Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

August 10, 2009 08:15 - Posters were positioned outside the Conference Room at the Bond Life Sciences Center at the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO on August 10, 2009. 08:30 - The W-173 Regional Meeting was called to order by the Chair, Don Spiers (MO). He welcomed all the regional project participants to the University, along with the seven USDA-CSREES Animal Health/ Well-Being Awardees in attendance. Don then outlined the agenda for the meeting. This was followed by self-introductions of all participants. 08:40 - The official meeting welcome was performed by both Dr. Marc Linit (Associate Dean of Research for the College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri) and Dr. Rod Geisert (Director of the Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri). Dr. Colin Kaltenbach (W-1173 USDA Administrative Advisor, AZ) presented an update on the committee. 08:51 - Dr. Bob Collier (AZ) presented information on 18th ADSA Discover Conference on Food Animal Agriculture: Effect of the Thermal Environment on Nutrient and Management Requirements of Cattle to be held at the Brown County Inn in Nashville, Indiana on November 2-5, 2009. Everyone was encouraged to announce the Conference and register to attend. 09:00 - Individual station reports began. 09:36 - Dr. Richard Reynells (USDA/CSREES Representative), through a conference call, presented an update on USDA programs. 10:00 - Station reports resumed. 12:15 - Lunch began in the conference room, along with poster viewing and discussion. 13:42 - Oral station reports resumed. 15:30 - Participants return to hotel 18:30 - Participants brought to Animal Science Research Center and provided a tour of Center. 19:00 - Dinner is served by the Animal Science Graduate Student Association. August 11, 2009 09:00 - Begin Business Meeting began 09:15 - Broke into small discussion groups to plan collaborations 10:15 - Discussion of projects and collaborations for coming year Kojima and Kattesh (TN): 1). TN will collaborate with W-1173 members from USDA-TX (Jeff Carroll) and USDA-IN (Susan Eicher) in measuring corticosteroid-binding globulin in plasma from cattle as a physiological measure of stress. 2). TN will collaborate with W-1173 members from USDA-TX (Jeff Carroll), FL (John Arthington), and CO (Terry Engle) on additional studies examining the effects of weaning strategy on the physiology and performance of beef calves. 3). TN will collaborate with W-1173 members from MO (Don Spiers) examining genetic markers for fescue toxicity. 4). TN will collaborate with W-1173 member (Anne Parkhurst) for statistical modeling of SD-33 data. Brown-Brandl (ARS-NE): Collaborations will be: 1). Angela Green (IL)  Validation of behavior analysis software (and possibly  comparison of behaviors on hot and cold days) 2). Don Spiers (MO)  Metabolic rates in cattle with different thermal resistance 3). Anne Parkhurst (NE)  Analysis of body temperature rise during a working event and validation of model determined susceptibility 3). Hans Coetzee (KS) - Comparison of video vs. accelerometer data 4). Jeremiah Davis (MS)  Body temperature comparison (vaginal vs. tympanic) and analysis of skin temperature of different colors of cattle and cattle under different types of shade. Eicher and Lay (ARS-IN): Susan will collaborate with Hank Kattesh (TN) bovine CBG, Anne Parkhurst (NE) on statistics of lameness data, Chin Lee (HI) on dam heat stress, and Petterson (RI) on non-antibiotics during stress period in sheep and pigs. Don Lay will collaborate with Bob Collier (AZ), and catecholamine analysis with Hank Kattesh (TN) on pig CBG. Gebremdehin (NY) and Lee (HI): Collaborations include: 1). Thermal and physiological indices of stress status for cattle (AZ) 2). Factors regulating evaporative heat loss (AZ) 3). Efficiency of shade and hair-coat color on activity and behavior (ARS-NE) 4. Pattern of sweating during onset and prolonged solar exposure (NE and AZ) 5). Modeling cow udder for heat relief ( MS, AZ) and 6). Physiological response of Holstein cows in pasture under high solar exposure (NE). Engle (CO): Collaborations include: 1). Weaning procedures for calves  TN, FL, CO, and USDA/ARS in Lubbock, TX 2). Euthanasia procedures for suckling and nursery pigs-Kansas State University and CO. 3). Cold stress bedding experiment in cattle-CO and Feedlot management group and 4). Parasite load and immunity in cattle-USDA/ARS in Lubbock, TX and CO. Parkhurst and Mader (NE): 1). Work with Kifle Gebremdehin (NY), C.N. Lee (HA) and Bob Collier (AZ) on analyzing solar heat stress and cyclic evaporation. 2). Work with Don Spiers (MO) and Bob Collier (AZ) on developing a Program for a Discover Conference on Heat Stress in 2010. 3). Work with Hans Coetzee (KS) and Cheryl Kojima (TN) on PK models. 4). Work with Bob Collier (AZ), Don Spiers (MO), & John Gaughan (AU) on analyzing THI data for critical breaking points and hysteresis activity during exposure to heat stress. 5). Work with Susan Eicher (IN) and Hans Coetzee (KS) on identifying behavioral spikes in time series. Green (IL): Collaborations are planned between Illinois and both Kansas and ARS Clay Center. Godfrey (VI): UVI is working with Mississippi State University (S. Willard) thermal imaging and with graduate student training opportunities. UVI is collaborating with insular land grant institutions to provide support for undergraduate students to conduct research in agriculture. R. Godfrey will work with D. Spiers (MO) on collecting and analyzing thermal images to remotely measure animal body temperature. R. Godfrey will work with C.N. Lee (HI) and B. Collier (AZ) to evaluate hair coat and sweating rate in Senepol cattle Collier (AZ): Bob Colliers collaborations will include: 1).Sweating rate in Senepol Cattle under tropical conditions with Bob Godfrey (VI), Chin Lee (HI), Kifle Gebremedhin (NY) and Peter Hillman (NY) 2). Text on Recent Advances in Environmental Physiology of Domestic Cattle with Don Spiers (MO), Terry Mader (NE) and John Gaughan (AU) 3.) Estimation of THI threshold with Ann Parkhurst (NE) and 4) Impact of heat stress on catecholamines and serotonin-Don Lay (ARS- Purdue). Spiers (MO): Collaboration will be with Bob Collier (AZ) on book chapters in a proposed environmental physiology textbook. He will work with John Gaughan (AU) on predictors of heat stress in feedlot cattle. In addition, he will work with Anne Parkhurst (NE) on using hysteresis loops to correlate core temperature with air temperature. Collaboration with Tami Brown-Brandl and Jack Nienaber (ARS-NE) will begin to examine metabolic rates of cattle. Finally, he will work with Bob Godfrey (VI) on using the infrared camera to identify patterns of body temperature in heat exposed cattle. Berg (ND): Collaborative work with Dr. Vern Anderson, Carrington (ND) Research and Extension Center, to continue to develop practical, noninvasive means to quantify beef feedlot cattle stress by electronic means. In addition, there will be work with James Burgess III and Greg Vance of American Biomedical Group, Oklahoma City, OK to develop remote sensing of market cattle and pork pulse oximetry as a means to quantify livestock stress. Gaughan (AU): He is planning on collaborating with Anne Parkhurst (NE) on the hysteresis effect. They have a lot of data that needs in depth analysis and I would like to create a small team to look further into this. He will continue to work with Terry Mader (NE) on aspects of heat stress, especially looking at the predictive index for cattle stress. Bob Collier (AZ) will be involved in their Australian dairy project. He will be discussing aspects of shade with Tami Brown-Brandl (ARS-NE) and Roger Eigenberg (ARS-NE). Finally, he would like to work with Don Spiers (MO) and Terry Mader (NE) to look more closely analyze the 0800,1500 h body temperature data to see if the same relationship is apparent in Australian cattle. Davis (ARS-MS), Schmidt (MS), and Willard (MS): Collaborations include: 1). Schmidt (MS) will be continuing to work with Dr. Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX) to determine the consequences of transportation stress on physiological and nutritional parameters in beef cattle. 2). Schmidt (MS) is working on an evaluation of energy repartitioning of cattle exposed to an immune challenged and transportation stress in a collaborative research project with Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-Lubbock) and Mike Ballou (TX). 3). Willard (MS) is continuing collaborations with Don Lay (USDA-ARS-IN) on the development of biophotonic paradigms for bacterial pathogen tracking in vivo. 4). Willard (MS) is continuing collaborations with Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX) and Tom Welsh (TX) on the interactions of temperament and stress responses in beef cattle. 5). Schmidt (MS) and Willard (MS) will collaborate on a project to use biophotonic paradigms for E. coli tracking in the fluids and tissues of the digestive tract in ruminates. 6). Schmidt (MS), Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX-Lubbock) and Dwaine Keisler (MO) will collaborate on a project to evaluate the appropriate dosage of an IBRV challenge virus to elicit clinical and immune responses. 7). Schmidt (MS), Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX-Lubbock) and Duane Keisler (MO) will collaborate on a project to use of CRH and VP as a model to mimic the stress cattle experience in the current market stratagies (sale barn to feedlot). 