Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

September 28, 2008  Session 1 Members Attendance: Ron Lacewell (project administer), Lingjuan Wang (NC), Ken Casey (TX), Richard Gates (KY), Kevin Janni (MN), John Blake (AL), Dick Nicolai (SD), Wendy Powers (MI), Gary Van Wicklen (DE), Larry Jacobsen (MN) Members of the project introduced themselves. Ron Lacewell made several comments to the project members. The possibility of S1025 and S1032 blending together in the future was raised. For now, there should be interaction between the committees. S1025 needs an action plan to achieve some integrated action. The format of the annual committee report was discussed. There was discussion on what information to include and the possibility of using information from forms we already have to use. It was decided that a small group would meet to decide on a form to use and it will be discussed at a second project committee meeting on September 29. Ron Lacewell raised a point that the project membership needed to be pulled together. Producing a book or more cooperative projects were mechanisms to create cooperative committee work instead of each state working individually. Producing a workshop and the NAEMS project were suggested as examples of cooperative work. Project members were reminded that there will be a USDA-NRI Air Quality Workshop at Raleigh, NC on July 23-24,2008. There is also a curriculum development project with a portion being on air quality education led by Rick Stowell (Nebraska). There was discussion regarding the outcomes of the mitigation conference recently held at Iowa. Documents might be produced on definition of terms and standards of measurement techniques. There was discussion of the need for standard methods for emission measurement to compare products based on a standard test procedure. Standard test methods are necessary to make proper choices when comparing products. Project members offered evidence of their involvement with US-EPA and NRCS as agencies that might fund cooperative work. September 29, 2008  Session 2 (Minutes recorded by Ken Casey) Election of Secretary: Lingying Zhao of Ohio State University was nominated by Larry Jacobson, seconded by Kevin Janni and elected secretary. New and Potential Membership: Rich Gates requested to join the group as a representative of the University of Illinois. He was accepted. A number of NAEMS PIs are not members of S1025 and would potentially strengthen the group. The committee will contact the following individuals about becoming members: Frank Mitloehner  University of California, Davis Pius Ndegwa  Washington State University Curt Gooch  Cornell University Wayne Robarge  North Carolina State University Rich Grant  Purdue University Annual Report Format: The annual report will follow the SDC-308 form with one (1) report per state. It will be optional to include a one page project description/report as per the LPES format for projects deemed suitable by the relevant PI. Ken Casey and Gary Van Wicklen will put together an email to S1025 members regarding the annual report. Kevin Janni volunteered to act as the liason between S1025 and LPES/eXtension Next Meeting: Timing for the 2009 meeting was tentatively set as early June. Lingjuan Wang and Ken Casey will represent S1025 on a committee together with Ted Funk and John Classen of S1032. The committee will explore the potential for a joint meeting of the two committees again in 2009. Initial proposal is for the two committees to meet in the same week at the same venue with one committee convening early in the week while the other committee meets later in the week providing the potential for an overlapping day of shared presentations, activities and discussion. A potential topic, measurement techniques, for a shared overlap session was suggested. A site visit to a NAEMS site was discussed; however, issues of confidentiality, biosecurity and site access would need to be carefully thought through and addressed. Investigate with Rick Stowell (LPES project needs to run annual meeting)  could collocate/cosponsor meeting. Eileen Wheeler on measurement techniques. Other possibilities: Western Dairy Air Quality Meeting NCREES  Greg Zwicke (Greg Johnson) USDA Air Quality Taskforce Possible invited speaker from Air Quality Taskforce  Brian Shaw. Submitted by, Garrett L. Van Wicklen S1025 Secretary

