Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Jerry Volesky called the meeting to order at 12:50 p.m. on June 3 at the ARDC near Meade, NE. John Baker indicated that our project renewal was approved with minor revisions. Project approved for another 5 years with a project no. of NC-1181. Appreciation extended to Sandy Smart for leading the revision effort. A desire was expressed to expand the number of states participating on the project. Kansas State University provided the first state report. Joe Moyer summarized the summer annual forage study. Still no quality data as Iowa State originally agreed to complete the forage quality analyses. Lyle Lomas reported that co-products at 0.5% of diet most efficient and cattle had a better response on smooth brome than on bermudagrass. Keith Harmoney reported on study comparing summer grazing + feedlot vs direct placement in the feedlot. In 2007 it was more economical to go directly to feedlot. Grazing animals on rangeland was not beneficial as grain prices continued to increase while animals grazed. Results from a 7-year study comparing seasonlong (SLG) grazing vs IES 1.6X + 1: 234 vs 222 lb total gain SLS vs system; 1.53 vs 1.45 ADG on SLS vs system. Western wheatgrass, blue grama, and sideoats grams composition did not change. Buffalograss increased in both, but increased at a slightly greater rate in system. University of Nebraska Report(Schacht, Klopfenstein, Volesky, and Stalker): Project 1. 4-pasture deferred rotation vs 8 pasture SDG. Both stocked at 1.9 AUM/acre; little difference in composition except DR favored cool-season gramanoids. Deferment did not increase w-s grasses. No difference in livestock gains. Project 2. Energy value of distillers grain. In two experiments, the metabolizable protein requirements were met for the corn fed cattle so the response to WDGS was due to energy rather than protein. Project 3. Feeding WDGS on the ground. Supplemented cattle gained more and range condition was not affected. Project 4. Bagging WDGS with straw. Cattle fed WDGS ensiled with wheat straw gained more rapidly and more efficiently that those fed the same ratio of WDGS and straw mixed at feeding. Project 5. DDGS as alternative to N fertilization. Yearlings supplemented with 5 lb/d DDGS gained over 0.4 lb/day more that animals on fertilized or unfertilized smooth brome. The DDGS supplement either replaced grazed forage or the N which passed through the cattle increaed forage growth. Project 6. Forage replacement with WDGS and straw. Cow and calf gains increase with increasing rates of WDGS and it appears possible to replace grazed forage with a mixture of wheat straw and WDGS. The South Dakota Report was given by Sandy Smart. He reported on educational outreach efforts including presentations made at Co-Products conferences in 2008 and 2009 and dissemination of information at various extension meetings, workshops, and practicums. Discussion ensued on planning educational outreach efforts for the next project. Suggestions included: 1) tie in with Nebraska Grazing Conferences held in August earch year, 2) present data at Kansas Forage & Grassland Conferences, and 3) collaboration with veterinarians. The objectives for NC-1181 (new project): 1. Identify factors in the sub-humid and semi-arid regions of the central Great Plains that limit establishment, persistence, and production of interseeded legumes in grass pastures. 2. Compare forage and animal production of grass pastures in the sub-humid and semi-arid regions of the central Great Plains that are managed with different levels of nitrogen fertilization, legumes, and biofuel co-products. 3. Determine the influence of different mixtures of biofuel co-products and low quality forage (e.g. wheat straw) on nutrient availability, palatability, and utilization by beef cattle. 4. Determine optimum practices for storing and feeding different forms and mixtures of biofuel co-products. 5. Evaluate nutrient availability and cycling, botanical composition, and forage production and quality of range and pasture when feeding biofuel co-products to grazing cattle. 6. Determine the economic potential of using biofuel co-products as a supplement or forage replacement in cattle production systems with different resource or animal management systems. 