8). Davis (USDA-ARS-MS) will collaborate with Purswell (USDA ARS Poultry Research Unit, MS), Schmidt (MSU), Brown-Brandl (USDA ARS MARC-NE) on the development of a reusable tympanic temperature probe for beef cattle. 9). Willard (MS) and Vann (MS) will continue to evaluate nutritional modifications in heifer, steer and bull rations that may have implications in the management environment for alleviating various stressors on production performance parameters. 10). Willard (MS) and Godfrey (USVI) will continue to collaborate on the use of thermography to monitor body temperature in the production management environment in sheep and cattle. 11). Willard (MS) and Godfrey (USVI) will collaborate on projects assessing the microbial populations in the reproductive tract and mammary glands of cattle and sheep in the tropics. 10:45 Elect Officers and Pick Location for 2010 The group began discussions with the following results: 1. Jeremiah Davis (ARS-MS) will serve as Chairs for the W-1173 Regional Project Meeting next year which will be held August 9 and 10, 2010 in Starkville, MS. 2. Chin Lee (HI) was nominated as the incoming secretary for the W-1173 Regional Project in 2010. The motion was seconded and passed unanimously. 11:15 End Meeting 11:30 Director of the Bond Life Sciences Center gave a tour of Bond Life Sciences Center that ended at 12:30.

Objective 1: Identify appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of the stress response. Arizona: The Temperature Humidity Index was recalibrated for high producing (> 35 kg/d) dairy cows. Current THI underestimates impact of thermal environment on high producing cattle because studies utilized low producing cows (<15 kg/d) constant temperatures and long intervals (2 wks) before estimating milk yield losses. The results suggest that cooling of dairy cows producing more than 35 kg milk/d should be initiated at a minimum THI threshold of 65 or above or when average THI is 68 for more than 17 hours. There was no detection of any advantage of BGHI index over THI in predicting milk yield losses or physiological responses. Arizona and USDA: Worked with Dr. Ted Elsasser to investigate whether heat stress altered the PNoS responses in Holstein steers after two LPS challenges. Nitrated proteins are usually function-impaired. Nitrotyrosine (NT) is the standard marker for nitrated proteins and proinflammatory nitrooxidative stress (PNoS) signifying the aberrant interactions between nitric oxide and superoxide anion that often result from tumor necrosis factor-(TNF) ±-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. The data are consistent with the concept that although heat stress leaves the primary PNoS response to low-level LPS administration intact (including the plasma markers of the tolerance response), energy functions of mitochondria may be challenged where heat stress exacerbates the interaction of PNoS mediators to form NT proteins. Colorado Study 1: Two studies were conducted as repeated measures 2 x 2 x 2 factorial designs (Exp. 1, n=64; Exp. 2, n=144) evaluating the effects of distance moved at the farm (DIS), lairage duration (REST) and distance moved to stun (STUN) on blood lactate concentration ([LAC]) and rectal temperature (TEMP) of swine in a commercial slaughter plant. Longer distance moved in the barn resulted in higher (P = 0.0001) [LAC] during loading (Exp. 2). Unexpectedly, longer REST resulted in higher[LAC] during pre-slaughter handling than those rested a shorter time (P < 0.003, Exp. 1 & 2). Additionally, [LAC] was greater in animals moving a short distance to stun (P < 0.04, Exp. 1 & 2). Both [LAC] and TEMP were highest during loading at the farm and movement through the stunning chute, indicating areas of focus to improve animal handling during marketing. Study 2: Copper is an essential trace mineral required for growth and development. Copper homeostasis within the cell is mediated by the expression of the Cu transporter protein (CTR1), ATPase7A (ATP7A), ATPase7B (ATP7B), Cox17 and Cu chaperone for Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (CCS) which helps to regulate Cu uptake, export and intracellular compartmentalization in non-ruminants. Copper also serves as a cofactor of antioxidant, superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1). Liver tissue from sixteen Holstein bull calves (average BW 201±58.5kg, 7.3±1.9 mo) from a previous experiment were utilized to characterize and identify hepatic mRNA related to Cu metabolism and homeostasis in cattle. These data indicate that higher than normal hepatic Cu concentration downregulates gene expression of CTR1, ATP7A, ATP7B and Cox17, which are involved in bovine liver copper homeostasis . Kansas: Our focus has been on understanding responses of pig gastrointestinal epithelial cells to interaction with pathogens like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The current investigation evaluated the anti-inflammatory actions of Bacillus bacteria available commercially as feed additives for the swine industry. Results suggest that Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis have the ability to intervene in secretion of the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8 from swine intestinal epithelial cells. This effect on chemokine secretion by gastrointestinal epithelial cells in vitro could not be explained solely by production of bacitracin or reduced invasion of epithelial cells. Missouri Study 1: The physiological responses to heat stress of heat sensitive, Angus steers from Oklahoma (OK) and Missouri (MO) were compared to those of heat tolerant Romosinuano steers from Florida (RO) in the Brody Environmental Center at The University of Missouri. The RO steers had greater variation is response compared to Angus steers. All breeds increased RR with increasing heat stress, but the RO steers always remained at a lower level. In contrast, the RO steers exhibited little change in Tre during heat stress when the Angus breeds were hyperthermic. Respiration rate was the more precise physiological indicator of heat stress because it changed rapidly with fluctuations in ambient temperature. Study 2: A study was conducted with ARS-Kentucky to determine long-term responses of cattle to heat stress and fescue toxicosis, and potentially identify phenotypic markers of each condition. Most studies are conducted using short-term, controlled exposure (i.e., 1-2 weeks) in environmental chambers or long-term summer exposure to variable field environments. This study combined both situations. Heat stress increased urea N, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, albumin, globulin, and total protein. These variables were not affected by fescue toxicosis. Prolactin and alkaline phosphatase exhibited the typical reductions with E+ exposure. The albumin to globulin ratio increased with fescue toxicosis and seemed to be extremely responsive to this condition. Study 3: A new experiment was conducted in 2008 to determine the long-term response of steers to fescue toxicosis utilizing both controlled conditions in the Brody Environmental Center (BEC) as well as field conditions. The experiment consisted of 24 steers. The relationships between the thermal status of the animal and the environment will be determined. Once accomplished, we can evaluate the chamber data and determine if the temperatures relationships differ from the field. Study 4: Evaporative cooling via panting or sweating is the most effective means of maintaining core temperature of cattle exposed to heat for an extended period. Water restriction during heat stress alters this ability. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine if dehydration under a controlled heat challenge would compromise thermoregulation. Steers in the present study showed no lasting effects of dehydration, with the thermal status of the animal returning to normal after 48 hours of rehydration. Unexpectedly, core body temperature remained relatively unchanged despite dehydration, demonstrating their ability to adapt to changing conditions. Study 5: We have shown in earlier studies that heat stress has different effects on the average daily thermal status of sows during gestation, lactation, and breeding, with the greatest impact during lactation. The present analysis focused on the lactation period, with emphasis on diurnal shifts in thermal status. Despite differences in ambient temperature, heat loss as indicated by skin temperature and respiration rate was sufficient to minimize differences in rectal temperature of sows in the two environments during morning hours. However, heat loss was ineffective in preventing a separation of rectal temperature during warmer times of day. Study 6: The effects of short-term heat stress (HS) on hepatic gene expression in rats exposed to endophytic ergot alkaloids were evaluated. Genes involved in gluconeogenesis and apoptosis were up regulated, whereas genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, xenobiotic metabolism, antioxidative mechanisms, immune function, cellular proliferation, and chaperone activity were all down regulated with short-term HS. Hepatocytic apoptosis was increased and antioxidant enzyme activity decreased in the livers of rats exposed to HS. The hypothesized, exacerbating effects of HS on the direct, endophytic toxin-related and indirect, reduced caloric intake-associated