regarding the interaction on various bioherbicides w/chemical pesticides. In most cases, bioherbicides were effectively integrated with a range of herbicides but were generally antagonized by many other pesticides, particularly fungicides.
  8. The S-1001 project has enabled significant coordination of development activities for each of the bioherbicide systems studied and each of the pathogens has been studied in multiple labs, and has been field tested in multiple sites. Such sharing of pathogens and analysis in different regions has permitted the development of a much broader understanding of the limitations of the pathogens under different conditions, and the potential for their development in different cropping systems.
  9. Bioherbicide virulence can be enhanced by the selection of strains of a plant pathogen that overproduce a particular amino (e.g. valine) acid causing feedback suppression of an amino acid pathway (e.g. ALS pathway; valine, leucine, isoleucine; feedback by valine causes depletion of leucine and isoleucine resulting in plant stress). The S-1001 project has enabled sharing of this methodology as the Montana State University group (D. Sands, A. Pilgeram) have offered training in the selection and testing of amino acid overproducing plant pathogens studied by other groups associated with the project.

Publications

Abbas, H.K., Gronwald, J.W., Plaisance, K.L., Paul, R.N., and Lee, Y.W. 2001. Histone deacetylase activity and phytotoxic effects following exposure of duckweed (Lemna pausicostata L.) to apicidin and HC-Toxin. Phytopathology 91:1141-1147. Abbas, H.K., Johnson, B.B., Shier, W.T., Tak, H., Jarvis, B.B., and Boyette, C.D. 2002. Phytotoxicity and mammalian cytotoxicity of macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins from Myrothecium verrucaria. Phytochemistry 59:309-313. Abbas, H.K., Shier, W.T., Gronwald, J.W., and Lee, Y.W. 2002. Comparison of phytotoxicity and mammalian cytotoxicity of nontrichothecene mycotoxins. Journal of Natural Toxins 11:173-186. Abbas, H.K., Tak, H., Boyette, C.D., Shier, W.T., and Jarvis, B.B. 2001. Macrocyclic trichothecenes are undetectable in kudzu (Pueraria montana) plants treated with a high-producing isolate of Myrothecium verrucaria. Phytochemistry 58:269-276. Anderson, KI & SG Hallett. 2004. Herbicidal spectrum and activity of Myrothecium verrucaria. Weed Sci. 52:623-627. Boyette, C. D., R.E. Hoagland and M.A. Weaver. Biocontrol efficacy of Colletotrichum truncatum for hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) is enhanced with unrefined corn oil and surfactant. Submitted to Weed Biology and Management Boyette, C.D., R.E. Hoagland and M.A. Weaver. Interaction of a bioherbicide and glyphosate for controlling hemp sesbania in glyphosate - resistant soybean. Submitted to Weed Biology and Management: Boyette, C.D., Abbas, H.K., and Walker, H.L. 2001. Control of kudzu with a fungal pathogen derived from Myrothecium verrucaria. Patent No: US 6,274,534 B1. Boyette, C.D., Walker, H.L., and Abbas, H.K. 2002. Biological control of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) with an isolate of Myrothecium verrucaria. Biocontrol Science and Technology 12:75-82. Bruckart WL, Eskandari FM, Becktell MC, et al. 2006. Puccinia acroptili on Russian knapweed in Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming. PLANT DISEASE 90: 971-971. Chandramohan, S., Charudattan, R., Sonoda, R. M., Singh, Megh 2002 Field evaluation of a fungal pathogen mixture for the control of seven weedy grasses. Weed Sci.. 50: pp. 204-213 Chandramohan, S. and Charudattan, R. 2003. A multiple-pathogen strategy for bioherbicidal control of several weeds. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 13: 199-205. Charudattan R. 2005. Ecological, practical, and political inputs into selection of weed targets: What makes a good biological control target? BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 35: 183-196. Charudattan, R., Pettersen, M.S., and Hiebert, E. 2004. Use of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV)-mediated lethal hypersensitive response (HR) as a novel method of weed control. U.S. Patent No. 6,689,718 B2. February 10, 2004. Davis, AS, KI Anderson, SG Hallett and KA Renner. 2006. Weed seed mortality in soils with contrasting agricultural management histories. Weed Sci. 54:291-297. Dayan, F.E., Rimando, A.M., Telez, M.R., Scheffler, B.E., Roy, T., Abbas, H.K., and Duke, S.O. 2002. Bioactivation of the fungal phytotoxin 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol by glycolytic enzymes is an essential component of its mechanism of action. Z. Naturorsch. 