Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Administrative Advisor R. Lacewell indicated that S1015 had received a 1-year extension to September 31, 2009, in order to develop a new project, and that during 2009 a final cumulative report would need to be prepared. he also pointed out that a writing committee needed to be formed, and that its members should be reported to the CSRS staff. R. Lacewell stressed the need for the proposed research to be integrated among the participating states. The meeting then moved on to research findings and reports. The Florida report was given by graduate students J. Stanley and J. Orajay. J. Stanley reported on the biological comparison of four Florida isolates of Meloidogyne floridensis. Discussion centered on the likelihood of this nematode eventually being distributed in peach orchards everywhere. J. Orajay discussed the dynamics of Pasteuria penetrans and Meloidogyne arenaria in the field following fumigation, and characterized Pasteuria isolates infecting Mesocriconema xenoplax. S. Koenning (NC) described the screening process for soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance; more than 2,000 lines are screened each year. P. Timper (USDA-GA) discussed her research on biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita with DAPG-producing pseudomonad bacteria, which can be applied as a seed treatment. Also, microwaving destroyed the ability of a naturally suppressive soil to suppress M. arenaria. She also discussed the possibility that fungicides used to control peanut diseases could reduce biological suppression of M. arenaria, and it was pointed out that use of Abound seemed to cause an increase in eggs/ root, perhaps because fungal antagonists were reduced. E. McGawley (LA) reviewed the uses of AgriTerra on turf, especially golf courses, presented data on strawberry nematode management with methyl bromide vs. AgriTerra, and gave an overview of his research program on nematodes attacking vegetables. E. Bernard (TN) discussed the histopathology of M. incognita on epazote roots. Vascular tissue appeared to fragment or otherwise develop abnormally in the presence of the nematode, so that many vessels in the galls consisted of single, unconnected cells or clumps of cells not connected to functioning xylem. W. Crow, turfgrass nematologist at U. Florida, then was invited to give an overview of his research program on sting nematode management. He discussed Pasteuria usgae, a parasite of sting nematode, and promising results in greenhouse tests of Divergence DX10808 and DL-methionine for controlling sting nematode. Also, he pointed out that impatiens is very susceptible to root-knot nematodes and so is a good alternative to tomato. Continuing with state reports, J. Eisenback (VA) indicated the presence of numerous undescribed Meloidogyne spp. on turf in Virginia, also the presence of Anguina agrostis. In addition, he described the extensive surveys of nematodes on soybean and corn being conducted in Virginia. The meeting adjourned at 11:55 am for lunch, and reconvened at 1:00 pm. The remaining state reports were deferred in order to discuss the new project. J. Starr indicated the three objectives to be pursued and members volunteered to serve on the writing committee as follows: Objective Writing Committee Member(s) 1. Integrate resistant cultivars with other nematode management tactics to reduce selection pressure on nematode populations and communities. D. Dickson (coordinator) J. Starr 2. Identify and incorporate new sources of resistance into elite cultivars (multiple sources of resistance will reduce selection pressure on nematode populations). P. Timper (coordinator) J. Starr 3. Facilitate and improve identification of nematode species and races (identification of the species and races of nematode is critical for effective deployment of host resistance). P. Agudelo (coordinator) J. Eisenback R. Robbins The following crops were identified as priorities for the new project: soybean, turf, cotton, and peanut. J. Starr iterated the need to have a complete draft by May 1, 2009, and brought up the perennial question, which must be answered in the proposal, of how to show true collaboration among the participating scientists. Another item discussed was the need to access the objectives of the other nematode multistate projects, and to determine whether joining with the Western or Northeastern projects would be a positive step. J. Starr will provide the objectives of the Western Committee, and D. Dickson will provide the objectives of NE1019. J. Starr indicated it was his turn to host the next meeting and invited the committee to come to Texas in 2009. (Several members voiced the continuing problem of not receiving resources from their administrations for pursuit of multistate project objectives, and that in a time of strong fiscal constraint travel as well as research has become much more expensive to carry out.) State