7. Conduct multi-faceted education/extension program to disseminate research results, to include extension papers as well as regional conferences on the use of co-products in beef cattle production systems and on the practice of interseeding and managing legumes in grass pastures. Adjourned at 4:30 p.m. On June 4, 2009 the meeting reconvened on the University of Nebraska campus at 8:10 a.m. Attending were Volesky, Schacht, Baker, Stalker, Blasi, Harmoney, Lomas, Smart, Fick, Moyer, Massengale, and Klopfenstein. Broke into 2 groups to discuss objectives (legume and biofuels). Reconvened at 10:40 a.m. Those working on objectives related to legumes suggested using similar protocol as much as possible, e.g. what legumes, clipping, measuring frequency, etc. Group discussing biofuels indicated continuation of certain projects will accomplish objectives. John Baker thought we were on track discussing ways to collaborate, coordinate as a multi-state project. Suggested that new participants should be contacted and invited to participate in meeting next year. Smart will contact Peterson; Fick contact Updike. Further discussion about outreach plans. Good idea to tie in with existing conferences, e.g. Nebraska Grazing Conference held in Kearney. Another suggestion was to tie in with program conducted by Veterinarians at Clay Center. AVC (Academy of Vet. Consultants). Moved by Klopfenstein and seconded by Lomas to hold next annual meeting in conjunction with Nebraska Grazing Conference in August 2010 at Kearney, NE. (probably August 10-11). Approved. NC-1181 will meet August 11 and 12. It would be good idea to get an economist involved. Continue to recruit new members. Sandy Smart elected new secretary. Meeting adjourned at 11:10 a.m

Objective 1a - To develop strategies that better match nutrient requirements of grazing cattle to the quantity and nutritional value of the forage supply in the North Central Region by evaluating the adaptability, yield, and quality of summer annual forages across the NCR for use in complementary forage systems. Nine summer annual forages (sudangrass, pearl millet, corn, oats, soybean, berseem clover, Italian ryegrass, crabgrass, and typhon) were established across nine locations in Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska in 2005 with yields determined through 2007. No new activity took place on this objective in 2009, but evaluations were previously reported. Some quality data is still lacking. Forage yields varied across locations and years. At the Kansas Southeast Research Center vegetative harvests were greatest for sudangrass and millet, whereas at the reproductive stage corn produced the greatest yields. Dry weather in 2006 greatly impacted establishment of forage crops at both Hays and Manahattan, KS. Weather patterns and insect damage affected growth of forages at Lincoln, NE. Under irrigation at North Platte, NE all species increased yields substantially between vegetative and reproductive stages of growth. At Ames, IA good stands of all species except crabgrass were achieved in 2006. Corn, soybean, and oat were the three greatest yielding species. Objective 1b - To evaluate the forage quality potential of 24 monoculture perennial forages allowed to accumulate forage following a July harvest when stockpiled and utilized from September through March. At the Southeast Research Center in Kansas, tall fescue produced the greatest yields of stockpiled forage that was harvested from the winters of 2003-2004 and 2004-2005. However, forage durability, as indicated by January:December yield ratios, was similar for the cultivars harvested. No further activity took place on this objective. Objective 1c - To develop strategies that better match nutrient requirements of grazing cattle to the quantity and nutritional value of the forage supply in the North Central Region by ebvaluating the ability of the grain processing co-product, distillers grains, to substitute for forages in summer and winter grazing systems of growing cattle. Two experiments were conducted to determine the energy value of WDGS in high-forage diets using corn as the energy standard. In both experiments, the metabolizable protein requirements were met for the corn fed cattle so the response to WDGS was due to energy rather than protein. In Exp. 1, 160 calves were fed in 10 pens in a 67-day growing trial. WDGS was 25% of diet dry matter and corn plus supplement was 33.6% and the WDGS grained more rapidly and efficiently than corn-fed calves. Energy value of WDGS was calculated to be 130% that of corn. In Exp. 2, individually supplemented calves were fed similar diets but with WDGS fed at 15.25 or 35% while corn was 22.41 or 60%. Gains were more rapid and efficient for WDGS fed calves giving 142-149% energy values for WDGS. DGS was fed (5 lb DM/d) to 120 yearling steers grazing Sandhills range. A similar group of 120 yearlings was not supplemented (controls). The WDGS was fed daily on the ground. Range condition was not affected as area of feeding was moved daily. Supplemented cattle gained significantly more than controls. WDGS was ensiled with wheat straw (37.5%:62.5%) either with or without a microbial inoculum. The control was similar WDGS mixed with similar straw daily at feeding time. Sixty individually fed calves were pair-fed so as to have equal intakes. Calves fed the ensiled mixture gained more rapidly