Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Following introduction of all attendees, Dr. David Morrison, Associate Director of the LSU Agricultural Center, welcomed attendees to the LSU Ag. Center. Local arrangements outlined by Lane Foil. CSREES representative Rick Meyer reported on budget, reminding that funding increases require support from constituents. Rick Roeder, the Administrative Advisor, serves as the conduit between Experiment Station Directors and committee. S-1006 expires in 2006, so the group will put together a committee to develop a successor. Objective 1. Evaluate conventional and experimental poultry manure management systems as they influence production of filth flies, litter beetles, and associated foodborne pathogens. I. Manure management systems: Treatments Ralph Williams reported that Frontier had developed $25-30K units for cleanouts; when cleanouts fail, new flies come back in, maggots build up in absence of beneficials, and problem worsens. Machines must be maintained and regularly used to prevent problems. Moon reports dealing with political quagmire of four farms having difficulties with house flies coming out of layer houses; weekly scrape and remove. Sunflower seed hulls added as manure is windrowed and piles are turned two times per week. Each cleanout is a batch or one windrow and active thermophilic composting year-round makes the material permanently unsuitable for fly production. Williams notes that pest suppression must be incorporated into manure management plans (in accord with manure management laws and state regulations). Gerry reported on project looking at poultry manure composting and manure from enclosed houses as compared with open houses. Agricultural zoning prohibits importation of greenwaste. Poultry manure piled and tarped (historic process) compared upon county request. Two-to-one greenwaste to manure proportion, sandwiched. Compost turner ($40K) rotates windrows, water is added to top after turning (should be prior to turning)now adding mortality. Feathers from molt served as excellent carbon source. Piles are turned twice per week first 2 weeks, then weekly subsequently. Sampled top 3 in. of each pile. Piled and tarped sampled above base but never at top. At 3 in. temperature is well within house fly larval developmental tolerance. Threshold is 40% (putative) RH for larval development. Eggs laid but didn't successfully complete development. Every time watered, young larvae increased subsequently. Turning brings hottest material to outside, which causes rapid evaporative drying. Moon presentation "Onsite storage before incorporation: Composting Kills Maggots and Prevents Later Fly Production." C:N = 30:1, ca. 50% moisture, aerate to keep temperature above 140F. Carbon from sunflower seed hulls. Two weeks of composting is sufficient; converted to point where house flies cannot develop in material. No additional moisture added, but started at 50%. Bioassayed in lab with 100 eggs per sample. Watson "Covered Storage of Poultry Litter." Wood shavings and litter mixed together coming out of house. Must be applied to growing crop or fields that will be planted in 30 days. Put out living fly pupae and adult Alphitobius beetles in sentinel bags. Temperatures varied more at 50 cm Kaufman said because oxygen depleted, so composting ceased. Larvae and beetles persisted in unturned piles, and at the surface of the bin material. Phil Kaufman reported on Farmer Automatic for in-house composting. Mixed 50:50 with wood chips. Out-of-house composting: Mixed 50:50 with wood chips. Turned twice daily, 15 days to exit, so finished material moved to end of house. Wood chips sieved and reused. Manure added to row via conveyor belt, no additions, manure turned 3 times per week. Hoophouse (greenhouse) composting. Three or 4 times/wk cleaned out high-rise house, added to pile, and added greenchop. Passive air movement out roof peak. Brey out-of-house composter lifts manure and dumps it. Wegmans indoor composting with fly outbreak early in season; darkling beetles persisted at low level throughout. Farmer Automatic system resulted in maggots evacuating pile and pupating. Out-of-house composting systems: Bioassayed samples as collected from the field (consistency, moisture, etc.) to determine ovipositional acceptability. Dried manure was still adequately moist for oviposition; dried down after 6 turnings to point where oviposition waned, and ceased at 8 