Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Meeting opened by Chair: Hiro Nonogaki Oregon State University. Introduced Andy LaVigne: President and CEO of the American Seed Trade Association. Hiro Nonogaki asked for approval of the 2007 W-1168 Annual Meeting Minutes Kent Bradford: moved and Miller McDonald seconded. Minutes passed unanimously. Bradford and Welbaum will be on the committee for determining executive officers. The site selection committee will be Alan Taylor and Bob Geneve. Call for proposals of discussions for further meetings like the translational seed biology meeting. Discussions: Florida agriculture, ASTA, seed research, graduate education, collaborations (industry/government/universities and physiologists/breeders/geneticists), regional seed production industries, specialty groups, general education, distance learning, grants (World Bank, Gates, National Needs USDA, NSF), seed biology recognition, seed health & performance, seed health & conservation, germplasm, crops, identity & visibility, research focus, plant breeding. State reports (CA, MI, FL, OH, NY, TX, KY, SD, VA, OR). Detailed narratives for outputs and outcomes/impacts.

Detailed paragraphs are included in the minutes attachment. A series of genetic experiments reached the conclusion that the rice qSD12 QTL controls seed dormancy through the embryo or endosperm tissues. Four wheat populations of about 700 double haploid or recombinant inbred lines were evaluated for seed dormancy and resistance to pre-harvest sprouting. Two QTL for germination heat sensitivity were mapped on the short arm of chromosome 3A (QGhs.osu-3A) and the long arm of chromosome 4A (QGhs.osu-4A) in Intrada x Cimarron RIL population of winter wheat. These two QTL were also mapped in Jagger x 2174 RIL population of winter wheat in similar genomic regions. The maize RILs (IBM 302) exhibit poor field emergence. Laboratory studies were conducted to find QTLs associated with seed vigor. The outputs from these studies are QTL maps from germination under low temperatures. Analyses of QTLs across a range of biologically important germination temperatures will be conducted (IA). Soybean seed with low raffinose, stachyose, and phytin are desired for feeding non-ruminant animals, but may have reduced agronomic quality. Research results provided information on the composition of low-raffinose, low-stachyose soybean seeds with normal phytin composition. Previously a major quantitative trait loci (QTL) termed Htg6.1 was identified that confers the ability for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds to germinate at high temperatures (up to 37°C) in an accession of L. serriola (UC96US23) in a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross with L. sativa cv. Salinas. Multiple near-isogenic lines (NILs) were developed in the Salinas background carrying an introgression containing the QTL locus. Multiple NIL families were utilized to demonstrate that this genomic region conferred increased upper temperature limits for germination. Additional fine mapping of the QTL locus using single feature polymorphism (SFP) markers developed using a lettuce microarray identified a gene encoding an enzyme in the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic pathway (LsNCED4) that localized to the center of the QTL interval. Expression analyses were conducted on over 80 genes in the abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), ethylene and light regulation pathways in relation to thermoinhibition in different genotypes. Gene expression studies have clarified some of the regulatory interactions among ABA, GA and ethylene in regulating seed responses to light and temperature (CA). Modifying the maternal plant environment has significant effects on lettuce seed quality. By controlling specific environmental conditions during seed production of the commercial lettuce cultivar Tango it was possible to modify seed size, germinability, thermoinhibition, photodormancy and storability. In these studies, one of the first questions to be addressed is if the effects of light quality on storability are observed in other lettuce genotypes and, more importantly, in other species. Additionally, finding a significant correlation between light spectrum quality of the maternal environment and storability in a wide range of species would be important for understanding the seed bank dynamics of native and weed plants. Basically, it