reports then resumed. R. Robbins (AR) described the extensive soybean screening program in Arkansas. K. Lawrence (AL) discussed the population dynamics and effects of long host rotations on Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton. She also outlined the use of fatty acid analysis to identify and quantify nematodes in soil, and indicated the method separates root-knot, cyst, and reniform nematodes. G. Lawrence (MS) followed with a report on screening of 199 soybean cultivars and lines , and reviewed the use of hyperspectral imagery to detect and quantify R. reniformis densities for precision application of nematicides. J. Starr (TX) described the state of resistance in cotton to nematodes, indicating that combining resistance to M. incognita and R. reniformis in cotton has proven extraordinarily difficult. He also pointed out the growing prominence of root-knot nematodes that parasitize grasses, especially the mistake in assuming that infestations are always M. marylandi. The meeting adjourned for the day at 4:50 pm and reconvened the next day at 8:30 am to further discuss the new project. J. Starr informally chaired this discussion. he pointed out that each participant needed to write up what he/she wants to do under each objective and send it to the objective coordinator. The following elaborations on the objectives, and possible participants, were outlined: For Objective 1: loss of methyl bromide will force more work on resistance in vegetables, especially for expanding nematode species, e.g. M. floridensis. This objective also can include other options such as biocontrol, tillages, rotations, and grafting of susceptible tops onto resistant rootstocks. Possible participants are W. Crow, R. Davis, D. Dickson, G. Lawrence, K. Lawrence, J. Thies, and J. Starr. For Objective 2: New resistance sources can be an emphasis, such as peanut, soybean, and turf. Among the possible participants are W. Crow, D. Dickson, S. Koenning, and P. Timper. For Objective 3: The dynamics of nematode distributions and new or emerging species need to be addressed. Cyst race compositions need to be evaluated anew. Changes in distributions and composition of root-knot infestations need analysis. Some possible participants: P. Agudelo, D. Dickson, J. Eisenback, R. Robbins. J. Starr reiterated the need for speed and asked that plans for each objective, and the crops to be targeted, be sent to him by the end of January. R. Lacewell indicated that information on the new project should be sent to all possible participants in order to cast the widest possible net. A hurriedly prepared but absolutely sincere resolution was prepared, thanking Don Dickson and his students arranging an outstanding meeting at a beautiful venue. There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned at 11:00 am.

OBJECTIVE 1. Identification, characterization and introgression of genes for resistance and tolerance to nematodes in cotton, peanut, soybean, and major fruit and vegetable crops. Alabama. We are currently evaluating 1200 BC1F1 for resistance to the reniform nematode in cotton. Lines are being evaluated in the greenhouse in groups of 45 replicated four times and compared to the parents, FM 966, PM 1218 and LonRen. Currently 675 lines have been evaluated for reniform number per conetainer and per gram of root with reniform numbers being similar in each. No differences in line susceptibility or vigor have been differentiated by including per gram of root parameter. Forty-four of the progeny are supporting fewer than 1500 R. reniformis per 150 cc of soil. Mississippi. One hundred ninety nine soubean varieties were screened for resistance to the root-knot nematode. Thirty-seven varieties were found to be resistant. Eighty-four varieties were considered moderately susceptible. Twenty-two varieties were susceptible and twenty-three varieties were considered highly susceptible. North Carolina. Functional analyses on the effects of secreted nematode parasitism gene products on soybean plant cells have included experiments designed to express each gene in plant tissues and to knockout these genes in the nematode to assess effects on infection. Two cyst nematode parasitism proteins have been confirmed to interact with host plant proteins involved in plant defense response against pathogens, suggesting that the nematodes suppress plant defenses when they infect host roots. Arabidopsis plants transformed to produce RNA interference (RNAi) against the two parasitism genes that encode these proteins greatly reduced infection rates by cyst nematodes. The RNAi constructs for these two cyst nematode parasitism genes have been transformed into soybean plants by the collaborating university-based Soybean Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Center. Homozygous RNAi soybean plants are being developed from the original transformants to test for potential novel resistance to SCN. Eighteen lines with resistance