alterations in hepatic gene expression were clearly demonstrated in rats and may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of fescue toxicosis in various animal species. Study 7: One study determined the potential of rats for short-term adaptation to fescue toxicosis and heat stress. The results showed that although feed intake and growth shows no sign of adaptation to fescue toxicosis, there is indication that adaptation to heat stress improves the thermal response. USDA-ARS-MARC: Genetic parameters for scale activity score were estimated from generations five, six, and seven of a randomly selected, composite population composed of Duroc, Large White, and two sources of Landrace (n = 2,186). Results indicated activity score had a heritable genetic component and was genetically correlated with performance traits. Estimated genetic correlations between AS and backfat measurements adjusted to a common weight were negative as well as the genetic correlation of AS with WT. Therefore, selection for more docile animals would be expected to result in faster growing, fatter pigs. Minnesota Study 1: In group-lactation systems, the occurrence of cross suckling is common. This can disturb suckling behavior and reduce the growth rate of the piglets. Low growth rate during lactation is associated with light weaning weight, which can consequently affect growth performance during later stages of production. A study was conducted to compare growth performance of pigs (108 pigs  treatment) born to group-housed lactating sows with those (108 pigs  control) born to sows in farrowing crates. The results indicate that pigs in the group-lactation system grow faster than pigs in the confinement system during lactation and nursery period. For pigs born in the group-lactation housing system, the heavier body weights at wk 8 are associated with heavier market weights and greater gain to feed ratio during the grow-finish period compared with pigs born in farrowing crates. Study 2: A study was conducted to investigate whether fear, as a stressor, can affect maternal behavior in swine and consequently affect pre-weaning mortality of piglets. There were no differences in the number of born alive, stillborn, birth weight of piglets, CV of birth weight within a litter, and pre-weaning growth rate of piglets among maternal fear categories. Least fearful sows weaned more piglets than fearful sows (9.9 vs. 8.3 ± 0.86, P < 0.05). The results support the hypothesis that fear of people in sows affected number of piglets weaned. New York and Hawaii: Responses of cows to thermal stress (THI= 79.6) under two conditions: (a) hot-humid (29.10C 69.2% RH) and (b) hot-dry (35.10C, 23.1% RH) environment conditions were evaluated. The study yielded the following results: (a) Core temperature was greater than 35°C (threshold for heat stress). (b) There was considerable variation in sweating rates between cows of the Holstein breed. (c) Cows sweat in a cyclic manner. This suggests that there is a filling and secretory phase of the sweating process in cattle similar to what is reported for sheep. The maximum sweating rate of dairy cows and feedlot heifers was around 650 W/m2h. (d) sweating rate drops following the decreased in skin temperature even when core temperature was increasing suggesting skin temperature was the driving force of sweating/evaporative cooling, (e) A prolonged exposure to hot and dry environmental condition made entirely black or predominantly black cows to foam in the mouth, stick their tongues out, and drool, which forced us to intervene with water spraying. (f) Hair coat color influence skin surface temperature with higher temperatures observed in black vs. white areas of the same animal. Mississippi Study 1: Understanding the stress response of cattle during transportation. Objective: To elucidate the endocrine stress response of cattle during transportation and after feed and water withdrawal to simulate normal industry practices associated with cattle being held at sale barns or sorting facilities prior to transport. Differences (P<0.05) in cortisol were observed starting 1 h into the first transport and 30 min into the second transport. After three h in transit, no difference (P>0.05) was observed in cortisol for both the first and second transport. Study 2: Work is continuing on the development of a reusable tympanic temperature probe for beef cattle. Study 3: Effect of lipopolysaccharide challenge on the immune response of heifers which possess DNA markers for intramuscular fat deposition. Objective: To evaluate cattle with the genetic propencity for IMF deposition to determine if this genetic propencity provides a greater energy reserves when the experiencing an immune challenge compared to counterparts lacking the genetic propencity. This trial was completed in June 2009 and we are currently waiting analysis of blood parameters. Study 4: Intrauterine infections in the bovine can have detrimental effects on reproductive performance, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a primary causative pathogen. Our objectives were to characterize the photonic properties of E. coli-Xen14 (a stably transformed E. coli containing the lux operon), and conduct photonic imaging of E. coli-Xen14 from within the excised bovine uterus. In summary, E. coli-Xen14 remained stable with respect to the percentage of photonic emitters with or without KAN (used to selectively culture E. coli-Xen14), however KAN presence suppressed photonic activity. Imaging of E. coli-Xen14 was feasible through the bovine uterine horns ex vivo, suggesting that further development of this model may facilitate the monitoring of pathogen presence within the reproductive tract of the bovine in vivo. Study 5: Use of infrared thermal imaging of the muzzle as a measure of body temperature in sheep and cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship among VT, RT and ET and muzzle temperature (MT) in hair sheep and cattle. In normothermic sheep, RT was moderately correlated with ET (r = 0.55, P < 0.0001) and MT (r = 0.35, P < 0.006) and MT was correlated with ET (r = 0.64, P < 0.0001). In rams RT and MT were not correlated (r = 0.22, P > 0.10) but they were in ewes (r = 0.55, P < 0.005). In normothermic cattle, RT was correlated with ET (r = 0.58, P < 0.0001) and VT (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001) but not MT (r = 0.22, P > 0.10). MT was only correlated with ET (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). In ewes treated with LPS, RT was correlated with VT, ET and MT (r = 0.97, r = 0.87 and r = 0.79, P < 0.0001). In these ewes MT was correlated with VT and ET (r = 0.79 and r = 0.88, P < 0.0001). Texas: In contemporary dairy production, calves are often housed in hutches with limited opportunity for interaction or exercise for up to 8-wk. The objective of this research was to determine the ontogeny of the motivation of dairy calves to exercise as they aged from 5-d to 8-wk when housed in hutches and fed different feed supplements. Recorded steps increased during the 8-wk study, from a mean of 1,589 steps in wk 1 to 2,763 steps in wk 8 (P < 0.001). There were no week by treatment interactions; however, feed treatment significantly influenced activity (P = 0.028). Calves that were not fed supplement were most active, averaging 2,367 steps, while calves given Protimax® averaged 2,243 steps, Betaine 1,961 steps, and both supplements 2,082 steps. The activity score for wk 1 was -15.45%, then increased in wk 2 to 6.73% (P < 0.05) and peaked at 18.36% in wk 8 (P = 0.005). Virgin Islands: Previous work in our lab has shown a high correlation among rectal, vaginal and eye temperature (RT, VT and ET, respectively) using digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) in hair sheep ewes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship among VT, RT and ET and muzzle temperature (MT) in hair sheep and cattle. These results indicate that DITI can be used to measure ET and MT in sheep as an indicator of body temperature, as measured by RT or VT, in both the normothermic and febrile state. In cattle the relationship between MT and RT was not apparent in the normothermic state, but ET was correlated to RT. This study shows that DITI can be used as a non-invasive method of measuring body temperature in livestock. Nebraska Study 1: There were two solar heat stress treatments: onset and prolonged. The onset data provide an opportunity to examine the impact of suddenly turning on an additional solar thermal load. The prolonged data allow us to examine the impact of exposure to solar heat stress for an expended period (4 hr). Two questions of interest are: Do cows sweat at a constant or cyclic rate? Is there a difference in the dynamics of the two treatments: onset and prolonged solar heat stress? The data analysis revealed cyclic periods which varied by cow. For solar onset, the period was 3 to 5 min, while for the prolonged solar exposure the period ranged from 3.5 to 4 min. In addition, the animals respond differently to solar heat stress at the onset compared to prolonged exposure. At the onset, the solar effect decays exponentially to approximately ½ to 1 min. However, after prolonged exposure, the solar effect decays sinusoidally to zero in approximately 3 to 4 min. Study 2: Commonly used multiple regression models can be misleading when predictor variables are stochastic and issues of collinearity and non-stationary are