57c:645 DeLuna, L.Z., Stubbs, T.L., Kennedy, A.C., and Kremer, R.J. 2005. Deleterious bacteria in the rhizosphere. Pp. 233-261 in R.W. Zobel and S.F. Wright (eds.) Roots and Soil Management  Interactions Between Roots and the Soil, ASA-CSSA-SSSA Monograph 48, Madison, WI. (Monograph Chapter) Doll, DA, PE Sojka & SG Hallett. 2005. Factors affecting the efficacy of spray applications of the bioherbicidal fungus Microsphaeropsis amaranthi. Weed Technol. 19:110-115. Fennimore, S. A., and Jackson, L. E. 2003. Organic amendments and tillage effects on vegetable field weed emergence and seedbanks. Weed Technol. 17:42-50. Fennimore, S.A., and Jackson, L.E. 2003. Effects of organic amendments and reduced tillage on weed emergence and seedbanks in a California vegetable field. Seedbanks: Dynamics, Determination and Management. Aspects of Appl. Biol. 69:107-112. Hallett, SG. 2005. Where are the Bioherbicides? Weed Sci. 53:404-415. Héraux, FMD, SG Hallett & SC Weller. 2005. Combining Trichoderma virens-inoculated compost and a Rye Cover Crop for Weed Control in Transplanted Vegetables. Biological Control 34:21-26. Héraux, FMD, SG Hallett & SC Weller. 2005. Composted Chicken Manure as a Medium for the Production and Delivery of Trichoderma virens for Weed Control. Hortscience 40:1394-1397. Jackson, L.E., Ramirez, I., Yokota, R., Fennimore, S.A., Koike, S.T. Henderson, D., Chaney, W.E., and Klonsky, K. 2003. Scientists, growers assess trade-offs in use of tillage, cover crops and compost. Calif. Agric. 57:48-54. Jayasinghe L, Abbas HK, Jacob MR, et al. 2006. N-methyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyridinone analogues from Fusarium oxysporum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 69: 439-442. Kim SJ, Kremer RJ. 2005. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of root colonization of morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) seedlings by rhizobacteria. SYMBIOSIS 39: 117-124. Kong, H., Blackwood, C., Buyer, J., Gulya, T. J., Jr., and Lydon, J. 2004. The genetic characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis based on the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions. Biological Control 32:356-362. Kong, H., Patterson, C.D., Zhang, W., Takikawa, S., Suzuki, A., and Lydon, J. 2003. PCR protocol for the identification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis based on genes required for tagetitoxin production. Biol. Control 30: 83-89. Kremer RJ, Caesar AJ, Souissi T. 2006. Soilborne microorganisms of Euphorbia are potential biological control agents of the invasive weed leafy spurge. APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY 32: 27-37. Kremer RJ, Means NE, Kim S. 2005. Glyphosate affects soybean root exudation and rhizosphere micro-organisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 85: 1165-1174. Kremer, R.J. 2005. Soil microbes and the war on garden weeds. Microbiology Today 55:64-67. (Popular publication) Kremer, R.J. 2005. The role of bioherbicides in weed management. Biopesticides International 1:127-141. Morales-Payan, J. P., Stall, W. M., Charudattan, R. 2002 Effect of purple nutsedge density and size of basil transplant on basil yield. Proc. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida. 61: pp. 30-32 Morales-Payan, J. P., Stall, W. M., Charudattan, R., DeValerio, J. T. 2003. Competitiveness of livid amaranth (Amaranthus lividus) with basil (Ocimum basilicum) as affected by Phomopsis amaranthicola applied with different surfactants. HortScience 38(5):770. Morales-Payan, J. P., Stall, W. M., Charudattan, R., DeValerio, J. T. 2003 Integrating plant growth regulators and a mycoherbicide to enhance the competitive ability of bell pepper with the weed livid amaranth. Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Am. 31(2):34. Morales-Payan, J.P., Charudattan, R., and Stall, W.M. 2004. Biological control of weedy amaranths in vegetable crops using specific fungi. Outlooks on Pest Manage. April 15: 70-75. Morales-Payan, J.P., Stall, W.M., Shilling, D.G., Charudattan, R., Dusky, J.A., and Bewick, T.A. 2003. Above- and belowground interference of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) with tomato. Weed Sci. 51:181-185. Moran, P. J., and A. T. Showler. 