and more efficiently than those fed the same ratio of WDGS and straw mixed at feeding. DDGS (5 lb/d) was supplemented to yearlings grazing unfertilized smooth brome pastures. Performance was compared to similar yearlings grazing fertilized brome and to yearlings grazing unfertilized brome. Yearlings grazing unfertilized brome had 45% more area to graze than the ones on fertilized brome or those supplemented with DDGS. The supplemented cattle gained more than the other two treatments which did not differ. The DDGS supplement either replaced grazed forage or the N which passed through the cattle increased forage growth. Two-year old lactating cows were used in a rotational grazing system in the Sandhills. Cows were unsupplemented or supplemented with WDGS:straw mixes of 50, 60 and 70% straw. Cow and calf gains increased with increasing percentages of WDGS. Forage utilization decreased as straw level increased. It is possible to replace grazed forage with a mixture of wheat straw and WDGS. Two-experiments determined the effects of feeding wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) either on the ground or in a bunk to cattle grazing native Sandhills winter range. In Experiment 1 (Exp. 1), 120 multiparous March-calving cows (536 ± 53.5 kg BW) were stratified by age and assigned to one of four treatments: WDGS fed on the ground, either three or six d/wk; or WDGS fed in a bunk either three or six d/wk. In Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), 63 March-born steer calves (201.2 ± 27.5 kg BW) were stratified by weight and assigned to one of two feeding treatments: WDGS fed in a bunk or on the ground. Both experiments were conducted at the University of Nebraska Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory. Exp. 1 was conducted for 90 d from Dec 1, 2007 to Mar 1, 2008, while Exp. 2 ran for 60 d from mid-Oct to mid-Dec 2008. Cows in Exp. 1 were supplemented with the daily equivalent of 0.45 kg/cow (DMB) and supplement was delivered three or six d/wk. Steers in Exp. 2 were supplemented with the daily equivalent of 1.02 kg/steer (DMB) and supplement was delivered 5 d/wk. In Exp. 1, frequency had no effect on cow BW (P = 0.55) or BCS (P = 0.27). Body condition score of cows fed in a bunk increased, while that of cows fed on the ground did not change (0.4 vs. 0.0; P = 0.01). Cows fed in a bunk lost less BW than cows fed on the ground (9.1 vs. 29.0 kg; P = 0.07). In Exp. 2, steers fed in a bunk had higher ADG than steers fed on the ground (0.29 vs. 0.20; P = 0.04). A retrospective analysis using the NRC (1996) showed a 0.14 kg/d reduction in WDGS intake would have resulted in the 0.09 kg reduction in ADG. This is the equivalent of 13% waste. Frequency of delivery of WDGS did not affect animal performance. An advantage in animal performance to feeding WDGS in a bunk versus on the ground was seen in the current studies. Calf sale value would have to be less than $0.81/0.45 kg to justify not feeding in a bunk based on cost of feeding in a bunk being about $0.16/d. objective 1d - To develop strategies that better match nutrent requirements of grazing cattle to the quantity and nutrional value of the forage supply in the North Central Region by evaluating the economic and environmental potential of alternative forages and/or distillers grains in cow-calf production systems with different resource or animal management systems. Research is conducted on upland range at the University of Nebraska Barta Brothers Ranch in the northeastern Nebraska Sandhills near Ainsworth to determine the effect of grazing system on diet quality and animal performance. The study was initiated in 1999 with the establishment of 2 replications of an 8-pasture SDG systems and a 4-pasture deferred rotation system. Each system has been grazed annually by cow-calf pairs at 1.9 AUM/ha from 15 May to 15 October with two, 6 to 14 day occupations for SDG pastures and a single 30 to 45 day occupation for deferred rotation pastures. Standing crop was estimated by clipping in 240 grazing exclosures (1.2 m2) distributed through six pastures of each treatment. The exclosures were moved to a new location in May of each year and all standing vegetation was clipped to ground level in 0.25 m2 quadrants in mid-June and mid-August of each year. Weight gains of 20 spayed heifers grazing with each cow herd were recorded in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Herbage production varied (P<0.1) over the 10 years of the study, standing crop in mid August ranged from about 900 kg/ha to 2500 kg/ha in several years. The DR rotation pastures were about 9% more productive in June than the SDG pastures. There were no production differences in August. There were no differences between the two grazing systems in terms of warm-season grass production but DR rotation appeared to favor cool-season