turnings. Reconstitution by moisture addition made media suitable for oviposition and development. Wegmans (wood chips and manure) was highly attractive for oviposition upon wetting (to 60% moisture). Turning without addition of moisture did not produce composting. Adding manure and greenchop was not counted until end; driest manure (27%) most attractive, while 35% and 43% less attractive. Release of ammonia as oviposition cue. Moon questioned remark that adult fly attraction from surrounding neighborhood served as sink for ambient fly population. No maggot development in media, but hordes of adult flies, including blowflies. Gerry questioned ammonia production problems, techniques for capturing or binding. Kaufman says one producer uses surfactant to mist and precipitate ammonia. Watson says NCSU engineers looking at kitty litter binders to capture ammonia. Kaufman continued with "Manure Incorporation." Litter beetles traveled well. Alsynite with sticky sleeve to capture flying forms. Stove pipes pressed into ground (thru soil profile). Pitfalls of 12 oz. cups. Linoleum tiles on ground surface. No till, disk, harrow, chisel plow, or moldboard showed no significant differences in beetle recovery. Almost all beetles recovered within one week. Beetles emerge and fly based on various cues, so flight dispersal 17 days after incorporation. Kaufman claims adult beetles routinely fly during middle of day. Solarization using clear plastic was far superior to other colors (including black) in killing beetles. Incorporation seems inadequate to suppress beetles. Composting best way to deal with beetles and flies. Cover for at least a week prior to incorporation, if nothing else. Geden - "Outdoor Management of Nuisance Insects." War fighter protection funding to protect deployed troops. Mosquitoes and biting flies, but filth flies, as well. Gainesville got funding for toxicology and mosquito maintenance facility. Will consider diversity of proposals. II. Outdoor management of nuisance insects Geden - "Outdoor House Fly Trapping Tests in 2004." Objective: compare attractancy of Alsynite, blue, white, black and clear surfaces. Also looked at increasing bait emanation by adding aquarium aerator. (1) Too much frothing, (2) Trap vibration irritated flies and prevented settling/entering trap. Roger Moon - "Intervention Strategies" Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome. Installed screens to prevent mosquito access (2 of 4 rooms). Adequate sanitation prevents their serving as larval habitats, but aromas make them fly magnets. III. Food safety and health issues of manure and insects relative to manure treatments. Watson - "Biosecurity and Diversity of Foodborne Pathogen Populations on Poultry Farms." This is last year of project. Looking at prevalence, diversity, sources of transmission, etc. Turkeys more prone to have Salmonella than were broilers. Isolation of Campylobacter and Salmonella from house fly tissues. Salmonella persisted in fly tissue for at least 72 hours, while Campylobacter disappeared from all tissues after 24 hrs. "Tracking fly dissemination of pathogens." Using nithiazine traps to monitor flies. Under trashcans in pie plates outside (with openings cut in all 4 sides). Inside suspended over bucket. 20 flies per pool, surface sterilized, cadavers macerated, then used selective media to isolate Salmonella. Outside 11 pools were positive, while inside 15 were positive; 8.8% of all pools were positive, showing internal transmission. U.S. Poultry & Egg Association has a biosecurity training CD. "Infectious Disease Risk Management: Practical Biosecurity Resources for Commercial Poultry Producers" is available at no charge to growers and others in poultry industry (order from website http://www.poultryegg.org/). Szalanski report (given by D. Taylor) developed technique for preserving DNA extracted from flies so bacteria or pathogens can be detected in vivo (primers specific for various pathogens), by drying on filter paper. Enables archiving much larger samples of DNA for longer times. Proper DNA storage is critical for studies, involving genetic analysis of insects, and molecular diagnostics of pathogens carried by them. Molecular surveillance of pathogens carried by insects can involve screening thousands of insect DNA samples. A simple filter-paper-based method for storage and preservation of insect DNA was evaluated using PCR. From 50 house flies known to carry Campylobacter, a portion of the DNA