Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

S-1032 and S-1025 Joint Annual Meeting Meeting Minutes Millennium Hotel Boulder, Colorado May 28-30, 2008 Secretary: Saqib Mukhtar (S-1032) Texas AgriLIFE Extension Specialist and Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering, Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station email mukhtar@tamu.edu May 28 " 8:00 a.m. Meeting called to order by Chair John Classen and welcome by S1025 (Larry Jacobson for Ken Casey) and S1032 committee chairs. Participant introductions Ron Lacewell, Administrative Advisor, Texas A&M University  Commended S1025 & S 1032 on meeting jointly and for enhanced cooperation. He reminded the group to conduct meaningful activities during the combined meeting for effective future outcomes. Liked the new research reporting format-Research Briefs. Emphasized on collaborative research among universities and regions. Reminded the group that subsidized corn into ethanol and other such actions impact economics of the energy outputs. Mary Ann Rozum, USDA-CSREES Representative and Advisor- The annual reports (Research Briefs) are very important and should clearly show impact for accountability. CSREES will be known as National Food and Agriculture Institute (NFAI) effective October 8, 2008. The premier research program of NFAI will be known as Agriculture and Food Research Institute (AFRI). The AFRI funding program will include 40% funding for Integrated research and 60% for Basic research. Major funding jump in research organic agriculture research. Grazing in 24 million acres of CRP land is being allowed. Major growth seen in CIG and EQIP grants. " 8:30 am- Presentation Energy and Agriculture, The Ohio State University " 10:30 am - Animal production Systems of the Future: Vision, Challenges, and Solution. A brain storming session and discussion. " 1:30 pm- Committees met separately. Discuss Objectives and Plans o Classen/Mukhtar discussed the current status of the S-1000 website. Keep it at its current site at Auburn University but modify to reflect new Objectives and Committee Number o Collaborate with others on eXtension or find alternative ways to have; § Secure web contacts for S-1032 officers for internal communications § Separate public information website-URL o Brent discussed modular modeling of energy and other components for systems development under new Objective 1 of S-1032. Explore possibilities with Jill Baron of USGS and with NCEAS (?). o Several programming ideas discussed- Tie in sinks such as water use and energy use and economics into AFO systems model. " 3:00 pm- Can eXtension and LPE Learning center facilitate our collaboration and provide an outlet for our work product? o Rick Koelsch, University of Nebraska-Asked the group as to what role it wants to play in the web environment and offered to support the group by making S-1032 Research Briefs available on the LPE community of practice website on eXtension. Mukhtar will submit those briefs to Rick. o Joe Harrison, Washington State University provided a brief introduction to the Livestock and Poultry Environment (LPE) Learning Center Outreach project. Gave a description of several sub-categories (Manure management issues) and how the leadership for each sub-category is gathering and up-loading state of the science information on eXtension website. He also spoke about the national webcasts on burning issues and asked for input on new topics. o Ron Sheffield, Louisiana State University introduced a similar activity by the Center on air quality. This effort includes college curriculum on air quality, specialized Technical Service Providers (TSP) and PE training, and extension outreach activities. " 5:30 pm- Reception and poster session. May 29 " 8:00 am- Luis Rodriguez- University of IllinoisEnabling effective metric based analyses for improving sustainability of livestock and poultry production in the United States. " 10:00 am- Jill Baron, US Geological Survey  Application of ecosystem models to assess ecological, nutrient cycling, and hydrological processes. " 11:30 am- Travel to National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)  Facility tour and discussion scientists and presentation of NCAR activities. May 30 " 8:00 am- Gary Marek, Sharon Preece, Kevin Heflin, Emily Buttery (Graduate students, West Texas A&M), Bob DeOtte and Brent Auvermann (West Texas A&M and Texas AgriLIFE Research, respectively- Systems model of manure-fired ethanol plant. " 9:30 am- Joint Business meeting o Next year, do we want to meet again jointly? Yes! Wednesday common day for S1025/1032, Tuesday and Thursday meet separately. o 2009 Meeting logistics Committee is comprised of Ken Casey and Larry Jacobson (S-1025) and Ted Funk and John Classen (S-1032) o Potential locations-California: San Diego, Lodi, Petaluma. NAEMS site visits near Lodi? o Dates: Late spring to early summer before the ASABE meeting (June 21-24) o 2010 meeting at the Research Triangle Park (RTP) in North Carolina? o Joint meeting adjourned at 10 am. " 10:00 am S-1032 Business meeting. o Brent Auvermann led the discussion on Getting off High Center a Conceptual model proposal for year 2. The idea is to develop a conceptual model of reasonably simple AFO-centered system. Researchable question should be broad enough to incorporate objective 2 of the S-1032 plan of work. o Three working groups were formed to: à Begin the systems modeling process along the lines of Dr. Rodriguezs recommendations. à Compare, contrast, and harmonize the groups different approaches via web seminars. à Develop reasonable questions answered through systems synthesis à Identify system boundaries, processes, blocks, and elements included within system boundaries à Top-shelf input and output categories and variables that are important to the system à Performance measures § Group A- Auvermann-Chair- Zering, Classen, Meyers, Powers, Funk and Mukhtar § Group B- Keener-Chair § Group C- Zering-Chair à By July 31, Group A will provide draft of a multi-component, non-species specific model. à Sept 30- Web seminar1, November 30, web seminar 2, February, 2009, web seminar 3. " Kelly Zering nominated for the S-1032 Secretary position by Saqib, nominations closed by Herold, seconded by Phill and approved by all (16) in attendance. " New officers John Classen- Past chair Ted Funk- Chair Saqib Mukhtar-Vice Chair Kelly Zering-Secretary elect Thanks extended to John Classen for executing chairs duties for the year. Adjourned at 11:20 a.m. May 30, 2008. *********************************************************************** Submitted by Saqib Mukhtar, 2008 Secretary.