derived from PI437564 were evaluated for yield and resistance to SCN race 2 in a field trial. Resistance to races 1, 3, 9 and 14 were ineffective against SCN and lines with race 2 resistance had much greater yields. Twelve thousand lines were screened for race 2 resistance and will be advance in 2009. Seed of 15 advance lines with improved nematode resistance with potential for release as cultivars were sent to Arkansas for evaluation of resistance to cyst and reniform nematodes. These lines were also sent for screening by USDA, Jackson, TN. The line N02-7084, a maturity group VII soybean, with resistance similar to Jake, Fowler, and Anand will be released in 2009. A cotton rotation trial with corn, root-knot nematode resistant soybean, and susceptible soybean was established in 2002 and completed in 2007. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton in 2004 - 2006. Cotton cultivar ST 5599BR yielded more than FM989BR when cotton was grown continuously, but final root-knot nematode population densities on the two cultivars did not differ suggesting that ST5599BR may have some tolerance. Tolerance to reniform nematode was evaluated for 34 cotton varieties. The study was a strip-plot design treated or nontreated with Telone II applied at 4.5 gpa. This is the final year of the 3 year study. Results are not available at this time. Tolerance to root-knot nematode was evaluated for eight cotton varieties. The study was a split-plot design treated or untreated with Telone II at 4.5 gpa. None of the cultivars evaluated had tolerance to this nematode. Average yield loss was about 200 lbs/acre. South Carolina. Ten experimental soybean lines that had been found to have the same or a higher level of resistance as Forrest (the resistant standard) were re-evaluated for resistance to SC population of reniform nematode. We wanted to confirm that the response of these soybean lines to different geographic populations was similar. Two other resistant cultivars (Motte and Santee) were also included in the evaluation. The SC population of reniform nematode had higher reproduction on the positive control (Braxton) and lower reproduction on the negative control (Forrest) than the population from Arkansas. The level of resistance observed in nine of the experimental lines was comparable to the resistance found in Motte and Santee, but lower than the resistance observed in Forrest. Only one line was equal to Forrest. The effect of the population was significant. Soybean plants were selected from an F2 population resulting from the hybridization of PI594651-L2, resistant to Meloidogyne arenaria, with the adapted S.C. cv. Dillon. The objective is to develop germplasm and/or cultivars with an improved level of M. arenaria resistance, high seed yield, and acceptable agronomic traits. Progeny were screened for resistance to M. arenaria in the greenhouse and 33 F2 lines were identified as resistant. In collaboration with soybean breeders from the University of Illinois, we were interested in determining whether the Rag2 gene identified in soybean PI200538 to confer resistance to the soybean aphid is allelic with one of the genes identified to give Ma race 2 resistance. Rag2 maps within the genomic region of at least one of the Ma genes on soybean linkage group F. We wanted to determine if Rag2 was analogous with the Mi gene in tomato that gives resistance to RKN, potato aphid, and white flies. We evaluated plants that had recombination events between Rag2 and flanking simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. If the aphid and Ma resistance genes were allelic, most of the aphid resistant plants should have also been Ma resistant. Our results indicated that aphid and Ma resistance were independent from each other. Tennessee. Host parasite relationships of Meloidogyne incognita on Chenopodium epazote were studied. Epazote is used traditionally in Mexico as a food preservative in the absence of refrigeration; as a food additive and in laboratory studies it demonstrates fungistatic, fungicidal, and bacteriocidal properties. Galls typically were small (<2 mm diameter) and without adventitious root branching. Development of females and egg production were variable but never as robust as on a good host. Giant cells were poorly developed and sometimes appeared to be in the cortex. Vessel deformation and fragmentation were common in vascular tissue. Many galls developed a woody texture due to proliferation of either poorly formed vessels or endodermis-like fibers. Texas. Development of a cotton breeding line with resistance to both M. incognita and R. reniformis has been completed. This material will be released in 2009. Additionally, analysis of inheritance of resistance M. incognita in five primitive G. hirsutum accessions is nearly complete. The resistance in these accessions appears to be unique from the resistance present in other known sources of resistance and will increase the