sample was stored frozen and another portion was pipetted onto filter paper. At monthly intervals for seven months samples were evaluated using PCR; amplification was successful for all samples regardless of storage method. The filter paper method is a simple and economical way to store, preserve, and distribute DNA samples for PCR analysis. Szalanski started research on biological control of filth flies using pteromalid wasps as part of SARE Grant "Using Parasitoids in an IPM Approach to Control Flies on Dairy Farms." Objective is to develop a biological-based management system using parasitoids to control house and stable flies on small-to-medium sized dairy farms. This year's research will involve identifying naturally occurring Muscidifurax and Spalangia from Arkansas, Mississippi and North Carolina to species using molecular genetic techniques. Roger Moon - "Dynamics of PRRS Virus Retention in House Flies." Direct transmission from pig to pig. House flies held, virus isolated up to 24 hrs later. 10K to 100K viral RNA copies per fly, from excretions (oral, nasal) and blood when viremia in host (pig) peaks. Objective 2. Evaluate novel cultural, biological, and chemical strategies for pest management to minimize nuisance and health risk in the rural-urban interface. Williams - new Bayer gel bait worked better than QuickBayt (substantially better than Golden Malrin). Sugar-based liquid bait did not work well (test conditions not optimal). Monitored layer house using sticky tape walking and speck card. Gel applied as 4-inch bead using caulking gun, 25 tubes/house, dispersed evenly. Monitored for 28 days. Bait dried and accumulated debris. Geden - "Suppression of House Flies in Poultry Houses by Sustained Releases of M. raptorellus and S. cameroni." Pullet houses (16-19 week grow-out cycles). M. raptorellus (62,500 per week), S. cameroni (85,000 pupae/wk). Parasitoids monitored by sentinel pupae, and flies monitored by spot cards. Test conducted two times in summer and fall. Release containers with metal screen for parasitoid emergence. Only 8.4% pupal parasitism, with only 1.2% of stung pupae producing parasitoids. While fly numbers were halved on treated farms, adult fly numbers were still unacceptable. Sentinel bags were not placed near release sites, so parasitoids had to disperse. Did not disperse as well as in feedlots. Product quality was high, with confirmation that species were as purported. Based on fly specks, numbers were unacceptable. Contributes to fly reductions, but must be integrated with other components. Watson - Ludek at Lincoln worked with BA sugar solutions in J tubes (PVC with cotton stopper). Watson tested in turkey houses last summer. Used speck cards to monitor. Compared to nithiazine strips and untreated houses. Very attractive to flies, suppressed flies somewhat but never reduced to 100 specks/card. Nithiazine killed lots of flies (2 liters/trap/week), but total population level never below 100 specks/card. Moon correlated complaints and fly numbers in Terminator traps; 3-5 flies per trap/day at neighbor residences was acceptable, did not trigger complaints. Kaufman - Alphitobius resistance. With loss of carbaryl, have eliminated it from the screen. Tifton lab strain resistant to tetrachlorvinphos, so acquired Denmark strain. Test larvae that pass through #14 sieve, but not through #16. Strains varied in susceptibility to two chemicals. Field strains with known chemical exposure backgrounds. Cygon used while birds present. Serial dilutions in glass scintillation vials run for 48 hrs. Mortality is inability to crawl. Danish strain is susceptible. Beetles being affected by fly treatment residue as well as beetle suppression applications (12-18 mo. intervals). Will also test formulated materials (tetrachlorvinphos and cyfluthrin) soon. Williams - Anyone testing Ahrens Beauveria strain for Alphitobius? Watson says it is registered and approved; being tested in Ohio. Claims to have good success if conditions correct (manure moisture). Business Meeting The group will meet January 5-6, 2006 in Amarillo, TX, for the next S-1005/S-1006 meeting. Don Rutz chairs S-1006 next year. Phil Kaufman will be secretary 2006-2007. Committee convened at 5:30 to propose topics for new multi-state project(s).