Objective 1. Develop preliminary models of each animal industry that describe its cumulative ecological risk, emergy flows or ecological footprint as a dynamic, nonlinear function of the stocks, flows and transformations of matter and energy comprising CAFO systems. This project involved building a conceptual model of the time-variant stocks, flows, and transformations of mass and energy in a three-component system involving the following, integrated processes: " Beef cattle feeding using high-energy rations based on steam-flaked corn with or without distillers grains; " Ethanol production fueled by parallel streams of natural gas and thermochemically gasified feedyard manure; and " Land management units (LMUs), both local and distant, which produce corn (as a feedstock for both cattle feeding and ethanol production) and other crops according to fluctuating market conditions for fuel, feed, and fertilizer. Objective 2. Continue the development and performance evaluation of process-level strategies and tactics to reduce environmental pollution at the process level from confined animal feeding operations. (OH) Water Use on Ohio Dairy Farms Monitoring of well water use on an Ohio dairy farm indicated that average water usage is 29.9 gal/day/cow, lower than the 40 to 50 gal/cow/day cited in literature. Average milk production was 80 pounds per cow per day and the farm averaged 4.5 gallons of water used for each gallon of milk produced. Understanding how much water should be consumed allows for comparison of actual use and helps to identify practices, such as reusing milk cooling water as a drinking water supply for the cows that have the potential to reduce water use. Flow-Through Rates and Evaluation of Solids Separation of Compost Filter Media vs. Silt Fence in Sediment Control Applications Testing was conducted on compost silt socks (SS) and slit fence (SF) to determine sediment filtering efficiency, flow-through rate, ponding depth, overtopping point, design height, and design capacity. Results indicate flow-through rate changes with time, as does ponding depth, due to the accumulation of solids on/in the sediment filters. Removal of solids by the SF and the SS were not shown to be statistically different. (OH) Odor Control for land application of manure Fact sheet describes what odor is, how it is emitted and effective manure applications for odor control. (FL) Grazing cattle have a dominant effect on the movement and utilization of nutrients through the soil and plant system, and thus on the fertility of pasture soils. Grazing can accelerate and alter the timing of nutrient transfers, and increase the amount of nutrients cycled from plant to soil. Early results of a soil sampling study to investigate levels of soil total inorganic nitrogen and total P from cattle feeders, water troughs and shades etc., are suggesting that cattle congregation sites may not be as nutrient-rich as previously thought, therefore may not contribute more nutrients to surface and groundwater supply under Florida conditions. (NE) Effects of Cattle Manure on Fate and Transport of Hormones in the Feedlot and the Field To date one cattle feeding study has been completed with stockpiled and composted manure prepared for field application this spring. Hormone assays are on-going but not yet summarized. Results of the cattle feeding study, found that the use of hormonal supplements improved cattle gain 21.7% and efficiency of feed utilization by 11.0%, while decreasing cost of gain by 11%. (OH) Persistence of Listeria and Salmonella during Swine Manure Treatment The objective of this study was to compare the persistence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimuriutn during the treatment of swine manure by the most commonly used manure management methods: liquid storage, aerated liquid storage, thermophilic composting (55°C) and manure packing (low temperature composting). Swine manure obtained from Ohio State University's Agricultural Technical Institute swine farm was inoculated with L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium to obtain a final concentration of 10⁶ CFU/g of each organism. To simulate liquid storage, manure was diluted with water and stored aerated and unaerated at 20-25°C. To simulate pack storage and thermophilic composting, the same manure was amended with sawdust to provide 60% moisture and incubated in triplicate aerated 4-liter compost reactors at 25 and 55°C, respectively. The MPN/g of L. monocytogenes in the 55°C compost and the aerated liquid declined by 3 to 4 logs after 3 days, but not in the compost stored at 25°C or the unaerated liquid. Likewise after 3 days, Salmonella MPNs dropped to 44 MPN g^-1 in the 55°C compost and 1.2 x 10⁴ MPN g^-1 in the aerated liquid but were unchanged in the sawdust manure mix at 25°C and the unaerated liquid. Salmonella persisted for up to 28 days in compost at 55°C, 42 days in aerated liquid and up to 56 days. Effects of Different Animal Waste Treatment Technologies on Detection and Viability of Porcine Enteric Viruses Untreated manure and samples collected at different stages during and after treatment were obtained from swine farms that used conventional waste management (CWM) and five different candidate ESTs. The RNA from porcine enteric viruses was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and/or seminested PCR; PoSaV and RV-A were also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell culture immunofluorescence (CCIF) and experimental inoculation of gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were used to determine RV-A/C infectivity in post treatment samples. These results indicate that only RV-A/C RNA, but no viral infectivity, was detected after treatment. Our findings address a public health concern regarding environmental quality surrounding swine production units. (MI) Anaerobic Biogas Potential to Determine Treatment and Energy Potential A unique anaerobic respirometry protocol, similar in concept to serum bottle assays, has been developed. The advantages of anaerobic respirometry include real-time cumulative gas volume and gas production rates. From the samples that have already been analyzed, amendments that end up in waste streams have a substantial impact on biogas potential. Feedstock Blending to Optimize Anaerobic Treatment The purpose of this project is to obtain anaerobic digester blended feedstocks that contain all necessary constituents for optimized microbial activity, and consequently