graminoids (perennial and annual cool-season grasses and sedges). Cool-season graminoids were susceptible to grazing in spring (May 15  June 15) in only 1 of every 4 years in DR. Weight gains of the spayed heifers during the growing season varied by year but did not differ (p>0.1) between grazing systems. Weight gains per ha ranged from 26.3 kg/ha 31.6 kg/ha. Relatively high herbage production, range condition, and animal performance appear to be sustainable in both grazing systems. Three grazing systems {native range (NR)}, western wheatgrass/native range (WW/NR), and tall wheatgrass/native range (TW/NR) were compared in Kansas for beef cow/calf production in 2008. It was hypothesized that sequential grazing of cool-season complementary forage then warm-season dominated rangeland would increase cow/calf production compared to grazing warm-season dominated rangeland alone. The NR treatment allows 10.6 acres/hd, while the WW/NR and TW/NR allows 8.2 acres/hd on native rangeland and 2.4 acres/hd on seeded complementary forage, equaling 10.6 acres/hd for all treatments. Cows were weighed, condition scored, and insonated for backfat, marbling, and muscle depth prior to grazing and at each transition from grazed forage sources. Cows on the WW treatment had greater April through July gain than the TW and NR treatments. However, calves on the NR only treatment had greater gains April through July than the TW and WW treatments. Gains were greater July through November for the NR treatment for both cows and calves when all animals were only grazing native range, and cows on the NR only treatment were one body condition score greater. Complementary cool-season grass had 2130 lb/acre and 2630 lb/acre standing dry matter for the WW and TW treatments, respectively, at the end of an 80 day grazing period. Native range only teatments had 2960 lb/acre and the rangeland component of the WW and TW treatments had 3110 lb/acre and 2870 lb/acre available at the time of cattle transition from cool-season to rangeland forage. Western wheatgrass composition in the rangelands was 47 and 50% at the July sampling in the WW and TW treatment rangeland component, and was 60% in the NR only treatment. Precipitation in 2008 was well above average. On Kansas shortgrass rangeland, intensive-early stocking (IES) using double stocking the first half of the grazing season was found to have no production advantage over continuous season-long (CS) stocking from May to October. It was hypothesized that by using IES at less than double the density, and then allowing some animals to remain on pasture season-long, that land use efficiency and gains per acre could be increased without limiting individual animal gain potential. A comparison was made for 7 years between CS stocking of steers May to October from 2002 to 2008 on shortgrass native rangeland at a rate of 3.5 acres/steer, and modidified IES at 2.0 acres/steer from May to July, then removing the heaviest animals and stocking at 3.5 acres/steer until October. Removal of heavy animals from the IES system occurred mid-July each year. Average daily gains (1.71 vs 1.54 lb/day) and total gains per animal (128 vs 115 lb) were different between the SLS and IES 1,6X +1 animals druing the first half of the grazing season. No difference was found between average daily gains (1.35 vs 1.37 lb/day) and total gains per animal (106 vs 107 lb) for the SLS and IES 1.6X +1 systems during the last half of the season. Total individual animal gain (234 vs 222 lb) and average daily gain (1.53 vs 1.45 lb/day) were not different between the two systems for animals on pasture the entire grazing season. Each year, total gain on a land area basis (86 vs 69 lb/acre) was greater for the IES system with greater animal densities. After initial costs of purchase and interest on grazing animals, returns per acre was greater in 3 of 7 years for the 1.6X + 1 system, equal the remaining 4 years, and averaged $11.74/acre greater across all years. Western wheatgrass, blue grama, and sideoats grama composition changes have not differed between the two systems. End-of-season standing dry matter has been similar. Buffalograss incresed in both grazing systems, but increased at a slightly greater rate (0.6% annually) in the 1.6X + 1 system than in the SLS system. The total season stocking rate with the modified 1.6X +1 system is about 20-25% greater than the CS stocking rate, and is likely at the maximum level expected to non reduce animal gains or vegetative productivity snce the 3X IES and 2X + 1 IES, with stocking rates 50% greater than the CS rates, have resulted in rapid declines in animal gain and vegetative productivity. It was hypothesized that total season animal production would initially increase from greater initial stocking, but that less desirable vegetation would eventually increase and