would mean that seeds produced under a canopy shadow (i.e. lower R:FR ratio) have higher storability and are better prepared to remain viable for longer periods of time (OH). Early events in sugar beet germination were investigated using quantitative PCR. One hundred ninety two gene products were tested for expression at 0, 24, 72, and 96 hours post-imbibition. Differentially expressed genes generally showed expected patterns of expression, however results are preliminary (MI). Seed germination as well as longevity in dry storage are attributes affected by the testa (seed coat). The brownseed1 (bs1) gene in tomato is unknown. Recombinants between Solanum esculentum and S. pimpinellifolium were subjected to PCR with a variety of primers generating CAPS, dCAPS, and SSLP markers to continue fine mapping bs1 (KY). Germination of orchid seeds is more successful when seeds are harvested from immature pods. Protocols for decontaminating orchid seeds with calcium hypochlorite for propagation through tissue culture have been optimized. Orchid seeds can survive freezing in liquid nitrogen and therefore can be stored in genebanks cryogenically. In collaboration with Dr. Zhiwu Li, orchid was genetically transformed with a hairy root expression cassette and this work is continuing to genetically transform orchids for physiological studies. The orchid caraspace is a thin barrier to macromolecule diffusion and it may control orchid seed germination (VA). To identify DNA sites to which AGL15 binds in vivo, a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) approach was used to immunoprecipitate AGL15 and associated DNA fragments. In a ChIP-on-chip approach, the DNA recovered from immunoprecipitation using AGL15-specific antiserum or preimmune serum was converted to probe to hybridize to the Affymetrix GeneChip® Arabidopsis Tiling 1.0R Array. This allowed nearly global mapping of in vivo binding sites for AGL15 that numbered ~2000. Affymetrix ATH1 arrays were used to investigate gene expression changes in response to accumulation of AGL15/18. We are currently analyzing results to identify genes that may be directly regulated by AGL15 and those which may be farther downstream in the regulatory network. The roles of three unique Tandem Zinc Finger (TZF) genes in seed development and environmental responses in Arabidopsis thaliana were studied. Several sugar responsive TZF genes were identified using microarray analyses. Sequence analysis has revealed a family of 11 genes in the Arabidiosis genome that contains this unique TZF. It is interesting to find out the roles of these genes because the molecular mechanisms underlying ARE-mediated mRNA decay are unknown in plants (OH). Arabidopsis seed mutants completing germination were characterized. Yeast-two hybrid, western blot, single- and double-mutant analysis have determined that the F-BOX protein COLD TEMPERATURE GERMINATING10 (CTG10) results in the destruction of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR1 (PIF1) (KY). DELLA proteins are negative regulators of GA responses including seed germination, stem elongation, and fertility. GA can stimulate GA responses by causing proteolysis of DELLA repressors by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This destruction requires GA biosynthesis, three functionally redundant GA receptors GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1a, GID1b and GID1c), and the SLEEPY1 (SLY1) F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. Using sly1 mutants in which DELLA proteins remain stable after GA application, we found that GA regulates DELLA repressor activity by a mechanism distinct from protein destruction. Overexpression of GID1 genes rescued the dwarf and infertility phenotypes of the sly1 mutants without altering accumulation of DELLA proteins RGA and GAI. This rescue required GA biosynthesis and the presence of a functional DELLA motif in RGA and GAI. Both the DELLA motif and GA are required for the protein interaction of DELLA protein and GID1. The sly1 mutants display a less severe dwarf phenotype than the GA biosynthesis mutant ga1-3 or the gid1a gid1b gid1c triple mutant despite the fact that sly1 mutants accumulate far higher levels of DELLA protein. Based on double mutant analysis, it appears that both intermediate phenotype and high level DELLA accumulation in sly1 mutants require GA and a functional DELLA motif. These results suggest GA-bound GID1 can block DELLA