biogas production. Included is a procedure to determine the optimal combination of waste material and the resulting energy potential. A new research project to be initiated in July 2008, examines the treatment of manure and food processors wastewater in a centralized digester. Specifically, two tools are being developed. One that uses GIS to indicate high concentrations of biomass wastes in Michigan that may be digestible. The second is an easy to use modeling approach to determine costs and benefits for the specific sites that a food processor may identify. Feedstock blending offers great advantages in optimizing biogas potential. The result is more profit potential from anaerobic digestion. In one case, the addition of 1.5% by volume of a waste syrup from an ethanol facility to dairy manure resulted in an increase in biogas volume by 40%. Aerobic Treatment Unit Performance on Dairy Wash Water A system was designed, assembled, operated, and analyzed at the MSU Dairy Teaching and Research Facility. This dairy typically milks 150 cows. Included were primary settling tanks, a dose tank, an advanced aeration treatment unit, a recirculation tank, and a UV disinfection unit. High solids levels however, resulted in major operational and maintenance problems. Improving Pasture and Hay-Ground with Low-Disturbance, Manure Slurry-Enriched Seeding The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate a process whereby forage Brassica, grass and legume seed was carried in nutrient rich manure slurry to seeding micro-sites in small grain stubble or established pasture and hay ground. Based on preliminary observations it was noticed that no-till and slurry seeding of red clover in a brome grass sod was more effective than frost seeding in increasing biomass yield and botanical diversity. No-till and slurry seeding of orchard grass in brome grass sod increased botanical diversity but had little effect on biomass yield after the initial N boost. Frost seeding orchard grass had little effect on botanical diversity. The use of a pre-plant burn-down tended to increase weed biomass. The use of a pre-plant burn-down enhanced the inter-seeding of orchard grass, but it did not enhance the stand of red clover (OH) Gypsum Additions Reduce Ammonia Nitrogen Losses During Composting of Dairy Manure and Biosolids Objective was to determine the impact of this gypsum on N release when mixed together with dairy manure and biosolids during composting. A preliminary experiment was conducted involving 4-liter vessels containing 1.1 kg of dairy manure mixed with by-product gypsum at dry weight rates (w/w) of 0, 6%, 13% and 23% and composted for 18 days. We conclude that combining organic waste streams, especially N-rich streams, with by-product gypsum produces a quality product while also decreasing the loss of N and reducing odors associated with the volatilization of ammonia during the composting process. (TX) Efficacy of Microbial Treatment to Reduce Phosphorus and other Substances from Dairy Lagoon Effluent An anaerobic dairy lagoon was treated with L4DB® microbial treatment to reduce phosphorus (P) and other substances from dairy lagoon effluent for a one year period. This microbial treatment was not very effective in reducing nutrients that are in soluble form. (AL) Long-Term Constructed Wetlands Treatment Data from 10-years of treating effluent from an anaerobic poultry lagoon with a constructed wetland showed average removal efficiencies were 41.9%, 48.9%, 38.5% 36.2%, 27.2%, and 17.3% for BOD5, COD, TKN, NH4, PO4, and K respectively for the 10 year period. In the context of waste treatment processes, these removal efficiencies are not high. (GA) Two recent research activities focused on: Determining the biomass yield and nutrient uptake by vegetation grown on floating mats on a single anaerobic swine wastewater lagoon. A replicated study measured yield and nutrient uptake by Tifton 85 coastal Bermuda grass (Cynondon dactylon, L. Pers.) common Bermuda grass, St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), Giant Reed (Arundo donox), and a wild millet (Panicum milliaceum) grown on floating mats. Evaluating use of floating vegetated mats as a treatment system for wastewater from fisheries. A study using floating vegetated mats as a treatment system for wastewater from fisheries is in the beginning stages. Nutrient uptake and removal from the wastewater was primarily a function of biomass produced. The study showed that plant species exist which can grow and thrive on anaerobic swine wastewater lagoons on floating mats while removing N, P, and K from the wastewater. (IA) Controlling Runoff from Beef Feedlots using Vegetative Treatment Systems (VTS) A three-year evaluation of VTS indicated that to achieve the desired runoff control and reduction in nutrient movement from beef open lots using vegetative systems, certain siting and operator requirements must be satisfied. (MI) Animal Agriculture Facility Runoff Control using Intensive Management and Treatment Channels Three vegetative treatment strips have been constructed elements at the MSUs South Campus Dairy Research Center SCDRC) using the Michigan NRCS Wastewater Treatment Strip (Acre) 635 Standard. (NE) An Integrated Approach to Reduced Risk of Phosphorus Pollution of Surface Waters in Crop-Livestock Based Managed Ecosystems of the Midwest Results of a study on the effectiveness of setbacks to field application of manure and on effectiveness of grass filter strips for reducing P runoff showed that setbacks were ineffective in reducing runoff P while sediment loss may be increased with a 40 meter setback compared to no setback. Narrow and wide grass filter strips reduced runoff P by 52 and 78%, respectively, from sites with excessive surface soil P. One-time deep plowing reduced P runoff by 51% in cases of excessive surface soil P. (NC) The goal of this research is to evaluate the utilization of a struvite crystallizer for removing phosphorus (P) from liquid from an ambient-temperature, covered earthen digester for swine manure. In lab tests of digester liquid using pH increases up to 1.0 pH unit and Mg increases up to 60 mg/L, the reductions of P varied from 74 % to 95 %. Field tests with a cone-shaped crystallizer using 5.4 L/min. flow rate of influent and various conditions of pH and Mg resulted in P removal up to 80 %. About 65 % of P was removed with the combination of 0.5 pH unit increase and addition of 40 mg/L of Mg. To test performance over longer periods, this combination of pH and Mg was utilized in 23 2-h tests