pasture productivity would eventually decrease from annual use of the 1.6X +1 system because of the greater total season stocking rate. The latter expectation has not yet happened, and animal and vegetative responses between stocking treatments have remained consistent across year. objective 2a - To develop educational materials and programs to improve decision-making for grazing-based production systems by creating databases that can be used to expand the relevance of (i) 1996 Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle model to grazing conditions in the NCR and (ii) existing models/decision support tools for forage managment and utilization (e.g. KansasGrazer and Grazing Land Applications) to annual and perennial forages in the NCR. The KansasGrazer software by John Fritz has been made available on the web (http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/forage/ksgrazer.htm). Revisions and improvements to this program were made in 2007. The program uses grazing models developed from state-wide data to calculate monthly carrying capacity in terms of AUMs and compares to animal requirements. Monthly diet samples collected from the central Nebraska Sandhills were evaluated for crude protein and digestibility. These data can be used to update current NRC information regarding rangeland animal intake and forage quality on a production scale. The Grazing and Hay Records Spreadsheet template and companion publication was developed for producers to maintain and summarize pasture grazing records as well as records of hay fed to livestock. Based on input data for individual pastures, it calculates the planned and available animal unit months (AUM) of grazing, days of grazing, stocking rates in AUM and animal unit days (AUD) /acre, used and remaining AUM. In addition, report sheets are generated that summarize seasonal distribution of grazing for each pasture, stocking rates for each pasture and entire ranch, hay fed from both pasture and drylot situations, and pasture forage demand (AUM). The template and publication are available for download from the UNL Extension publications website (http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/sendIt/ec165.pdf). Objective 2b - To develop educational materials and programs to improve decision-making for graing-based beef production systems by conducting systems-based educational programs on integrated forage/cattle management systems for cattle producers. Information has been disseminated at various meetings including the 4-State Beef Conference (Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska), Range Beef Cow Symposium, and numerous workshops held in each state (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota) South Dakota State University released a Rangeland and Pasture Grazing Records booklet that provides producers with valuable information regarding carrying capacity of range and pasturelands throughout the state, animal unit equivalents, and stubble height or estimated utilization charts for desired 50% utilization of grazing lands. A record template was also included that helps producers document seasonal use of pastures and to score their pastures for plant vigor and health based on species, time of use, extent of use, and pasture precipitation. Objective 2c - To develop educational materials and programs to improve decision-making for grazing-based beef production systems by developing an educational program on the utilization of grain co-products. Mini-symposium at Midwest Animal Science meetings targeted at extension educators. The Ethanol Co-Products Storage and Utilization Conference was held in May 2008 at UNL. The conference featured presentation of compiled data from the states involved in the project. A summary analysis of grazing yearling response to distillers grains was published in the 2007 UNL Beef Cattle Report. Much of the research referred to in the report was associated with NC-1020. There was an emphasis on utilization of distillers grains at the 2008 Four-State Beef Conference (Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri) and the KOMA (Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas) Beef Conference. Much of the information presented was based on research associated with this project. A conference on Distillers Storage and Utilization in Pasture, Range, and Grazing Systems was held at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln ARDC, near Mead, NE on June 2-3, 2009. Many of the presenters were members of NC-1020 and information provided was based on research conducted under this project.