repressor activity by direct protein-protein interaction with the DELLA domain, and this interaction may lead to increased DELLA accumulation (WA). To identify and characterize key transcription factors potentially associated with seed germination and stand establishment, miRNA regulated genes were characterized. Results suggest that miRNAs play critical roles in many different stages of plant development including seed germination and seedling growth. Objective 2. Determine and model the biotic and abiotic factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and establishment of sustainable populations in natural and agro-ecological systems. Sensitivity of mature soybean seeds to imbibitional chilling were determined for low & normal raffinose and stachyose seeds, low raffinose, stachyose, and phytin seeds. Research results provided information on the sensitivity of low-raffinose, low-stachyose, low-phytin soybean seeds to imbibitional chilling injury (NY). A population-based threshold model was applied to quantify the responses of barley seed germination to oxygen availability, ABA and GA. The ability to quantify the sensitivity of seed germination to combinations of oxygen, ABA and GA revealed that oxygen availability and hormones interact to regulate germination, particularly in intact cereal grains (CA). Pritchardia remota (Arecaceae) is an endangered palm endemic to Hawaii. Management plans call for ex situ conservation of this species. However, the ability to store seed using conventional methods has not been investigated. Research on palm seed conservation was performed. Embryos seem sensitive to stresses imposed by high levels of drying and do not exhibit extreme desiccation tolerance required for conservation in genebanks. Therefore, until the effects of enforced desiccation on potential embryo dormancy can be elucidated further the feasibility of storage in conventional genebanks remains questionable. It is concluded that P. remota embryos possess a storage physiology intermediate to the recalcitrant and orthodox types (FL). Summer farewell (Dalea pinnata) is a legume found in upland ecosystems throughout the southeastern United States and often used in seed mixes for restoration purposes. It also represents an opportunity for the emerging native seed industry in this region. Yet, germination characteristics for summer farewell are not reported. Several key outcomes from studies described below are evident. First, restoration practitioners should expect low initial germination for summer farewell after seed shedding or sowing of non-treated seeds. Second, low germination does not necessarily equate to failure since seeds of summer farewell have the ability to form a soil seed bank. Third, the majority of the seed population possesses physical dormancy but this dormancy can be readily broken through scarification. Fourth, the seed or seedling producer may increase germination by scarifying seeds. Finally, further studies dealing with seed development, polymorphism, and the role of fire on dormancy break are required to determine how these factors influence germination and recruitment of summer farewell (FL). The principles of PCR and Density Gradient Gel Electrophoresis have been applied to studying microbial seed ecology. This technique along with 16S gene sequencing will allow use to genetically profile microbial populations residing on seeds (VA). Objective 3. Develop, evaluate, and transfer technologies to assess and improve seed and seedling quality, health, performance, utilization, and preservation. Many seed crops have been identified as suitable for biofuel production producing a need for high quality seed lots that will produce optimum plant stands with the potential for maximum biomass production. Seed dormancy, suboptimal soil temperatures, and pathogens often lower seed quality and can negatively impact stand establishment. Seed testing methods provide an overall assessment of the quality of a seed lot; however, variants in the germination test method can have a major influence over final germination rates and percentages. Knowledge of the seed biology of species used for biofuel production is needed to understand factors or conditions limiting germination. Specific technology methods can be adapted or developed to optimize seed quality and stand establishment (NY). Because of its wide geographic distribution and high yield potential, switchgrass is considered a leading candidate as bioenergy crop. Poor stand establishment is a frequently encountered problem in growing switchgrass. This is mainly associated with high degree of dormancy of switchgrass seeds. Global gene expression analysis using rice long-oligo arrays were conducted to identify genes that showed differential expression in dry and germinating switchgrass seeds (TN). Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) seed has naturally low physiological quality compared to field corn. The use of priming treatments has been recommended to decrease the time between sowing and seedling emergence. In sweet corn seeds, hydropriming and osmopriming methods increased the uniformity of seedling emergence and reduced the range of days for germination. Priming evaluation is normally conducted by germination assays; however for vigor analysis of seed lots, more precise, quick and efficient tests are desirable (OH) Results obtained for sweet corn sh2 'SWB 551' and 'Obsession' hybrids demonstrated that high quality sweet corn seed lots respond positively to priming; however, priming is not beneficial for seed lots with medium physiological quality. The best treatment using the drum priming system was 36 h priming and for this duration, SVIS (vigor index ratio of 70 growth + 30 uniformity) produced similar results to seedling emergence assessments documenting this as a rapid seed vigor test that can identify the efficacy of priming treatments (OH). Proteomic analysis of the wheat grain has advanced our understanding of endosperm and amyloplast proteins. The gluten proteins, a complex collection of highly repetitive storage proteins, are of major interest since they determine the characteristics of extensibility, elasticity and gas-holding capacity that are unique to wheat flour doughs. Proteomics has provided new information on the identification and regulation of major metabolic pathways functional in the endosperm and amyloplast, knowledge that is fundamental to the understanding of both the quality and productivity of the wheat grain (CA). Seed proteins of sorghum are less digestible than those of other cereals and digestibility is exacerbated by wet cooking the meal or flour, which results in significant nutritional losses. To address this problem, the properties of two sorghum lines that have a common pedigree but differ in digestibility were analyzed. Consistent with results based on a ruminal fluid assay, the protein and starch of one line (KS48) was more thoroughly digested than that of the other (KS51) using in vitro assays based on pepsin and a-amylase. The indigestibility of KS51 relative to KS48 was shown to be due to (i) a greater abundance of disulfide-bonded proteins; (ii) presence in KS51 of non-waxy starch and the accompanying granule-bound starch synthase; and (iii) the differing nature of the protein matrix and its interaction with starch. The current findings suggest that each of these factors should be considered in efforts to enhance the nutritional value of sorghum grain (CA). Seed priming (controlled hydration followed by drying) is used to overcome thermoinhibition in lettuce and to speed germination in a number of species. Seed priming (prehydration and drying) is widely used in high-value seeds to improve seed germination uniformity and speed and to overcome dormancy, particularly in lettuce, where it increases the upper temperature limit for germination. Transfer of the trait to cultivars may have the added benefit of making them more responsive to priming treatments. (CA). Effects of aqueous slurry seed coatings were examined. Field and laboratory bioassays were conducted in multiple States (Delaware, Maryland, New York, Ohio and Virginia) to assess efficacy of thiamethoxam, and clothianidin + imidacloprid seed treatments and compare with efficacy of in-furrow applications of thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid. A growth chamber study investigated abiotic stress tolerance of artichoke transplants. A method to extract true seeds from beet fruits (seedballs) was enhanced. The method involves a brief soak in water that resulted in making the seedball pliable, deformation of the wetted seedball with firm pressure until the cap separated from the seedball, and teasing the true seed from the fruit. This method is being used to investigate mechanisms of seedling vigor and assessing seed quality in sugar beet during the critical