and P reductions were consistently about 60 %. (TX) Evaluation of a Synthetic Tube Dewatering System for Animal Waste Pollution Control A Geotubeâ dewatering system was set-up to treat the lagoon slurry mix pumped into two large synthetic tubes from the primary lagoon of a 2000-head lactating cow open-lot dairy. The pumped slurry was treated with alum and a polymer before it entered the tubes. This system effectively removed high percentage of TP (97%) and SRP (88%), well above 50% reduction goal set by the P TMDLs for the North Bosque River in east central Texas. Geotube® also successfully filtered solids (95%) from the lagoon slurry. This system was less effective in removing K (<50%) (Fig. 3), since K is highly soluble. Geotube® dewatering system successfully reduced Ca, Mn, Fe, and Cu concentration by 91, 60, 99, and 99%, respectively. However, this system was not highly effective in removing Na (<26%) from dairy lagoon slurry. (AL) Work on a single comprehensive design equation for digestion of agricultural waste residue (both mesophilic and thermophilic) was begun. This design equation (called the Universal Methane Productivity Equation, or UMPE) accounts for all parameters in the design of methane production systems using all four major animal waste types (swine, beef, poultry and dairy) for both 35oC and 55oC digestion. Given design parameters for a system, the equation will give the projected volumetric methane productivity. The numerical values of parameters are currently being refined and will be reported when the work is completed. This is the first comprehensive equation ever reported for the design of animal waste methane production systems and comes at a significant time of national need. Accuracy, based on preliminary work, is expected to be in the 96 percentile range. (IA) Energy content of crude glycerol for layers Crude glycerol (87% glycerol, 9% water) was obtained from a commercial biodiesel production facility. Four dietary treatments were created by substituting 0, 5, 10, or 15% crude glycerol for glucose"H2O (3,640 kcal/kg AMEn). Linear regression analysis (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.92, n = 24) revealed that the AMEn value of the crude glycerol used in this study was 3,805 kcal/kg (as-is basis) for laying hens, slightly higher than that reported for corn grain (3,350 kcal/kg) and less than half of that reported for vegetable oil (8,800 kcal/kg). No significant treatment effects (P > 0.1) were apparent for egg-production rate (93.0%), egg weight (56.1 g), egg mass (52.2 g/d), or feed consumption (104 g/d). (HI) Bioprocessing Pacific Island By-products for the Production of Valueadded Feed Ingredients The overall goal of this project is to develop the bioprocess procedure/method for the conversion of agricultural processing wastes into value added products (e.g., high protein content and probiotics) for aquatic or animal feed ingredient. Evaluation of these products in regards to growth and survival of shrimp will be investigated. Tentative results have been found and are listed as follows: " Pre-treatment procedure including shredding bio-liquefaction and nutrient (N and P) are required. " In order to detect the required aeration time to achieve maximum or desirable products formation, a continuous monitoring/recording of the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) were made (MN) Laboratory-Scale Study on Hydrogen Production in a Fermentative Bioreactor Semi-Continuously Fed by Swine Manure The purpose of research is to study the potential and feasibility of using liquid swine manure as substrate for a semi-continuously-fed fermenter to produce biohydrogen. The results showed that at 37 ± 1æC, both pH and hydraulic retention time (HRT) had a strong influence on the reactor performance including gas volume, gas composition, reactor stabilization, microbial growth, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and alcohol distribution. The optimal condition for hydrogen production was found at HRT 16h and pH 5.0, under which the biogas comprised 35.80 ± 1.63% of hydrogen with a production rate of 9.78 ± 2.18L-H2/day, a specific yield of 0.83 L-H2/ (g biomass), and a yield of 1.63 ± 0.06 L-H2/L liquid swine manure, which demonstrated a significant and encouraging product to substrate ratio of 1.63. The highest butyrate to acetate ratio, the lowest propionate concentration, as well as a satisfying stabilization and biomass concentration were all observed at the optimal condition in the ASBR system. An innovative use of liquid swine manure to control soybean cyst nematodes The objectives of this research project are to 1) determine the optimum condition for maximal enrichment of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia (NH3) in liquid swine manure through anaerobic digestion in laboratory scale experiments; and 2) investigate the toxic effect of conditioned manure on soybean cyst nematodes (SCN) eggs and juveniles through laboratory assays; and the efficacy in reducing infection of soybean roots by SCN and in lowering SCN population density through greenhouse experiments. The VFA-enriched manure was most, raw manure moderate, and NH4+-enriched manure least, effective in inhibiting SCN hatch and killing eggs. (NC) Turnip Response to Vermicompost Turnips were grown in small plots with either 0, 10 or 20% vermicompost (composting of separated swine manure solids by volume) mixed into the top 0.3 m of soil; nitrogen fertilizer was added to half of the plots. Mass of nitrogen in run off was not affected by vermicompost addition, suggesting that the greater biomass growth did not come at the expense of additional nitrogen in runoff. In phosphorus sensitive fields, any addition of manure based products must be used with caution. (AL) Chemical and Biological Enhancement of Broiler Poultry Litter Acidification of broiler poultry litter with sulfuric acid to pH 1.5 followed by being ammoniated to pH 5.0 with anhydrous ammonia increased the crude protein (CP) content of the litter 34% from 27.4 to 36.6%, and decreased moisture 21% from 21.9 to 17.4%. The litter reached a temperature of 75C during the acid/ammonia treatment process. Studies with litter inoculated with E. coli and Salmonella demonstrated the process is efficacious in eliminating these bacteria. (IA) High amounts of corn DDGS fed to layers Diets containing 0, 23, 46, or 69% corn DDGS were formulated to be similar in metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids. Each diet was fed to 6 cages of 2 laying hens for 8 weeks