Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

MINUTES
Evening Meeting
Western Coordinating Committee
Aug. 22, 2001
Pray, Montana

8:00 PM: The meeting of WCC-110 was called to order, with Chairman Pat Hatfield, Montana State University, presiding.

Introductions were made of members.


The annual station reports were passed out. The question was raised as to whether we want to include pending research in the station report. It was decided that we will want to discuss future ideas. This may prevent someone from overlooking something in a study design. These research proposals will be emailed out to members prior to next year‘s meeting so that members will have time to review the proposals. Next year‘s secretary will have the responsibility to do this.


We need to send books to official state reps not in attendance at this meeting. The secretary for this year was charged with making sure this is done.


The planning committee for Grazing Livestock Nutrition Conference (GLNC) has not met to discuss their future symposium.


The minutes for the 2000 meeting were accepted as submitted. A notation was made that we need to add an address for Dr. Henry Tyrell.


Kelvin Koong complimented the annual station report. He commented on the difficulty of arranging approval for the pack trip venue for this year, but he really supports this field trip type of program. When you do report, stress the academic and talk about the future ideas for conferences. We have an opportunity for some scholarly interaction from the guest speaker on the pack trip, Dr. Carl Wambolt, an expert on sagebrush ecology. We will add value to the WCC-110 committee by this pack trip venue.


New Business:


Our thanks to Jan Bowman for organizing the pack trip. The pack trip is envisioned as a retreat to revitalize interest. Will be at Dwayne Neal‘s house before 8 AM. There are 11 people going. It is 15 mile trip, passing over a 9,800 ft. pass. We will arrive at the campsite around 5 PM on Thursday August 23 and depart on Sunday August 26 around 8 AM. Dr. Wambolt will discuss the ecology, history, and policy of the greater Yellowstone area.


Election:


The nominating committee consists of the immediate past chairs: Ed Huston, Pat Hatfield, and Bret Hess. The tradition is that the secretary ascends to the chair. We should be open to where we would like to have the meeting. It doesn‘t have to be in the home state of the chair. Jim Sprinkle mentioned he would like to see some of the research in eastern Oregon. It was reported that this was looked at 5 years ago.


Nominees for officers:


Chairman: Jim Sprinkle

Secretary: Ken Olson

Treasurer:


Officers were elected by acclamation.


Kelvin talked about the Oregon water issue. The water rights were never adjudicated, although promised by the feds. In 1982 there was a drought, and water appropriations were worked out in 1984, but not now. The biological opinion was reviewed by several OSU faculty, often with opposing conclusions.


The renewal of this WCC-110 project is in Sept. of 2004.


There is slightly more than $300 in the WCC-110 but Kelvin has not received bill yet for printing the station reports which should be around $300.


As next year‘s secretary, Ken Olson will handle mailing out the research proposals members of WCC-110 wish to have reviewed by this committee. This will be done prior to next year‘s meeting. The station reports will continue to be handed out at the meeting and will also include these research proposals.


There are 11 western states is in this region. The Dakotas are in the central region. You can belong to a committee in another region. The WCC‘s are managed by the directors in the region. Some directors will fund coordinating committee travel out of the immediate region. Some states will only pay for one person to attend the WCC meetings.


There was some brainstorming on a grazing animal nutrition conference. All these discussions over the next few days will be send out on the WCC-110 email list.


Symposium theme: Open


We shouldn‘t limit ourselves to the Western Section symposium. That symposium needs to appeal to a general audience. We can submit a proposal to the Symposium Committee. It would be a good idea to use WCC committees in the execution of symposia. We could fit the with Pacific NW Nutrition Conference. This committee is not talking about sponsoring a GLNC. There is some idea that the GLNC may occur in CO. The GLNC is a copyrighted term. This committee may have something to add in addition to the GLNC. The Western Section ASAS Strategic plan is to involve WCC committees in symposia. Some members of this committee may be involved in the execution of the GLNC. We will continue to support efforts by the GLNC to host another symposium.


What kind of symposium can we do that‘s not competitive with the GLNC? But lets not worry too much about this, since it may not be relevant (we may be at a different location and time with a different topic). We probably a small chance of overlap, especially if we are going to do a symposium in 2004. We need to try to do something that will generate a proceedings. It may be that a symposium could be held at the meetings in Oregon in 2004. There might need to be a symposium on techniques like the GLNC held in Jackson Hole.