imbibition, biochemical reactivation, and early growth of sugar beet seedlings (MI). A new instrument to measure respiration (oxygen consumption) of individual seeds in a 96-well format (Q2, www.astecglobal.net) was evaluated as a seed vigor test. Seed lots representing diverse quality levels and enhancement treatments were assessed in the instrument. Indices associated with the quality of seed lots were calculated based upon the parameters of the oxygen uptake patterns of individual seeds. The relationships of individual seed respiratory patterns were evaluated with respect to other indices of seed quality. While some technical improvements are still required, the Q2 instrument provides a useful tool for evaluating seed quality (CA). Vigorous and healthy seeds are an essential start toward successful crop production. Seed sanitation methods (disinfectants, heat treatments, biological protectants) may be more or less successful depending on factors such as seed vigor, seed maturity and initial levels of seed pathogens. Studies were conducted to evaluate (i) the effectiveness of seed disinfectants and chemical treatment in eliminating Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causative agent of bacterial canker, on and in tomato seed, (ii) the effectiveness of seed treatment combined with biocontrol bacteria in eliminating Cmm on and in tomato seed, (iii) the influence of seed treatment on seed vigor and disease control effect in greenhouse tomato seedlings, (iv) the influence of seed treatment on seed vigor in storage, and (v) the influence of seed treatment on seed vigor (OH). The Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS) is a vigor test that evaluates seed performance by scanned images of young (three-day-old) seedlings evaluated by computer software. In SVIS, seeds are germinated at 25oC, the resulting seedlings scanned and their length and uniformity analyzed using software that computes an overall vigor index. This test provides a rapid and objective measurement of seed quality, and the images and vigor indices are stored and a data base developed for future reference. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of priming treatment on sweet corn seeds using SVIS (OH). Seed technology and production training DVDs have been completed. Seed testing (importance of seed testing; seed quality; tetrazolium tests; genetic purity) and seed production modules (coffee/tropical forage grasses; sunflower; maize) are currently being marketed by the Society of Commercial Seed Technologists. (OH). A one-dimensional temperature programmable thermogradient table was designed with LED grow lights to utilize new technologies for seed testing. The case and lids are made extensively from polymers that reduce weight and are not susceptible to water damage like wood framed tables. The TASCO gradient tables expand capabilities for seed testing and research because temperature gradients can be programmed and seedlings can be grown using the LED grow lights. The LED lights provide wavelengths in the photosynthetic spectrum and do not burn out like conventional lights. Since water resistant polymers are extensively used in construction, the case is water resistance (VA). A protocol to rapidly view high resolution confocal images of purpletop (Tridens flavus) embryos in dormant and non-dormant (scarified) caryopses was developed. Decreased days to 10%, 50% and 90% of final germination percentage and increased length of radicle and widths of main axis and radicle were concomitant with rapid subsequent germination of non-dormant carypopses, but not of dormant ones. Thus, embryo observation using confocal microscopy may be a useful technique for establishing seed vigor (DE). Incubating seeds (florets) of Aristida stricta in glycerol, lactic acid, glycerol + lactic acid, or lactophenol for up to 24 hr failed to clear the embryo coverings enough to view TZ staining patterns. Use of a press test only accurately predicted that a seed was nonviable. Based on preliminary results, viability and germination of a seed lot can be accurately determined by conducting a press test, subjecting only filled seeds to a germination test (14 days @ 15/25oC in dark), and then conducting a press test on nongerminated seeds (FL). Priming Coreopsis floridana seeds in polyethylene glycol (PEG) +BA or SMP (emathlite clay)+BA resulted in 100% germination at 20 or 30oC in the dark. Germination of C. lanceolata at supraoptimal temperatures was improved by priming seeds in PEG+BA (FL).