after an initial 4-week-long transition period during which the dietary contents of corn DDGS were gradually increased. Nitrogen consumption and excretion increased with increasing dietary corn DDGS contents. Egg production decreased linearly, whereas egg weight increased linearly, resulting in similar overall egg output. Feed consumption increased linearly with increasing dietary corn DDGS content, causing an increase in manure dry matter excretion. (IN, MI, MD) Turkey Dietary Amino Acid Formulation & Nitrogen Excretion A 2 by 2 factorial experiment was conducted to determine whether diets formulated with either two (Lys and Met) or three (Lys, Met, and Thr) supplemental AA to 100% or 110% of NRC (1994) AA recommendations would affect performance of turkey toms. Notably, no differences were noted in tom body weight, feed-to-gain, or breast yields in this study. N intake was affected by diet with birds fed 100% NRC AA consuming 144 g (7.3%) less N per 20 wk tom, than those fed 110% NRC AA. Similarly, birds fed 3 vs 2 supplemental AA consumed 154 g less feed N (8.4%) per 20 wk tom. These differences in N intake resulted in 0.8 kg more N in litter/pen (7%; P = 0.067) in birds fed 100 % NRC AA versus those fed 110% NRC. (KY) Effects of feeding diets containing low-phytate corn and low-phytate soybean meal without and with added phytase on utilization and excretion of phosphorus by pigs and chicks. Determination of maintenance and accretion rates of P in whole empty body of pigs from 20 to 120 kg body weight was made to develop mathematical models to estimate P requirements and excretion. This antibiotic significantly improved the P digestibility and reduced P excretion, apparently due to a shift in the microbial population in the gut. The organic source of iron was only 80 to 90% as bioavailable as the inorganic source. (IA, MN) Determining Ammonia and Particulate Matter Emissions from Midwest Turkey Grow-out buildings Monitoring of the air emissions has been ongoing since May 2007 for the Iowa site and October 2007 for the MN site. At the IA site, a part of an existing barn with mostly natural ventilation were modified into a mechanically ventilated facility while at the MN site, the mechanical ventilation system of the grower section was increased to handle turkeys through market weight. Both site modifications accommodate more precise airflow measurements and the remaining naturally ventilated portion of the barns is used to set the ventilation rate for the monitored sections. To date, three flocks of air emissions and related data have been collected and analyzed. (IA) Simultaneous treatment of odor, VOCs, H2S, NH3, and pathogens with UV light A standard gas/odor system for generating and measuring gases is being used for lab-scale experiments. The system generates 13 odorous gases including H2S, mercaptans, VFAs, and phenolic compounds responsible for swine odor. NH3 gas and its removal is included. Almost 100% removal was achieved for all the compounds tested except H2S and dimethylsulfide using only 1 sec irradiation. Treatment cost of $0.25 per pig and continuous operation during growing cycle was estimated when the lab-scale results were extrapolated to typical ventilation rates and electricity cost at a swine finish operation in rural Iowa. Partial Biofiltration of Hybrid Ventilated Swine Facilities A strategy for providing partial biofiltration of a critical minimum amount of ventilation air for hybrid ventilated swine finishing facilities was developed and tested. Two side-by-side 300-head hybrid ventilated deep-pit swine finishing rooms were used for this research, one room as the control (CTL) with the other treatment (TRT). The TRT room was fitted with a wood-chip based biofilter for scrubbing the CMVR. In terms of total room emissions, the TRT room had an average odor emission 37% less and an average ammonia emission 58% less than the CTL room. Siting Swine Facilities Using ISUs CAM A model, called the Community Assessment Model for Odor Dispersion (CAM), was developed to predict receptor odor exposure from multiple swine production sources. The intended use of CAM was to provide a tool for evaluating the odor exposure to receptors in a community when siting new swine production systems and how a change in odor control technology alters the odor exposure to receptors. CAM has been used in the state of Iowa for over 150 specific cases since June 2005. At the conclusion of a CAM modeling run, a staff member from IPIC conducts a follow-up site visit with the farmer to explain results of CAM predictions. The estimated total expense (currently free to the farmer) to implement CAM is $1,000 per siting case. Odor Mitigation Using Vegetative Environmental Buffers The efficacy of Vegetative Environmental Buffers (VEBs) in mitigating livestock and poultry odor is being examined from a three- pronged perspective measuring efficacy in: 1) field measured bio-physical terms (e.g. physical reductions in downwind movement of particulates, odor and ammonia and long-term tree health), 2) financial feasibility terms at the farm-level (e.g. total costs of VEB establishment and maintenance vs. producer willingness to pay), and 3) in terms of social approval of the use of VEBs (e.g. evaluation of the impact of VEBs on production site aesthetics and consumer willingness to pay for environmentally friendly meat products). The technology broadly applied at the farm level seems to be financially feasible to most swine producers  with total costs ranging from $0.01 to $0.33 per pig produced; these costs by and large being well below maximum producer willingness to pay for the use of VEBs. And social surveys in IA and NC show strong social support and appreciation of the use of trees for air quality purposes with strong social agreement that VEBs improve the aesthetics of confinement production. (IN) Diet Modification to Reduce Odors, Gas Emissions and Nutrient Excretions from Swine Operations A total of 1, 920 pigs (initial BW = 5.29 kg) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial, wean-finish experiment to determine the effects of diet (control, CTL vs. low nutrient excretion, LNE) and manure management (6 mo. deep-pit, DP vs. monthly pull plug-recharge, PP) on growth performance, nutrient output, and air quality. Pigs fed LNE diets had a 13.6% (P<0.001) reduction in aerial NH3 emissions over the wean-finish period compared to pigs fed CTL diets. Aerial H2S and SO2 emissions and odor were not different (P>0.10) between dietary treatments. (MD, IN, MI) Impact of diet