Manure management systems: Treatments CA (Gerry): Poultry manure composting studies in CA showed effective prevention of house fly development. MN (Moon): Onsite composting studies in MN using sunflower seed hulls as a carbon source provided prevention of house fly development after 2 weeks of composting. NC (Watson): Evaluated covered storage of poultry litter using wood shavings mixed with litter. NY (Kaufman): Reported on both in-house and out-of-house composting using 50:50 litter:wood chip ratios. Wetting of compost was attractive for fly oviposition. Darkling beetles persist at low levels. Outdoor management of nuisance insects FL (Geden): Compared trap attractancy of alsynite, blue, white, black and clear surfaces. Food safety and health issues of manure and insects relative to manure treatments NC (Watson): Biosecurity and diverstiy of foodborne pathogen populations on poultry farms in last year of project. Turkeys found to be more prone to have Salmonella than broilers. Salmonella persisted in fly tissue for at least 72 hours, while Campylobacter disappeared from all tissues after 24 hr. Studies were conducted using nithiazine traps to monitor flies in tracking fly dissemination of pathogens. 8.8% of all fly pools were positive. The U.S. Poultry & Egg Association funded a biosecurity CD on infectious disease risk management for poultry producers. Included in the CD is an overview, biosecurity programs, diseases, producer resources, educational resources, and self-assessment tools. NE (Szalanski): Developed technique for preserving DNA extracted from flies so bacteria or pathogens can be detected in vivo using a filter paper method. This enables achieving much larger samples of DNA for longer times. MN (Moon): Studies continued on dynamics of PRRS virus retention in house flies. Findings show virus up to 24 hr in house flies. Evaluate novel cultural, biological, and chemical strategies for pest management to minimize nuisance and health risk in the rural-urban interface IN (Williams): Evaluations of imidacloprid bait gel provided promising control of house flies in caged egg layer houses. FL (Geden): In evaluation of sustained release of M. raptorellus and S. cameroni in poultry houses, only 8.4% pupal parasitism was recorded while fly numbers were reduced by 50% on treated farms. NC (Watson): Tested BA in sugar solutions compared to nithiazine strips in turkey houses. NY (Kaufman): Continued studies with Alphitobius resistance. Manuscript in preparation.

Fairchild, B. and N. Hinkle. 2004. "Broiler Tip& House Fly Control Strategies That Can Prevent Problems Down the Road." Poultry Tips, UGA CAES, July 2004. Gerry, A. C., J. H. Klotz, L. Greenberg, and N. C. Hinkle. 2004. "Flies: Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home." UC DANR Pest Notes Publication 7457, revised April 2004. pp. 1-5. Gerry, A. C. 2003. "New Insecticide Products for Control of House Flies." Statewide UC Cooperative Extension Newsletters. pp. 1-2. Gerry, A. C. 2003. "Animal Agriculture and Nuisance Flies." The Buzz Newsletter. Fall 2003. pp. 1-2. Gerry, A. C. and A. Hom. 2004. "West Nile Virus not a Serious Threat to Poultry Industry." Poultry Times 51(2): 8. Hinkle, N.C. 2002. "Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities." 2002 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 517-518. Hinkle, N.C. 2002. "Poultry - Fly Control." 2002 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 540-541. Hinkle, N.C. 2003. "Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities." 2003 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 557-558. Hinkle, N.C. 2003. "Poultry - Fly Control." 2003 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 580-581. Hinkle, N. C. 2003. "Effects of In-House Composting on Insect Populations in Layer Houses." Proceedings of the 2003 Georgia Poultry Conference, Athens, GA, pp. 72-76. Hinkle, N.C. 2004. "Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities." 2004 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 601-602. Hinkle, N.C. 2004. "Poultry - Fly Control." 2004 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 623-624. Kaufman, P. E. 2004. "sing IPM Methodologies to Control Insect Pests: Cultural, Physical and Biological Control." Proceedings, 12th Ann. New England - New York Poultry Pest Management Workshop, Storrs, CT. Kaufman, P. E., 2002. "Using IPM Methodologies to Control Insects: Biological Control." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 52, No. 3. 14-16. Kaufman, P. E. 2002. "Using IPM Methodologies to Control Insects." Proceedings, 10th Ann. New England - New York Poultry Pest Management Workshop, Sturbridge, MA. Kaufman P. E. 2002. "Poultry Pest Management - Q & A Session." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 52, No. 2. 5-6. Kaufman P. E. 2001. "Structure Protection - The Beetle Barrier." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 51, No. 4. 12-13. Kaufman P. E. 2001. "Sticky Traps for Large Scale House Fly Trapping in New York Poultry Facilities." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 51, No. 3. 22-24. Kaufman , P. E., J.K. Waldron, and D. A. Rutz. 2001. "Pest Flies of Pastured Cattle and Horses." Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. (Fact sheet). Kaufman P. E. and D.A. Rutz. 2001. "A New Approach to Releasing Parasitoids." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 51, No. 2. Kaufman P. E. and D.A. Rutz. 2001. "Darkling Beetle Impact on the Fly Predator Carcinops pumilio in Caged-Layer Houses." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 51, No. 1. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2004. "Evaluation of two parasitoids in dairy calf greenhouses." 2003 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #324. pp. 43 - 49. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2004. "Development of a beetle parasitoid for management of face flies." 2003 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #324. pp. 38-42. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, L. C. Harrington and J. K. Waldron. 2003. "Statewide survey of mosquito breeding (species identification and prevalence) on NY dairy farms." 2002 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #322. pp. 57-68. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2002. "An Integrated Approach to Managing Fly Pests in Dairy Calf Greenhouses." 2001 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #321. pp. 83 - 94. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2001. "An Integrated Approach to Managing Fly Pests in Dairy Calf Greenhouses." 2000 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #320. pp. 80 - 91. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, S. J. Long and J. K. Waldron. 2001. "Evaluation of seasonal variations in Carcinops pumilio dispersal and potential for suppression of dispersal behavior." 2000 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #320. pp. 69 - 79. Stringham, M and D. W. Watson. 2003. "Fowl Mite Management in Broilers." Proceedings of the 2003 Broiler Breeder and Hatchery Management Conference. October 29-30, Statesville, NC. 8 pp. Toth, S. J. Jr., S. M. Stringham and D. W. Watson. 2002. "Pest management practices used in poultry production in 1998: A Survey of North Carolina Poultry Producers." Cooperative Extension Service, NCSU, Raleigh, NC. Williams, R. E. 2002. "Control of Poultry Pests." Purdue Extension Publication E-3. Williams, R. E. 2003. "Controlling Rodents in Commercial Poultry Facilities." Purdue Extension Publication ADM-3. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Beckendorf, Richard, Stephen A. Klotz, Nancy Hinkle, and William Bartholomew. 2002. "Nasal myiasis in an intensive care unit linked to hospital-wide mouse infestation." Archives of Internal Medicine 162: 638-640. Bonneau, K. R. J. B. Topol, A. C. Gerry, B. A. Mullens, R. K. Velten, and N. J. MacLachlan. 2002. "Variation in the NS3/NS3A Gene of Bluetongue Viruses Contained in Culicoides sonorensis Collected from a Single Site in Southern California." Virus Research 84: 59-65. Boohene, C. K., C. J. Geden, and J. J. Becnel. 2003. "Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)." Environ. Entomol. 32:1146-1153. Boohene, C. K., C. Geden, J. J. Becnel, M. Stringham and D. W. Watson. 2004. "A red eye mutation in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)." 52nd Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Salt Lake City, UT Nov. 14-17. Calibeo-Hayes, D., S. S. Denning, S. M. Stringham, and D. W. Watson. 2005. "Lesser mealworm (Panzer) Coleoptera: Tenebronidae) emergence after mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into field soils." J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 229-235. Calibeo-Hayes, D., S. S. Denning, S. M. Stringham, J. S. Guy, L. G. Smith, and D. W. Watson. 2003. "Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus by domestic house flies (Musca domestica L.)