Activities for the reporting period focused on the following objectives: 1. Determine gaseous emission rates/factors of livestock facilities for Representative housing types, manure-handling practices, and seasonal and regional differences typically encountered by the U.S. industry. 2. Quantify the efficacy of selected methods for aerial emissions abatement through dietary manipulation and manure management. 3. Quantify the effectiveness of new housing designs in terms of environmental control and energy efficiency. 4. Provide research-based information that can be used for establishment of realistic guidelines on gaseous emissions from livestock operations, and, 5. Educate industry stakeholders on means to minimize adverse impacts on environmental and natural resources while maintaining or improving their production efficiency. Specific accomplishments for the reporting period included: Ï A BioCurtain®, which is a type of wind-break wall, continued to be evaluated for effectiveness to reduce odor and H2S emissions from a tunnel ventilated swine barn. (SD). Ï A vertical biofilter treating exhaust air from a swine research barn at the South Dakota SE Experiment Station was monitored. (SD) Ï An Electrostatic Space Charge System was installed in a swine finishing barn. Dust concentration in the swine rearing room was compared to an adjacent room without the system. (SD) Ï Gases and particulate matter (PM) emissions are being measured semi-continuously from pig, poultry and dairy buildings as part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS). Air emissions of NH3, H2S, CO2, PM10 PM2.5 and other variables including temperature, ventilation rate (RPM, FANS, static pressure), RH, wind speed/direction, solar radiation etc., have been monitored continuously using EPA-approved standard operation procedures . (TX, NC, IN, IA, MN, CA, NY, WA) Ï On-farm evaluation of ozonation technology for reducing NH3 and pathogens in broiler houses has been examined. Four identical tunnel-ventilated broiler houses have been monitored for NH3 and CO2 concentrations for a minimum of 48 hours per week for four flocks in 2007. Two houses were treated with O3 and two served as controlled units. Field evaluation suggests that ozonation cannot effectively remove ammonia from air inside the broiler houses. Moreover, it caused a negative effect on feed conversion in two of the five flocks evaluated and in the average of five flocks. Laboratory tests show significantly higher level of fine/ultra fine particles / aerosols in the ozone treated environment as compared with the environment without ozone treatment. The direct application of ozonation technique for ammonia mitigation in the animal facilities is not recommended. (NC) Ï Modeling ammonia emission from broiler litter focused on estimating ammonia emission fluxes from litter properties (TKN content, pH, moisture content, and total carbon content), the mass transfer coefficient (Km) and ventilation rate. Based upon experimental results from a dynamic flow-through chamber system, a preliminary statistical modeling approach was established for ammonia emission flux estimation. This approach involved calculating ammonia emissions using a core flux equation and a set of sub-models. Experiments are continuing in an effort to develop a model to estimate Km at various surface air velocities. (NC) Ï Acid scrubbers were used to measure time-weighted average ammonia concentrations both inside poultry houses and at the ventilation fans of these houses. The scrubbers placed near fans only operate when fans operate while scrubbers inside houses operate on a 33% duty cycle. (NC) Ï A protocol was developed to determine the cost/benefit of installing a cover over a manure storage structure. Included are a discussion on the cost and selection of the cover, a procedure to determine the feasibility of biogas production and capture, the technique to estimate the dilution of the slurry resulting from precipitation, and tools to estimate ammonia emissions, thereby predicting the increase in nitrogen content and the savings from reduced fertilizer hauling. Based on a sensitivity analysis a crucial benefit is the savings associated with keeping precipitation out of the manure thus avoiding extra hauling costs. As a result, relatively short payback periods can be realized. (MI) Ï A study was done to quantify the emissions of CH4, NH3, H2S, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and lactational performance of dairy cows supplemented at NRC (2001) recommended or lower rumen degradable protein concentrations and with different fat sources. Treatment factors were 1) 9.9% rumen degradable protein [RDP; the NRC (2001) recommended concentration] or 7.9% RDP; and, 2) 5% animal fat blend (AFB) or 2.5% each of AFB and coconut oil, dry basis. Treatment diets were 40% forage dry matter (71% corn silage, 18% alfalfa haylage, 10% alfalfa hay) plus concentrates formulated to contain 6.6% rumen undegradable protein; 16.5% or 14.5% crude protein, 1.93 Mcal net energy lactation/kg, 26.8% neutral detergent fiber (67% from forage), 32.9% starch, and 8.7% fat, dry basis. Thus far, only a portion of the data have been examined. Based on preliminary statistical analyses, mass of NH3 emitted was reduced by about 40% when cows were fed diets with 7.9% RDP compared with 9.9% RDP. The lower RDP diets resulted in about half as much H2S emission compared with the diets containing 9.9% RDP. Methane and NMHC emissions were greater as a result of feeding the 7.9% RDP diets. Replacement