modification on performance and air emissions from hens and broilers Hy-Line W-36 hens were fed either a reduced emission diet (R) containing 6.9% of a gypsum-zeolite mixture and reduced Pr or an I diet for three weeks and at three ages (21-, 38-, and 59-wk of age (ages 1, 2, and 3)) Age effects were observed for all performance variables and NH3 emissions (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that diet and layer age influence air emissions from layer operations. The broiler work consisted of five sequential flocks where the impact of feeding R and I diets on performance, breast yield, litter N content and emissions were determined. Ross 308 male broilers were grown to 42 d. When broilers were fed the R diets NH3 emissions decreased by 40%, relative to broilers fed the I diets. (MI) Dietary Rumen Degradable Protein and Fat Source: Effects on Gas Emissions and Lactational Performance A study was conducted using a completely randomized design with 2 x 2 factorial arrangements of dietary treatments (three cows/treatment). Based on preliminary statistical analyses, mass of NH3 emitted was reduced by about 40% when cows were fed diets with 7.9% RDP compared with 9.9% RDP, although the low RDP diets. The lower RDP diets resulted in about half as much H2S emission compared with the diets containing 9.9% RDP. Methane and NMTHC emissions were greater as a result of feeding the 7.9% RDP diets. Replacement of part of the dietary animal fat blend with coconut oil reduced emissions of NMTHC and CH4 , but change in NH3 or H2S emissions due to fat supplementation were not detected. Feed intake and milk yield were not affected by source of dietary fat nor concentration of RDP. (MN, TX) Development of a field-scale surface aeration system to treat swine manure for odor control Extensive lab experiments were carried out to develop a new aerator module consisting of 6 venturi air injectors. The work has been completed and the module has been tested in both water and liquid manure. Other than the aerator module, the aeration frame composed of a PVC piping structure was also developed and built with holes on the pipes determined based on fluid dynamics to ensure even distribution of oxygenated water in the surface area. This aerator module has significantly increased the aeration efficiency without increasing the power consumption, leading to the establishment of an aerated layer in top lagoon liquid with a constant level of dissolved oxygen of greater than 0.3 mg/L at a depth 6 from the liquid surface. Based on the air samples collected from both the treated and control areas from the experimental lagoon and analyzed at the Olfactometry Lab in the Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering Department at the University of Minnesota, the reduction in detection odor threshold has reached about 67% shortly after the start of the aeration operation. (MN) Odor Emissions and Chemical Analysis of Odorous Compounds from Animal Buildings Data is being collected from the four NAEMS sites (dairy sites in Wisconsin and Indiana and pig sites in Iowa and Indiana). Data collection is about ¼ completed (first 13 week cycle completed in April, 2008) and second cycle started in May, 2008). Air Quality/Emission and Energy Usage Impacts of No Pit fans in a Wean to Finish Deep Pit Pig Facility. Air emissions from tunnel ventilated pig finishing barns have been monitored and partitioned between pit and wall fans during the past two years in Minnesota. The results showed that a disproportionate amount of H2S and NH3 emissions were emitted from the deep pit finishing barn through pit fans even though it was concluded that pit ventilation has little effect on the barns indoor air quality. (OH) A Modified Mass Balance Method for Predicting NH3 Emissions from Manure N for Livestock and Storage Facilities A modified N-balance method, which although it does not distinguish for losses of N as N2, NH3 or NOx's, does determine accurately the upper limit on NH3-N emissions for both forced and naturally ventilated livestock facilities. The method is based on nitrogen and ash contents and ratio of the inputs (feed, bedding, water, and animals) and outputs (products and waste) of the animal production systems and does not require measuring total masses of manure from the system. Generalized equations for all classes of livestock operations are presented. Temporal Variations in Gas and Odor Emissions from a Dairy Manure Storage Pond The results showed there were large temporal variations in NH 3 , H 2 S, and odor emissions among months of the year. The daily mean NH 3 , H 2 S, and odor emission rates ranged from 5.7 to 174.8 ±g s -1 m - 2 , 0.1 to 4.6 ±g s -1 m - 2 , and 0 to 10.34 OU s -1 m -2 , respectively. However, NH 3 emission from the 650-700 dairy operation exceeded 100 lb d -1 in warmer months. Daytime NH 3 emission variations were small and within about 10-20% of the mean. However, the daytime H 2 S emission variations were significant. Odor and NH 3 emission was strongly correlated with the ambient air temperatures. Higher ambient temperature resulted in higher odor and NH 3 emissions. However, H 2 S emissions were not clearly associated with the ambient temperatures and fluctuated month by month without a clear statistical trend. Comparison and Sensitivity Analysis of Setback Distance Models The major models for determination of setback distances from livestock operations were reviewed and key points summarized. The models were then used to determine the setback distances for three typical livestock operations and to look at the sensitivity of the models to the input variables. The models gave a wide range of distances for the same conditions, e.g. 60 to 4785 meters for 100,000 laying hens. The sensitivity analysis showed a wide variation in the parameter affects on distances. It also showed that the same variable had different affects in different models. A Prototype Acid Spray Scrubber for Absorbing Ammonia Emissions from Exhaust Fans of Animal Buildings A multi-stage wet scrubber prototype that can be operated with a maximum of three stages was developed and optimized for reducing NH 3 emissions using simulated conditions typically encountered at an animal building exhaust. The parameters optimized for a single-stage wet scrubber include nozzle type, nozzle operating pressure, sulfuric acid concentration, spray coverage, and air retention time. The optimized single-stage wet scrubber settings can remove emissions from 60% ± 1% at 5 ppmv inlet NH 3 concentration (IAC) to 27% ± 