Audience:


Peers?


Ed Huston said that the GLNC meetings in Steamboat Springs, CO and SD were unique. He doesn‘t want to see us diminish this uniqueness. International speakers can be an asset. Some guidelines for a symposium are encompassed in the objectives listed in the front of the station report.


The animal science and range production people appreciate broadening the topics covered in a symposium. Inclusiveness of production and industry people as speakers is good.


Derek Bailey has an IAAFS grant for which he will need to do a symposium on grazing behavior. Where is the best forum?


International speakers are very expensive. That is one advantage of GLNC, in that it can stand alone and support international speakers. With out a stand alone conference like GLNC, partners are needed for symposia with international speakers. Maybe we need to start small. If we have talent in this room, let‘s use it. Maybe we should do something smaller scale to start with.


Scott Kronberg stated that ranchers don‘t think that what we do makes a difference with ranchers for their breaking points. We need to better understand each other. It is a good idea to have someone to rattle the cages. A panel of ag people to roast academia can be a refreshing change.


What if Derek and others talked about some behavior things, a producer were to talk about what kinds of things he or she were doing, and an economist were included as well.


Theme: e.g. Grazing Behavior
academia
producers
opposing viewpoints


Ed Huston suggested there are two populations they are trying to reach in Texas: (1)ranchers that have been struggling and that have been in the business for years, and they want technical info and; (2) neophytes that want technical info.


Derek Bailey mentioned that another audience is agency people (NRCS, etc.).


What do we have to offer as a group. A topic? Expertise? Our expertise will determine topic.


We can email about each other about topics, etc.


A motion was made that we meet in Flagstaff next year and seconded. The motion carried.


Meeting adjourned.


Please see minutes for pack trip following which discussed the planned symposium further.

MINUTES
Pack Trip
Western Coordinating Committee
Aug. 23-26, 2001
Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, Montana


The first morning after arrival at the base camp, we had an informative two hour discussion with Dr. Wambolt about some of the history, issues, wildlife herbivory, and ecology of summer and winter grazing areas of Yellowstone.


Meetings were held in the morning and evening on the pack trip to discuss symposium plans. All meetings were chaired by Pat Hatfield. The discussions of the committee present at the pack trip are to be sent out by email to the WCC-110 committee for added input.


Place and Date for Symposium: The committee (here and throughout the committee refers to WCC-110 members present on the pack trip) thought that the February 2003 Society for Range Management Meeting in Casper would be a good audience to target and would furnish an acceptable timetable for a symposium.


Preliminary Themes Suggested: We talked about partnering with NRCS to do something with NIRS and NRC methodology for grazing nutrition. Another topic advanced was that of grazing behavior. Many other possible topics wre suggested, which are too numerous to mention here.


The first meeting adjourned with the encouragement of the Chairman that we individually consider the issue of the theme of the symposium.


Informal discussions following the meeting centered around Elaine Grings‘ five year project to quantify some inputs and outputs inherent with different seasons of calving. Several discussed problems in determining calf forage intake and different approaches. Also discussed were problems inherent with researching large systems and ways to counteract this.


Narrowing of Symposium Theme: Ed Huston suggested that the symposium focus on some aspect of what we do - but not necessarily us. He suggests a symposium on behavior and distribution of grazing livestock; how this impacts diet quality and livestock production; how it influences wildlife habitat; and how this impacts vulnerable areas.


Discussion of Ed‘s Proposal: We should be focused in our own area of expertise. Ed and Elaine have tried to ground us. We should not stretch outside our area of expertise. We should look at grazing distribution and what‘s driving it. The symposium should emphasize our strengths. Distribution in the Northwest can be predicted by water and thermal effects. We can predict where cattle will be and when they go to water. We need to include ecological effects and Ed‘s topic will include ecological effects. Ed‘s topic will help pull us back on the ecological aspect so that we don‘t get too far out. We don‘t want to say that we‘re ecologists.