Anderson, J.V., Foley, M.E., Horvath, D.P., and Gu, X.-Y. 2008. Dormancy regulation in reproductive structures of weedy plants; a comparison between seeds and vegetative buds. Sleeping Beauties - Dormancy and resistance in harsh environments - Molecular, proteomic and metabolomic aspects, Berlin, 5/18-20/08. Argyris, J., Dahal, P., Truco, M.J., Ochoa, O., Still. D.W., Michelmore, R.W., and Bradford, K.J. 2007. Genetic analysis of lettuce seed thermoinhibition. Acta Hortic.782: 23-33. Argyris, J.M. 2008. Natural variation and genetic analyses of seed and seedling traits in lettuce: Discovery, confirmation and proposed role for a quantitative trait locus in regulating seed dormancy at high temperature. Ph.D. Thesis. University of California, Davis. Argyris, J.M., Dahal, P., Hayashi, E., Still, D.W., and Bradford, K.J. 2008. 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Bennett, M.A., Grassbaugh, E.M., Hofelich, M., and Miller, J. 2008. Organic/transitional edamame (vegetable soybean) and sweet corn seedling establishment. In: Vegetable Research Results - 2007. OSU Hort & Crop Sci. Ser. No. 757 p. 11-13. Bradford, K.J., Argyris, J., Dahal, P., Truco, M.J., Ochoa, O., Still, D.W., and Michelmore, R.W. 2008. Genetics and candidate gene analysis of lettuce seed thermodormancy: relationship of QTL for high temperature germination with hormone biosynthesis and response genes. Plant and Animal Genome Conference XVI, San Diego, CA, 1/16/08. Bradford, K.J., Argyris, J., Dahal, P., Truco, M.J., Ochoa, O., Still, D.W., Hayashi, E., and Michelmore, R.W. 2008. Lettuce seed thermodormancy: Genetic and hormonal regulation of germination. Western Plant Growth Regulator Society meeting, Monterey, CA, 1/30/08. Bradford, K.J., Argyris, J., Dahal, P., Truco, M.J., Ochoa, O., Still, D.W., Hayashi, E., and Michelmore, R.W. 2008. Genetic and hormonal regulation of lettuce seed thermodormancy. 9th International Workshop on Seed Biology, International Society for Seed Science, Olsztyn, Poland, 7/6-11/08. Bradford, K.J., Benech-Arnold, R., Côme, D., and Corbineau, F. 2008. Quantifying the sensitivity of barley seed germination to oxygen, abscisic acid and gibberellin using a population-based threshold model. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 335-347. Bradford, K.J., Fu, J.-C., Barros, M., and Bello, P. 2008. Single-seed respiration: a new method to assess seed quality. 9th International Workshop on Seed Biology, International Society for Seed Science, Olsztyn, Poland, 7/6-11/08. Bystrom, L.M., Lewis, B.A., Brown, D.L., Rodriguez, E., and Obendorf, R.L. 2008. Characterization of phenolics by LC-UV/vis, LC-MS/MS and sugars by GC in Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. 'Montgomery' fruits. Food Chem. 111: 1017-1024. Chanda, B., Venugopal, S.C. Kulshrestha, S., Navarre, D.A., Downie, B., Vaillancourt, L., Kachroo, A., and Kachroo, P. 2008. Glycerol-3-phosphate levels are associated with basal resistance to the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 147: 2017-2029. Chen, F., Martin, R.C., Song, S.Q., and Nonogaki, H. 2008. Seed Development and Germination. In Plant Tissue Culture: Development and Biotechnology, eds Trigiano R.N. & Gray D.J., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. in press Chen, Y., Carver, B.F., Wang, S., Zhang, F., and Yan, L. Genetic loci associated with stem elongation and dormancy release in winter wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. (In press). Chun, C., Lee, J.-M., Leskovar, D.I., Halmer, P., Wang, C., and Lee, C. 2008. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Seed Enhancement and Seedling Production Technology. Acta Hortic. # 771. Contreras, S., Bennett, M.A. Tay, D., and Metzger, J. 2008. Maternal light environment during seed development affects lettuce seed weight, germinability and storability. Hort Sci. 43: 845-852. Contreras, S., Bennett, M.A., and Tay, D. 2008. Restricted water availability during lettuce seed production decreases seed yield per plant but increases seed size and water productivity. Hort Sci. 43: 837-844. Contreras, S., Bennett, M.A., Tay, D., Metzger, J., and Nerson, H. 2009. Red to far-red ratio during seed development affects lettuce seed germinability and stability. Hort Sci. 44 (Accepted). Contreras, S., Rabara, R., Bennett, M.A., Tay, D., and McDonald, M.B. 2008. Acquisition of germination capacity, photodormancy and desiccation tolerance in lettuce seeds. Seed Sci. and Technol. 