2% at 100 ppmv IAC at a normal exhaust superficial air velocity (SAV) of 6.6 m s -1 . The two-stage and three-stage wet scrubbers were therefore optimized by determining the least number of nozzles in each stage that provided the most effective NH 3 removal. The optimized two-stage scrubber could remove NH 3 emissions from 60% ± 0% at 5 ppmv IAC and 35% ± 1% at 100 ppmv IAC. The optimized three-stage scrubber could remove emissions from 63% ± 3% at 5 ppmv IAC and 36% ± 3% at 100 ppmv IAC. Further studies are needed so that the application of these scrubber designs becomes feasible for treating air emissions from animal buildings. The wet scrubber caused an additional backpressure of 27.5 Pa, resulting in about 8% airflow reduction for a fan operating at 12.5 Pa. (GA) Black Soldier Fly Prepupae - A Compelling Alternative to Fish Meal and Fish Oil Most experimental Hermetia (black soldier fly) prepupae production has been done with manure as a feedstock, but they have also been produced on grain based diets and other organic products such as waste food including meats and dairy products unacceptable for vermiculture. If Hermetia larvae digested all of the manure from the 40,000 feeder pigs (avg. wt = 155 lb) on a large swine farm and converted it into prepupae at a dry matter feed conversion rates (FCR ) of 16%, they would produce about 6,000 lb of dried prepupae each day.

Refereed Publications Agudelo, J.H., M.D. Lindemann, G.L. Cromwell, M.C. Newman, and R.D. Nimmo. 2007. Virginiamycin improves phosphorus digestibility and utilization by growing-finishing pigs fed a phosphorus-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. J. Anim. Sci. 85:2173-2182. Angel, R., 2007. Metabolic disorders: Limitations to growth of and mineral deposition into the broiler skeleton after hatch and potential implications for leg problems. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 16:138-149. Applegate, T.J., W. Powers, and R. Angel. 2007. Protein and amino acid nutrition in poultry: impacts on performance and the environment. In: Gaining the Edge in Pork and Poultry Production. Edit. J.A. Taylor-Pickard and P. Spring, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands. Pg. 139-151. Blunden, J., V. P. Aneja and P. W. Westerman. 2008. Measurement and analysis of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from a mechanically ventilated swine confinement building in North Carolina. Atmospheric Environment 42:3315-3331. Chen, J., Y. Zhongtang, F.C. Michel Jr., T. Wittum and M. Morrison. 2007. Development and application of real-time PCR assays for quantification of erm genes conferring resistance to macrolides-Lincosamides-Streptogramin B in livestock manure and manurement systems. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 73(14):4407-4416 Classen, J.J., J.M. Rice, and R. Sherman, 2007. The Effects of Vermicompost on Field Turnips and Rainfall Runoff. Compost Science and Utilization 15(1): 34-39. Costantini, V.P., A.C., Azevedo, L. Xin, M.C. Williams, F.C. Michel Jr.,L.J. Saif. 2007. Effects of different animal waste treatment technologies on detection and viability of porcine enteric viruses. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 73(16):5284-5291 Cromwell, G.L., M.D. Lindemann, and H.J. Monegue. 2007. Bioavailability of iron in an organic iron source for young pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85(Suppl. 1):646. Grewal, S., S. Sreevatsan and F.C. Michel Jr. 2007. Persistence of Listeria and Salmonella during swine manure treatment. Compost Science & Utilization. 15(1): p53-62 Haan, M. M., J. R. Russell, W. J. Powers, J. L. Kovar, and J. L. Benning. 2007. Effects of forage management on pasture productivity and phosphorus content. Rangeland Ecology and Management 60:311-318. Hubbard, R.K., G.L. Newton, and J. Ruter. 2007. A farm-scale test of nitrogen assimilation by vegetated buffer systems receiving swine lagoon effluent by overland flow. TRANS of ASAE. 50(1):53-64. Keener, H.M., B. Faucette, and M.H. Klingman. 2007. Flow-Through Rates and Evaluation of Solids Separation of Compost Filter Media vs. Silt Fence in Sediment Control Applications. J. Environ. Qual. 36:742-752 Mukhtar, S., L. A. Lazenby, S. Rahman. 2007. Evaluation of a synthetic tube dewatering system for animal waste pollution control. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 23(5): 669-675 Powers, W.J., S. Zamzow, and B.J. Kerr. 2007. Reduced crude protein effects on aerial emissions from swine. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23(4): 539-546. Shah, S. B., P. W. Westerman, R. D. Munilla, M. E. Adcock, and G. R. Baughman. 2008. Design and evaluation of a regenerating scrubber for reducing animal house emissions. Transactions of the ASABE 51(1):243-250. Sigua, G. C. and S.W. Coleman. 2007. Sustainable management of nutrients in forage-based pasture soils: effect of animal congregation sites. J Soils & Sediments 6(4): 249-253. St-Hilaire, S., C. Sheppard, J. K. Tomberlin, S. Irving, L. Newton, M. A. McGuire, E. E. Mosley, R. W. Hardy and W. Sealey. 2007a. Fly prepupae as a feedstuff for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 38:59-67. St-Hilaire, S., K. Cranfill, M. A. McGuire, E. E. Mosley, J. K. Tomberlin, L. Newton, W. Sealey, C. Sheppard, and S. Irvin. 2007b. Fish ofal recycling by the black soldier fly produces a foodstuff high in Omega-3 fatty acids. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 38:309-313. Tyndall, J.C. and J.P. Colletti. 2007. Mitigating Swine Odor with Strategically Designed Shelterbelt Systems: A Review. Agroforestry Systems. Volume 69, Number 1/January, 2007. Wortmann, C.S. and C.A. Shapiro. 2007. The effects of manure application on soil aggregation. J. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosystems. Published online: 21 Sep 2007. Wortmann, C.S. and D.A. Walters. 2007. Residual effects of compost and plowing on phosphorus and sediment in runoff. J. Envir. Qual. 36:1521-1527. Wu-Haan, W., W.J. Powers, C.R. Angel, C.E. Hale, III, and T.J. Applegate. 2007. Effect of an acidifying diet combined with zeolite and slight protein reduction on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. Poult. Sci. 86:182-190. Wu-Haan, W., W.J. Powers, C.R. Angel, C.E. Hale, III, and T.J. Applegate. 2007.Nutrient digestibility and mass balance in laying hens fed a commercial or acidifying diet. Poult. Sci. 86: 684-690. Xiao, J., J. Zhu, S. Chen, W. Ruan, and C. Miller. 