General Notes about Symposium: The three topics Ed suggested will probably need to be followed by a summary session and have a concluding talk by a discussant who will look for the common ground among all the speakers. We must very careful in the selection of this individual. The time line for speakers manuscripts must be so that the discussant will have time to review the different papers and publish his or her summary response to the manuscripts in the proceedings.


We also need to have an introductory talk to discuss some of the basic principles of grazing behavior and livestock distribution. This can be a fairly short talk of around 30 minutes.


There may be several speakers we would want to include for each section, but time will not allow this to happen. The solution is to invite the chosen authors to collaborate on a paper to be delivered by one of the authors. The paper will be printed in the proceedings and will have the distinction of an invited paper. There will probably be a maximum of two speakers for each session. We would like the invited speakers to address the topic beyond their own work. It is very important that they do this.


We will designate a committee person to be responsible for each of the sessions and arrange for talks. They will be given freedom to develop the talks they choose for each section. These people are listed below.


A request was made by Pat Hatfield and others in the committee that the person who is the final discussant be an agency person or someone associated with the Rocky Mountain Experiment Station. Jim Sprinkle mentioned that he knew of someone with the Rocky Mountain Expt. Sta. in Flagstaff who did research in wildlife, riparian, fisheries, and livestock areas and was a dynamic speaker. Jim will pursue trying to get Al Medina to fulfill this role.


Suggested Topic for Symposium and Time Schedule and Moderator in Charge


Length of Symposium: 8:00 AM to 4:30 PM


Title: Animal Behavior and Distribution of Grazing and Its Influence on the Environment


8:00 - 8:30 An Overview of Grazing Behavior and Livestock Distribution
Pat Hatfield and Jan Bowman will pick this person

8:30 - 10:00 How Animal Behavior and Grazing Distribution is Related to Diet Quality and Livestock Production
Elaine Grings

10:00 - 10:30 BREAK

10:30 - 12:00 How Animal Behavior and Grazing Distribution is Related to Wildlife Habitat
Ken Olson

12:00 - 1:30 LUNCH

1:30 - 3:00 How Animal Behavior and Grazing Distribution is Related to Vulnerable Areas
Tim DelCurto

3:00 - 3:30 BREAK

3:30 - 4:30 Pulling It All Together

Common Themes for Animal Behavior, Grazing Distribution and the Environment
Questions to Panel of Speakers from the Audience
Jim Sprinkle


Other Assignments:

Ed Huston: To follow up on details of symposium and remind people of their duties.
Elaine Grings: Find out about approval for symposium and SRM printing proceedings.
Bret Hess: Local arrangements for the symposium.

Timeline:

Speakers identified and committed by moderators: Sept.- October, 2001
Drafts of talks by main speakers to WCC-110 moderators: April 15, 2002
Draft of concluding discussant manuscript to moderator: June 10, 2002
Drafts of all talks distributed to WCC-110 active members by email June 14, 2002
Final draft of manuscripts to printer November 15, 2002


Next Year‘s Meeting: Next year‘s meeting will be shorter. There will be a short meeting at the Western Section, ASAS to make sure everyone is on tract. The drafts which have previously been sent by email will be reviewed by the WCC-110 committee to ensure the symposium speakers are adequately addressing the topic assigned. It is imperative that we have drafts in hand by that time.


The meeting in Flagstaff will probably be an 1 = day meeting. The evening before will include station reports concerning pending research. Ken Olson will email out those papers to the WCC-110 committee prior to the Flagstaff meeting so members will have time to review them. The following morning we will have a meeting to iron out any loose ends about the symposium. Following this, there will be a tour in the Flagstaff area.


Respectfully submitted,


Jim Sprinkle
Secretary

In accordance with Objectives I, II, and III of our Petition, we published a 123 page Bulletin, "Strategic Supplementation of Beef Cattle Consuming Low-Quality Roughages in the Western United States" in November 2000. This report consolidates in one place much of the research information regarding range livestock nutrition, making it easier for producers and other stakeholders to access this type of information.


Discussed and evaluated research proposals. This annual activity has proven effective in helping satisfy Objective I of the original Petition.


Published the 2001 Annual Report (115 pp).