2005. Plant responses to watrer deficit and shade stresses in pigweed and their influence on feeding and oviposition by the beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Entomology 34: 929-937. Ngouajio, M. and M.E. McGiffen, Jr. 2004. Sustainable vegetable production: effects of cropping systems on weed and insect population dynamics. Acta Hort. 638:77-83. Ogbuchiekwe, E.J., M.E. McGiffen, Jr., and M. Ngouajio. 2004. Economic return in production of cantaloupe and lettuce is affected by cropping system and management practice. HortScience 39:1321-1325. Ortiz-Ribbing, L., and M. M. II Williams. 2006. Potential of Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi, as bioherbicides for several weedy Amaranthus species. Crop Protection 25:39-46. Quimby, Jr., P.C., DeLoach, C.J., Wineriter, S.A., Goolsby, J.A., Sobhian, R., Boyette, C.D., and Abbas, H.K. 2003. Biological control of weeds research by the Agricultural Research Service: Selected case studies. Pest Management Science (In press). Rosskopf, E. N., and C. B. Yandoc. 2005. Influence of epidemiological factors on the bioherbicidal efficacy of P. amaranthicola on Amaranthus hybridus. Plant Disease 89: 1295-1300. Rosskopf, E. N., C. B. Yandoc, and R. Charudattan. 2006. Genus-specific host range of Phomopsis amaranthicola (Sphaeropsidales), a bioherbicidal agent for Amaranthus spp. Biocontrol Science and Technology 16: 27-35. Rosskopf, E. N., R. Charudattan, J. T. DeValderio, and W. M. Stall. 2000. Field evaluation of Phomopsis amaranthicola, a biological control agent of Amaranthus spp. Plant Disease 84:1225-1230. Shabana, Y.M., Cuda, J.P., and Charudattan, R. 2003. Combining plant pathogenic fungi and the leaf-mining fly, Hydrellia pakistanae, increases damage to hydrilla. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 41: 76-81. Shabana, Y.M., Cuda, J.P., Charudattan, R. 2004. Evaluation of pathogens as potential biocontrol agents of hydrilla. J. Phytopathol. 151:1-7. Smith, DA & SG Hallett. 2006. Interactions between chemical herbicides and the candidate bioherbicide Microsphaeropsis amaranthi. Weed Sci. 54:532-537. Smith, DA & SG Hallett. 2006. Variable response of common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer) to glyphosate. Weed Technol. 20:466-471. Smith, DA, DA Doll, D Singh & SG Hallett. 2006. Climatic constraints to the potential of Microsphaeropsis amaranthi as a bioherbicide for common waterhemp. Phytopathology 96:308-312. Tanaka, T., Hatano, K., Watanabe, M., and Abbas, H.K. 1996. Isolation, purification and identification of 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol as a phytotoxin from Fusarium solani. Journal of Natural Toxins 5:317-329. Tiourebaev, K. S., S. Nelson, N. K. Zidack, G. T. Kaleyna, A. L. Pilgeram, T. W. Anderson, and D. C. Sands. 2000. Amino acid excretion enhances virulence of bioherbicides. Pp. 295-299 in N. R. Spencer, Ed., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, July 1999, at Bozeman, Montana. Valencia-Islas, N., Abbas, H., Bye, R., Toscano, R., and Mata, R. 2002. Phytotoxic Compounds from Prionosciadium watsoni. Journal of Natural Products 65:828-834. Valencia-Islas, N.A., Paul, R.N., Shier, W.T., Mata, R., and Abbas, H.K. 2002. Phytotoxicity and ultrastructural effects of gymnopusin from the orchid Maxillaria densa on duckweed (Lemna pausicostata) frond and root tissues. Phytochemistry 61:141-148. Weaver M, Kenerley C. 2005. Density independent population dynamics by Trichoderma virens in soil and defined substrates. BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 15: 847-857. Wyss, G.S., Charudattan, R., Rosskopf, E.N., and Littell, R.C. 2004. Effects of selected pesticides and adjuvants on germination and vegetative growth of Phomopsis amaranthicola, a biocontrol agent for Amaranthus spp. Weed Res. 44: 469-482. Yandoc CB, Rosskopf EN, Pitelli RLCM, et al. 2006. Effect of selected pesticides on conidial germination and mycelial growth of Dactylaria higginsii, a potential bioherbicide for purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). WEED TECHNOLOGY 20: 255-260. Yandoc, C.B., Charudattan, R., Shilling, D.G., 2004. Suppression of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) by a bioherbicidal fungus and plant competition. Weed Sci. 52:649-653. Zdor, R.E., Alexander, C.M., and Kremer, R.J. 2005. Weed suppression by deleterious rhizobacteria is affected by formulation and soil properties. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 36:1289-1299.
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