2007. A Novel Use of Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure to Potentially Control Soybean Cyst Nematode. J. Environ. Sci. & Health Part B B42(6): 749-757. Yan, F., R. Angel, C.M. Ashwell, 2007. Characterization of the chicken small intestine type IIb sodium phosphate cotransporter. Poult. Sci. 85: 1200-1211. Zhu, J., C. F. Miller, C. Dong, X. Wu, L. Wang, S. Mukhtar. 2007. Aerator Module Development Using Venturi Air Injectors to Improve Aeration Efficiency. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 23(5): 661-667. Zhu, J, X. Wu, C. Miller, F. Yu, P. Chen, and R. Ruan. 2007. Biohydrogen Production through Fermentation Using Liquid Swine Manure as Substrate. J. Environ. Sci. & Health B42 (4): 1-9. Abstracts Angel, R., and C.M. Ashwell. 2007. Improved phosphorus utilization in broilers fed phosphorus deficient diets early in life. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):72. Angel, R., W. Powers, S. Zamzow, T. Applegate and D. Hoehler. 2007. Impact of feeding reduced protein diets on performance, breast yields and nitrogen emissions in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86 (suppl):766. Applegate, T., W. Powers and R. Angel. 2007. Effect of amino acid formulation and synthetis amino acid supplementation on turkey tom performance. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):153. Ashwell, C.M., and R. Angel. 2007. Long-term effects on the expression of the intestinal Na-P type IIb contransporter in broilers fed phosphorus deficient diets early in life. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):481. Fortuna, Ann-Marie, C.Wayne Honeycutt, Terrence L. Marsh, Timothy Griffin, Robert Larkin, Zhongqui He, Brian Wienhold, Karamat Sistani, Stephan Albrecht, Bryan Woodbury, H. Allen Torbert, J. Mark Powell, Robert K. Hubbard, Roger A. Eigenberg and Robert Wright. 2007. Linking process level function and beta-ammonia oxidizer community dynamics across varying soils following manure application. Agronomy Abstracts #289-6. Hubbard, Robert K., David Bosch, Laura Marshall, Timothy C. Strickland, Diane Rowland, Timothy Griffin, C.Wayne Honeycutt, Stephan Albrecht, Karamat Sistani, H. Allen Torbert, Brian Wienhold, Bryan Woodbury, and J. Mark Powell. 2007. Mineralization of broiler litter as affected by soil texture in the southeastern coastal plain. Agronomy Abstract 99-6. Powers, W., R. Angel, and T. Applegate. 2007. Effect of diet on air emissions from broiler chickens. Proceedings of the International Ammonia Conference in Agriculture. March 19-21, Ede, The Netherlands. Proszkowiec-Weglarz, M., B.D. Humphrey, M.P. Richards, R.W. Rosebrough, J.P. McMurtry and R. Angel. 2007. Expression of the carbohydrate response element binding protein gene and related genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis during post-hatch development of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):390. Puttress, J., W.W. Saylor, R. Angel, A.D. Mitchell and M.E. Persia. 2007. Effects of mega doses of phytase on broiler chick body composition. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):397. Xiao, J., J. Zhu, S. Chen, W. Ruan, and C. Miller. 2007. Control of the Soybean Cyst Nematode Using Anaerobically Digested Liquid Swine Manure. Journal of Nematology 39(1): 73-73 (Abstract). Zimmermann, N.G., R. Angel and W. Saylor. 2007. Effect of Pro-Agri" amendment, before and after cleanout, on broiler litter moisture, calcium, nitrogen, and total and soluble phosphorus. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):90. Conference Preceedings Angel, R. 2007. Phosphorus and calcium needs for skeletal development in the young broiler. California Nutrition Conference Proceedings, Fresno, May 9 & 10, 2007. Pp 150-159. Chaoui, H., M. Brugger. 2007. Comparison and Sensitivity Analysis of Setback Distance Models . CD-Rom of the International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. Proceedings: International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. September 16-19, 2007. Classen, J.J., J.M. Rice, S.K. Liehr, K.D. Zering. 2007. Engineering and Economic Approaches to Technology Evaluations: A Call for a New Approach. Proceedings: International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. September 16-19, 2007. Henderson, E.M., and Safferman, S. I. 2007. Anaerobic Digestion Feasibility Protocol for Fruit and Vegetable Processors. ASABE Annual International Meeting, ASABE, Minneapolis Convention Center, 17 - 20 June 2007. Hsu-Ya Kang, Ping Yi Yang, Warren G. Dominy, and Cheng-Sheng Lee 2007. CIGR Section VI International Symposium in Food and Agricultural Products: Processing and Innovations, Naples, Italy. I. Khanijo, R. Burns, L. Moody, M. Helmers, J. Lawrence, C. Pederson, D. Anderson. Vegetated Treatment System Models: Modeled vs. Measured Performance. 2007. Proceedings: International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. September 16-19, 2007. Jacobson, L.D., B.P. Hetchler, and D.R. Schmidt. 2007. Sampling pit and wall emission for H2S, NH3, CO2, PM, & odor from deep-pit pig finishing facilities. Proceedings: International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. September 16-19, 2007. L. Moody, N. Heithoff, R. Burns, C. Pederson, I. Khanijo. Settling Basin Design and Performance for Runoff Control from Beef Feedlots. 2007. Proceedings: International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. September 16-19, 2007. R. Angel. 2007. Nutricion y contaminacion ambiental: El punto de vista del sector avicola en EEUU. Procedings XXIII Curso de Especialización FEDNA, Madrid October 25 and 26, 2007. W. Powers, R. Angel, and T. Applegate. 2007. Dietary strategies to reduce emissions from broilers. Proceedings of the MultiState Poultry Conference, Indianapolis, May 22-24, 2007. Zhao, L.Y., M. Darr, X. Wang, R. Manuzon, M. Brugger1, E. Imerman, G. Arnold, H. Keener, and A. J. Heber. 2007. Temporal Variations in Gas and Odor Emissions from a Dairy Manure Storage Pond. Electronic -only Sixth International Dairy Housing Conference Proceedings of the 16-18 June 2007, (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), eds J. Zulovich, B. Holmes, J. Harner. St. Joseph Michigan: ASABE. ,16-18 June 2007 . ASAE Pub #701P0507e Non-refereed papers and poster presentations Yang, X., Koziel, J.A., Cai L., Hoff, S. et al. Novel treatment of VOCs and odor using photolysis. ASABE Annual International Meeting, 2007, Minneapolis, MN, paper No. 074139. Zhu, J., C. Miller, C. Dong, X. Wu, L. Wang, and S. Mukhtar. 2007. Development of an Aerator Module to Control Odor from Liquid Manure Storage Facilities. ASABE paper#: 074054. Minneapolis, MN, June 18-20, 2007.