ignored. Cattle body temperature measured repeatedly over the time is neither independent nor stationary. In addition to correlated error, there is serious collinearity among environmental variables, such as air temperature, soil surface temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, incoming and outgoing short and long wave radiation. Classical multiple regressions model developed for the static case is inadequate for explaining all the interesting dynamics of cattle body temperature. Time series analysis can provides more insight into the underlying biological processes. Spectral analysis of response as well as predictor variables shows that all variables exhibits periodic oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours and there are strong coherences between cattle body temperature with all environmental variables excepts relative humidity. In this case, a transfer function (lagged regression) model fits the data better than the classical regression approach even when it is adjusted for correlated error. Among several environmental variables, the air temperature, soil surface temperature and incoming long wave solar radiation and their lag variables are the most important predictor variables in modeling cattle body temperature during heat stress. Study 3: The objective of this study is to (1) explore the dynamic properties of the body temperature of the cow; (2) determine if a cows body temperature is related to ambient temperature, relative humidity, and/or temperature humidity index (THI); (3) look for signs of heat stress. The result indicated that current Tb was significantly dependent on Ta approximately 4.5 hours ago, which indicated possible existence and effect of chronic heat stress. Study 4: Cattle body temperature (Tb) from feedlot trials conducted over four days was fit using a bi-logistic mixed model to describe the effects of moving and handling on Tb. Distance is important when moving steers in a thermally challenging environment. This study shows moving steers 1200m is significantly different from moving them 200m. When the steers are moved 1200m, the maximum Tb is higher 1.6C higher; the heat challenge rate constant is smaller (indicating the maximum rate of change is larger) and the challenge inflection point occurs later in the run. The rate of recovery also occurs later in the run. North Dakota: The influence of temperament on beef carcass quality traits was measured on 183 mixed composition steer calves consigned to the Carrington Research Extension Center from the Central Dakota Feeder Calf Club at Turtle Lake, ND. These data indicate that behavior in the working chute environment may be an appropriate indicator of cattle carcass performance. It was interesting to note that cattle possessing a desirable genetic index for docility had tougher steaks. This conflicts with our data showing a linear relationship between EV and steak tenderness (slower EV had more tender meat). More research is necessary involving a larger sample size with a more diverse sampling of genetic docility. Objective 2: Evaluate management strategies that minimize the detrimental effects of animal stress. Tennessee, Florida, Colorado, USDA-Texas: An experiment was conducted to document changes in the physiology and growth of Angus and Angus x Gelvieh steers weaned using a two-stage system versus abrupt total calf removal. Preliminary results indicate that device had no effect on weight gain, however, fenceline separated calves exhibited a faster weight gain once they underwent total separation. Red blood cell number decreased in all steers from d 0 to 21. Packed cell volume for steers with the anti-suckling device were higher on d 3 and 7 compared to steers without the device, and decreased in both groups following weaning. White blood cell number decreased by d 3 following weaning for total separated steers. Cortisol concentration tended to decrease in all steers over the sampling periods, with no discernable pattern evident due to treatment. Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin levels increased in all steers by d 3 following administration of ovalbumin. Ceruloplasmin levels for fenceline separated steers were higher on d 3 and 7 following weaning compared to total separated steers. The IgG response was evident in all the calves by d 10 following administration of ovalbumin, and was not related to device or degree of separation. Tennessee: A preliminary experiment was conducted to assess the immune response in adult Sinclair mini-pigs fed a diet supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) over an 8 wk period followed by an LPS challenge. Tissue samples collected following euthanasia are presently undergoing analysis for total cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), FCI, total and differential leukocyte number, and gene expression. Tennessee, USDA-Texas: A series of experiments investigating the effects of the synthetic enkephalin syndyphalin-33 on physiological responses to weaning and immune challenge have been completed. To date, two papers are in press, one is in review, and two additional manuscripts are the final stages of preparation. Missouri Study 1: A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of Ascophyllum nodosum (Tasco meal) on rectal temperature, respiration rates, and in situ NDF disappearance in cattle exposed to elevated ambient temperature. Tasco meal appeared to have a short-term effect on reducing rectal temperature; long-term feeding of TM under TN conditions followed by heat load had no effect on alleviating heat stress. Study 2: This study was conducted to determine if Tasco-14, Ascophyllum nodosum, reduces heat stress in dairy cows. From the results, inclusion of 0.25% Tasco sporadically reduced heat strain by decreasing DMI on certain days, while milk production was maintained. However, no benefit was seen with the increased inclusion rate of Tasco. The length of feeding Tasco did not have an effect. USDA-ARS Indiana: Dairy calves are susceptible to effects of pre- and post-natal heat stress. May through Aug of 2008, calf hutches were bedded with straw, sand, or wood shavings. Phagocytosis decreased over the study, but the percentage of CD14 (part of the LPS receptor) and CD18 (adhesion molecule component) expressing cells increased. Calves from the wood shaving hutches had less CD18 expression on the cells that were positive and had greater phagocytosis by the cells that were positive for phagocytosis, but no differences among treatments were found for CD14 expression. Fly counts were least in the straw hutches at the noon and afternoon counts. Fly counts on the calves legs were not different among treatments. Behavior and microbial analyses are in progress. USDA-ARS-MARC Study 1: Cattle produced in open feedlots are vulnerable to a variety of weather events; under certain conditions heat events can be especially detrimental. Shade structures are often considered as one method of reducing cattle stress. A summer study was conducted during 2007 using instrumented shade structures in conjunction with meteorological measurements to estimate relative effectiveness of various shade materials for full sun days. An associated heat stress index was used to determine the effectiveness of the shading options. Analyses of the data revealed that time spent in the highest stress category was reduced by all shade materials. Moreover, significant differences (p<0.05) existed between all shade materials (compared to no-shade) for hourly summaries of estimated respiration rate during peak daylight hours and for full sun days. Study 2: Heat waves have caused severe losses in beef cattle feedlots and dairies in different areas of the cattle producing areas of the world. A comparison of climatic conditions that have resulted in cattle deaths has been completed. Analyses of lethal heat waves in northeast Nebraska in 1999 and north central South Dakota 2007 were analyzed. Factors of temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation dominate the impact that local climatic conditions have on livestock. Based on the analysis of these two heat waves, it appears that the following factors contribute to making an extreme event: a preceding cooling period of a few days, antecedent rainfall, two or more consecutive days in the Danger or Emergency categories as calculated by the THI or RRest, and limited nighttime cooling (THI>72). Study 3: Activities involved in receiving or working (e.g. sorting, dehorning, castration, weighing, implanting, etc.) of feedlot cattle cause an increase in body temperature. During hot weather the increased body temperature may disrupt normal behaviors including eating, which can be especially detrimental to the well-being and performance of the animals. A study was conducted to investigate sprinkle cooling of representative animals at the time of working to provide extra evaporative cooling to offset the added heat produced by activity. The heifers that were treated had a body temperature that peaked sooner with a lower peak body temperature, and recovered sooner. The treated animals also had a lower panting score. The behavior measurements that were taken did not indicate a change in behavior. It was concluded that sprinkle cooling feedlot cattle during a working event during hot conditions was beneficial. Study 4: The extreme effects of heat stress can cause losses exceeding 5% of all the cattle on feed in a