Contributing authors to the 2001 Annual Report have authored or coauthored 34 peer reviewed journal articles, 12 extension publications, 56 proceedings or abstracts, 3 book chapters, 1 research report, 1 invited paper, 1 workbook, and 1 electronic spreadsheet nutritional program. Members reporting have also served as advisors for 10 theses or dissertations. All three Objectives in the original
Petition are addressed through these scholarly research and extension efforts.

In accordance with objective II related to extension work, we developed a strategic plan for execution of a premier symposium on livestock grazing distribution and its effect on ecology and sustainability. The symposium will be held in 2003 at the Society for Range Management Annual Meeting in Casper. Much of the coming year will be devoted to planning this symposium.

It is not possible to list all publications here. Abstracts, proceedings, and theses are not listed below.

University of Arizona


Extension Publications
Sprinkle, J. E. 2000. Crossbreeding systems for Arizona rangelands. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Publication # AZ1164. 5 pp.
Sprinkle, J. E. 2000. Protein Supplementation. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Publication # AZ1186. 5 pp.
Sprinkle, J. E. 2000. Supplementation during drought. University of Idaho Cattle Producer‘s Library Cow Calf Management Guide. 6 pp.
Howery, L. D., J. E. Sprinkle, and J. E. Bowns. 2000. A Summary of Grazing Systems Used in the Western United States and Canada. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Publication # AZ1184. 7 pp.

Workbooks
Sprinkle, J. E., A. Meen, R. Grumbles, D. Rice, and H. M. Frederick. 2000. University of Arizona Range Livestock Nutrition School. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. 214 pp.

Electronic Media
Sprinkle, J. E. and H. W. Frederick. 2000. Cow nutrition ration calculator. Excel based spreadsheet to calculate supplements for range cows and least cost rations. Contains 20 worksheets.


Montana State University - Derek Bailey


Journal Publications
Bailey, D. W., D. D. Kress, D. C. Anderson, D. L. Boss, and E. T. Miller. 2001. Relationship between terrain use and performance of beef cows grazing foothill rangeland. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1883-1891.
Bailey, D. W., G. R. Welling, and E. T. Miller. 2001. Cattle use of foothills rangeland near dehydrated molasses supplement. J. Range Manage. 54: 338-347.


Montana State University - Jan Bowman


Peer-Reviewed Publications
Bowman, J.G.P., T. K. Blake, L.M.M. Surber, D. K. Habernicht, and H. Bockelman. 2001. Feed quality variation in the barley core collection of the USDA national small grains collection. Crop Sci. (In press).
Quimby, W. F., B. F. Sowell, J.G.P. Bowman, M. E. Branine, M. E. Hubbert, and H. W. Sherwood. 2001. Application of feeding behavior to predict morbidity of newly received calves in a commercial feedlot. Can. J. Anim. Sci. (In press).
Daniels, T. K., J.G.P. Bowman, B. F. Sowell, M. E. Branine, and M. E. Hubbert. 2000. Effects of metaphylactic antibiotics on behavior of feedlot calves. Prof. Anim. Scientist 16:278-285.
Sowell, B. F., J. C. Mosley, and J.G.P. Bowman. 2000. Social behavior of grazing beef cattle: Implications for management. J. Anim. Sci. Available at : http://www.asas.org/jas/symposia/proceedings/0923.pdf.


Montana State University - Patrick Hatfield


Manuscripts Accepted or in Press
Taylor N., P. G. Hatfield, B. F. Sowell, and G. S. Lewis. Influence of supplement form on ewe performance and reproduction. Sheep and Goat Res. J.
Hatfield, P. G., J. T. Daniels, R. W. Kott, and D. E. Burgess. Survival and serum IgG levels In twin born lambs supplemented with vitamin E early in life. Sheep and Goat Res. J.
Griffith, D., P. G. Hatfield, and R. W. Kott. Enterprise budgeting for ewe flock operations. Sheep and Goat Res. J.