." Avian Dis. 47: 149-153. Dee SA, Schurrer JA, Moon RD, Fano E, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2004. "Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under field conditions during a putative increase in the fly population." J. Swine Health and Prod.12: 242-245.53. Erickson, M.C., M. Islam, C. Sheppard, J. Liao, and M.P. Doyle. 2004. "Reduction of Escherichia coli 0157:47 and Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidus in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly." J. Food Protection 67: 685-690. Geden, C. J. 2003. "Mass-rearing beneficial insects for biological control of flies." Proceedings, IOBC Workshop on Arthropod Mass Rearing and Quality Control, Montpellier, France. Geden, C. J., M. A. Ferreira de Almeida and A. Pires do Prado. 2003. "Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)." Environ. Entomol. 32:1139-1145. Geden, C. J. and D. C. Steinkraus. 2003. "Evaluation of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana for control of lesser mealworm and hide beetle in Georgia poultry houses." J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1602-1608. Gerry, A. C. and B. A. Mullens. 2000. "Seasonal Abundance and Survivorship of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at a Southern California Dairy, with Reference to Potential Bluetongue Virus Transmission and Persistence." Journal of Medical Entomology 37: 675-688. Gerry, A. C., B. A. Mullens, N. J. MacLachlan, and J. O. Mecham. 2001. "Seasonal Transmission of Bluetongue Virus by Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at a Southern California Dairy and Evaluation of Vectorial Capacity as a Predictor of Bluetongue Virus Transmission." Journal of Medical Entomology 38: 197-209. Gerry, A. C. and B. A. Mullens. 1999. "Evaluation of Four Granular Baits for Control of Adult House Fly." 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 24: 391. Hinton, J. L and R. D. Moon. 2003. "Arthropod populations in high-rise, caged-layer houses following three manure cleanout treatments." J. Econ. Entomol, 96: 1352-1361. Hoebeke, E.R., P.E. Kaufman, C.S. Glenister and S.M. Stringham. 2003. "New Neartic Record for Epitranus clavatus F. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae)." Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 105: 1062-1063. Holt, P. C. J. Geden, R. Moore, and R. Gast. 2005. "Comparison of levels of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis contamination of flies obtained from rooms containing molted or nonmolted infected hens." Proceedings, Western Poultry Disease Conference. Kaufman, P.E., D. A. Rutz and S. Frisch. 2005. "Large Sticky Traps for Capturing House Flies, Musca domestica, and Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, in dairy calf greenhouse facilities." J. Dairy Sci. 88: 176-181. Kaufman, P.E. 2002. "Dairy Pest Management, Arthropods." In D. Pimentel, ed. Encyclopedia of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 181-183. Kaufman, P. E., M. Burgess, D. A. Rutz, and C. S. Glenister. 2002. "Population Dynamics of Manure Inhabiting Arthropods Under an IPM Program in New York Poultry Facilities - 3 case studies." J. Appl. Poultry Res. 10: 90-103. Kaufman, P. E., D. A. Rutz and J. K. Waldron. 2002. "Seasonal Variations in Carcinops pumilio Dispersal and Potential for Suppression of Dispersal Behavior." J. Med. Entomol. 39: 106-111. Kaufman, P. E. and D. A. Rutz. 2002 "Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to five commercial insecticides on painted plywood." Pest Manag. Sci. 58: 174-178. Kaufman, P. E., S. J. Long and D. A. Rutz. 2001. "Impact of exposure length and pupal source on Muscidifurax raptorellus and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitism in a New York Poultry Facility." J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 998-1003. Kaufman, P.E., D. A. Rutz and S. Frisch. 2001. "Sticky Traps for Large Scale House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Trapping in New York Poultry Facilities." J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 18: 43-49. Kaufman, P.E., J.G. Scott and D.A. Rutz. 2001. "Monitoring Insecticide Resistance in House Flies from New York Dairies." Pest Manag. Sci. 57: 514-521. Kaufman, P.E., D. A. Rutz, M. E. Doscher, and R. Albright. 2001. "Efficacy of Chlorfenapyr (AC 303630) Experimental Pour-On and CyLence Formulations Against Naturally Acquired Lice Infestations on Cattle in New York." Vet. Parasit.97: 123-129. Kaufman, P. E., S. J. Long, D. A. Rutz, and J. K. Waldron. 