single feedlot. These losses can be very devastating to a localized area of feedlot producers. Animal stress is a result of the combination of three different components: environmental conditions, animal susceptibility, and management. This paper describes the development of a model to predict individual animal susceptibility to heat stress. The model and the experts agreed perfectly on 6 of the 10 animals. Further, the model prediction and the experts opinions deviated no more than one class on the remaining 4 animals. This exercise revealed that there was agreement between the model output and the experts opinions. This work can be used as a management tool to identify cattle susceptible to heat stress in feedlots. Minnesota: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the supplementation of tryptophan on controlling, aggression, social stress, and reproductive performance in group- housed gestating sows. Supplementation of dietary tryptophan reduced total duration of head to head knocking (4.9 vs. 8.6 sec/sow/h, SE = 0.96; P < 0.01), and tended to reduce the frequency of this aggressive behavior (1.2 vs. 1.9 times/sow/h, SE = 0.27; P = 0.07). Dietary tryptophan treatment did not affect parallel pressing and head to body knocking, which are more intense aggressive interactions compared to head to head knocking in swine. There was no difference in injury scores caused by aggression and in cortisol levels between treatments. Sows fed the treatment diets had more total piglets born (12.6 vs. 10.5 piglets/litter, SE = 0.54; P < 0.01) and more piglets born alive (10.9 vs. 9.7 piglets/litter, SE = 0.44; P < 0.05) than sows in the control group. Mississippi Study 1: The objectives of this study were to determine the potential of omega-3 fatty acid fortified supplements as an energy supplement to provide decreased mobilization of intramuscular fat deposition associated with cattle grazing forages and to enhance fatty acid content in meat tissue throughout the feedlot feeding period. The CON group had greater ultrasound ribeye area (P < 0.05) than FLAX group from D91 throughout harvest. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in ultrasound intramuscular fat or carcass ribeye area, marbling scores, quality grades or yield grades between the two treatment groups. CON steers tended to have greater % oil in steaks (P < 0.08); greater C17:0 (P < 0.09) and C18:2 (P < 0.04) fatty acid contents in steaks. In conclusion, the energy supplement provided to the steers did decrease mobilization of intramuscular fat while grazing pastures. Study 2: Utilization of cottonseed products in bull development programs. The objectives of this research project were to examine the inclusion of three cottonseed products in a maintenance ration for mature beef bulls. The day X treatment interaction was significant (P < 0.001) for total gossypol concentrations, BW, ADG and total testes volume (P < 0.008). Total gossypol concentrations peaked at d 56 of the feeding trial (P < 0.001), remained stable from d 84 to d 168 and by d 14 after removal from feed were back to similar concentrations at d 14 of the feeding period. From d 84 to 168, bulls in the whole seed group were lighter (P < 0.001) than bulls in the other treatment groups. Overall ADG were greatest (P < 0.005) for the control and pelleted cottonseed groups (0.50 and 0.54 kg, SEM 0.03, respectively), followed by cottonseed cake group (0.44 ± 0.03 kg) and then whole seed group (0.36 ± 0.03 kg). Bulls consuming cottonseed products derived primarily from upland cotton varieties and fed at a rate of 2.27 kg/hd/d had acceptable BW, ADG and semen quality. Texas: The effects of confinement and grouping of horses during transport, especially for the purpose of slaughter, has been a source of debate in animal welfare. The objective of this study was to determine if plasma concentrations of cortisol, corticosterone or dehyroepiandrosterone (DHEA) differed among groups of yearling horses with no prior transport experience when transported in individual stalls compared to those transported in loose groups.

Chapters - Peer Reviewed Arizona: Collier, R.J., S.W. Limesand, M.L. Rhoads, R.P. Rhoads, and L.H. Baumgard. 2008. Homeorhesis of Heat Stress. In: Resource Allocation Theory Applied to Farm Animal Production. W.M. Rauw (Ed.). CAB International Wallingford, United Kingdom. p.72-88. Missouri: Strickland, J.R., D.E. Spiers, L.R. Fletcher, J.W. Oliver, and G.E. Aiken. 2009. Physiological basis of fescue toxicosis. p. 33-47. In H.A. Fribourg et al. (ed.) Tall fescue for the twenty-first century. Agron. Monogr. 53. ASA, CSSA, SSSA. Madison, WI. Also available at http://forages.oregonstate.edu/tallfescuemonograph/. Nebraska: USDA Climate Change Impacts Assessment. 2008. The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity. Chapter 2 Agriculture. Lead Author: J. L. Hatfield. Contributing Authors: K.J. Boote, B.A. Kimball, D.W. Wolfe, D.R. Ort, R.C. Izaurralde, A.M. Thomson, J.A. Morgan, H.W. Polley, P.A. Fay, T. L. Mader and G.L. Hahn. pp. 21-74. Reviews -Peer Reviewed Arizona: Collier, R.J., J.L. Collier, R.P. Rhoads and L.H. Baumgard. 2008. Genes involved in the Bovine heat stress response. J. Dairy Sci.91:445-454. Collier, R.J., T.R. Bilby, M.E. Rhoads, L.H. Baumgard and R.P. Rhoads. 2009. Effects of Climate Change on Dairy Cattle Production. Annals of Arid Zone. 47(3 & 4): 1-12 Journal Articles -Peer Reviewed Arizona: Collier, R.J., M.A. Miller, C.L. McLaughlin , H.D. Johnson , and C.A. Baile .2008. Effects of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) and Season on Plasma and Milk Insulin-Like Growth Factors I (IGF-I) and II (IGF-II) in Lactating Dairy Cows. Domest Anim. Endocrinol 35:16-23 Rhoads, M.L., R.P. Rhoads, M.J. VanBaale, R.J. Collier, S.R. Sanders, W.J. Weber, B.A. Crooker, and L.H. Baumgard. 2009. Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein Cows. I.production, metabolism and aspects of circulating somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci. 92:1986-1997. Colorado: Han, H., S. L. Archibeque, and T. E. Engle. 2008. Characterization and identification of hepatic mRNA related to copper metabolism and homeostasis in cattle. J. Biological Trace Element Res. E.D. Sharman, J.J. Wagner, C.K. Larson, J.S. Schutz, N.E. Davis, and T.E. Engle. 2008. The effect of trace mineral source on performance and health of newly received steers and the impact of cobalt concentration on performance and lipid metabolism during the finishing phase. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24:1-9. Wagner, J.J., PAS, P.T. Grubb, and T.E. Engle. 2008. Case Study: The effects of severe winter weather on net energy for maintenance required by yearling steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24:1-6. Wagner, J.J, PAS, T.E. Engle, PAS, J.J. Wagner, J.L. Lacey, and G. Walker, PAS. 2008. The effect of ZinMet brand liquid zinc methionine on feedlot performance and carcass merit in crossbred yearling steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24: 2-11. Gruber, S.L. J.D. Tatum, T.E. Engle, K.J. Prusa, S.B. Laudert, A.L. Schroeder, and W.J. Platter. 2008. Effects of ractopamine supplementation and postmortem aging on longissimus muscle palatability of beef steers differing in biological type. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 205-210. Indiana: Marchant Forde, J.N., D.C., Lay Jr., K.A. McMunn, H.W. Cheng, E.A. Pajor, and R.M. Marchant-Forde, 2009. Post-natal piglet husbandry practices and well-being: The effects of alternative techniques delivered separately. J. of Anim. Sci. 87:1479-1492. Bewley, J.M., R.E. Boyce, J. Hockin, L. Munksgaard, S.D. Eicher, and M.M. Schutz. 2008. An exploratory study of management factors influencing lying time using an automated activity monitoring sensor. J. Dairy Res. In Press. ODriscoll, K., M.M. Schutz, A.C. Lossie and S.D.Eicher. 2008. Effect of rubber flooring on cow locomotion, leukocyte activity, and leukocyte gene expression. J. Dairy Sci. In Press. Kansas: Burkey, T.E., K.A. Skjolaas, and J.E. Minton. 2009. Board-invited review: porcine mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal tract. J. Anim. Sci. 87:1493-1501 Burkey, T.E., K.A. Skjolaas, S.S. Dritz, and J.E. Minton. 2009. Expression of porcine Toll-like receptor 2, 4 and 9 gene transcripts in the presence of lipopolysaccharide and Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Choleraesuis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 130:96-101. Minnesota: Li, Y.Z., and L.J. Johnston. 2009. Behavior and performance of pigs previously housed in large groups. J. Anim Sci. 87: 1472-1478 Strawford, M.L., Y.Z. Li, and H.W. Gonyou. 2008. The effect of management strategies and parity on the behavior and physiology of gestating sows housed in an electronic sow feeding system. Can. J. Anim Sci. 88: 559-567. Mississippi: Jung, S.-Y., S.D. Bowers, and S.T. Willard. 2009. Simulated microgravity influences bovine oocyte in vitro fertilization and preimplantation embryo development. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8(9): 1807-1814. Bowers, S.D., S. Gandy, B. Anderson, P. Ryan, and S. Willard. 2009. Assessment of pregnancy in the late gestation mare using digital infrared thermography. Theriogenology 72(3): 372-377 (doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology. 2009.03.005; Online publication May 30, 2009). Moulton, K., P. Ryan, D. Christiansen, R. Hopper, C. Klauser, W. Bennett, S. Rodts-Palenik, and S. Willard. 