Peer Reviewed Journal Publications
Stellflug, J. N., P. G. Hatfield, M. C. Wulster-Radcliffe, and J. Walker. 2001. Reproductive performance of ewe lambs from ewes from different selection practices with or without induced estrus. Anim. Repro. Sci. 66:185-193.
Shanks, B. C., P. G. Hatfield, R. A. Field, and J. A. Hopkins. 2000. Influence of winter backgrounding systems on subsequent lamb finishing performance, body composition, carcass traits, and palatability. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 16:88. (note: journal not printed until March, 2001)
Hatfield, P. G., C. K. Swenson, R. W. Kott, R. P. Ansotegui, N. I. Roth, and B. L. Robinson. 2001. Zinc and copper status in ewes supplemented with sulfate and amino acid complexed forms of zinc and copper. J. Anim. Sci. 79:281
Hamadeh, S. K., P. G. Hatfield, B. L. Robinson, N. J. Roth, and R. W. Kott. 2000. Alpha acid glycoprotein (AGP) as an early indicator of stress in new born lambs. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 16:72.
Hamadeh, S. K., P. G. Hatfield, R. W. Kott, B. L. Robinson, and B. F. Sowell. 2000. Effects of breed, sex, birth type and colostrum intake on body temperature of new born lambs subjected to cold stress. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 16:46.
Daniels, J. T., P. G. Hatfield, D. E. Burgess, R. W. Kott, and J.G.P. Bowman. 2000. Evaluation of ewe and lamb immune response when ewes were supplemented with vitamin E. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2731-2736.
Hatfield, P. G., J. T. Daniels, R. W. Kott, D. E. Burgess, and T. J. Evans. 2000. Role of supplemental vitamin E in lamb survival and production: A Review. Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. at:http://http://www.asas.org/jas/symposia/proceedings/0932.pdf
Hatfield, P. G., R. A. Field, J. A. Hopkins, and R. W. Kott. 2000. Palatability of wethers fed an 80% barley diet processed at different ages and of yearling wethers grazed on native range. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1779-1785
Daniels, J. T., D. E. Burgess, P. G. Hatfield, and R. W. Kott. 2000. An ELISA method for determining sheep serum IgG concentration. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 16:33.
Roeder, R. L., V. M. Thomas, R. W. Kott, P. G. Hatfield, and D. Burgess. 2000. Effect of short term prepartum feeding of levels and type of protein on ewe performance and colostrum accumulation. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 16:1.
Hatfield, P. G., W. S. Ramsey, and J. A. Fitzgerald. 2000. Effect of naloxone on intake, growth hormone, and luteinizing hormone concentrations in lactating and non-lactating ewes. Small Rum. Res.35:21.
Hatfield, P. G., S. L. Blodgett, G. D. Johnson, P. M. Denke, R. W. Kott, and M. W. Carroll. 1999. Sheep Grazing to Control Wheat Stem Sawfly, a Preliminary Study. Sheep and Goat Res. J.15:159.
Hatfield, P. G., J. Stellflug, J. W. Walker, and R. W. Kott. 1999 (came out in 2000). The effects of nutritional management on ewe and lamb body weight and ewe body composition. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 15:41.


Texas Agricultural Experiment Station  San Angelo


Journal Publications

Del Curto, T., B. Hess, E. Huston, and K. Olson. 2001. Optimal supplementation strategies with beef cattle consuming low-quality roughages in the western U.S. J. Anim. Sci. (In press).

Books and Chapters Therein
Huston, J. E. 2001. Goats and goat nutrition. In R. O. Kellems and D. C. Church (Ed.) Livestock Feeds and Feeding. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Huston, J. E., and S. P. Hart. 2001. Goat husbandry: feeding management - intensive conditions. In H. Roginski, P. F. Fox, and J. W. Fuquay (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Academic Press. London.

Experiment Station and Extension Publications
Huston, J. E., F. M. Rouquette, W. C. Ellis, H. Lippke, and T. D. A. Forbes. 2001. Supplementation of grazing beef cattle. Texas Agric. Exp. Stat. Bul. (In final preparation).
Huston, J. E., P. V. Thompson, C. J. Lupton, and J. W. Kiker. 2000. Comparative productivity of Angora, meat, and crossbred goats under identical management. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. Sheep and Goat, Wool and Mohair Res. Rep. Pp. 59-64.
McMillan, Z., C. A. Taylor, Jr., C. B. Scott, and J. E. Huston. 2000. Nutritional quality and intake of prickly pear by goats. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. Sheep and Goat, Wool and Mohair Res. Rep. Pp. 65-73.
Lupton, C. J., A. R. Dooling, K. Lankford, J. E. Huston, and F. A. Pfeiffer. 2000. The effects of location on fiber production by cashmere goats: The latitude/climate study - two years in. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. Sheep and Goat, Wool and Mohair Res. Rep. Pp. 95-102.
Bohnert, D., T. Del Curto, and E. Huston. 2000. Supplementation strategies for beef cattle consuming low-quality forage. Cow-Calf Management Library CL318. Pp 10-12.
Huston, J. E. 2000. Supplementation strategies. In Strategic Supplementation of Beef Cattle Consuming Low-Quality Roughages in the Western United States. Oregon State University Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. SB 683. 107-113.