2001. "Parasitism Rates of Muscidifurax raptorellus and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) after Individual and Paired Releases in New York Poultry Facilities." J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 593-598. Kaufman, P. E., S. J. Long, D. A. Rutz, and C. S. Glenister. 2001. "Larval Production from Field-Collected Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Following Three Starvation Periods." J. Med. Entomol.38: 278-281. Lysyk, T. J and R. D. Moon. 2001. "Diapause recruitment and survival of overwintering Haematobia irritans (L) (Diptera: Muscidae)." Environ. Entomol. 30:1090-1097. Lysyk, T. J., L. D. Kalischuk-Tymensen, and L. B. Selinger. 2002. "Comparison of selected growth media for culturing Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as pathogens of adult Stomoxys calcitrans." J. Med. Entomol. 39: 89-98. Marquez, J. G., R. D. Moon and E. S. Krafsur. 2001. "Genetic differentiation among populations of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) breeding in a multiple-barn, egg-layer facility in central Minnesota." J. Med. Entomol. 38: 218-222. McElroy, S., A.L. Szalanski, T. McKay, A.J. Bermudez, C.B. Owens, and C.D. Steelman. 2005. "Molecular assay for the detection of Cochlosoma anatis in house flies and turkey specimens by polymerase chain reaction." Veterinary Parasitology 127: 165-168. Moon, R. D., J. L. Hinton, S. D. O'Rourke and D. R. Schmidt. 2001. "Nutritional value of fresh and composted poultry manure for house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae." J. Econ. Entomol. 94:1308-1317. Mullens, B. A., R. K. Velten, A. C. Gerry, Y. Braverman, and R. G. Endris. 2000. "Feeding and Survival of Culicoides sonorensis on Cattle Treated with Permethrin or Pirimiphos-Methyl." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 14: 313-320. Mullens, B. A., A. C. Gerry, and R. K. Velten. 2001. "Failure of a Permethrin Treatment Regime to Protect Cattle Against Bluetongue Virus." Journal of Medical Entomology 38: 760-762. Mullens, B. A., N. C. Hinkle, C. A. Szijj and D. R. Kuney. 2001. "Managing manure and conserving predators helps control flies in caged-layer poultry systems." California Agriculture 55(5): 26-30. Mullens, B.A., C.E. Szijj and N.C. Hinkle. 2002. "Oviposition and development of Fannia spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) on poultry manure of low moisture levels." Environ. Entomol. 31(4): 588-593. Mullens, B.A., R.K. Velten, N.C. Hinkle, D.R. Kuney, and C.E. Szijj. 2004. "Acaricide Resistance in Northern Fowl Mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) Populations on Caged Layer Operations in Southern California." Poultry Science 83: 365-374. Mullens, B.A., D.R. Kuney, N.C. Hinkle, and C.E. Szijj. 2004. "Producer Attitudes and Control Practices for Northern Fowl Mites in Southern California." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13(3): 488-492. Otake, S., S. A. Dee, K. D. Rossow, R. D. Moon & C. Pijoan. 2002. "Mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by mosquitoes, Aedes vexans (Meigen)." Can. J. Vet. Res. 66: 191-195. Otake S, Dee SA, Moon RD, Rossow KD, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2003. "Evaluation of mosquitoes, Aedes vexans, as biological vectors of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus." Can J Vet Res. 67: 265-270. Otake S, Dee SA, Moon RD, Rossow KD, Trincado C, Farnham M, and Pijoan C. 2003. "Survival of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in houseflies." Can J Vet Res: 67: 198-203. Otake S, Dee SA, Rossow KD, Moon RD, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2003. "Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by houseflies (Musca domestica)." Vet. Rec. 152: 73-76. Otake S., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, K. D. Rossow, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2004. "Studies on the carriage and transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by individual houseflies (Musca domestica)." 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Alberta Cattle Feeders Association and Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development. Moon, R. D. 2002. Chapt. 14. Muscid flies (Muscidae). Pp. 279-302 in: Mullen, G. and L. Durden (eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology., Academic Press,NY. 720 pp. Venette, R. C., R. D. Moon and W. D. Hutchison. 2002. Strategies and statistics of sampling for rare individuals. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47: 143-174.