2009. Hormonal profiles of late gestation ewes following intra-uterine inoculation with and without lux-modified Escherichia coli. J. Reproduction and Development 55 (1): 55-62. Moulton, K., P. Ryan, D.C. Lay, Jr., and S.T. Willard. 2009. Postmortem photonic imaging of lux-modified Salmonella typhimuium within the gastrointestinal tract of swine following oral inoculation in vivo. J. Anim Sci. 87: 2239-2244 (doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1470 - Published online March 27, 2009). Jung, S. and S.T. Willard. 2009. The effect of culture methods and serum supplementation on developmental competence of bovine embryos cultured in vitro. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8(1): 67-74. Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T. Willard, J. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy and feedlot cows under stressful thermal environments. Livestock Environment VIII  Proceedings of the ASABE (31 August 31st  September 4th 2008; Iguassu Falls, Brazil); Publication Date: August 4th, 2008, ASABE Publication Number 084752; pp 745-753. Missouri: Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, G.E. Aiken, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Regional differences in sweat rate response of steers to short-term heat stress. Int. J. Biometeorol. 52: 725-732. Kirch, B.H., G.E. Aiken, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Temperature influences upon vascular dynamics in cattle measured by doppler ultrasonography. J Therm. Biol. 33: 375-379. Carroll, J.A., R.R. Reuter, C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.G. Riley, D.E. Spiers, J.D. Arthington, and M.L. Galyean. 2009. Profile of the bovine acute-phase response following an intravenous bolus-dose lipopolysaccharide challenge. Innate Immun. 15: 81-89. Williams, J.E., L.N. Thompson, D. E. Spiers, T. Hackman, M.R. Ellersieck, L. Wax, J. B. Corners, and P.A. Lancaster. 2009. Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum in alleviation of heat stress in beef cattle. The Professional Anim. Scientist. 25: 109-117. Settivari, R.S., T.J. Evans, L.P. Yarru, P.A. Eichen, P. Sutovsky, G.E. Rottinghaus, E. Antoniou, and D.E. Spiers. 2009. Effects of short-term heat stress on endophytic ergot alkaloid-induced alterations in rat hepatic gene expression. J. Anim. Sci. (In press). Nebraska: Holl, J.W., G.A. Rohrer, T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2009. Estimates of Genetic Parameters Among Scale Activity Scores, Growth, and Fatness in Pigs. J Anim. Sci. (submitted 10/14/08) Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T. Willard, J.D. Arthington, T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions. Trans ASABE 51(6):2167-2178. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.A. Nienaber. 2009. Shade Material Evaluation Using a Cattle Response Model and Meteorological Instrumentation. Int J. Biometeorol. (in press 5/19/09). Brown-Brandl, T.M., E.D. Berry, J. Wells, T.M. Arthur, and J.A. Nienaber. 2009. Impacts of Individual Animal Response to Heat and Handling Stresses on Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 Fecal Shedding by Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease (Published online). Brown-Brandl, T.M. and D.D. Jones. 2009. Feedlot Cattle Susceptibility to Heat Stress: An Animal Specific Model. Trans ASABE (submitted 3/10/09). Aitha, N., A.M. Parkhurst, C.N. Lee, P.E. Hillman. 2008. Nonlinear mixed models to evaluate effects of environmental conditions, hair coat, and anchor length on body temperature during afternoon milking of Holstein cows in Hawaii , Proceedings of Twentieth Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture Proceedings. 206-217 http://www.k-state.edu/stats/agstat.conference/2008 Arias, R.A., T.L. Mader, and P.C. Escobar. 2008. Climatic factors affecting cattle performance in dairy and beef farms. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 40:7-22. Buckner, C.D., T.L. Mader, G.E. Erickson, S.L. Colgan, D.R. Mark, V.R. Bremer, K.K. Karges, and M.L. Gibson. 2008. "Evaluation of Dry Distillers Grains Plus Solubles Inclusion on Performance and Economics of Finishing Beef Steers." Professional Animal Scientist. 24(2008):1-7. Gaughan, J.B., T.L. Mader, and S.M. Holt. 2008. Cooling and feeding strategies to reduce heat load of grain-fed beef cattle in intensive housing. Livestock Science 113:226-233. Gaughan, J.B., T.L. Mader, S.M. Holt, and A. Lisle. 2008. A new heat load index for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 86:226-234. Mader, T.L. 2008. Climate Conditions in bedded confinement buildings. Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Symposium VIIII. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. August 31 to Sept. 4, 2008. Iguassu Falls City, Brazil. Mader, T.L., J.B. Gaughan, W. M. Kreikemeier, and A.M. Parkhurst. 2008. Behavioural effects of yearling grain-finished heifers exposed to differing environmental conditions and growth-promoting agents. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48:1155-1160. New York and Hawaii: Hillman, P.E., K.G. Gebremedhin, S.T. Willard, C.N. Lee and A.D. Kennedy. 2009. Continuous measurements of vaginal temperature of female cattle using a data logger encased in a plastic anchor. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, ASABE, 25(2):291-296. Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T Willard, J. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2009. Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions. Transactions of ASABE 51(6): 2167-2178. Gebremedhin, K.G., C.N. Lee, P.E. Hillman, and R.J. Collier. 2009. Tracking Physiological Responses of Dairy Cows to Solar Exposure, (submitted to Trans. of ASABE). Hillman, P.E., K.G. Gebremedhin, S.T. Willard, C.N. Lee, and A.D. Kennedy. 2009. Continuous measurements of vaginal temperature of female cattle using a data logger encased in a plastic anchor. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, ASABE, 25(2):291-296. Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T Willard, J. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2009. Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions. Tranactions of ASABE 51(6): 2167-2178. North Dakota: Ritter, M.J, M. Ellis, N.L. Berry, S.E. Curtis, L. Anil, M. Benjamin, E.P. Berg, D. Butler,C.Dewey, B. Driessen, P. DuBois, J. Hill, J. Marchant-Forde, P. Matzat, J. McGlone, P.Mormede, T. Moyer, K. Pfalzgraf, J. Salak-Johnson, J. Sterle, C. Stull, T. Whiting, B. Wolter, S.R. Niekamp, and A.K. Johnson. 2009. Transport losses in market weight pigs: I. A review of definitions, incidence and economic impact. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:404-414. Carr, C.C, D.H. Keisler, D.J. Newman, G.K. Rentfrow, and E.P. Berg. 2008. Effects of seasonal environment, on-farm handling, transport stocking density, and time in lairage on digestive tract temperature, serum cortisol concentrations, and pork lean quality of market hogs. Prof. Anim Sci. 24:208-218. Tennessee: Cooper, T.A., M.P. Roberts, H.G. Kattesh, and C.J. Kojima. 2009. Effects of transport stress, gender, and weaning weight on post-weaning performance in pigs. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:189-94. Kojima, C.J., S.J. Jenkins, T.A. Cooper, M.P. Roberts, J.A. Carroll, and H.G. Kattesh. 2009. Effects of syndyphalin-33 on feed intake and circulating measures of growth hormone, cortisol, and immune cell populations in the recently-weaned pig. J. Anim. Sci. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2033. Texas: Calabrese, R. and T.H. Friend. 2009. Effects of density and rest stops on movement rates of unrestrained horses during transport. J. Equine Vet. Sci. (In press). Bingham, G.M., T.H. Friend, P.A. Lancaster, and G.E. Carstens. 2009. Relationship between feeding behavior and residual feed intake in growing Brangus heifers. J. Animal Sci. (In press.)Doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1851. Edrington, T. S., B.H. Carter, T.H. Friend, G.R. Hagevoort, T.L. Poole, T.R. Callaway, R.C. Anderson and D.J. Nisbet. 2009. Influence of sprinklers, used to alleviate heat stress, on fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria in lactating dairy cattle. Letters in Appl. Micro. 48:738-743. Doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02603. Krawczel, P.D., T.H. Friend, and G.S. Archer. 2008. Behavior of lambs in rest pens during long-distance transport. J. Applied Anim. Welfare Sci. 11:337-345. Doi: 10.1080/10888700802329996. Abstracts Arizona: Zimbleman, R.B., R.P. Rhoads, L.H. Baumgard and R.J. Collier. 2009. Revised temperature humidity index (THI) for high producing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92. E-Suppl. 1:347 Rhoads, R.P., S.R. Sanders, L. Cole, M.V. Skrzypek, T.H. Elsasser, G.C. Duff, R.J. Collier, and L.H. Baumgard. 2009. Effects of heat stress on glucose homeostasis and metabolic response to an endotoxin challenge in Holstein steers. J. Anim. Sci. 87: E-Suppl 2:78. Cossel, S.E., M.E. Field, M.V. Skrzypek, S.R. Sanders, S.L. Marion, J.B. Wheelock, S.R. Hartman, Y. Yuxi, P.B. Hoyer, R.J. Collier, R.P. Rhoads, L.H. Baumgard, and M.L. Rhoads. 2009. Effects of heat stress on ghrelin secretion in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 92. E-Suppl. 1:72 Elsasser, T., R. Rhoads, S. Kahl, R. Collier, L. Baumgard, C. Li and T. Caperna. 