durability of the resistant phenotype. USDA ARS MidSouth Area, Tennessee. Commercial soybean cultivars and soybean germplasm from the USDA Southern Uniform Trials are screened in the greenhouse to determine which lines have resistance to HG Type indicators 1, 2, 3, 5 & 7. The results for commercial cultivars are published out of University of Tennessee. Results for the USDA Southern Uniform Trials are available from the Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Stoneville, MS. Lines from the SCN Northern Trials are tested at our location in the field (HG Type 1.3.5.7). Data are available from Crop Science Dept., University of IL. OBJECTIVE 2. Development of marker assisted selection systems for more efficient introgression of multiple resistance genes into agronomically superior crop genotypes. Texas. A project has been initiated to map loci for resistance to R. reniformis in progeny from a cross between the susceptible G. hirsutum M315 and the resistant G. barbadense Tx110. Two date ca 150 F2 progeny have been phenotyped and DNA extracted for mapping purposes. USDA Tifton, GA. We collaborated previously with Dr. Peng Chee to identify DNA markers for a major QTL (on chromosome 11) for root-knot nematode resistance in cotton. We are finishing a project to finely map the region with the major QTL to identify more tightly-linked flanking markers that can distinguish resistant and susceptible genotypes with greater accuracy. OBJECTIVE 3. Deployment of resistance and tolerance to nematodes in sustainable cropping systems. Alabama. A series of crop rotations including cotton, soybean, corn and peanut with and without nematicides applied to cotton following a nonhost crop rotation were conducted. Cotton rotations with corn and peanuts for one season increased cotton yields the following year. These crops reduced R. reniformis by an average of 65% in one year. However, fall reniform nematode populations returned to damaging levels after one season back in cotton. The type of nonhost or the number of successive years from 1 to 3 the nonhost crop was grown between cotton crops did not affect the reniform nematodes ability to rapidly rebound to damaging levels. With adequate rainfall, Telone was as effective as a 1 year rotation with corn in increasing cotton yield. Non-controlled weed species in corn field plots treated with only a pre-emergence herbicide application increased R. reniformis populations compared to the weed-free treatments. The presence of non-controlled weeds in the cotton-corn rotation system may support a persistent R. reniformis population during rotations with a non-host crop. The conservation tillage plots with non-inversion in-row subsoiling underneath the row (strip tillage) to maximize belowground disruption, supported higher M. incognita populations that conventional tillage plots that consisted of chisel plowing, disking, and in-row sub soiling. Both tillage regimes were planted with a rye cover crop that had been rolled and crimped to maintaining maximum residue cover on the soil surface. Populations of M. incognita averaged 71% higher (range of 98 to 45%) in the conservation tillage regime. Yields however, were cultivar dependent. The cultivars, ST 5599 and the experimental STM, supported the lowest numbers of root-knot nematodes and produced larger yields; however correlations between root-knot nematode numbers and yield were not significant (P < 0.01). FAME fatty acid analysis was used to determine if Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Heterodera glycines could be differentiated from one another. Forty-five different fatty acids were observed from among the three nematode genera. Of these 45, 11 were found to be significant to distinguishing among R. reniformis, M. incognita, and H. glycines. Five of these fatty acids  20:4 É6,9,12,15c, 18:1 É5c, 18:2 É6,9c, 15:1 anteiso A, and 12:0 2OH  are significant (P < 0.0001) to separate H. glycines from R. reniformis (D2 = 26.07) and M. incognita (D2 = 31.56). These fatty acids are present in greater concentrations in H. glycines than either R. reniformis or M. incognita. The fatty acid 15:1 anteiso A is only expressed in the observed H. glycines samples. The remaining six fatty acids  18:0 3OH, 15:0 iso, 16:1 É5c, 18:1 É9c, 14:0, and 17:0 iso  significantly differentiate (P < 0.0001) R. reniformis from M. incognita (D2 = 3.78). All six of these fatty acids are observed in a much greater concentration in R. reniformis than M. incognita, such as 16:1 É5c, whose relative mean concentration is 147 times greater in R. reniformis. These results indicate that R. reniformis, M. incognita, and H. glycines can be demarcated by FAME analysis. Reniform nematode from aged greenhouse cotton plants and three cotton fields (Escambia, Limestone, and Baldwin counties) were extracted and observed under the stereoscope. Nematodes and eggs with dark coloration and constricting rings were cultured on 1.5% of water