36: 667-678. Cook, A., Turner, S.R., Baskin, J.M., Baskin, C.C., Steadman, K.J., and Dixon, K.W. 2008. Occurrence of physical dormancy in seeds of Australian Sapindaceae: A survey Czarnecki II, D.M., Rao, M.N., Norcini, J.G., Gmitter Jr., F.G., and Deng, Z. 2008. Genetic diversity and differentiation among natural, production, and introduced populations of Coreopsis leavenworthii. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133: 1-8. Daconti, L.R. 2008. Determination of genetic similarity between embryos in polyembryonic Vincetoxicum rossicum (pale swallow-wort) seeds (abs.). Cornell Univ. Undergrad. Res. Forum 23: 16. Dinkins, R.D., Maitra, M., Susmita, N., Nihar, R., Martin, D., Xu, Q., Belcastro, M.P., Houtz, R.L., Beach, C.M., and Downie, A.B. 2008. Changing transcriptional initiation sites and alternative 5'- and 3'-splice site selection of the first intron deploys Arabidopsis PROTEIN ISOASPARTYL METHYLTRANSFERASE2 variants to different subcellular compartments. Plant J. 55: 1-13. Elstein, J., Welbaum, G.E., Stewart, D.A, and Borys, D.R. 2008. Evaluating growing media for a shallow-rooted vegetable crop production system on a green roof. Acta Hortic. 782: 177-183. Faltenovich, S., and Welbaum, G.E. 2008.Controlling vegetable transplant height using osmotically active compounds. Acta Hortic 782: 293-298. Foley, M.E., Gu, X.-Y., Anderson, J.V., and Horvath, D.P. 2008. Positional cloning of a seed dormancy QTL from weedy rice (Oryza sativa). Plant & Animal Genome XVI. San Diego, CA, 1/12-16/08. Frances, A.L. 2008. Establishment and management of native wildflowers on Florida roadsides and former pastures. PhD Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville. Geneve, R.L. 2008. Vigor testing for small-seeded horticultural crops. Acta Hortic 782: 77-82. Geneve, R.L., and M. Dutt. 2008. Using sequential images to study seed germination and dormancy. Propagation of Ornamental Plants 8: 13-16. Goloviznina, N.A., Martin, R.C., Liu, P.-P., Coppersmith, J.L., Kristof, J.R., and Nonogaki, H. 2008. Regulation of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN LIKE13 by miR156 in Arabidopsis seedlings. Annual Meeting of Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University. Gomes, Jr., F.G., Mondo, V.H.V., Cicero, S., McDonald, M.B., and Bennett. M. 2009. Evaluation of priming effects on sweet corn seeds by SVIS . In: Vegetable Research Results  2008; OSU Hort & Crop Sci. Ser. 764: 14-19. Gu, X.-Y., Foley, M.E., Anderson, J.V., and Horvath, D.P. 2008. qSD7-1 is the first dormancy QTL cloned from weedy rice. Polish J. Natural Sci. suppl. 5: 51. Gu, X.-Y., Lou, J.-Q., and Foley, M.E. 2008. Genetics of weedy rice traits: seed dormancy and red pericarp color. The 5th International Weed Science Congress, Vancouver, Canada, 6/22-27/08. Gu, X.-Y., Turnipseed, E.B., and Foley, M.E. 2008. The qSD12 locus controls offspring tissue-imposed seed dormancy in rice. Genetics 179: 2263-2273. Gui, W. 2008. NMR structure of trigalactosyl myo-inositol from buckwheat seeds (abs.). Cornell Univ. Undergrad. Res. Forum 23: 35. Hill, H., Bradford, K.J., Cunningham, J., and Taylor, A.G. 2008. Primed lettuce seeds exhibit increased sensitivity to moisture during aging. Acta Hortic. 782: 135-141 Hill, H., Bradford, K.J., Cunningham, J., and Taylor, A.G. 2008. Primed lettuce seeds exhibit increased sensitivity to moisture during aging. Acta Hortic. 782: 135-141. Hill, K., Wang, H., and Perry, S.E. (2008). A transcriptional repression motif in the MADS factor AGL15 is involved in recruitment of histone deacetylase complex components. Plant J. 53: 172-185. Hu, X.W., Wang, Y.R., Wu, Y.P., and Baskin, C.C. 2008. Role of the lens in physical dormancy in seeds of Sophora alopecuoides L. (Fabaceae) from northwest China. Australian J. Agric. Res. 59: 491-497. Hurkman, W.J., Vensel, W.H., DuPont, F.M., Altenbach, S.B., and Buchanan, B.B. (2008) Endosperm and amyloplast proteomes of wheat grain. In: Plant Proteomics, Technologies, Strategies and Applications (G. K. Agrawal and R. Rakwal, eds.), pp.207-222, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ Iakovoglou, V., Hall, R., Misra, M., and Knapp, A.D. 2008. Significance of seed size and parent on biomass and morphological variables of Quercus alba, and Q. macrocarpa. Seed Technol. 30: 45-59. 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