2009. Heat stress augments plasma tyrosine-nitrated proteins and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio after repeated endotoxin (LPS) challenge in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 87: E-Suppl 2: 9. Indiana: Lay, D.C. Jr., M.H. Rostagno, S.D. Eicher, and K.A. McMunn. 2008. Behavior, plasma cortisol, and immune cell populations of pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurum . ISAE, Dublin 2008. Janczak, A.M., R.M. Marchant-Forde, J.N. Marchant-Forde, D. Hogan, D.L. Mathews, C. Dowell, L.J. Freeman, D.C. Lay, Jr. 2008. Heart rate variability as a welfare indicator in domestic pigs. ISAE, Dublin 2008. Rostagno, M.H., S.D. Eicher, and D.C. Lay, Jr. 2009. Salmonella infection and immune response in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1): Lay, D.C. Jr, R.M. Marchant-Forde, A.M. Janczak, J.N. Marchant-Forde and D.F. Hogan. 2009. The use of heart rate variability as a novel method to differentiate between affective states. ISAE Cairns Australia. Marchant-Forde, J.N., H-W Cheng, D.C. Lay, Jr., E.A. Pajor and R.M. Marchant-Forde. 2009. The effects of tail docking method on piglets behavioral responses to a formalin pain test. ISAE Cairns Australia Rostagno, M.H.*, S.D. Eicher, and D.C Lay, Jr.,. 2009. Effect of feed withdrawal and transportation on Salmonella enterica infection in market-weight pigs. 8th International Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Marchant-Forde, J.N. The behavior nutrition interaction in swine. Journal of Animal Science, 87 (E.Suppl. 2): 564. Mississippi: Ryan, P., D. Christiansen, J.R. Crouch, R. Hopper, J. Cooley, K. Moulton, and S. Willard. 2009. Evaluation of pathogen progression during induced placentitis in mares using lux-modified Escherichia coli and novel bioluminescence imaging technology. Annual Meeting Society for Theriogenology, Albuquerque, NM, August 25th to 29th 2009. Feugang, J.M., J.C. Rodriguez-Munoz, R. Black, S. Willard, R. Bathgate, and P. Ryan. 2009. Detection of relaxin receptors 1 and 2 in porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes, and effect of relaxin hormone and follicular fluid on gene expression. Society of the Study of Reproduction, Pittsburgh, PA, July 2009 (Abstract #286). Welsh, Jr., T.H., N.C. Burdick, K.O. Curley, Jr., B.J. Agado, S.T. Willard, J.A. Carroll, R.C. Vann, and R.D. Randel. 2009. Influence of gender and breedtype on basal and induced secretion of cortisol in cattle. The Endocrine Society's 91st Annual Meeting, Washington, DC June 10  13, 2009 Behrends, S.M., T.B. Schmidt, D.H. Keisler, J.W. Daily, J.O. Buntyn, D.J. Sykes, L.H. Hulbert, K.M. Cooley, D.T. Dawson, and J.A. Carroll. 2009. Evaluation of the stress response of heifers during the transportation process. J. Animal Science, National Meetings. Montreal Canada, 2009. Burdick, N.C., J.A. Carroll, R.D. Randel, S.T. Willard, R.C. Vann, C.C. Chase, Jr., L.H. Hulbert, L.C. Caldwell, J.G. Lyons, and T.H. Welsh, Jr. 2009. Use of an automated sampler to assess bovine adrenal hormone response to transportation. ASAS-ADSA National Meeting, Montreal, Canada Vann, R.C., S.T. Willard, E.L. Schenck, K. Moulton, W. Holmes, A. Brown, B. Thomas, T.E. Lawrence, and M.S. Brown. 2009. Growth and carcass characteristics of steers fed an omega-3-fatty acid-fortified supplement from flaxseed while on improved pastures and following feedlot finishing. ASAS-ADSA National Meeting, Montreal, Canada Curbelo, J., K. Moulton, E. Schenck and S. Willard. 2009. Detection of bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus through bovine mammary gland tissue ex vivo. ASAS-ADSA National Meeting, Montreal, Canada Godfrey, R.W., R.C. Ketring, S. Robinson and S.T. Willard. 2009. Use of infrared thermal imaging of the muzzle as a measure of body temperature in sheep and cattle. ASAS-ADSA National Meeting, Montreal, Canada Curbelo, J., K. Moulton, and S. Willard. 2009. In vitro characterization and detection of photonic emissions of Staphylococcus aureus in inoculated bovine milk. American Society of Animal Science  Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009, p. 22-23 (Abstract #67). Vann, R.C., M.K. Dowd, and S. Willard. 2009. Utilization of cottonseed products in bull development programs. American Society of Animal Science  Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009; p. 21 (Abstract #62). Vann, R.C., E.L. Schenck, S.T. Willard and J.D. Rhinehart. 2009. Utilization of dried distillers grains for developing beef heifers grazing ryegrass-bermudagrass pastures. American Society of Animal Science  Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009; p. 30 (Abstract #90). Dray, S., C. Johnson, A. Smith, D. Barkle, A. Fisher, A. Kouba and S. Willard. 2009. Responses of captive elephants to changes in environmental conditions. American Society of Animal Science  Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009; p. 24 (Abstract #72). Cooley, K., T. Beck, D. Moore, B. Rude, S. Brookes, A. Kouba, R. Hansen, S. Willard. 2009. Using stable isotope analysis of hair samples to differentiate between pre-weaning and post-weaning states in dairy calves. American Society of Animal Science  Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009; p. 23 (Abstract #23). Willard, S., A. Chromiak, and A. Kouba. 2008. Use of digital infrared thermography to assess thermal gradients and abnormalities of the elephant foot, and thermal responses to changes in environmental conditions. 28th AZVT Annual Proceedings, New Bedford, MA; October 1  6, 2008; p. 9. Dray, S., C. Johnson, A. Smith, D. Barkle, A. Fisher, A. Kouba, and S. Willard. 2008. Assessing Heat Dissipation Responses in Captive Elephants to Environmental Temperature. Elephant Managers Association Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL; October 3-7, 2008. Missouri: Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, J.A. Carroll, D.G. Riley, C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.H. Keisler, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Evaluation of physiological and blood serum differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle for determination of markers of sensitivity. Livestock Environment VIII. Proc. 8th Int. Livestock Environment Symp. Iguaçu Falls, Brazil. Pp. 759-765. Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, T.J. Evans, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Impact of dehydration on production and thermoregulation of Angus steers at thermoneutrality. Livestock Environment VIII. Proc. 8th Int. Livestock Environment Symp. Iguaçu Falls, Brazil. Pp. 465-471. Eichen, P.A., M.C. Lucy, T.J. Safranski, E.A. Coate, A.M.Williams, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Heat stress effects on sow reproductive performance using simulated forced air and evaporative cooling systems. Livestock Environment VIII. Proc. 8th Int. Livestock Environment Symp. Iguaçu Falls, Brazil. Pp. 773-779. Coate, E.A., M.C. Lucy, T.J. Safranski, P.A. Eichen, A.M. Williams, and D.E. Spiers. 2009. Thermoregulatory responses of sows to heat stress during three phases of production. Annual Meeting of Midwestern Section of American Society of Animal Science. Des Moines, Iowa. March 16. Williams, A.M., T.J. Safranski, D.E. Spiers, P.A. Eichen, E.A. Coate, and M.C. Lucy. 2009. Productive and reproductive responses to heat stress for sows during a production cycle. Annual Meeting of Midwestern Section of American Society of Animal Science. Des Moines, Iowa. March 16. Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, T.J. Evans, and D.E. Spiers. 2009. Effects of dehydration and rehydration on the thermoregulation of heat stressed Angus steers. Annual Meeting of American Society of Animal Science. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. July 12. Spiers, D.E., D.K. Kishore, P.A. Eichen, and E. Moran. 2009. Lack of adaptation to fescue toxicosis under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Annual Meeting of American Society of Animal Science. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. July 12. Coate, E.A., M.C. Lucy, T.J. Safranski, P.A. Eichen, M. Williams, and D.E. Spiers. 2009. Cyclic heat stress alters the diurnal thermal status of sows during lactation. Annual Meeting of American Society of Animal Science. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. July 12. Pompeu, L.B., J.E. Williams, D.E. Spiers, R.L. Weaber, M.R. Ellersieck, K.M. Sargent, N.P. Feyerabrand, H.L. Vellios, and F. Evans. 2009. Tasco alleviation of heat stress in dairy cows. Annual Meeting of American Society of Animal Science. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. July 12. Nebraska: Holl, J.W., G.A. Rohrer, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Genetic relationships among temperament score, weight, and backfat measurements in pigs [abstract]. Journal of Animal Science 86(ESuppl. 3):47. Abstract #31. Rempel, L.A., G.A. Rohrer, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2009. Prepubertal Scoring of Scale Activity in Gilts and Its Potential Relationship to Subsequent Fertility and Reproductive Performance in Landrace-Duroc-Yorkshire Cross Females [abstract]. In: Proceedings of VIII International Conference on Pig Reproduction, Banff Centre, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 31  Jun 4, 2009. (accepted 3/31/09) Ninaber, J.A., and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Heat and moisture production of growing-finishing barrows as affected by enviornmental temperature. Amer. Soc. of Agric. and Biol. Eng. Paper No. 084168. St. Joseph, MI:ASABE. Brown-Brandl, T.M., E.D. Berry, J.E. Wells, T.M. Arthur, and J.A. Nienaber. 