agar supplemented with 12.5 mg of chlortetracycline HCl and 300 mg of streptomycin sulfate per liter. Arthrobotrys dactyloides, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Fusarium oxysporum and Dactylaria brachophaga were identified colonizing the nematodes. A high percentage (17.5%) of colonized nematodes did not produce a fungal culture on the media. Arthrobotrys dactyloides, P. lilacinus, F. oxysporum, and D. brachophaga have been previously reported as nematophagous fungi in other nematode species. The vertical, horizontal and temporal movements of Rotylenchulus reniformis was evaluated in a field study under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Selected rows in each field were inoculated with vermiform females and juveniles of R. reniformis at planting. Vertical movement of both R. reniformis males and vermiform females and juveniles was observed to the maximum sampling depth of 91cm in irrigated and non-irrigated test plots in one season. Horizontal movement of R. reniformis vermiform life stage did not differ between tests, both dimensional movements of approximately 75cm from the inoculated row. Movement of R. reniformis males was affected by irrigation, with males in the irrigated test being observed to have moved >150cm from the inoculated row at 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP). Males in the non-irrigated test had moved only approximately 25 cm from the inoculated row at 60 DAP, increasing to ca. 125 cm at 90 DAP. These results illustrate how quickly R. reniformis can spread upon introduction in a cotton system. Arkansas. In 2008 162 varieties were tested for reniform nematode reproduction, of these AGVENTURE 53D3NRR and MPG 5308nRR were not different than Hartwig and would be useful to reduce reniforn numbers. Of 84 public soybean breeding lines tested 33 could be useful in breeding for reniform resistance. During 2008 290 soybean varieties tested by the Arkansas soybean variety testing program were tested for root-knot nematode (M. incognita) and races 2 & 5 of the SCN resistance. The screening results can be obtained at: www.arkansasvarietytesting.org Florida. A root-knot nematode resistant tomato cv. Crista was compared to a root-knot nematode susceptible cv. Talladega during the spring cropping seasons in 2007-08. Each cultivar was grown in drip irrigated raised beds treated with methyl bromide, 1,3-D, 1,3-D + chloropicrin 35%, or nontreated. The beds were covered with either virtually impermeable film (VIF) or metallic aluminized reflective film. The experimental design was a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial randomized complete block. When data for mulch type and cultivars were averaged over both fumigant types there was an increase in total marketable yields over the nontreated control (P = 0.05). In spring 2007 Mbr and C35 increased yields 41% and 35%, respectively, over the nontreated control, whereas in spring 2008 Mbr, 1,3-D, and C35 increased yields 35, 39 and 35% over the untreated control, respectively. All these increases were significant (P = 0.05). Less than 5.0% root-knot nematode galling was observed on Talladega in plots treated with fumigants, whereas the galling index on the nontreated plants averaged 34% and 29% on Talladega in 2007 and 2008, respectively (scale based on a 0 =no galls, 1 = 10% of root system galled....to 10 = 100% of root system galled). A lower marketable yield was recorded from plant grown in plots covered with the VIF as compared with the metallic mulch in 2007 (P = 0.05). This was most likely caused by some phytotoxicity of C35 on the two cultivars when grown under the VIF. There was no difference in marketable yield between Talladega and Crista in 2007, however in 2008 there was a 14% increase with Crista over Talladega (P # 0.05). No galling was observed on Crista in the nontreated plots during either year. Louisiana. Evaluations were made of variation in southern populations of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Populations of this nematode from LA, TX, GA, HI, Puerto Rico and Australia were compared in laboratory studies to determine rate of egg hatch and infectivity of juveniles. Knowledge of variation in aggressiveness and reproductive potential among populations of this nematode is imperative for the development of durable, resistant germplasm.  