USDA-ARS - Miles City, MT

Peer Reviewed
Grings, E. E. 2000. Macromineral nutrition of grazing ruminants: Levels in forages grown in the Western U.S., and efficacy of supplementation. Supplementation Strategies for Beef Cattle Consuming Low Quality Roughages in the Western United States. Oregon State Univ. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 683. p 47-58. (Tech. Proc.)
Lammoglia, M. A., R. A. Bellows, E. E. Grings, J. W. Bergman, S. E. Bellows, R. E. Short, D. M. Hallford, and R. D. Randel. 2000. Effects of dietary fat and sire breed on puberty, weight, and reproductive traits of F1 beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2244-2252.
Grings, E. E., R. E. Short, M. R. Haferkamp, and R. K. Heitschmidt. 2001. Animal age and sex effects on diets of grazing cattle. J. Range Manage. 54:77-81.
MacNeil, M. D., R. E. Short, and E. E. Grings. 2001. Characterization of topcross progenies from Hereford, Limousin, and Piedmontese sires. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1751-1756.


Utah State University

Refereed Journal Articles
ZoBell, D.R., K.C. Olson, R.D. Wiedmeier, D. Sass, K.J. Shinners, and T.A. McAllister. The effects of mechanical processing of corn silage on subsequent feedlot performance of backgrounded replacement heifers. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. (accepted).
DelCurto, T., B.W. Hess, J.E. Huston, and K.C. Olson. 2000. Optimum supplementation strategies for beef cattle consuming low-quality roughages in the western United States. Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., 1999. Available at: http://www.asas.org/jas/symposia/proceedings/0922.pdf. Accessed June 9, 2001.
ZoBell, D.R., R.D. Wiedmeier, K.C. Olson, and R. Treacher. 2000. The effect of an exogenous enzyme treatment on production and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing steers. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 87:279-285.


University of Wyoming

Journal Publications
DelCurto, T., B. W. Hess, J. E. Huston, and K. C. Olson. 2000. Optimal supplementation strategies with beef cattle consuming low-quality roughages in the Western U.S. Proc. Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci., 1999. Available at: www.asas.org/jas/symposia/proceedings/E19.
Alderton, B. W., D. L. Hixon, B. W. Hess, L. F. Woodard, D. M. Hallford, and G. E. Moss. 2000. Effects of supplemental undegradable intake protein on productivity of primiparous beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 78:3027.
Moss, G. E., B. W. Hess, J. E. Nel, M. L. Riley, R. H. Stobart, L. G. McNeal, and W. C. Russell. 2000. Comparative performance of Dorper-cross and Rambouillet lambs. Sheep & Goat Res. J. 16:74.
Kiyma, Z., T. E. Adams, B. W. Hess, M. L. Riley, W. J. Murdoch, and G. E. Moss. 2000. Gonadal function, sexual behavior, feedlot performance, and carcass traits of ram lambs actively immunized against GnRH. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2237.

Extension Bulletins
Hess, B. W. 2000. Vitamin nutrition of cattle consuming forages. Oregon State Ag. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 683:65.
Swenson, C. K., R. P. Ansotegui, J. A. Paterson, and B. W. Hess. 2000. Trace mineral supplementation of the beef cow and reproductive performance. Oregon State Ag. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 683:83.
Swenson, C. K., R. P. Ansotegui, J. A. Paterson, and B. W. Hess. 2000. Trace mineral supplementation of the beef cow to impact immunologic response. Oregon State Ag. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 683:87.