of part of the dietary animal fat blend with coconut oil reduced emissions of NMHC and CH4 , but change in NH3 or H2S emissions due to fat supplementation were not detected. Feed intake and milk yield were not affected by source of dietary fat nor concentration of RDP. (MI) Ï An open water curtain  biofilter system for reducing emissions of ammonia and PM from tunnel ventilated broiler houses was designed, built and tested. This mitigation system would be relatively low cost and easy to install. The system contains an open water scrubbing system to scrub exhaust air and a biofilter to remove nutrients in the water. After scrubbing the exhaust air, water will enter the biofilter. Initial testing of the water scrubber showed up to 70% efficiency in removing ammonia. (AR) Ï Vegetative environmental buffers (or shelterbelts) strategically planted around poultry houses is a natural air filtering structure to reduce dust and gaseous emissions. It also provides a certain dilution effect of odor plume by creating zones of ground level mechanical turbulence. Multi-row shelterbelts have been tested and shown to be successful. Research has identified vegetation that will withstand heavy loading of dust and gas emissions from tunnel fan exhaust. (AR, DE, IA, SD) Ï Poultry growers are constantly struggling between maintaining indoor air quality and litter conditions and reducing energy usage. Introduction of incoming air through attic vents is a simple means of utilizing solar energy for heating and ventilating poultry houses. Attic vents installed in broiler houses were compared to adjacent houses without attic vents in identical houses on the same farm. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded at key positions in both attic spaces and bird spaces. Gas use was monitored by individual gas meters for each house or heater operation times. Litter quality was monitored by measurements of cake and moisture content. (AR, DE) Ï A wind tunnel for particle sampler evaluation was developed at UIUC and another modified at Texas A&M. The DSP sampling head for field data collection using a high rate sheathing flow was modified. An agreement is in place (18 farms: 12 swine, 3 poultry and 3 feed lots) for PSD data collection in the states of Illinois, Indiana and Texas. Biosecurity protocols were developed for farm visits and standard operation procedures (SOPs) for data collection and analysis. Instrumentation was calibrated using commercial monodisperse particles (25, 50 and 200 ¼m) and standard test dust (Arizona Road Dust, Model A4). The PSD measurement was compared using a DSP Aerosizer, a Coulter Multisizer, Malvern Mastersizer and a Horiba Analyzer. Field data collection is 80% completed. Particles collected using a total suspended particle (TSP) sampler definitely covers large particles fractions (>50 ¼m) that no other samplers can collect. (IL, IN, TX) Ï Work on physical, chemical and biological characterizations of particulate matter from confinement livestock buildings has focused on developing sampling and analyses protocols, conducting field sampling and analyzing particle samples. Sites for field sampling (9 swine and 6 poultry buildings) in the states of Illinois and Indiana have been determined. Preliminary samplings were finished at the UI South Farm. Physical, chemical and biological analyses were conducted including: (a) particle concentration (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5) and particle size distribution; (b) elemental composition of particles using EDXRF and ICP-AES; (c) soluble ions using IC; (d) near infrared spectra of particles using FT-NIR; (e) volatile organic compounds using GC/MS., and bacterial diversity using PCR and DGGE. The results are yet incomplete. (IL, IN) Ï An outreach program addressing environmental control systems for indoor fish production conducted three short courses in 2007: Honolulu, HI in cooperation with the Oceanic Institute; Ithaca, NY Cornell campus; and Ft. Pierce, FL sponsored by the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. This short course (3 to 4 days) was attended by 65 students (collectively) from all over the world. Course content covered: waste disposal, environmental sustainability, mass balances for water environmental control, monitoring and control systems, fish stress and health management protocols, and economic analysis. (NY, KY) Ï Reduction in ammonia volatilization from poultry facilities is possible by utilizing correct management techniques. High ammonia levels make birds more susceptible to respiratory diseases. Methods to reduce pathogenic microorganisms and ammonia levels include changes in management practices and the utilization of litter treatments. Results from a series of trials that evaluated the ability of various litter amendments to reduce ammonia volatilization and migration from poultry facilities indicated that: 1) litter treatments are effective in reducing litter pH