Bartosh, A.J. 2008. Effect of supplemental fat from dried distillers grains with solubles or corn oil on cow performance, nutrient digestibility, and plasma concentrations of long chain fatty acids, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, and non-esterified fatty acids. M.S. Thesis. South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD. Folmer, J. D., W. A. Griffin, C. N. Macken, M. P. Blackford, T. J. Klopfenstein, and G. E. Erickson. 2008. Effect of intensive winter management, partial season grazing, and sorting on performance and economics of a long yearling steer production system. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24:411-419. Kalscheur, K., A. Garcia, K. Rosentrater, and C. Wright. 2008. Ethanol co-products for ruminant livestock diets. FS974. South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service. Loy, T. W., T. J. Klopfenstein, G. E. Erickson, C. N. Macken, and J. C. MacDonald. 2008. Effect of supplemental energy source and frequency on growing calf performance. J. Anim. Sci. published on line August 15, 2008 as dois: 10.2527/,as.2008-0920. Milby, J. 2008. Botanical composition response to topographical position in the Nebraska Sandhills. Abstract, Society for Range Management, Albuquerque, NM. Rosentrater, K.A., K.L. Kalscheur, A. Garcia and C. Wright. 2008. The South Dakota fuel ethanol industry. FS945. South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service. Schacht, W.H., J.D. Volesky, and P.R. Schroeder. 2008. Timing of grazing affects sandhills grassland productivity and diet quality (p. 76). In: Organizing Committee of 2008 IGC/IRC Conference (eds.), Multifunctional grasslands in a changing world, Volume II. Proceedings of the XXI International Grassland Congress and VIII International Rangeland Congress, June/July 2008, Hohhot, China. Guangdong Peoples Publishing House, Guangzhou, China. Schacht, W.H. and P.E. Reece. 2008. Impact of livestock grazing on extensively-managed grazing lands. In: R. McDowell (ed.), Impacts of pastoral grazing on the environment. CAB International. Stalker, L. A., D. C. Adams, and T. J. Klopfenstein. 2008. Influence of distillers dried grains supplementation frequency on forage digestibility and growth performance of beef cattle. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24: Adams, Daniel R., Matt K. Luebbe, William A. Griffin, Terry J. Klopfenstein, and Galen E. Erickson. 2009. Effects of sorting cattle by weight and time of year on finishing performance, carcass characteristics and economics. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. MP92:43-46. Greenquist, Matthew A., Terry J. Klopfenstein, Walter H. Schacht, Galen E. Erickson, Kyle J. Vander Pol, Matthew K. Luebbe, Kelly R. Brink, Andrea K. Schwarz, and Leonard B. Baleseng. 2009. Replacing fertilizer nitrogen with dried distillers grains supplement to yearling steers grazing bromegrass pastures: Daily gain and nitrogen use efficiency. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. MP92:22-24. Greenquist, Matthew A., Terry J. Klopfenstein, Walter H. Schacht, and Galen E. Erickson. 2009. Replacing fertilizer nitrogen with dried distillers grains supplement to yearling steers grazing bromegrass pastures: Economics and modeling. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. MP92: 25-27. Griffin, William A., Virgil R. Bremer, Terry J. Klopfenstein, L. Aaron Stalker, Lyle W. Lomas, Joe L. Moyer, and Galen E. Erickson. 2009. Summary of grazing trials using dried distillers grains supplementation. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. MP92:37-39. Harmoney, K.R., and J.R. Jaeger. 2009 Beef production and vegetation trends from modified intensive-early stocking. Kansas State University Ag Experiment Station. Report of Progress 1016. p. 36-42. Harmoney, K.R., and J.R. Jaeger. 2009. Comparison of stocker calf replacement on native rangeland vs direct feedlot finishing. 62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting. Paper 65-4. Lomas, L.W., and J.L. Moyer. 2009. Supplementation of grazing stocker cattle with distillers grains. Kansas State University Ag Experiment Station Report of Progress 1013. p. 1-8. Meyer, T. L., Don C. Adams, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Jerry D. Volesky, L. Aaron Stalker, and Rick N. Funston. 2009. Estimating livestock forage demand: Defining the animal unit. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. MP92:13-14. Nuttelman, Brandon L., Matthew K. Luebbe, Josh R. Benton, Terry J. Klopfenstein, L. Aaron Stalker, and Galen E. Erickson. 2009. Energy value of wet distillers grains in high forage diets. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. MP92:28-29. Smart, A. 2009. Mixing roughages with wet corn distillers grains. Midwest Forage Focus. April Issue, p. 8. Wilken, Mallorie F., Matthew K. Luebbe, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, and Josh R. Benton. 2009. Feeding corn distillers solubles or wet distillers grains plus solubles and cornstalks to growing calves. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. MP92:30-32.