2008. The impact of stress level on fecal bacteria and pathogen shedding in feedlot cattle.Amer. Soc. of Agric. and Biol. Eng. Paper No. 084178. St. Joseph, MI:ASABE. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.A. Nienaber. 2008. Development of a graphical web-based heat stress forecast for feedlot cattle. Amer. Soc. of Agric. and Biol. Eng. Paper No. 083887. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE. Brown-Brandl, T.M. and D. Jones. 2009. Using Experts to Validate an Animal Specific Heat Stress Model for Feedlot Cattle. In: Proceedings American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers, Reno, NV, June 21-24. ASABE Paper No. 097325. St. Joseph,MI:ASABE. Brown-Brandl, T.M., R. Eigenberg, and J. Nienaber. 2009. Water Spray Cooling During Handling of Feedlot Cattle. In: Proceedings of American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers, Reno, NV, June 21-24. ASABE Paper No. 096201. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, G.L. Hahn, and R.A. Eigenberg. 2008. Analysis of meteorological parameters of different extreme heat waves. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 849-855. Mader, T.L., L.J. Johnson, T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.B. Gaughan. 2008. Climate conditions in bedded confinement buildings. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 395-402. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.A. Nienaber. 2008. Effectiveness of different shade materials. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 805-812. Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T. Willard, J.E. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy and feedlot cows under stressful thermal environments. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 745-753. Li, Y.Z. 2009. Effect of maternal fear on pre-weaning mortality of piglets in a loose farrowing system. Abstracts of American Society of Animal Science Midwest Section, March 16-18, 2009. Des Moines. p. 1 Liang, B., A.M. Parkhurst, K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, and P.E. Hillman. 2009. Using time series to study dynamics of sweating rates of Holstein cows exposed to initial and prolonged solar heat stress. Conf. on Applied Agriculture Statistic, Kansas. Arias, R.A. and T.L. Mader. 2008. Effects of soil surface temperature on daily water intake in feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 86(E-Suppl. 2):595 Gaughan, J.B., M.L. Sullivan, J. Cawdell-Smith, and T.L. Mader. 2008. Effect of shade on panting score of feedlot cattle exposed to heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. 86(E-Suppl. 2):594 Godsey, C.M., M.K. Luebbe, G.E. Erickson, and T.J. Klopfenstein. 2008. Effect of the grains to solubles ratio in diets containing wet distillers grains fed to feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 86 (E-Suppl. 3):62 (Abstr.) Koknaroglu, H., Z. Otles, T. Mader, T. Purefjav, and P. Hoffman. 2008. How winter conditions affect feed intake of steers in different housing systems. J. Anim. Sci. 86(E-Suppl. 2):467. Li, X.M. Parkhurst, T.L. Mader. 2009. Comparing experimental designs for a bi-logistical model used to estimate heat stress when moving feedlot cattle, Paper presented at Proc. 21th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Liang. B., A.M. Parkhurst, K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, P.E. Hillman. 2009. Using time series to study dynamics of sweat rates of holstein cows exposed to initial and prolonged solar heat stress, Paper presented at Proc. 21th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Pathak, M, A.M. Parkhurst, R.A. Arias, T.L. Mader. 2009. Comparative Study of Time Series and Multiple Regression for Modeling Dependence of Cattle Body Temperature on Environmental Variables during Heat Stress, Paper presented at Proc. 21th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Zeng, Y, A.M. Parkhurst, and J. Pantoja. 2009. Using time series to study effect of air temperature and humidity on body temperature of cows in Puerto Rico, Paper presented at Proc. 21th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Snow, D.D., S. Bartelt-Hunt, B. Kranz, T. Mader, C. Shapiro, D. Shelton, T. Zhang, S. von Donk, D. Tarkalson, S. Ensley. 2008. STAR Grant Project Report "Effects of Cattle Manure Handling and Management on Fate and Transport of hormones in the Feedlot and the Filed". Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment: A U.S. EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Progress Review, November 16, 2008. Snow, D., S. Bartelt-Hunt, B. Kranz, T. Mader, C. Shapiro, D. Shelton, and T. Zhang. 2007. Effects of Cattle Manure Handling and Management Strategies on Fate and Transport of Hormones in the Feedlot and the Field (EPA RD833423). Proceedings of the Fate and Effects of Hormones in Waste From Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) Workshop. August 20-22, 2007, EPA Region V Conference Facility. Chicago, IL. Snow, D.D., S. Bartelt-Hunt, B. Kranz, T. Mader, C. Shapiro, D. Shelton, T. Zhang, S. von Donk, D. Tarkalson, S. Enseley. 2008. EPA CAFO Project "Effects of Cattle Manure Handling and Management on Fate and Transport of Hormones in the Feedlot and the Field" Heartland Regional Water Coordination Initiative. Heartland Animal Manure Management Workshop, October 1-2, 2008 Stoney Creek Inn, St. Joseph Missouri. New York and Hawaii: Bojanczyk, K.S., K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, and C.C. Chase, Jr. 2009. Physical and Optical Properties of Cattle Hair Coat . ASABE Paper NO. 097419, presented at the ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, NV. Li, S., K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, and R.J. Collier. 2009. Evaluation of Thermal Indices for Cattle. ASABE Paper No. 096003, presented at the ASABE International Annual Meeting, Reno, NV. Liang, B., A.M. Parkhurst, K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, and P.E. Hillman. 2009. Using time series to study dynamics of sweating rates of Holstein cows exposed to initial and prolonged solar heat stress. Conf. on Applied Agriculture Statistic, Kansas. South Dakota: Carroll, J., E. Berg, R. Vann, R. Randel, and T. Welsh, Jr. 2008. The connection between animal stress and meat production: Uncoupling of the GH/IGF-1 axis. In Proc. 61st Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Gainesville, FL. 61(E-Suppl.) http://www.meatscience.org/Pubs/rmcarchv/2008/index.html Accessed August 22, 2009. Newman, D.J., M.H. Ryan, C.C. Carr, and E.P. Berg. 2009. Effect of season, transport length, deck location, and lairage length on pork quality and blood cortisol concentration. In Proc. 62nd Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Rogers, AR. 62:(E-Suppl.) http://www.meatscience.org/Pubs/proceedings.htm. Magolski, J.R., E.P. Berg, V.L. Anderson, N.L. Hall, and K.R. Carlin. 2009. Differences in beef tenderness associated with working chute behavior are not related to postmortem proteolysis. In Proc. 62nd Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Rogers, AR. 62:(E-Suppl.) http://www.meatscience.org/Pubs/proceedings.htm. Hall, N.L., V.L. Anderson, B.R. Ilse, K.R. Carlin, J.C. Galbreath, and E.P. Berg. 2009. Work chute behavior of feedlot cattle can be an indication of cattle temperament and beef carcass composition and quality. In Proc. 62nd Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Rogers, AR. 62:(E-Suppl.) http://www.meatscience.org/Pubs/proceedings.htm. Hall, N.L., V.L. Anderson, K.R. Carlin, J.C. Galbreath, and E.P. Berg. 2009. Working chute behavior of feedlot cattle can be an indication of cattle temperament and beef carcass composition and quality. J. Anim. Sci. 87: (e-Suppl. 3). Texas: Garey, S.M., T.H. Friend, D.H. Sigler, L.R. Berghman, S.C. Turr, A.D. Hayes, D. Golden, and K. Johnson-Schroeder. 2009. The effects of loose groups vs. individual stalls during transport and group vs. stall housing on glucocorticosteroids and DHEA in naïve yearling horses. Equine Science Society Proceedings, J. Equine Vet. Sci. 29:413-414. Tutt, S.C., G. Holub, T.H. Friend, S.M. Garey. 2009. Effects of Protimax and Betaine feed supplements on activity in young dairy calves. J. Animal Science 87, Suppl 2, p.327. Virgin Islands: Godfrey, R.W., R.C. Ketring, S.S. Robinson and S.T. Willard. 2009. Use of infrared thermal imaging of the muzzle as a measure of body temperature in sheep and cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 87(E-Suppl. 2):550 Thesis/Dissertations Nebraska: Arias, R. 2008. Modeling the Effects of Environmental Factors on Finished Cattle, Ph.D. dissertation. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Pathak, M. 2009. Modeling Dynamics of Dependency of the Cattle Body Temperature on the Environmental Variables during Heat Stress: A Time Series Approach. M.S. thesis. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Experiment Station Publications Nebraska: Arias, R.A. and T.L. Mader. 2008. Modeling Daily Water Intake in Cattle Finished in Feedlots. Nebraska Beef Report MP91. Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, pp. 67-70. Mader, T.L, L.J. Johnson, and S.L. Colgan. 2008. Climate Conditions in Bedded Confinement Buildings. Nebraska Beef Report MP91. Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, pp. 64-66.