and ammonia volatilization and extending the useful life of litter, 2) not all litter treatments are equally effective and higher levels of treatment may be required to provide long-term effectiveness, and 3) litter treatment usage provides producers with methods for improving the economic viability of their poultry production facility. (AL) Ï Various bedding sources such as sand, cotton gin trash, ground pallets, door filler materials, straw, hardwood sawdust, peanut hulls, and pine bark have been evaluated in comparison to pine shavings for broiler production. The products were evaluated on their ability to reduce paw burns on broiler feet and their influence on ammonia volatilization. (AL, DE) Ï House construction and ventilation management are also two important aspects that influence and contribute to indoor air quality by removing ammonia emissions in an cost effective manner from a poultry house. However, house design and management considerations greatly influence energy consumption and maintenance of bird well-being. Ventilation management techniques, costs associated with retrofitting older houses, improved designs for new construction, and ammonia monitoring equipment technologies will ultimately contribute to improvement of air quality and bird health. Improved methods for cooling heat-stressed broilers and broiler breeders employing integrated control of ventilation and environmental control systems were developed. Cooling efficiency, cost, and bird well-being associated with poultry performance in tunnel ventilated housing was improved using innovative controller technologies and improvements in engineering design and modifications. (AL, DE) Ï Propane and electric use has been monitored for over 3 years at several broiler farms with different insulation levels, lighting, and heaters. Energy audits were completed for several farm in different regions. Extension programs presented valuable energy conservation information to poultry growers. (DE, KY) Ï The feasibility of using a thermochemical conversion (TCC) process to convert swine manure into oil using a batch reactor was investigated. Batch experiment results showed volatile solids to oil conversions of up to 70 percent and oil heating values ranging between 32,000 and 36,700 kJ/kg. A continuous-mode thermochemical conversion (CTCC) process, which is more applicable for scaled-up operations was developed. The optimal condition for oil production was determined where an oil yield of 70 percent was achieved. An energy balance incorporating the heating value of the oil and energy consumption showed that the CTCC process was a net energy producer. IL) Ï Experiments in a mechanically ventilated swine building showed that the spatial distribution of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations differ in winter and summer due to the different airflow patterns. These results are important in the strategic location of the samplers in the building. Laboratory experiments showed that ventilation system type had a significant effect on spatial distribution of both particles and CO2. CFD simulation showed that the magnitude of predicted concentrations were significantly higher than those measured concentrations primarily due to the assumption of particle generation rate.

Books Applegate, T.J., W. Powers, and R. Angel. 2007. Protein and amino acid nutrition in poultry: impacts on performance and the environment. In: Gaining the Edge in Pork and Poultry Production. Edit. J.A. Taylor-Pickard and P. Spring, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands. Pg. 139-151. Extension Publications and Popular Articles Blakely, J.R., E.H. Simpson, J.O, Donald, and J.C. Campbell. 2007. The Economic Importance of House Ventilation Management. Alabama Poultry Magazine, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 2, No. 5, September/October. Blakeley, J. R., E. H. Simpson, J. O. Donald. J. C. Campbell, and K. S. Macklin. 2007. The Economic Importance of House and Ventilation Management. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 49, September. Campbell, J. C., J. O.Donald, and E. H. Simpson. 2006. Setting Winter Maintenance Priorities. Alabama Poultry Magazine, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 1, No. 7, p. 20, November. Campbell, J. C., J. O. Donald, and E. H. Simpson. 2007. Setting Priorities with winter house maintenance. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. October. Campbell, J. C., J. O. Donald, and E. H. Simpson. 2006. Broiler house energy retrofitting for fuel and cost savings, Alabama Poultry. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 20, September. Campbell, J. C., J. O. Donald, E. H. Simpson, and K. S. Macklin. 2007. Keeping Birds Cool, Costs Down in Summertime Heat. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 48, July. Campbell, J. C., J. O. Donald, and E. H. Simpson. 2006. Keys to achieving top evaporative cooling. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. June. Campbell, J. C., E. H. Simpson, and J. O. Donald. 2007. Poultry House Energy Retrofits for Fuel and Cost Savings. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. June 4. Donald, J. O., E. H. Simpson, and J. C. Campbell. 2006. Poultry company representatives learn about changes in housing industry. Alabama Poultry Magazine, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 19, May. Donald, J. O., J. C. Campbell, E. H. Simpson, and K. S. Macklin. 2008. Evaluating Costs of Tunnel Ventilation Fans. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 51, January. Donald, J. O., J. C. Campbell, and E. H. Simpson. 2007. Managing belts, pulleys, cool pads and profits. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. March. Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, R. A. Norton and S. F. Bilgili, 2007. Managing the Cleanout tradeoffs. Watt Poultry USA, August, pp.26-28. Hess, J. B., S. F. Bilgili, J. P. Blake and K. S. Macklin, 2007. New bedding materials needed for broiler growers. Alabama Poultry, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 22. Hess, J. B., S. F. Bilgili, K. S. Macklin and J. P. Blake, 2007. Sand Revisited. Alabama Poultry, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 29. Macklin, K. S., E. H. Simpson, J. O. Donald, and J. C. Campbell. 2007. Windrow Composting of Litter to Control Disease-Causing Pathogens. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 47, May. Simpson, E. H., J. C. Campbell, J. O. Donald, and K. S. Macklin. 2007. Controlling Sidewall Energy Losses. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 46, March. Simpson, E. H., J. O. Donald, and J. C. Campbell. 2007. Evaluating Cost Trends to Plan Profit Saving Strategies. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 45, January. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2007. Reducing your propane use. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. November. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2007. Ventilate wisely in cold weather. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. December. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Attic inlet vents. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. March. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Improving energy efficiency. Poultry Perspectives, June 2008. Maryland Cooperative Extension Service. College Park, MD. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Fighting killer electric bills. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. August. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Wind power. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. September. Handbooks, Technical Bulletins, Theses, Dissertations, and Circulars Blakeley, John R. and Eugene H. Simpson. 2007. The Economic Importance of Ventilation Management: USA Perspective. Aviagen Technical Brief 0807-AVN-001, Aviagen International Group, Huntsville, AL. August. Simpson, E.H., J.O Donald, and J.C. Campbell. 2007. Improving Energy Efficiency in Alabama Broiler Housing with Closed Cell Foam Insulation. Final Report, Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs. April. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Basic fan maintenance, improve performance and lower electrical cost. Nicholas Turkey Technical Bulletin Issue 3, May. www.nicholas-turkey.com Lewisburg, WV. Journal Articles and Abstracts Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson, 2007. Evaluation of hydrated lime as a litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. #708. Poultry Science 86(1):591. Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson, 2007. Evaluation of Poultry Guard as a litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. #709. Poultry Science 86(1):591-592. Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson, 2007. Evaluation of Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) as a litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. Proceedings of the International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 22-23, pp. 39-40. Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson, 2007. Evaluation of aluminum sulfate (Alum) as a litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. Proceedings of the International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 22-23, pp. 40. Casey, K. D., R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, H. Xin, Y. Liang, A. J. Pescatore, and M. J. Ford. 2008. On-farm fan performance: implications for ventilation and operating cost. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 17(2): 283-295. Casey, K.D., S.E. Ford, J.W. McClure, Y. Zhang, and R.S. Gates. 2007. Determining fan performance using FANS: An investigation of performance impacts. J. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23(3): 333-338. Gates, R. S., K. D. Casey, E. F. Wheeler, H. Xin and A. J. Pescatore. 