Mississippi. A means to estimate population numbers of specific nematodes species associated with nematode infected plants through the use of remote sensing is being developed. A low volume environmentally safe pesticide application system is being developed and tested that would be compatible with application equipment that our agricultural produces currently posses. North Carolina. An evaluation of soybeans blends of SCN resistant and susceptible cultivars was initiated in 2004 and continued in 2008. Delsoy 5710 was highly resistant to race 5 present at the Caswell research station, and Fowler and Anand were also resistant to this population. Resistant varieties did not yield more than susceptible varieties in 2008, but the highest yield was for a blend of Delsoy 5710 and Holladay in 2008, although a blend of Fowler and Holiday yielded highest in previous years. Lowest numbers of SCN were on resistant varieties but blends with a high proportion of either Delsoy 5710 or Fowler had lower SCN numbers than expected. There is a trend toward increasing SCN reproduction on Anand and Delsoy 5710, but not on Fowler. Experiments to evaluate the potential of cover crops for managing nematodes in cotton and soybean were initiated in 2008. South Carolina. A project was begun to use amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) to assess the host-induced selection on populations of reniform nematode. Our first experiment measures the effect of rotation of cotton with corn and resistant soybean. No population structure studies have been published for this nematode, so we want to show the selection pressure that occurs during these rotations. Our second experiment includes six soybean varieties representing a range of susceptibility to R. reniformis. We report AFLP markers correlated to the genetic variation within populations under the different selection pressures of the host. The results provide insight into the durability of host plant resistance and the development of resistance-breaking populations. This project also has the potential of identifying soybean genotypes that could be useful for a standardized test to identify reniform nematode variants. Texas. Efforts to develop a multiple disease resistance peanut (including resistance to M. arenaria and M. javanica) in germplasm that also contains the high Oleic to Linoleic fatty acid ratio is nearly complete. Some breeding lines have completed 3 years of yield testing with release of an new cultivar expected in 2010. USDA Illinois. Durability of resistance to Heterodera glycines is dependent on pathogenic variability of field populations. Little is known concerning variability within genes of H. glycines. We investigated the within individual component of the variability of the ITSrRNA gene cluster among H. glycines populations from Brazil, China, Japan, and the United States. This study was necessary due to the fact that the ITSrRNA gene cluster consists of several tandem repeats. This intragenomic variation could confound the estimates of the genetic diversity within and among populations, and consequently the estimate of the divergence among those populations. Progress: To determine the intragenomic variation of the ITSrRNA gene cluster, 24 SCN populations from Brazil (5), China (7), Japan (5), and the U.S. (7) were studied. The ITSrRNA gene fragment was PCRamplified from genomic DNA extracted from each of 10 individual virgin females of each population and, after the PCR product was cloned, a minimum of five clones were selected from each female and subjected to PCRRFLP with six different restriction enzymes. Data is complete for 20 of the 24 populations. USDA Tifton, GA. Biological control could be integrated with host-plant resistance to increase nematode control and the durability of resistance genes. We tested a DAPG-producing strain of Pseudomonas sp. (Wood 1R) for biological control of the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on corn, cotton, and soybean growing in sterilized soil. The bacterium suppressed nematode populations on all crops, but it was most effective on corn (40% suppression). When we tested Wood 1R in natural soil, it was not able to suppress populations of M. incognita on corn. We are also studying how the intensive use of fungicides in peanut production affects natural control of M. arenaria by indigenous fungi. Of the four fungicides tested, only azoxystrobin increased nematode populations in a nematode suppressive soil. In a follow-up experiment, we found that azoxystrobin increased nematode populations in both steamed and natural soil indicating that the fungicide was not adversely affecting fungal antagonists of M. arenaria in the suppressive soil. When genes conferring resistance are introgressed into a crop, DNA near the desirable gene may also be incorporated. If accidental incorporation of deleterious DNA reduces yield, it is called yield drag. Suspected yield drag may be due to incorporating the desired gene into a genotype that has lower yield potential, so true yield drag is best documented by comparing near isogenic lines with and without the DNA containing the desired gene. We have begun a study to determine if yield drag occurs in cotton when high levels of root-knot nematode resistance are incorporated. We have created near-isogenic lines with and without nematode resistance, and we have seed of resistant germplasm lines and the recurrent parents used to create them. Field tests will begin in 2009.

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