2008. U.S. broiler ammonia emissions inventory. Atmospheric Environment 42(14): 3342-3350 Jerez, S. B., Y. Zhang, X. Wang. 2007. Ventilation effectiveness criteria and measurement methods applicable to animal buildings  a review. ASHRAE Transactions 113(1): 400-407. Jiang, J., X. Wang and Y. Zhang. 2007. Numerical study of air movement in a slot ventilated enclosure. Transactions of ASHRAE 113(1): 408-413. Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess and R. A. Norton, 2007. Litter bacterial levels associated with Poultry Guard. #710. Poultry Science 86(1):592. Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and R. A. Norton, 2007. Bacterial levels associated with Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) and aluminum sulfate (Alum). Proceedings of the International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 22-23, pp. 52. Powers, W. J., S. Zamzow, and B. J. Kerr. 2007. Reduced crude protein effects on aerial emissions from swine. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23(4): 539-546. Sun, Y. and Y. Zhang. 2007. An overview of room air motion measurement: technology and application. Journal of HVAC&R Research. 13(6): 929-950. Sun, H, L. Zhao, and Y. Zhang. 2007. Evaluating RNG k-µ models using PIV data for airflow in animal buildings at different ventilation rates. Transactions of ASHRAE 113(1): 358-365. Sun, H., L. Zhao and Y. Zhang. 2007. Evaluation of RNG k-µ and LES non-isothermal models for indoor airflow using PIV measurement data. Transactions of the ASABE 50(2): 621-631 Topper, P. A., E. F. Wheeler, J. S. Zajaczkowski, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, Y. Liang, and K. D. Casey. 2008. Ammonia emissions from two empty broiler houses with built-up litter. Transactions of the ASABE 51(1): 215-225. Wu-Haan, W., W. J. Powers, C. R. Angel, C. E. Hale, III, and T. J. Applegate. 2007. Effect of an acidifying diet combined with zeolite and slight protein reduction on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. Poultry Science 86:182-190. Wu-Haan, W., W. J. Powers, C. R. Angel, C. E. Hale, III, and T. J. Applegate. 2007. Nutrient digestibility and mass balance in laying hens fed a commercial or acidifying diet. Poultry Science 86: 684-690. Zhao, L., Y. Zhang, X. Wang and G. L. Riskowski. 2007. Analysis of airflow in a full-scale room with non-isothermal jet ventilation using PTV techniques. Transactions of ASHRAE 113(1): 414-425. Conference Proceedings and Unpublished Presentations Blake, J. P., 2007. Housing and litter management. 5 pp. In: Proceedings Eastern European Poultry School, Lexington, KY. May 17-19. Alltech, Lexington, KY. Blake, J. P., 2007. Benefits from litter treatments. Butler/Crenshaw County Poultry Growers. AP&EA, Regional Group. April 12. Donald, J. O. and E. H. Simpson. 2007. Insulation Considerations. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November. Donald, J. O. and J. C. Campbell. 2007. Heating System Design Requirements. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November. Liang, Y., H. Xin, H. Li, R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, K. D. Casey, B. R. Behrends, and D. J. Burnham. 2008. Dietary manipulation to reduce ammonia emission from high-rise layer houses. In: Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. Des Moines, IA, May 19-21, 2008. Ames, IA: ISU. Liu, Z., L. Wang, D. B. Beasley and S. Shah. 2008. Mass transfer coefficient of ammonia emission from broiler litter. ASABE Paper No. 084368. Presented at the ASABE International Meeting, Providence, RI, June 29- July 2, 2008. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI. Liu, Q., L. Wang, R. Kamens and Z. Liu. 2008. Could ozonation technology really work for mitigating air emissions from AFOs? ASABE Paper No. 084017. Presented at the ASABE International Meeting, Providence, RI, June 29- July 2, 2008. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI. Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess and R. A. Norton, 2007. Effects of Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) and aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia and bacterial levels in poultry litter. In: Proceedings of the 56th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Las Vegas, NV. March 26-29. WPDC, Davis, CA. Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake and J. B. Hess, 2007. Bedding types, windrow composting and you., Randolf Co. Poultry Growers Meeting, Wedowee, AL, May 17. Blake, J. P., 2007. Litter treatment use and benefit. Pilgrims Pride Litter Management Meeting, Cullman, AL. March 29. Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess and R. A. Norton, 2007. Effects of Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) and aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia and bacterial levels in poultry litter. 56th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Las Vegas, NV. March 26-29. Nicolai, R. E. and R. Thaler. 2007. Vertical biofilter construction and performance. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. Broomfield, CO. September 16-19, 2007. Pohl, S. H. 2007. Engineering air filtration systems of swine facilities. In: Proceedings of Allen D. Lehman Conference. St. Paul, MN. 34: 86-88. Simpson, E. H. and J. O. Donald. 2007. Retrofitting Considerations. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November. Simpson, E. H. and M. Pigg. 2007. Banking, Finance, and Profitability. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November. Simpson, E. H. 2007. Energy Saving Options for the Poultry Producer. Poultry House Construction and retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November. Simpson, E. H. 2007. Retrofitting Broiler Houses Cost Effectively. Organized and moderated a panel discussion, Annual Broiler Seminar, sponsored by the Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Auburn, AL, October. Simpson, E. H. 2007. Cost-Effective Energy Retrofitting and Moving Toward More Efficient Heating Approaches. Presentation to broiler and breeder managers with Tyson Foods, Sanderson Farms, and Marshall-Durbin, Chamberlain, SD, October. Simpson, E. H. 2007. Poultry House Energy Retrofits and Alternative Fuel Systems. Poultry Partners/Winrock International, Gentry, AR, September. Simpson, E. H. 2007. Poultry House Energy Retrofits. Energy Conference and National Annual Meeting of RC&D Councils, Huntsville, AL. January. Simpson, E. H. 2007. Overview of Poultry Housing in the U.S. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University, November. Small, J. H., E. O. Oviedo-Rondon, L. Wang, Z. Liu, B. Sheldon, G. Havenstein and M. Williams. 2008. Effects of air ozonation on commercial broiler houses. Presented at the International Poultry Scientific Forum. Atlanta, GA. Taylor, K. and J. O. Donald. 2007. Important Features of a Modern Poultry House. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2007. Energy saving light bulbs. Auburn University Poultry House Construction Workshop, November. Auburn, AL. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Energy efficient winter ventilation. Delaware Nutrient Management Poultry Seminar. February 14, 2008. Georgetown, DE. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Poultry house energy use: what can we do? West Virginia Poultry Association. February 19, 2008. Moorefield, WV Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Poultry house energy use, what can we do? Maryland Cooperative Extension Grower Seminar. March 10, 2008. Princess Anne, MD. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Attic inlet vents: installation and operation. Delaware Nutrient Management Poultry Seminar. March 13, 2008. Georgetown, DE. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Ventilation of Virginia breeder houses. Virginia Poultry Federation Annual Meeting. April 9, 2008. Roanoke, VA. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Warm weather ventilation for Virginia broiler houses. Virginia Poultry Federation Annual Meeting. April 9, 2008. Roanoke, VA. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Warm weather turkey house ventilation. Virginia Poultry Federation Annual Meeting. April 9, 2008. Roanoke, VA. Van Wicklen, G.L. 2008. Using solar energy to generate electricity for a poultry house. Rotem Distributors Conference. April 10, 2008. Charleston, SC. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. The importance of air exchange in a tunnel ventilated house. University of Georgia Tunnel Ventilation Workshop. May 5-7, 2008. Athens, GA. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Comparison of energy use by Delmarva poultry houses. ASABE Poster presented at the ASABE International Meeting, Providence, RI, June 29- July 2, 2008. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Energy efficient ventilation of pullet-breeder facilities. West Virginia Poultry Association Poultry Festival. July 23, 2008. Moorefield, WV. Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Evaluating a poultry farms energy use. Delmarva Breeder & Grow-out Conference. September 10, 2008. Ocean City, MD. Wang, L., E. O. Oviedo-Rondon, J. Small, Q. Li, and Z. Liu. 2008. Ozone application for mitigating ammonia emission from poultry manure: field and laboratory evaluations. In: Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. Des Moines, IA, May 19-21, 2008. Ames, IA: ISU. Wang, L., E. O. Oviedo-Rondon, C. B. Parnell, D. B. Beasley and J. Small. 2008. Effect of ozone application on particulate matter concentrations in broiler houses. ASABE Paper No. 083973. Presented at the ASABE International Meeting, Providence, RI, June Wheeler, E. F., K. D. Casey, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, Y. Liang, and P. A. Topper. 2008. Litter management strategies in relation to ammonia emissions from floor-raised birds. In: Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. Des Moines, IA, May 19-21, 2008. Ames, IA: ISU.